BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY
 Is the study of life. The word “biology” is derived from the Greek words “bios” (meaning “life”)
and “logos’ (meaning “study”). In general, biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin,
evolution, and distribution of living organism.

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
 Botany
 Conservation
 Ecology
 Evolution
 Genetics
 Marine Biology
 Medicine
 Microbiology
 Molecular Biology
 Physiology
 Zoology

THREE MAIN BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

 Medical Science – it includes the study of several plants used in medicines.
 Botany – it includes the study of plants.
 Zoology – it includes the study of animals.

CELL STRUCTURE

CELL STRUCTURE

- The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out
life’s processes. These components include- cell wall, cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus, and cell
organelles. A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.

CELL MEMBRANES
 - The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go into and out of the
cell. The nucleus is structure inside the cell that contains the nucleolus and most of the cell’s
DNA. It is also where most RNA is made.

INTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS

- An organism composed of one or more cells with defined intracellular components including a
nucleus and cytosol. Includes all organisms except bacteria and viruses. Includes nucleus,
mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. In biology
intracellular

CELL RESPIRATION
CELL RESPIRATION

GLYCOLYSIS

THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT

REVIEW OF CELL RESPIRATION

CELL REPRODUCTION
CELL REPRODUCTION

THE CELL CYCLE

MITOSIS

MEIOSIS
REVIEW OF CELL REPRODUCTION

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA REPLICATION AND REPAIR

DNA TRANSCRIPTION

POST–TRANSCRIPTIONAL RNA PROCESSING

GENITIC CODE

DNA TRANSLATION

REVIEW OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

PLANTS
INTRODUCE TO PLANTS

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS

PLANT CLASSIFICATION

PLANT STRUCTURES

ESSENTIAL PROCESSES OF PLANTS

THE LIFE CYCLE OF PLANTS

REVIEW OF PLANTS

MICROORGANISMS
INTRODUCTION TO MICROORGANISMS

MONERA

PROTISTA

FUNGI

VIRUSES

REVIEW OF MICROORGANISMS

EVOLUTION
INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION AND LAMARCK

EVOLUION AND DARWIN

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

MODERN SYNTHESIS OF EVOLUTION

MACROEVOLUTION

NATURAL SELECTOR

SPECIFICATION

REPRODUCTION ISOLATION

PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION

POULATION GENETICS

REVIEW OF EVOLUTION

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

INSTINCT AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

LEARNING AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

SIGNALING AND COMMUNCATION

ORIENTATION AND NAVIGATION

BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY
REVIEW OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR