MEE 098: Materials Science and Engineering for ME

Student Activity Sheet #3

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

Lesson Title: Material Testing Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Module, Paper, Pen
At the end of this module you must be able to:
1. Familiarize different material testing procedures References:
2. Identify the importance of knowing different material properties Material Science and Engineering (8th
edition) by William D. Callister Jr.

Productivity Tip:
”Absorb what is useful, reject what is useless, add what is specifically your own.” (Bruce Lee)

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
From the previous module, it was stated how important for a designer to identify different material
properties in order to come up into a good engineering design. Most of the material properties couldn’t be identified
by merely looking on the material with our bare eyes nor by using our senses as it is. Material Testing is a method
used in order to identify these properties. In this module, we will be discussing about different material testing
procedures that we could use in identifying different properties of material.

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

Before we start the topic answer the questions in column 2. Write your answers in the column 1. Leave
the third column blank (will be answered during Activity 4).

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. Name some material testing
procedure that you are aware of?

2. Why is it important for a material

to undergo material testing?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Material testing is a respected and established technique which is used to ascertain both the physical and
mechanical properties of raw materials and components. It can be used to examine almost anything from human
hair to steel, ceramics or composite materials. From definition, material testing is the measurement of the

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 MEE 098: Materials Science and Engineering for ME
Student Activity Sheet #3

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

characteristics and behaviour of such substances as metals, ceramics, or plastics under various conditions. Some of
the material testing procedures used these days was listed below.

Tension Test
Tension (tensile) tests are used to determine how materials will behave under tension load. In a simple
tensile test, a sample is typically pulled to its breaking point to determine the ultimate tensile strength of the material.
The amount of force (F) applied to the sample and the elongation (∆L) of the sample are measured throughout the
test. Material properties are often expressed in terms of stress (force per unit area, σ) and strain (percent change in
length, ε). These values are then presented on an XY plot called a stress-strain curve. Testing and measuring
procedures vary based on the material being tested and its intended application.

Figure 1: Universat Testing Machine (UTM)

Tensile testing is most often carried out at a material testing laboratory. The most common testing machine
used in tensile testing is the universal testing machine (UTM). This type of machine has two crossheads; one is
adjusted for the length of the specimen and the other is driven to apply tension to the test specimen. There are two
types: hydraulic powered and electromagnetically powered machines. Tension test is performed on mild steel, tor
steel and high tensile steel to determine the properties like Young’s modulus, ultimate strength, and the percentage
elongation.

Figure 2: Necking of Steel Rod under Tension Load

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 MEE 098: Materials Science and Engineering for ME
Student Activity Sheet #3

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

For further demonstration refer to this link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8U4G5kcpcM
What have you learned about tension test after watching the video?

Compression Test
Compression tests are used to determine a material's behavior under applied crushing loads, and are
typically conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test specimen (usually of either a cuboid or cylindrical
geometry) using platens or specialized fixtures on a universal testing machine. The test sample is generally placed
in between two plates that distribute the applied load across the entire surface area of two opposite faces of the test
sample and then the plates are pushed together by a universal test machine causing the sample to flatten. A
compressed sample is usually shortened in the direction of the applied forces and expands in the direction
perpendicular to the force. A compression test is essentially the opposite of the more common tension test.

Figure 3: Compression Test

The goal of a compression test is to determine the behavior or response of a material while it experiences
a compressive load by measuring fundamental variables, such as, strain, stress, and deformation. By testing a
material in compression the compressive strength, yield strength, ultimate strength, elastic limit, and the elastic
modulus among other parameters may all be determined. With the understanding of these different parameters and
the values associated with a specific material it may be determined whether or not the material is suited for specific
applications or if it will fail under the specified stresses.

For further demonstration refer to this link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eseHUi4dxZY
What have you learned about compression test after watching the video?

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 MEE 098: Materials Science and Engineering for ME
Student Activity Sheet #3

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Analysis

Linear Thermal Expansion is used to determine the rate at which a material expands as a function of
temperature. This test can be used for design purposes and to determine if failure by thermal stress may occur.
Linear Thermal Expansion (LTE) testing helps determine if thermal stress failures can occur in products and
materials.

Figure 4: Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Tester

Instruments for measuring linear and volumetric thermal expansion coefficients are also known as
“dilatometers”. Solid material test-samples are tested by directly inserting them into the cylindrical test chamber.
They can be cylindrical or polygonal with maximum cross sectional dimension of 0.5 inches (12.5 mm) to fit into
the test chamber. The nominal recommended sample length is 2 inches (50 mm) although this length is not critical
and shorter samples can be used.

For further demonstration refer to this link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7tTUW1XHbQ
What have you learned about coefficient of thermal expansion analysis after watching the
video?

Beam Deflection Test

In engineering, deflection is the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load (due to its
deformation). It may refer to an angle or a distance. The axis of the beam deflects from its initial position under
action of applied forces. Accurate values for these beams deflections are sought in many practical case: elements of
machines must be sufficiently rigid to prevent misalignment and to maintain dimensional accuracy under load; in
buildings ,floor beams cannot deflect excessively to avoid the undesirable psychological effect of flexible floors
on occupants and to minimize or prevent distress in brittle-finish materials; likewise, information on deformation
characteristics of members is essential in the study of vibrations of machines as well as of stationary and flight
structures.

Figure 5: Beam Deflection

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 MEE 098: Materials Science and Engineering for ME
Student Activity Sheet #3

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

Bending test is performed on beam by using the three point loading system. The bending fixture is supported
on the platform of hydraulic cylinder of the UTM. The loading is held in the middle cross head. At a particular load
the deflection at the center of the beam is determined by using a dial gauge.

For further demonstration refer to this link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpzHgRASjNU
What have you learned about beam deflection test after watching the video?

Shear/Torsion Test
Torsion testing is a type of mechanical testing that evaluates the properties of materials or devices while
under stress from angular displacement. Torsion testing can be split into two distinct categories: testing raw
materials like metal wires or plastic tubing to determine properties such as shear strength and modulus, or functional
testing of finished products subjected to torsion, such as screws, pharmaceutical bottles, and sheathed cables. The
most common mechanical properties measured by torsion testing are: modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear
strength, ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear and ductility. The purpose of a torsion test is to
determine the behaviour a material or test sample exhibits when twisted or under torsional forces as a result of
applied moments that cause shear stress about the axis.

Figure 6: Torsion Theory

Torsion tests can be performed by applying only a rotational motion or by applying both axial (tension or
compression) and torsional forces. Types of torsion testing vary from product to product but can usually be
classified as failure, proof, or product operation testing. Torsion testing can be performed on specialized torsion-
only equipment or, more commonly, on biaxial test equipment such as universal testing machines capable of
applying both linear force and torque.

For further demonstration refer to this link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPIug2sewFA
What have you learned about shear/torsion test after watching the video?

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 MEE 098: Materials Science and Engineering for ME
Student Activity Sheet #3

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

LET'S DO THIS!!!
Answer the following activities. Write your answers on the space provided.
“For the following activities, check your answers against the Key to
Corrections found at the end of this module. Write your score on your paper.”

A3-1: Complete the table below according to what you have learned during the discussion. Write your answer on
the space provided.

Material Testing Equipment Used Material Properties Obtained

Tension Test

Compression Test

Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion
Analysis
Beam Deflection Test

Torsion/Shear Test

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

After the lesson, answer the questions on column 2 based on your learning. Write your answers on the
third column.

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. Name some material testing
procedure that you are aware of?

2. Why is it important for a material

to undergo material testing?

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 MEE 098: Material Science and Engineering for ME
Students’ Activity Sheet Module #3

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:
4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

LET ME HEAR FROM YOU…

In your opinion, why is it important for a material to undergo material
testing procedures such as those stated above? Write your opinion on the
space provided below.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

How is your learning experience? Which part of the lessons do you find to be difficult?

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 MEE 098: Material Science and Engineering for ME
Students’ Activity Sheet Module #3

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

FAQs
Why is material testing important?
The quality of a material going into a manufactured product is as important as the reliability of the
production process. Material testing helps us to understand and quantify whether a specific material or
treatment is suitable for a particular application.

What is Destructive Testing and how it is related to the topic?

Destructive Testing is a classification of material testing which leaves the material destroyed after the
test. It is a testing method where an application is intentionally made to fail to check the robustness of the
application and identify the point of failure. Destructive testing includes tension test, compression test, beam
deflection test and torsion test which were discussed in this module.

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 MEE 098: Material Science and Engineering for ME
Students’ Activity Sheet Module #3

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

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