Name: TICMAN, Al Abram D.

Student No: 2021-11666 Course Code: GZP 3101-6

Activity 15 Endocrine System in Animals

I. Discuss hormones and their types based on chemical composition.

MAJOR ACTION AND SOURCES OF SELECTED HORMONES (BASED ON ITS
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION)

Types of Description Endocrine Hormones Major

Hormones Glands Physiologic
(Source) Effect

Amines and Derived from the Adrenal Epinephrine and Neurotransmitters

Amino Acids modification of Medulla Norepinephrine for the SNS or the
amino acids, the fight-or-flight
building blocks of response
proteins, mainly
tyrosine or Melatonin Regulates energy
tryptophan. They Pineal metabolism and
play a role in glucose
acting as homeostasis;
neurotransmitters regulate sleep-
regulating various wake cycles
physiologic
response (e.g., Stimulate
blood pressure, metabolic rate
heart rate); and promotes
regulate energy; Thyroxine (T4) and
fetal and infant
sleep-wake Thyroid Triiodothyronine
growth and
cycles; and many (T3)
development
others

Peptides, Peptides and Anterior Growth Hormone Stimulates growth

Polypeptides, proteins are Pituitary (GH) of bones and
Proteins, and chains of amino muscles, aids in
Glycoproteins acids that is the synthesis and
essential in all fat metabolism,
biological and decreases
processes such carbohydrate
as for structural metabolism
support for
tissues; fighting Stimulates
infections through synthesis and
the immune Adrenocorticotropic
secretion of
system; regulating Hormone (ACTH)
adrenal cortical
blood glucose hormones
levels; acting as
catalyst; and Stimulates the
many others. Thyroid-Stimulating
synthesis and
Hormone
secretion of
Peptides are short thyroid hormones
chains of amino
acids, while

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proteins are much Male: stimulate
larger and more sperm production
complex Female: stimulate
containing ovulation and
hundred to Follicle-Stimulating ovarian follicular
thousands of Hormone (FSH) growth
amino acids.
Male: stimulate
secretion of
testosterone
Female: stimulate
production of
estrogen and
Luteinizing
progesterone
Hormone (LH)
Prepares breast
for breast-feading

Increases water
reabsorption
through kidneys

Prolactin (PRL) Stimulate ejection

of milk from
breasts after
childbirth and
Antidiuretic stimulate uterine
Posterior Hormone (ADH contraction
Pituitary
Lowers
Oxytocin phosphate levels
and calcium in the
blood

Regulates
calcium levels

Regulates blood
Calcitonin glucose
Thyroid
Increase blood
glucose
concentration

Parathyroid Delays absorption

Parathyroid Hormone of glucose in the
intestine
Insulin
Pancreas Stimulate glands
to release
Glucagon hydrochloric acid
(HCl) for digestion

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 Aids in digestion

Somatostatin
Stimulates RBC
production

Kidney: inhibits
Stomach Gastrin sodium
reabsorption and
renin release
Adrenal cortex:
inhibits production
and secretion of
aldosterone
Duodenum Secretin,
Cholecystokinin
(CCK)

Kidney Erythropoietin

Heart Atrial Natriuretic

Peptide

Steroids Steroids are Adrenal Aldosterone Regulates blood

derived from Cortex pressure by
cholesterol (single increasing sodium
most important levels
steroid molecule)
and are Cortisol, Increase and
structurally similar Corticosterone, regulate blood
to it. These are fat Cortisone glucose levels;
molecules formed decreases effect
by a four-ring of stress; and has
carbon skeleton an anti-
structure. inflammatory
effect
Unlike fats,
steroids are made Development of
Androgens, mainly
largely of secondary sex
Testes Testosterone
hydrogen and characteristics
carbon atoms and and male sex
are fat-soluble. organs, and
sperm production
They are
essential for Development of
homeostasis as it Estrogen and secondary sex
functions in the Progesterone characteristics
regulation of the Ovaries and female sex
adrenal glands, organs, and
production of sex influences
hormones, as well menstrual cycle

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 as making vitamin and prepares for
D. pregnancy

Kidney Vitamin D3 Active transport of

dietary calcium
ions across cell
membranes of the
intestines

Fatty Acid Fatty acid Plasma Prostaglandins Targets at the site

Derivatives derivatives are Membranes of release.
organic molecules of all body Increase blood
derived from fatty cells pressure by
acids, which are constricting blood
the building vessels,
blocks of fats and constriction of
oils. They function airways, stimulate
as to help in muscle of uterus,
storing energy; increase output of
act as a lipid digestive
mediator for secretions, and
inflammation, cause fever.
pain, and blood
clotting; involved
in inflammatory
response; acts as
a protective
coating on the
integumentary
system; and many
others.

II. Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine system as to their coordination
and control of body systems.
Nervous System Endocrine System
- Master control and communication - Second control organ
system - Regulates the body’s homeostasis,
- Provides higher mental functioning specifically metabolic activities of
- Regulates activities for muscles and body but also regulate other
glands functioning, such as growth,
- Composed of intricate network of development, reproduction,
nerve cells that receive and electrolyte balance, and energy.
transmits neurotic signals
(neurotransmitters).
How do they coordinate?
- The nervous dictates every action that a person does, this include when and how
much hormones should be secreted.
- They detect internal and external signals, which later then transmits and
integrates information.
- With this, both initiate and control movement.

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III. Hormonal control among invertebrates. Complete the table

Invertebrates Endocrine Hormones Principal Action

(Diagram) Structures Secreted and target organs

Protozoans Lack of an Excretory System

Poriferans Lack of an Excretory System

Lacks an endocrine - Growth - Budding

gland promoting - Regeneration
hormones - Growth
- “Head activator”

Figure 2. Forms of
Coelenterates with the
absence of endocrine glands

Cerebral ganglion - Peptide - Regeneration

- Has hormones - Asexual
neurosecret - reproduction
ory cells Neurotransmitter - Gonad
that secrete s maturation
hormones - Shedding

Figure 3. Platyhelminths
Cerebral Ganglia

Central Nervous Neuropeptide Cuticle molting

System
- Despite lack
of classical
endocrine
glands, they
still have
neurosecret
Figure 4. Nematode Nervous ory cells
System (Cerebral Ganglia) situated in
the CNS.

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 Central Nervous - Estrogen - Morphogenesis
System - Nereidine - Development
- Pheromones - Growth
- Gonadtropin - Regeneration
- Annetocin - Gonadal
- Neuropeptide maturation
- Osmoregulatory
Figure 5. Annelid Nervous Hormones
System - Hyperglycemic
Hormones

Central Nervous - Insulin - Regulate heart

System - Estrogen rate
- Ring of - Testosterone - Kidney Function
ganglia that - Gonadtropin - Energy
is rich in metabolism
neurosecret -
ory cells Spermatogenesis
(Sperm duct)
Intestines - Egg
(Bivalves) Development
Figure 6. Anatomy of a (Oviduct)
(Gastropod) Mollusk Gonad - Stimulation of
accessory
reproductive
organs
- Shell growth

X-organs - Molt-inhibiting - Growth

- Neurosecret hormone (X- - Maturation
ory tissues organ) - Reproduction
in - Ecdysone (Y- and sex
crayfishes, organs) determination
associated - Juvenile - Molting of
with sinus Hormone shell/skin
glands (Corpora allata) - Color change
Y-organs - Thoracotropic
- Controls hormone
ecdysis (Corpora
hormones, cardiaca)
at the base Bursicon
of maxillae
Corpora allata
- Production
of juvenile
hormones,
upon the

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Figure 7. X and Y-organs absence of
located at the eyestalk of an
Arthropods (Crustacean) appropriate
stimulus
Corpora cardiaca
- Production
of
thoracotropi
c hormones,
upon the
presence of
an
Figure 8. Corpora allata and appropriate
cardiaca of Arthropods (Insect) stimuli

Radial Nerves - Gonad- - Shedding of

- Contains stimulating gametes
neuropeptid hormones - Spawning
es. - Maturation- - Meiosis in the
inducing oocytes
hormones

Figure 9. Echinoderms Radial

Nerves

IV. Hormonal control among the vertebrates. Complete the table.

Vertebrate Group Endocrine Hormones Principal Action and

(Diagram) Structures Secreted by target organs
/glands glands

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 a. Pituitary a. a. Stimulates
gland Gonadotropin, reproductive
b. Thyroid Thyrotropin, migrations, fight-or-
Gland Corticotropoin flight activities, and
c. Adrenal & Somatropin etc.
gland b. Thyroxine b. Metabolism,
d. Corpuscles c. Ephinephrine maturation, and scale
of Stannius and Cortisol formation
e. d. Hypocalcin c. Concerened with
Ultimobranchi e. Calcitonin fish osmoregulation
al Glands f. Urotensins and carbohydrate
f. Urophysis g. Insulin metabolism
g. Pancreatic h. Melatonin d. Regulates calcium in
islets the whole body
h. Pineal gland e. Regulates blood
calcium
f. Control water and
balance ions, blood
Figure 10. Endocrine System of pressure, and muscle
Fishes contractions
g. Blood sugar
regulation
h. Skin color variation
and photoreception

