Lecture 01: Information and communications technology
▪ Transaction
ICT definition
→ Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is
the use of computing and telecommunication
technologies, systems and tools to facilitate the way
information is created, collected, processed,
transmitted and stored.
→ It includes computing technologies like servers, laptop
computers and software applications, as well as the
wired and wireless communication technologies that
support telephones, the Internet, the Internet of Things
(IoT).
→ The goal of ICT is to improve access to information and
make human-to-human, human-to-machine and
machine-to-machine (M2M) communication easier and
more efficient.
other definition
→ ICT is an extensional term for information technology
(IT) which mainly focuses on the role of unified
communications and integrated with
telecommunications which includes telephone lines &
wireless signals and computers. It also comprises all the
software, audio, visual, middleware and storage that
helps users to store, transmit, access and understand
information and manipulate it according to their needs.
Components of ICT: The major components of the ICT
system are as follows:
▪ Software
▪ Hardware
▪ Cloud Computing
Lecture 02: Understanding Computer, System and Components
Roles & Functions, Classes & Types, and Measurement Units
Computer
A computer is an electronic device that processes and
stores data based on instructions, enabling a wide range
of tasks. It consists of hardware components (CPU,
RAM, storage, input/output devices) and software
(operating system, applications)...
▪ Data
▪ Internet
▪ Communication Technologies
Benefits of ICT
▪ Improved Communication: ICT enables global
connectivity through tools like smartphones, email,
instant messaging, and video conferencing,
revolutionizing real-time communication and
collaboration.
▪ Access to Information: The internet and digital
resources democratize knowledge, providing access
to vast information, research materials, and
educational content.
▪ Efficiency and Productivity: ICT streamlines
processes, automates tasks, and enhances
productivity, effectively managing time, data, and
resources.
▪ Research and Innovation: ICT accelerates research
by providing access to data, simulation tools, and
collaboration platforms, leading to breakthroughs in
various fields.
▪ Healthcare: ICT transforms healthcare through
electronic health records, telemedicine, and
medical diagnostic tools, improving patient care and
data management.
▪ Education: ICT enhances education through online
courses, educational software, and interactive
learning materials, making education engaging and
accessible.
▪ Benefits of ICT for Education: ICT provides access to
information, interactive learning, personalized
learning, collaboration, accessibility, flexible
learning, immediate feedback, teacher support, and
enables remote and online learning.
▪ But
While ICT offers numerous advantages, it's important
to address challenges such as the digital divide
(unequal access to technology), ensuring data privacy
and security.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Brain of the Computer
▪ The CPU, or processor, is the computer's vital
component, acting as its brain and executing
instructions.
▪ It performs arithmetic and logical operations, manages
data flow, and controls program execution.
▪ CPUs come in different classes (x86 intel/AMD, ARM,
RISC) with unique instruction sets and design
philosophies.
▪ CPUs types can be single-core, dual-core, quad-core, ▪
etc., enabling parallel processing for handling multiple
tasks simultaneously.
▪ CPU performance is measured in Hertz (Hz), typically in
gigahertz (GHz), and factors like cache size and ▪
instruction execution rate impact performance.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Speeding Up Data Access
▪ RAM is the computer's temporary workspace, storing
active data for quick CPU access.
▪ It improves system performance by reducing reliance on
slower storage devices.
▪ RAM generz include DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5, impacting
data transfer rates and compatibility.
▪ SRAM and DRAM are RAM types, with Static-RAM being
faster than Dynamic-RAM but more expensive.
▪ RAM capacity is measured in GB or TB, speed in MHz or
GHz, and latency in ns.
Memory
https://networkhelpt20.com/ram-random-access-
memory-definition.html#What_is_Primary_Memory
Motherboard
The Central Hub
The motherboard connects and enables communication
between computer hardware components.
▪ It provides power and data connections to the CPU,
RAM, storage devices, and peripherals.
The motherboard houses the BIOS and initializes
hardware during startup.
▪ Motherboards come in different classes and form
factors such as ATX, MicroATX, and Mini-ITX.
▪ Some motherboards are designed for specific purposes,
like gaming or professional use.
▪ Motherboard specifications include dimensions,
expansion slots, and supported interfaces .such like
USB 3.0, USB-C, and PCIe slots.
