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CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION
(AISSCE – 2024)

NAME: SHIBAM DAS

CLASS: XII
STREAM: SCIENCE
ROLL NUMBER:
REGISTRATION NUMBER:
SESSION: 2023 – 24
SCHOOL CODE: 15566
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY PROJECT
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TOPIC – TO STUDY
THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF OVULES
PRESENT IN
ANGIOSPERMS

DONE BY – SHIBAM DAS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel great pleasure in expressing my
gratitude to our school's principal Shree.
Bipin Bihari Singh and respected teachers
of Biology for their precious suggestions
and guidance for the completion of my
Biology project work titled “To study
different types of ovules present in
Angiosperms”. I am really very thankful to
them.

I also acknowledge the endless

contribution of my parents and friends who
always encouraged me and supported me and
their wistful cooperation in my studies
and to complete this project within the
limited time frame.
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INDEX

S.no TOPIC Pg.no

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. OBJECTIVE 8

3. APPARATUS REQUIRED 8

4. PROCEDURE 9

5. OBSERVATIONS 9

6. CONCLUSION 12

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
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INTRODUCTION
Angiosperms are vascular plants with
stems, roots, and leaves. They are
heterosporous, i.e., produce two kinds of
spores, microspore (pollen grains) and
megaspores. The seeds of the angiosperm
are found in a flower. These make up the
majority of all plants on earth. The seeds
develop inside the plant
organs and form fruit.
Hence, they are also known
as flowering plants. The
flowers are the
reproductive organs for
the plant, providing them
with a means of exchanging
genetic information.

The ovule is a component of the female

reproductive system of seed plants. It is
where female reproductive parts are
produced and maintained. Ovules are housed
in ovaries at the base of the carpel,
which includes an aperture at the top,
stigma, and a neck called a style. After
fertilisation, these cells eventually
develop into a seed, which subsequently
ripens to form a full-grown adult plant.
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Ovule is also known as the megasporangium

in flowering plants.
The ovule is made up of the nucellus, the
integuments that form the outermost layer,
and the female gametophyte (called an
embryo sac in flowering plants), which are
found at the very centre.
The nucellus is the largest part of the
ovule. It houses the embryo sac as well as
nutritive tissue and actually remains
present in some flowering plants after
fertilization as a source of nutrients for
the embryo.
The integument is the tough outer
protective layer of the ovule. Angiosperms,
like maples and daisies, typically have
two integuments, and we call them
bitegmic. The integument encloses the
nucellus except for a small gap, which is
called the micropyle.
The Female Gametophyte is the part of the
ovules that contains the gamete-producing
sex organs, which are critical for sexual
reproduction. The female gametophyte
contains a single set of unpaired
chromosomes, meaning that it’s haploid. It
is commonly called the embryo sac or
megagametophyte.
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The ovule plays a vital role in sexual

reproduction. Once a pollen grain lands on
the stigma of a flower of its same species,
it sends out a pollen tube down through the
style. This tube then enters the ovary and
reaches the ovule of the plant. Once that
occurs, fertilization can arise as the
nucleus of the pollen grain is sent down the
tube to merge with the nucleus in the embryo
sac. The male alternative to the ovule is
pollen, which contains the male gametophytes.

After fertilisation, the ovule develops, and

its wall begins to thicken to transform into
a seed. In contrast, the ovary begins to grow
around it and develop into the fruit.
Fruits are derived from the maturing floral
organs of the angiospermous plant and are
therefore characteristic of angiosperms.
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OBJECTIVE
The aim of this
project is to
study different
types of ovules
present in
Angiosperms.

(LILY) OVARY CROSS-SECTION

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Chart of the types of ovules (including
diagrams), permanent slides of types of
ovules, microscope.
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PROCEDURE
Fix the permanent slides under the
microscope. Observe and note down the
features of the different kinds of ovules
present in Angiosperms. Consult the chart
for information.

OBSERVATIONS
• LOCATION:
The ovule is found inside the gynoecium, a
part of the flower present in angiosperms.
The fruit wall eventually develops from
the ovary of the gynoecium, which produces
more than one ovule. A funiculus
structure, resembling a stalk, connects
the ovules to
the placenta.
• TYPES OF
OVULES:
Based on their
morphologies,
ovules have
been divided
into six
groups:
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A B C

ORTHOTROPOUS OR ATROPOUS (A)

Here, the body of the ovules is straight,
allowing the micropyle, the funicle
connecting the ovule to the placenta, and
the chalaza, where the integuments and
nucellus combine, to be in alignment.
ANATROPOUS (B)
The ovules in this scenario inverted
during development, causing the micropyle
to be located near the hilum. A hilum scar
denotes the spot where the funicle
connected the seed to the fruit wall.
CAMPYLOTROPOUS (C)
The ovule is composed of the integuments
forming the outermost layer, the nucellus,
and the female gametophyte (known as an
embryo sac in angiosperms), found in the
core.
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AMPHITROPOUS (D)
The ovule’s body is so
extensively curved that
the ovule itself and the
embryo sac resemble a
horseshoe.
D

HEMI-ANATROPOUS (E)
These ovules appear
lying on their side
because their bodies
develop at right angles
to the funicle.

CIRCINOTROPOUS (F)
In this instance, the
funicle is particularly
long, forming a nearly
complete circle around
the ovule, whose
micropyle eventually
points upward.

F
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CONCLUSION
Agriculture is almost entirely dependent
on angiosperms, and a small number of
flowering plant families supply nearly all
plant-based food and livestock feed. Rice,
maize, and wheat provide half of the
world's calorie intake, and all three
plants are
cereals from
the Poaceae
family
(colloquially
known as
grasses). Other
families
provide
materials such
as wood, paper
and cotton, and Grass Flowers

supply numerous ingredients for

traditional and modern medicines.
Flowering plants are also commonly grown
for decorative purposes, with certain
flowers playing a significant role in many
cultures.
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Many economically
important products
come from the
Rosaceae, including
various edible fruits,
such as apples, pears,
almonds etc come from
the Rosaceae (a medium-
sized family of flowering
plants).

Apple Blossoms
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following sources were used for

acquiring the appropriate information
required to complete this project:
• Laxmi Comprehensive Laboratory Manual
in Biology CBSE Class-12
• https://biologydictionary.net/ovule/
• https://byjus.com/neet/ovule-an-
overview/
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/O
vule-and-development-of-the-female-
gametophyte-A-ana-amphitropous-ovule-
with-linear_fig3_324727066
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/D
iversity-in-ovule-curvature-Median-
longitudinal-microtome-sections-A-
Orthotropous_fig5_51159517