L5 - Analytic Sampling and Sampling Techniques

University of Baghdad
College of Medicine
2023-2024
Title: Analytic Sampling and Sampling Techniques
Grade: Three
Module: RM
Speaker: Dr Falah H. Kareem
Date: 23\9\2023
University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to:
1. Identify the Population ,Study population and Sample .

2. Define sampling and sampling techniques.
3. List the types of sampling.
Important statistical terms

Population:
A set which includes all
measurements of interest
to the researcher
Study population
Is the subset of the population available for study
Sample:
A subset of the study population
Important statistical terms

Population of units
A group of entities that have quantifiable characteristics in
common e.g.: population of human being, animals, bacteria,
machines…..
Population of observations
A group of numerical values of quantifiable characteristics of
each member of population of units e.g.: list of BP values of
certain population
Definitions
Statistical inference: Is a conclusion concerning a

population of observations (or units) made on the
basis of the results of studying a sample of these
observations (or units)
Sampling
The process of drawing a number of individual
cases(or measurements ) from a larger
population
A way to learn about a larger

population by obtaining
information from a subset of it
STOP and THINK University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
All anemic pregnant women in third

trimester attending Al Yarmouk Teaching
Hospital
trimester in Iraq
trimester attending obstetric outpatient
clinic in Al Yarmouk Teaching Hospital
for the period between 1st July to the end
of September 2021
REASONS FOR SAMPLING

Why Sample?
Time
Samples can be studied more quickly than population
Cost
A study of a sample is less expensive than that of
an entire population
Improve data quality
Obtain in-depth information about each subject rather
than superficial data on all
REASONS FOR SAMPLING

Why Sample?
Possibility
A study of a population is impossible in most
situations
Accuracy
Samples are more often accurate than
results based on a population
When is sampling unnecessary?

• The number of things we want to sample is
small
• Data is easily accessible
• Data quality is unaffected by the number of
things we look at
OR WHEN WE WANT TO KNOW THE ENTIRE

INFORMATION ABOUT PUPLIC (e.g CENSUS )
Suppose you are interested in describing the

nationality of Nobel prize-winning scientists.
What would the population be?

What would an element in your study be?
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Types of sampling
1. Probability sampling techniques.
2. Nonprobability sampling techniques.
Probability versus Nonprobability Samples
Probability Samples Nonprobability Samples

Usually more representative Usually less representative
Every member of the population has a known Every member of the population has unknown
(nonzero) chance of inclusion chance of inclusion
LESS likely to be biased samples MORE likely to be biased samples

MORE generalizable LESS generalizable
Why researchers haven’t used cell phone

numbers in polling until recently?
Types of Probability Sampling University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
 Simple Random Sampling

 Systematic Sampling
 Stratified Sampling
 Cluster Sampling
 Multistage Sampling
Simple Random Sampling

A probability sample in which every member of a study
population has been given an equal chance of selection
Establish a sampling frame
A number is assigned to each element
Numbers are randomly selected into the sample
One way to draw a simple random sample, is to put all

possibilities on paper, cut them up, and then draw a
sample from a hat
Systematic Sampling
A probability sampling procedure that involves selecting every
kth element from a list of population elements, after the first
element has been randomly selected
Selection interval
The distance between the elements selected in a sample
Population size
Selection Interval (k) =
Sample size
Example
If population of 20 elements and we want to draw a sample of 5
elements using systematic probability procedure?
Divide the total number of elements by the number you want in your sample
20/5 = 4
Randomly select a number between
1 and 4 and then select every
4th element from that number
Stratified Sampling
A probability sampling procedure that involves dividing the
population in groups or strata defined by the presence of certain
characteristics and then random sampling from each stratum
Example
If you had a population that was 10% women and you want a sample
that is also 10% women
Stratified Sampling University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Steps to draw a stratified random sample

• Defining the population from which your sample will be taken.
• Group the study population into strata or into groups that
share a given characteristic
• Decide stratum sample size according to this equation
Stratified Random Sampling Formula: nh = ( Nh / N ) * n
• Enumerate each group separately
• Randomly sample within each strata
nh= Sample size for hth stratum

Nh= Population size for hth stratum
N = Size of entire population
n = Size of entire sample
A population of 100 (40 female and 60 male),

draw a sample of 10 using stratified random sampling?
1- Divide the population into two strata