Hard Drive
Storing Data
▪ Hard drives store the operating system, software
applications, and user data for long-term storage.
▪ They provide non-volatile storage and come in
different classes and types.
▪ Hard drives include HDDs (Hard Disk Drives) and SSDs
(Solid-State Drives), with HDDs using spinning disks and
SSDs having no moving parts.
▪ SSDs have different types like SATA, NVMe, or M.2
form factor, impacting data access speed and
connectivity.
▪ Storage capacity is measured in GB or TB, while SSD
speed is measured in MB/s for SATA SSDs or GB/s for
NVMe SSDs.

Files
The Building Blocks of Data
▪ Files are digital containers that store data in a structured
manner for efficient organization, access, and
manipulation.
▪ They can hold various types of data, including text,
images, videos, and executable programs.
▪ Files come in different formats based on their content,
such as .txt for text files, .jpg or .png for images, .mp4
for videos, and .exe for executables.
▪ Each file class has specific formats with unique
characteristics. For example, images can be in JPEG
(.jpg) or PNG (.png) formats.
▪ File size is typically measured in bytes (B), kilobytes (KB),
megabytes (MB), or gigabytes (GB). The number of files
in a storage system is also a significant measure.
Operating System (OS):
▪ The OS manages hardware resources and provides a
user-friendly interface for users and applications.
▪ It controls hardware components, manages processes,
ensures software compatibility, and facilitates user
interaction.
▪ OS classes include Windows, macOS, Linux distributions,
and mobile OS like Android and iOS.
▪ Within each class, there are different versions and
editions tailored to specific user needs.
▪ OS versions and requirements are measured in terms of
system resources like CPU, RAM, and storage space.
Applications:
▪ Applications are software programs designed for
specific tasks, making computers versatile tools.
▪ They enable users to perform tasks like word
processing, data analysis, graphic design,
entertainment, and gaming.
▪ Applications can be categorized into classes like office
suites, graphic design software, and gaming
applications.
▪ Within each class, there are different versions and
specific offerings with unique features.
▪ Applications are often identified by their version
number or release date, and their performance can be
measured in terms of resource usage.
Types of computers
Workstations
Workstations are high-performance computers used for
specialized tasks that require substantial computing
power. They excel in industries like, graphic design,
engineering, architecture.
Servers
Servers are dedicated computers that provide services
and resources to other devices in a network. They are
essential for tasks like web hosting, email management,
and data storage in businesses and organizations.
Mainframes
Mainframes are large, powerful computers used by
enterprises and government institutions. They excel in
managing databases, handling high transaction
volumes, and running mission-critical applications.
Mainframes are crucial in industries like banking and
insurance, known for their reliability and efficient data
processing.
Supercomputers
Supercomputers are the most powerful computers used for
scientific research, simulations, and high-performance
computing. They excel in processing massive datasets and
performing complex calculations at exceptional speeds,
enabling breakthroughs in various fields.
Conclusion
Users > Computers > Data > Hardware > Software:
Users initiate and instruct computers, which execute
commands using vital hardware elements like the CPU
and memory. Software, including the operating system
and applications, guides these interactions. Users input
data, which is processed by software and securely
stored by hardware as files.
 Lesson 3 : Word & Powerpoint
How to create a table of contents in Word
A table of contents is just like the list of chapters at the
beginning of a book. It lists each section in the
document and the page number where that section
begins
Step 1: Apply heading styles
Select text, choose heading style in Styles group on
Home tab. .
Step 2: Insert table of contents
Go to References tab, click Table of Contents
command, select built-in table.
Step 3: Update as needed
Select table of contents, click Update Table, choose
Update Entire Table in dialog box.

How to insert a Section breaks

How to Create a Bibliography or Works Cited Page in
Word
A bibliography makes it easy for someone else to see
where you found your information. A short
bibliography might look something like this:
Step 1: Choose a reference style
Click References tab, select desired style (MLA, APA,
and Chicago) in Citations & Bibliography group.
Step 2: Add citations and sources
Select location, click Insert Citation, choose Add New
Source, enter source details, click OK. Repeat for
additional citations.
Step 3: Insert the bibliography
Select Bibliography command, choose desired style. To
update, click bibliography and select Update Citations
and Bibliography.