a. Thyroid a. Thyroxine a. Regulates

b. Parathyroid b. Calcitonin metamorphosis of
c. Thymus c. Thymosin tadpoles and adults.
d. Pituitary d. anterior and b. Calcium-salt
e. Adrenal posterior lobe regulation in the
f. Pancreas hormones blood.
g. Gonads e. Cortin and c. Immunological
Figure 11. Amphibian (Frog) Adrenaline development
Endocrine System f. Insulin d. Skin color, and
g. Testosterone, water absorption in
Estradiol the skin. Regulates
metamorphosis where
the tadpole is changed
to a toad.
e. Regulates
involuntary muscles
by stimulating the
autonomic nervous
system
f. Regulates sugar in
the blood stream
stored in the liver

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 g. Controls sexual
behavior and the
difference in the
development of the
sex characteristics

a. Pancreas a. Insulin, a. Blood sugar

b. Pharyngeal Glucagon regulation.
ultimobranchia b. Calcitonin b. Calcium regulation
l glands c. melatonin in the blood stream
c. Pineal d. Thyroxine c. skin color variation
(gland) (T4) and d. T3 is a major
complex triidothyronine thyroid hormone is
d. Thyroid (T3) deiodinases in target
e. Parathyroid f. prolactin cells, T4 makes up for
f. pituitary the high concentration
gland in blood
f. Reproductive
migration. Brooding
Figure 12. Reptile (Lizard) behavior
Endocrine System

a. Ovary a. estrogen a. Brood incubation

b. Testes b. testosterone patch
c. adrenals d. Prolactin b. controls secondary
d. pituitary e. Thyroxine sexual characteristics,
e. thyroid, k. calcitonin plumage color, comp
f. pancreas, l. B lymphocytes and spurs (sexual
g. parathyroids behavior)
Figure 13. Avians (Sparrow) h. pineal d. Stimulates milk
Endocrine System i. production in the crop
hypothalamus & brood incubation
j. thymus patch
k. e. Regulates normal
ultimobranchia development of
l feathers and molt
l. bursa of cycle, migration
Fabricius k. Regulates blood
calcium concentration
l. Maturation of white
blood cells
(immunology)

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 a. Pineal a. Melatonin a. Has the ability to
Glands b. Aldosterone regulate seasonal
b. Adrenal & cycles.
Glands Corticosteroids b. Aldosterone:
c. Thyroid c. regulates salt by the
Glands Triiodothryonin kidneys.
d. Parathyroid e & thyroxine Corticosteroids:
glands d. Calcitonin Cortisol production
e. Gonads e. Estrogen, c. Responsible for
f. Pancreas Progesterone, & metabolism
g. Pituitary Testosterone d. Regulates calcium in
Glands f. Insulin & the blood, not in the
Figure 14. Mammalian (Dog)
Glucagon bones.
Endocrine System
g. e. Estrogen and
Neurohypophys Testosterone are used
is & for development of
Adenohypophys male and female sex
is characteristics,
respectively.
Progesterone is used
for fertilization
preparation.
f. Glucagon and Insulin
go hand in hand in
regulating sugar I the
blood, it also is
involved in digestion
as the sugar from the
blood is absorbed and
stored.
g. Neurohypophysis:
hormones that are
responsible for
coordination in
accordance to
reproductive
adaptations of the
body.
Adenohypophysis:
regulates growth,
reproduction, and
lactation.