2- Stratum sample(female) size (nh) = ( Nh / N ) * n
=(40/100)*10=4
Stratum sample(male) size (nh) = ( Nh / N ) * n
=(60/100)*10=6
3- Enumerate each group
separately
and randomly sample within
each strata
Cluster Sampling
A probability sampling procedure that involves randomly
selecting clusters of elements from a population and
subsequently selecting every element in each selected
cluster for inclusion in the sample
Cluster sampling is an option if data collection involves visits to sites that are
far apart
Cluster Sampling University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Example
You are conducting a study of Baghdad high school students
You could obtain a list of all high school students in Baghdad
and complete random sampling
A cluster sample would be more practical

Obtain a list of all high schools in Baghdad
Random sample the high schools from the list
Obtain a list of students for each high school selected and then contact each
of those students
or sample of them
Types of Probability
Sampling
Multistage Sampling
A probability sampling procedure that involves
several stages, such as randomly selecting
clusters from a population, then randomly
selecting elements from each of the clusters
Multistage Sampling University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Example of a multistage design. Setting it up is easy.

Let’s consider the sample location is Iraq.
The research goal is to assess the online spending trends of people in the Iraq through
an online questionnaire. Researchers can form their sample group comprising 200
households in the following manner:
 Firstly, choose the number of Governorates
using simple random sampling (or any other probability sampling). For example, select
ten Governorates.
 Secondly, choose five districts within each Governorate
using the systematic sampling method (or any other probability sampling).
 Thirdly, choose four households from each district using the simple random sampling
method. You will end up with 200 houses that you can include in the sample group for
research.
You want to draw a sample of the employees at a

large university ensuring that in your sample you
have people represented from all personnel
categories including administrators, faculty,
secretarial staff, cleaning staff, mail room staff,
technicians, and students.
What type of probability sample would be best?
Stratified Sample
Non probabilty Sampling
Sampling method in which not all members of the population

have an equal chance of participating in the study
Researchers use this method in studies where it is

impossible to draw random probability sampling due to
time or cost considerations
Types of Non Probabilty Sampling
 Purposive Sampling
 Quota Sampling
 Snowball Sampling
 Convenience Sampling
Types of Non Probability Sampling
Purposive Sampling
A nonprobability sampling procedure that
involves selecting elements based on a
researcher's judgment about which elements
will facilitate his or her investigation
Quota Sampling
A nonprobability sampling procedure that
involves describing the target population in
terms of what are thought to be relevant
criteria and then selecting sample elements
to represent the “relevant” subgroups in
proportion to their presence in the target
population
Snowball Sampling
A nonprobability sampling procedure that involves
using members of the group of interest to identify
other members of the group
Helps researchers find a sample when they are difficult

to locate. This sampling system works like the referral
program. Once the researchers find suitable subjects he
asks them for assistance to seek similar subjects to form
a considerably good size sample.
Types of Nonprobability Sampling
Convenience Sampling
A nonprobability sampling procedure that involves
selecting elements that are readily accessible to the
researcher
Sometimes called an available subjects sample

THANX

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University of Baghdad

Title: Analytic Sampling and Sampling Techniques

1. Identify the Population ,Study population and Sample .

Important statistical terms

Important statistical terms

Statistical inference: Is a conclusion concerning a

A way to learn about a larger

All anemic pregnant women in third

REASONS FOR SAMPLING

REASONS FOR SAMPLING

When is sampling unnecessary?

OR WHEN WE WANT TO KNOW THE ENTIRE

Suppose you are interested in describing the

What would the population be?

Probability versus Nonprobability Samples

Probability Samples Nonprobability Samples

LESS likely to be biased samples MORE likely to be biased samples

Why researchers haven’t used cell phone

 Simple Random Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

One way to draw a simple random sample, is to put all

Steps to draw a stratified random sample

nh= Sample size for hth stratum

A population of 100 (40 female and 60 male),

1- Divide the population into two strata

A cluster sample would be more practical

Example of a multistage design. Setting it up is easy.

You want to draw a sample of the employees at a

Sampling method in which not all members of the population

Researchers use this method in studies where it is

Helps researchers find a sample when they are difficult

Types of Nonprobability Sampling

Sometimes called an available subjects sample

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