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introduction::

At the present time, humanity has reached a very high level of intellectual development, and this is due
to the achievements of scientists, which defied circumstances and reality in order to develop human
thought to a new stage, which led to the emergence of many inventions and discoveries that changed
the course of humanity and created a qualitative shift in the fields of Science... The most prominent of
these inventions is printing. The emergence of printing is considered an important event in the modern
era and also in communication sciences, because most office administrative work, even those related to
scientific research, have become dependent on printing... Through this research, we will focus on the
emergence of printing and will answer the questions. Next: What is printing? How did printing appear?
What is the importance of the emergence of printing?

The first topic: The emergence of printing in the world.

The first requirement: definition of printing.

Printing art: It is the process of transferring letters, symbols, or drawings by pressing them onto paper
or other printable areas using specific materials such as ink and oil glue...

Printing is also the printing of words, pictures, and designs on paper, cloth, metal, or any other material
suitable for printing on. This is called graphic art, that is, graphic or pictorial arts such as photography,
drawing and writing. This is done by mechanically copying the images from the original

Printing is generally defined as the transfer of information to the beneficiary through paper, metal,
glass, or any other material.

Although printing reached a high level of accuracy and mastery, this success was not the result of
chance. Rather, it was achieved through multiple stages and great strides were made to reach what it has
reached today.

The second requirement: the emergence of printing in the world

In 1045 AD, the Chinese Bi Sheng created the first vowels. Each letter was shaped from a separate
piece of clay. But the use of this type of character is evolving because the Chinese language contains
thousands of characters. Printers had to produce large numbers of pieces, so they preferred printing
from wood blocks.

While the people of the East were printing in this way, people in Europe were still copying their books
by hand. It was difficult and took a lot of time, and they copied books with feathers and pens they
sharpened from plant stems. Europeans discovered woodblock printing, and the oldest woodblock print
was an image of Saint Christopher, printed in 1423 AD. At that time, Europeans began producing block
books, which were volumes containing printed drawings.

At that time, the Renaissance began in Europe. As the desire for knowledge increased, the need for
books increased. Because manual copying and woodblock printing were not sufficient in light of the
great demand for...
Books. Until the problem was solved through vowel letters.

The nations of the East used wooden blocks before the Europeans.

The first time block printing was used was when printing a picture of Saint Christopher in 1423 AD.

In 1440 AD, the scientist John Guten Berg revolutionized printing when he used movable printing letters
on a single wooden machine.

Then after that, inventions continued in the field of printing. In 1800 AD, an English nobleman was able
to invent an iron printing machine, and in 1811 AD, the German Frederick invented a cylindrical printing
machine that worked with steam, which increased the speed and intelligence of printing.

As for America, it entered the field of printing somewhat late. In 1846 AD, the American Richard
invented the rotary printing machine in which the printing letters were connected to a rotating cylinder
and then another cylinder was used to fix the printing. The speed of that machine reached 8,000 sheets
per hour.

The third topic: The emergence of printing in the Arab and Islamic world:

In the Arab countries, printing in its various forms was known at a late time. These countries were
different from European ones in all fields. In addition, the Ottoman Empire, which was still occupying
most of the Arab countries, imposed isolation on the Arab world, so that it would not interact with
modern European trends, but rather The Ottoman Empire itself delayed introducing printing to it after
the Ottoman Sultan issued a fatwa declaring printing an abomination and the work of Satan.

Despite this, the first Arabic publications to be printed in Europe during that period was the Holy Qur’an
in 1514 AD in Italy. Dutch, English and French presses also produced hundreds of books from the golden
Arab heritage.

Lebanon was the first Arab country to use printing, even though it was not Arabic letters, when it
printed the Book of Psalms of Qazhaya in 1610 AD... As for the first Arab country to know printing in
Arabic letters, it was Syria, when Athanasius Debbas established a printing press in the city of Aleppo in
1706 AD, and printed a book with it. Psalms and other books.

Egypt then became aware of printing during Napoleon Bonaparte’s military campaign against it in 1798,
when the campaign brought with it a printing press bearing metal letters in French, Arabic, Turkish, and
Syriac...

The first Arabic printing letters appeared at the hands of Martin Roth in 892 AH, 1486 AD, who printed a
translation of Bernard Praedenbach’s book about his journey to the holy places. The second attempt
was in Spain in 911 AH, 1505 AD, with the publication of the book Means for Learning to Read and Know
the Arabic Language, and in 922 AH, 1516 AD, it was published. The Book of Psalms in five languages:
Arabic, Chaldean, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, in Genoa, Italy. The third attempt was to print the Bible in
1000 AH, 1591 AD. In Lebanon, the Psalms were printed in Arabic in 1019 AH, 1610 AD, and the first
printing press was established in 1165 AH, 1751 AD, but it did not continue. The first printing press
appeared in Turkey in 1140 AH, 1727 AD, on the condition that the Holy Qur’an was not printed on it.
The first book printed in it was a translation of the Wangoli Dictionary in 1141 AH, 1728 AD. Aleppo was
the first Syrian city to introduce printing, and then its printing press moved to Damascus.
 Egypt became aware of printing presses with the advent of the French campaign in 1213 AH, 1798 AD,
but they stopped after the departure of the campaign in 1216 AH, 1801 AD. Muhammad Ali established
the first printing press, which still exists to this day, which is the Bulaq Press in 1235 AH, 1819 AD. The
first thing it printed was an Arabic-Italian dictionary, and all publications continued to be printed.
Including the Egyptian Chronicle. The first lithographic printing press was known in Iraq in 1246 AH,
1830 AD. It did not last long, then printing took root and became established in 1856 AD.

Printing was known in Palestine in 1246 AH, 1830 AD, in Yemen in 1294 AH, 1877 AD, in Hijaz in 1299
AH, 1882 AD, in Sudan at the beginning of the eighth decade of the nineteenth century AD, in Jordan in
1341 AH , 1922 AD, and in Kuwait in 1366 AH, 1947, and most of it was for printing books and
newspapers. .

Today, Arab printing presses use the most modern printing equipment in the world for collection,
printing, output, montage, cutting, binding, application, etc. They have absorbed a large number of
technical workers and have a prominent role in developing commercial, tourism and cultural businesses.

The third requirement: The importance of the emergence of printing:

Technological developments occurred in the arts of sculpture during the five centuries that came after
Gutenberg printed the Bible on a rough-type printing press, in order to meet society’s need for better
communication. Machines and printing processes made it possible for the means of communication to
grow, and newspapers, magazines, and books were printed in large quantities. The cost was low enough
to meet expected demand, and its printing was so attractive that it tempted buyers to order larger
quantities. Developments in the art of printing were necessary to improve pThe third requirement: The
importance of the emergence of printing:

Technological developments occurred in the arts of sculpture during the five centuries that came after
Gutenberg printed the Bible on a rough-type printing press, in order to meet society’s need for better
communication. Machines and printing processes made it possible for the means of communication to
grow, and newspapers, magazines, and books were printed in large quantities. The cost was low enough
to meet expected demand, and its printing was so attractive that it tempted buyers to order larger
quantities. Developments in the art of printing were necessary to improve production so that means of
communication could occupy their place in modern society.roduction so that means of communication
could occupy their place in modern society.

As a result, there are those who believe that the invention of printing is the greatest invention in human
history ever, as it facilitated the publication of scientific research and experiments, which paved the way
for scientists in various fields to complete their inventions that made humanity happy. Printing also
provided science and culture for everyone, even the poor classes. It facilitated the preservation and
benefit of human heritage and made it possible to transfer this heritage from one generation to another,
and from one country to another....

Printing is one of the vital and essential matters in the life of ancient and modern cultural arts, as well as
in all aspects of commercial and economic life and human life, and for this reason it serves global
scientific progress. If we think about the data of printing, we find that this art gives us a lot, whether in
the field of journalism or magazines. , or printed matter, or money, or books, or stamps, or posters...
etc., and this is evidence of the importance that printing has acquired since its appearance...

. Conclusion :

In summary, and from what we have discussed in the sections of this brief research, printing means in
the form of transferring information to the beneficiary through paper, metal, glass, or any other material.
As for the emergence of printing, the Chinese and Koreans knew it before the Europeans, but

The peak of the development of printing was at the hands of the German John Gutenberg... Also, the
Arab countries learned printing late for several reasons, the most prominent of which is the Ottoman
rule.

Through our research, we also mentioned the importance of printing, which is considered one of the
vital and essential matters in the life of ancient and modern cultural arts, as well as in all commercial,
economic and life aspects humanity,

As a final conclusion: The emergence of printing in the world is considered one of the most important
events in history. Its appearance was the key to scientific development, prosperity, and the emergence of
journalism after it. In addition to that, printing has great importance in our daily lives. Without it, we
would not have been able to read a book, read a newspaper, or even extract An official document in a
short time. Therefore, humanity owes much of its development and prosperity to the emergence of
printing and its inventors.