Section breaks create a barrier between different
parts of a document, allowing you to format each
section independently. Word offers several types of
section breaks:
▪ Next Page: Inserts a section break and moves
text after the break to the next page.
▪ Continuous: Inserts a section break and allows
you to continue working on the same page.
▪ Even Page and Odd Page: Adds a section break
and moves text after the break to the next even
or odd page, useful for starting a new section
on a specific page
Steps: On the Page Layout tab > Click Breaks
command > Select desired section break from
drop-down menu (e.g., Next Page) > Double click in
header section or footer section > Select Link to
Previous.
PowerPoint: Animating Text and Objects
In PowerPoint, you can animate text and objects.
There are four types of animations:
▪ Entrance: Controls how the object enters the To change an effect's start option:
slide. ▪ In the Animation Pane, select the effect.
▪ Emphasis: Occurs while the object is on the ▪ Click the drop-down arrow and choose Start on
slide, often triggered by a mouse click. Click, Start With Previous, or Start After
▪ Exit: Controls how the object exits the slide. Previous.
▪ Motion Paths: Object moves within the slide
along a predetermined path.
To apply an animation:
▪ Select the object.
▪ On the Animations tab, click the More drop-
down arrow and select the desired effect.

Lesson 4 : Computer Networks

Understanding the structure and the functioning

What Are Computer Networks? ▪ LANs and WANs: LANs Local Area Networks
▪ Computer network: Complex web of connect devices in a limited area, while WANs Wide
interconnected devices for efficient Area Networks connect LANs globally.
communication and resource sharing.
▪ Networks facilitate data transfer, remote access,
and collaboration.
▪ Networks connect people, devices, and systems,
enabling global connectivity and innovation.
▪ Understanding networking principles is crucial for
effective navigation and harnessing connectivity's MAC (Media Access Control) Addresses
power. ▪ MAC address: Unique identifier for network
interface controllers (NIC) or network cards.
▪ Used at the data link layer for local network
communication.
▪ Essential for Ethernet communication, enabling
devices to identify and route data packets.
▪ Hardware-based and remains unchanged unless
the network card is replaced.
▪ Manufacturers manage and assign MAC addresses,
Basics of Networking
overseen by the IEEE to ensure uniqueness.
▪ Nodes: Devices within a network (e.g., computers,
IP (Internet Protocol) Addresses
printers) serving as endpoints for data
▪ IP address: Numerical label for devices using
transmission.
Internet Protocol for communication.
▪ Links: Communication paths connecting nodes,
▪ Two formats: IPv4 (e.g., 192.168.1.1) and IPv6 (e.g.,
wired or wireless.
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
▪ Protocols: Rules governing data exchange (e.g.,
▪ Foundation of the Internet, routing data packets
TCP/IP "Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
globally.
Protocol" for reliable data delivery).
▪ Divided into public (routable on the Internet) and
▪ Topologies: Arrangement of network components
private (used within local networks).
(e.g., star, bus, ring, mesh, hybrid).
▪ Software-based and can change, particularly in
dynamic IP allocation scenarios.
The Internet
▪ Internet: Largest global network connecting
millions of networks worldwide.
▪ Provides access to information, communication, e-
commerce, and online services.
▪ World Wide Web (WWW): Vast repository of
websites and web applications.
▪ Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Companies
delivering Internet connectivity.
▪ Connect to Internet's core infrastructure, enabling
access to online services and resources.
DNS (Domain Name System)
▪ DNS Function:
▪ Hierarchical and distributed system
▪ Translates domain names to IP addresses
▪ Importance:
▪ Fundamental component of the Internet
▪ Enables user-friendly access with domain
names
▪ Resolution Process:
▪ Involves local DNS resolvers, root servers, TLD
servers, and authoritative name servers
▪ Ensures users reach the correct web server
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
▪ IANA's Role:
▪ Manages critical Internet resources
▪ Includes IP address allocation, ASN assignment,
and root zone management of DNS
▪ Resource Allocation:
▪ Allocates IP address blocks to RIRs
▪ RIRs distribute addresses within their regions
▪ DNS Management:
▪ Oversees root zone of DNS
▪ Delegates TLDs to TLD name servers
▪ Collaboration:
▪ Works closely with organizations like ICANN to
fulfill responsibilities
Root DNS map
How Data Travels on the Internet?
▪ Data division: Data is divided into packets for
efficient transmission.