Vertebrate Group Condition resulting from Condition resulting from

Hypersecretion hyposecretion

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Fishes a. Abnormal Development,
Reproductive issues,
osmoregulatory disturbances,
and increased water retention
b. hyperthyroidism
c. Faulty immune function,
impaired development,
susceptibility to diseases, altered
osmoregulation.
d. Calcium imbalances, kidney
damage
e. Hyperclimia
f. Constrictions
g. Hyperinsulinemia
h. Disruption of circardian
rhythyms, immunomodulation
Amphibians a. Hyperthyroidism
b. Hyperparathyroidism
c. Overstimulation of T Cells
d. Hyperpituitarism
e. Altered metabolism, disrupted
immune function
f. Hyperglycemia
g. Disturbances in reproductive
behavior, and altered gonad
development.
Reptiles a. Hyperinsulinemia
b. Hypercalcemia
c. High blood pressure and
disturbance functioning of
thyroid and adrenal glands
d. Hyperthyroidism
e. Hyperparathyroidism
f. Hyperpituitarism
a. Abnormal Development,
Reproductive issues,
osmoregulatory disturbances,
metabolic imbalances, and stress
susceptibility
b. Hypothyroidism
c. Energy metabolism disruptions,
reduced anti-inflammatory
response, cardiovascular effects,
reduced fight-or-flight, and
reduced blood sugar regulation
d. Impaired bone and scale
formation, osmoregulatory
disturbance, muscle weakness,
and nervous system
dysfunctionalities
e. Hypocalcemia
g. Hypoinsulinemia
h. Disrupted circadian rhythms,
and reduced antioxidant
protection
a. Hypothyroidism
b. Hypoparathyroidism
c. Impaired stimulation of T Cells
d. Hypopituitarism
e. Impaired stress response,
imbalances in immune and
metabolic function
f. hypoglycemia
g. Reproductive disruptions and
failure
a. Hypoinsulinmia
b. Hypocalcemia
c. Low blood pressure and
improper functioning of other
glands.
d. Hypothyroidism
e. Hypoparathyroidism
f. Hypopituitarism
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Avians a. Disrupted reproductive cycles
and abnormal egg formation
b. Mate guarding, altered
courtship, and aggressive ehavior
c. Cushing disease
d. Gigantism
e. Hyperthyroidism
f. Disrupted circadian rhythm,
behavioral changes in
reproduction
g. Hyperparathyroidism
k. Reduced calcium reabsorption
Mammals a. Sleep wake, and effects on
mood regulation
b. Conn syndrome and Cushing
syndrome
c. Hyperthyroidism
d. Hyperparathyroidism
e. Hypergonadism
f. Hyperglycemia
g. Hyperpituitarism
V. Endocrine structures and their secreted hormones.
Endocrine Structures Hormones Secreted
Adenohypophysis a. Somatropin
b. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
c. Thyrotropin
d. Endorphins
e. Luteinizing Hormones
f. Follicle-stimulating Hormones
g. Prolactin
a. Altered reproductive cycle and
reduced egg production
b. changes of plumage and
coloration, altered courtship
behavior, reduced song
complexity.
c. Hypoadrenocorticism
d. Dwarfism
e. Hypothyroidism
f. Disrupted circadian rhythm,
behavioral changes in
reproduction, and impairment of
antioxidant protection
g. Hypoparathyroidism
k. altered calcium metabolism
a. Mood regulation and
cardiovascular disruptions
b. Addison’s syndrome
c. Hypothyroidism
d. Hypoparathyroidism
e. Hypogonadism
f. Hypoglycemia
g. Hypopituitarism
Principal Action and target
organs
a. Bone and muscle growth,
protein synthesis, and helps in
cell division
b. Stimulates steroid (e.g.
cortisol) secretion, and stress
responses
c. Stimulates the thyroid gland
for secretion
d. Decreases pain
e. In females, Controls the
menstrual cycle, releases the egg
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 from the ovary. In males, it
stimulates interstitial cells.
f. Prepares ovary for ovulation,
and acts as seminiferous tube for
spermatogenesis.
g. Mammary glands produces
milk, acts as a crop for birds and
stimulates their maternal
behavior

Neurohypophysis a. Antidiuretic hormone a. Elevates blood pressure and

b. Oxytocin reabsorbs water from the kidney
b. Milk production

Thyroid a. Thyroxine - Growth and Development

b. Triiodothyronine - Metamorphosis in amphibians
- Molting in birds
- Metabolic rate in birds and
mammals

Parathyroid Calcitonin - Lowers blood calcium

- Inhibits calcium reabsorption in
the bones

Adrenal cortex a. Glucocorticoids a. Carbohydrate synthesis, and

b. Aldosterone protein breakdown; Mediates
c. Androgen stress and initiates anti-
inflammatory and antiallergic
actions.
b. Controls osmoregulatory
balance between salt and water.
Done through the kidneys.
c. Female sex drive

Adrenal medulla a. Epinephrine a. Neurotransmitters that plays a

b. Norepinephrine crucial role in metabolism,
attention, focus, panic, and
excitement. Also called
adrenaline.
b. The fight-or-flight
neurotransmitter, that regulated
blood pressure by contracting
veins.

Pancreatic Islets a. Parathormone a. Regulation of calcium levels in

b. Insulin the blood.
c. Glucagon b. Balancing of micronutrients
such as glycogen.

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 c. Controls blood sugar.

Ovaries a. Estrogen a. Maintains female sexual

b. Progesterone characteristics and promotes
oogenesis
b. Hormone that prepares the
uterus for the implanting of the
fertilized egg.

Testis Testosterone - Maintains male sexual

characteristics and promotes
spermatogenesis

Pineal gland Melatonin - Body rhythm, sexual maturity,

and skin color

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