Ž YdÍßl l%shdldß;ajh wvqùfuka ia:q,Ndjh we;sùu'

Ž yqfol,d nj
fujeks fya;+ ksid f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ñksidg wjevla
isÿ lrk nj fndfyda fofkl=f.a u;h ù we;' tfy;a tu.ska ks¾udKh jQ moaO;s
ñksidf.a fndfyda ld¾hhka myiq lrkd nj wms bf.k .;suq' tneúka f;dr;=re
yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh m%fhdackj;a f,i fhdod .ekSu wmf.a hq;=luls'

1'6 mß.Klfha mßKduh

o;a; f;dr;=re njg m;alr .ekSug wmg iyh jkafka mß.Klh nj fï
jk úg Tng jegfykakg we;ehs is;uq' j¾;udkfha § iajhxl%Sh j l%shd;aul jk
fndfyduhla mß.Kl moaO;s we;;a mß.Klh o ñksid fuka u úúO hq. miq
lrñka fuu ÈhqKq hq.h fj; meñK we;'
mß.Klfha wdrïNh jQfha" .Kkh myiq lsÍu i|yd WmlrKhla ksmoùuhs'
fï fya;=fjka wjqreÿ 5000lg muK fmr § wenlih (Abacus) kï WmlrKh
ks¾udKh úh'
miq ld,fha § fndfydaa WmlrK iy hka;%
ks¾udKh jQ w;r bka lsysmhla fufia olajuq'
² 1642 § Blaise Pascal úiska Adding Machine
keue;s WmlrKh ksmojk ,È' fuh
f,dj m<uq jk hdka;%sl .‚; l¾u lrk
WmlrKh f,i ie,fla'
² 1674 Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz úiska rEmh 1'65 - wenlih ABACUS
Pascal f.a fuu WmlrKh jeäÈhqKq lr
we;' fuu jeäÈhqKq lsÍu;a iu. u fn§u" .=KlsÍu wdÈh jvd myiqfjka
lr.; yels úh'
² Joseph Jacquard kï m%xY cd;sl úoHd{hd isÿrem;a l%uh (Punch Card
System) u.ska l%shdlrkq ,nk frÈúhk hka;%hla ks¾udKh lf<a h'
² Charles Babbage - isÿrem;a moaO;sh (Punch Card System) ixl,amh Ndú;
lr Analytical Engine kï WmlrKh ks¾udKh lf<A h' fuu WmlrKfha
wdÞkh" ilia lsÍu" m%;sÞkh iy wdphkh hk ixl,am fhdÞ ;snq‚' fudyqf.a
fuu ixl,am mß.Klfha ÈhqKqjg bjy,a ùu ksid fudyq mß.Klfha mshd
f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs'
² Tyqf.a fuu hka;%h i|yd mß.Kl jevigyka ilia lsÍug W;aidy ork
,o wevd T.iagd ,õf,aia f,dj m%:u mß.Kl jevigyka Ys,amsksh f,i
ye¢kafõ'
² Howard Aiken kï mqoa.,hd úiska yd¾jâ úYajúoHd,fha ;u i.hka iu.
yd IBM iud.fï iyh we;s j iajhxlrK wkql%óh md,k .Kl hka;%h
(Automatic Sequence Control Calculator) hk WmlrKh 1944 § ksmojk
,È' fuh MARK I f,i kï flß‚'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 27
 mrïmrd m%Odk oDVdx. ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrk ,o uDÿldx. ,laIK ks¾udKh
Generations jQ moaO;s
m<uq jk mrïmrdfõ ² ßla; k< ² hka;% NdIdj ^Machine ² úYd, ;dmhla ² ENIAC
mß.Kl (Vacuum Tubes) language& ksmojhs ² EDVAC
1940 - 1956 ² o;a; wdodkh" ieliSu" ² tfiïí,s NdIdj ² fiñka l%shd lrhs ² EDSAC
(Assembly language)
iq/lSu iy m%;os dkh ² m%udKfhka úYd, ² UNIVAC
i|yd isÿrem;a ^Punch ² wdphkh lrk ,o
fõ ² IBM 701
Cards& l%u f,aLk ixl,amh
² tyd fuyd f.k hd
(Stored Program
fkdyel
Concept)

28 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

² úÿ,sh úYd, jYfhka
mßfNdackh lrhs'
² ñf,ka wêl fjhs

fojk mrïmrdfõ ² g%dkaisiag¾ Transistors ² Wiia uÜgfï l%u ² m%udKfhka l=vd ² Honey
mß.Kl ² má^Tape& f,aLk NdIdj fjhs' well 400
1956 - 1963 ² oaù;Shsl wdphkh lsÍu ^High-level ² wvq ;dm m%udKhla ² IBM 7030
i|yd ;eá Programming language& ksmojhs ² CDC 1604
^Floppy Disk, Tape& ² tfiïí,s ² wvq úÿ,s ² U N I VA C
NdIdj mrsfNdackhla we; LARC
² fõ.j;a fjhs
² ñf,ka wêl
fjhs
 mrïmrd m%Odk oDVdx. ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrk ,o ,laIK ks¾udKh
Generations uDÿldx. jQ moaO;s
;=ka jk mrïmrdfõ ² wkql,s; mßm: I n t e g r a t e d ² fufyhqï ² m%udKfhka l=vd ² IBM-
mß.Kl Circuits (IC) moaO;ssh ìys ùu fjhs' 360$370
^1964 - 1975& ² oaú;Shsl wdphkh lsÍu i|yd ² jeä ÈhqKq jQ ² wvq ;dm m%udKhla ² PDP-8
Odß;dfjka by< ;eá Wiia uÜgfï ksmojhs' ² PDP-11
² o;a; wdodkh i|yd h;=re mqjrej jevigyka ² jvd fõ.j;a fõ' ² CDC
^Keyboard& NdIdj ² ñf,ka wêl fjhs' 6600
yd uQislh ^Mouse& ² fla;kh i|yd ² wvq úÿ,sh
Wiia uÜgfï mßfNdackhla we;
(high level)
mß.Kl NdId
Ndú;h
y;r jk ² úYd, m%udKfha wkql,s; mßm: ² Ñ;%l w;=re ² b;d l=vd h ² IBM PC
mrïmrdfõ LSIC (Large Scale Integrated uqyqK;a (GUI) ² tyd fuyd f.k hd ² Apple II
mß.Kl Circuits) yd b;d úYd, m%udKfha iys; fufyhqï yels h
^1975 - 1989& wkql,s; mßm: VLSIC (Very moaO;s ² hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu
Large Scale Integrated Circuits) ² UNIX fufyhqï myiq h'
² laIqø ilikh (Microprocessor) moaO;sh ² jvd fõ.j;ajh'
² w;a, mß.Kl
(Palm Tops)
²Odß;dfjka jeä oDV ;eá
² kuH ;eá (Floppy Disk)
² m%ldY ;eá (Optical Disk)

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

² fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl

29
²fõ.j;a mß.Kl cd,
 mrïmrd m%Odk oDVdx. ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrk ,o uDÿldx. ,laIK ks¾udKh jQ
Generations moaO;s
mia jk hq.fha ² wêl m%udKfha ² jeä ÈhqKq jQ Ñ;%l w;=re ² tyd fuyd f.k ² IBM
mß.Kl ^1989 wkql,s; mßm: ULSI uqyqK;a iys; fufyhqï hd yels h notebooks
isg fï olajd& (Ultra Large Scale) moaO;s ² wvq úhoï ² Pentium PCs
fhdod .ekSu ² wka;¾cd, iy nyq udOH iys; h ² SUN
² úYd, Odß;djla iys; fhojqï ² m%udKfhka workstations
oDV ;eá yd /f.k ² lD;%su nqoaêh AI(Artifical l=vd h
hd yels m%ldY ;eá Intelligence) u; mokï ù ² yeisrùu

30 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

(Optical Disk) we;s y`v y÷kd .ekSu (Voice myiq h
² wka;¾cd,h Recognition) ² úYajdijka;
² wl=re y÷kd .ekSu Ndjh iy
(Character Recognition) ld¾hlaIu;dj
² wl=re lshùug (Text To b;d by< h
Speech) w;a wl=re y÷kd
.ekSu i|yd (Hand writing
Recognition Systems) jeks
uDÿldx. ks¾udKh ùu'