▪ Routers and switches: They guide data packets
across the Internet, determining efficient paths for
delivery.
▪ Hops and routes: Data reaches its destination
through a series of hops and routes, guided by
addressing information in MAC and IP addresses.
Benefits of Computer Networks:
▪ Resource sharing, reducing duplication and
promoting efficiency.
▪ Remote access, enhancing flexibility and
productivity.
▪ Communication tools for seamless collaboration.
▪ Scalability to adapt to evolving needs.
Challenges and Security:
▪ Challenges include data loss, network congestion,
hardware failures, and maintenance.
▪ Network security protects against threats and
ensures data confidentiality, integrity, and
availability.
Networking Technologies:
▪ Wireless networks (Wi-Fi, mobile) for convenient
connectivity.
▪ Cloud computing for remote access and scalability.
▪ IoT connects devices for automation and data
exchange.
▪ 5G offers high-speed connectivity for emerging
technologies.
 Lesson 5 : Websites
Definition of a website:
A website is a collection of related web pages, multimedia
content, and digital resources identified by a common
domain name. It is accessible via the internet and contains
information that can be accessed through a web browser.
Components of a website:
1. Web Pages: Individual documents containing text,
images, videos, or other multimedia content that users
navigate through hyperlinks.
2. Domain Name: The address users type into a web
browser to access a website (e.g., "www.example.com").
3. Web Server: A computer that hosts the files and content
of a website, delivering it to users' browsers upon request.
Components of a web page:
1. Hyperlinks: Clickable elements that allow users to
navigate between pages or websites.
2. Multimedia Content: Images, videos, audio files, and
interactive elements that enhance the website's content.
3. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript: Programming languages
used to create the structure (HTML), style (CSS), and
interactivity (JavaScript) of web pages.
Types of websites
Websites can be categorized into different types based on
their purpose and functionality. Here are some common
types:
▪ Informational Websites: These sites provide
information on specific topics, such as educational
websites, news portals, and reference sites.
▪ E-commerce Websites: These websites allow
businesses to sell products or services online, including
online stores, marketplaces, and buying/selling
platforms.
▪ Blogs: Blogs are websites that regularly publish
content in a chronological format, often reflecting the
opinions or expertise of individuals or groups.
▪ Social Media Platforms: These websites enable users
to create profiles, connect with others, and share
content, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and
LinkedIn.
▪ Portfolio Websites: These sites showcase the work,
projects, or achievements of individuals or businesses,
commonly used by professionals like artists,
photographers, and designers.
▪ Educational Websites: Educational websites provide
learning resources, courses, and information on
various subjects, including online learning platforms,
university websites, and educational blogs.
▪ Community Forums and Discussion Boards: These
websites facilitate online discussions and community
interactions.
▪ Personal Websites: Personal websites are created by
individuals to share personal information, portfolios,
blogs, or creative works.
▪ Search Engines: Search engines like Google serve as
portals to access and discover content on the internet
by indexing and providing links to other websites..
▪ Educational Websites
Khan Academy: Non-profit offering free online courses
in math, science, programming, history, art,
economics, and more. Extensive library of tutorial
videos. Personalized learning dashboard and mobile
apps available. Offers English grammar and reading
comprehension lessons for language learners.
Coursera: Online learning platform partnering with top
universities worldwide. Offers courses, specializations,
and degrees in various subjects. Features video
lectures, readings, quizzes, and projects. Includes
English learning courses covering grammar,
vocabulary, pronunciation, writing, and conversation.
▪ Educational Websites
MIT OpenCourseWare: Web-based publication of MIT
course content. Access to thousands of courses in
engineering, sciences, humanities, and management.
Includes video lectures, readings, quizzes, and exams.
All materials presented in English.
English Learning Websites
▪ Duolingo
Offers interactive lessons in various languages,
including English, using gamified techniques.
▪ BBC Learning English
Provides a wide range of resources for English
language learners, including videos, audio, and
interactive exercises.
▪ British Council - Learn English
Offers lessons, games, and activities for English
learners, as well as resources for teachers.
▪ ESL Lab
Provides a variety of quizzes, listening exercises, and
lessons for English learners at different proficiency
levels.
▪ Cambridge English Online
Offers a range of resources and practice materials for
learners preparing for Cambridge English exams.
BY: madjda