RHEOLOGY

PHYSICAL PHARMACY LECTURE NEWTONIAN SYSTEM

RHEOLOGY • the higher the η of a liquid, the greater the

force/unit area (shearing stress) required to
• Rheo = flow ; logos = to study produce a certain rate of shear
• Describes the flow characteristics of liquid and
deformation of solids
• Viscosity (η)
o resistance of a fluid to flow
o higher the viscosity the greater the
resistance

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
• Newtonian
o Which follows the Newton’s law of flow
o Liquid flow due to gravity
• Non-Newtonian
o Substances that fail to follow Newton’s
equation of flow
o Colloidal solutions, emulsion, liquid
suspensions, and similar products
• the unit of η is poise
o defined as the shearing force required to
produce a velocity of 1 cm/sec between
two parallel planes of liquid each 1 cm2
in area and separated by a distance of 1
cm
o Cgs unit are dyne sec/cm2 or g/cm sec
• Fluidity (ϕ)
o reciprocal of η

KINEMATIC AND RELATIVE VISCOSITY

• KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (ηkin)

o Absolute viscosity divided by the density
of the liquid at a definite temperature
o ηkin = η/ρ
o UNIT: stoke (s) and centistoke (cs)
• RELATIVE VISCOSITY (ηrel)
o Viscosity of the sample divided by
viscosity of standard
o WATER = 1.0019 cp at 20oC

*Viscosity is affected similar to density it is affected by

temperature

NON-NEWTONIAN SYSTEM

* two planes of liquids move at a constant velocity to its

distance from a stationary bottom layer

* two planes move at the same direction but at different

viscosity

* difference in velocity causes velocity gradient or rate

of shear

*rate of shear is described as the force per unit area

that is referred to bring about flow which is also known
as shearing stress
 • Newtonian Liquid
o Shearing stress is directly proportional
to the rate of shear
• Plastic, Pseudoplastic, Distant Flow
o Directly proportional but not linear

PLASTIC FLOW

• Also known as Bingham bodies

o Required to reach or exceed a certain
point or amount of force in order to flow

• does not pass through the origin (point) but DILATANT FLOW
rather intersects the shearing stress axis at a
point referred to as the yield value • such systems actually increase in volume when
sheared (shear thickening)
• does not begin to flow until shearing stress, o more force, more viscose
corresponding to the yield value, is exceeded
• when stress is removed, it returns to its original
state of fluidity

• a rest, the particles are closely packed with the

interparticle volume or voids, being at a
minimum

• Associated with the presence of flocculated

particles in concentrated suspension

• f is present because of the contacts between

adjacent particles, which must be broken down
before flow can occur
o there are particles that are aggregated
or flocculated
▪ must be remove or reduce for
the fluid to flow
PSEUDOPLASTIC FLOW
• the η of a pseudoplastic substance decreases
with increasing rate of shear (shear thinning)
o more force, the less viscose
• as the shearing stress is increased, the normally
disarranged molecules begin to align their long
axes in the direction of flow
• this orientation reduces the internal resistance of
the material and allows a greater rate of shear at
each successive shearing stress
ANTITHIXOTROPY
• Increases viscosity with increase rate of shear
(Shear thickening material)
• Magnesia magma at shear rates of > 30/sec
• Rheopexy
o A phenomenon in which a solid forms a
gel readily when gently shaken or
otherwise sheared that when allowed to
form the gel while the material is kept at
rest
o Time-dependent
▪ More viscous through time of
rest
▪ From sol to gel (sol-gel
formation)
THIXOTROPY FALLING SPHERE VISCOMETER
• Pseudoplastic material (shear thinning)
• This indicates a breakdown of structure that
does not reform immediately when the stress is
removed or reduced
• An isothermal and comparatively slow recovery,
on standing of material, of a consistency lost
through shearing
• At rest --- system is rigid --- resembles gel
• As shear is applied and flow starts, the structure
begins to breakdown as the points of contacts
are disrupted and the particles become aligned
• A glass or steel ball rolls down to an almost
vertical glass tube containing the test liquid at a
known constant temperature.
o The rate at which a ball of particular
density and diameter falls is an inverse
function of the viscosity of the sample
• Hoeppler viscometer
• H = t (Sb – Sf) B
• 0.5 – 200,000 poise
• T nlt 30 sec

• Gel-to-sol transformation, upon removal of the

stress, the structure starts to reform

• Rest of substance will have decrease in viscosity

o Original temperature will result to its
original viscosity

DETERMINATION OF RHEOLOGIC
PROPERTIES

CAPILLARY VISCOMETER

• The η of a Newtonian liquid maybe determined

by measuring the time required for the liquid to
pass between two marks as it flows by gravity
through a vertical capillary tube
o Use standard to determine viscosity CUP AND BOB

• The sample is sheared in the space between the

• PRINCIPLE: Flow of gravity outer wall of the bob and the inner wall of the
cup into which the bob fits
• EQUATION
η1 t1 𝜌1
o
η2
=
t2 𝜌2
• Many instruments differ mainly in whether the
torque (force acting to produce rotation) set up in
the bob results from the cup or from the bob
being caused to revolve
o Spindle have different sizes, depending
on the viscosity
▪ More viscous, thinner spindle
▪ Less viscous, larger spindle

• PRINCIPLE: Rotational
o how resist the liquid to the rotation of the
bulb
 • COETTE TYPE • The cone is driven by a variable-speed motor
o Cup is rotated and the sample is sheared between the
o The resultant torque is proportional to stationary plate and the rotating cone
the viscosity of the sample
o Example • PRINCIPLE: Rotational
▪ MacMichael viscometer

• SEARLE TYPE
o Stationary cup
o Rotating bob
o Example
▪ Rotovisco
▪ Stormer
▪ Brookfield

CONE AND PLATE

• Ferranti-Shirley

• The sample is placed at the center of the plate,

under the cone