IDU@

F`t` Kunm`g ? @l`nmsms Mlvdst`sm e`l Udarm Rartajanma

L@F@ ? UDNUML @FDNM@. N@UTRDMYMXX@

LRF ? 090:9920032203

RYACY@F XUTEM @KTLU@LXM

J@NKTU@X DKALAFM
 TLMZDYXMU@X KYMXUDL MLEALDXM@ F@NTKT
9292

K@U@ RDLC@LU@Y

Ruom Xyukur kmt` p`lo`tk`l kdp`e` Uug`l ]`lc F`g` Ds` `t`s sdc`n` hur`g`l
e`l k`smg s`y`lc-Ly`, sdgmlcc` s`y` e`p`t fdlydnds`mk`l tuc`s f`k`n`g mlm.

F`k`n`g mlm fdrup`k`l s`n`g s`tu tuc`s y`lc g`rus emsdnds`mk`l e`n`f F`t`
Kunm`g @l`nmsms mlvdst`sm e`l partajanma.

Xdc`n` krmtmk`l e`l s`r`l s`lc`t emiutugk`l edfm pdrkdfi`lc`l kdutug`l

f`k`n`g mlm, sdgmlcc` `k`l n`gmr f`k`n`g y`lc ndimg i`mk n`cm emf`s` y`lc `k`l
e`t`lc. Xdfac` f`k`n`g mlm e`p`t idrf`lj``t i`cm pdfi`h`.

@fial, 8 @prmn 9292

Rdlyusul

mm
 E@JU@Y MXM

K@U@ RDLC@LU@Y.......................................................................................................
mm
E@JU@Y MXM......................................................................................................................
mmm
I@I. M RDLE@GTNT@L............................................................................................
0
0.0 N`t`r Idn`k`lc............................................................................................

0 0.9 Yufus`l F`s`n`g.......................................................................................

9
0.8 Uuou`l F`s`n`g..........................................................................................
9
I@I. MM RDFI@G@X@L..............................................................................................
8
9.0 Rdlcdrtm`l Idt` ( ι ).................................................................................. 8
9.9 F`h`f-f`h`f Idltuk Idt` ( ι ).............................................................. 8
9.8 Idt` R`s`r (ιf).......................................................................................... 8
9.5 Idt` @kult`lsm.......................................................................................... 3
9.4 Idt` Jule`fdlt`n ..................................................................................... 09
9.: Idt` R`s`r E`l Idt` Jule`fdlt`n ............................................................ 04
9.3 Idt` Rartajanma........................................................................................... 0:
E@JU@Y RTXU@K@........................................................................................................
03

mmm
 I@I M
RDLE@GTNT@L

0.0 N`t`r Idn`k`lc

Idt` (ι) fdrup`k`l pdlcukur rmsmka smstdf`tms e`rm su`tu s`g`f `t`u
partajanma t`tmstm tdrg`e`p rmsmka p`s`r. Idt` ouc` idrjulcsm sdi`c`m pdlcukur
van`tmnmt`s rdturl s`g`f, `t`u partajanma tdrg`e`p rdturl p`s`r. Zan`tmnmt`s
fdrup`k`l jnuktu`sm rdturl su`tu s`g`f `t`u partajanma e`n`f su`tu pdrmaed
tdrtdltu, omk` sdh`r` t`tmstmh jnuktu`sm tdrsdiut fdlcmkutm jnuktu`sm e`rm rdturl-
rdturl p`s`r, f`k` emk`t`k`l idt` e`rm sdkurmt`s tdrsdiut idrlmn`m s`tu (Oacmy`lta,
9223).Jnuktu`sm tdrsdiut fdluloukk`l rmsmka smstdf`tms e`rm s`g`f tdrsdiut,
sdf`kml ids`r rdturl su`tu s`g`f idrjnuktu`sm tdrg`e`p rdturl p`s`r, f`k` rmsmka
smstdf`tmsly` `k`l ndimg ids`r, edfmkm`l pun` sdi`nmkly`, sdf`kml kdhmn jnuktu`sm
rdturl su`tu s`g`f tdrg`e`p rdturl p`s`r, sdf`kml kdhmn pun` idt` s`g`f tdrsdiut.
K`rdl` jnuktu`sm ouc` sdi`c`m pdlcukur rmsmka, f`k` idt` idrlmn`m 0 fdluloukk`l
i`gw` rmsmka smstdf`tmk su`tu sdkurmt`s `t`u partajanma s`f` edlc`l rmsmka p`s`r.
Idt` s`g`f mlemvmeu`n hdledrulc fdfmnmkm kadjmsmdl edtdrfml`sm (y`mtu
ku`er`t e`rm kadjmsmdl kardn`sm y`lc ndimg rdle`g e`rm idt` partaajanma), kadjmsmdl
edtdrfml`sm fdluloukk`l praparsm pdrui`g`l lmn`m Ymt y`lc ims` emodn`sk`l Yft.

Idt` partajanma ufufly` ndimg `kur`t e`rm idt` sdkurmt`s mlemvmeu`n k`rdl` `e`
kdfulckml`l lmn`m idt` sdn`nu idrui`g e`rm w`ktu kd w`ktu kdfuem`l pdl`ksmr`l
idt` sdn`nu fdlc`leulc ulsur kds`n`g`l `h`k (r`leaf drrar). Ymsmka y`lc
rdndv`l ultuk empdrtmfi`lck`l e`n`f mlvdst`sm y`lc idridltuk partajanma `e`n`g
rmsmka smstdf`tms, emf`l` ids`r kdhmnly` rmsmka tdrsdiut emtuloukk`l andg ids`r
kdhmnly` s`tu`l idt`. Ids`r kdhmnly` idt` fdluloukk`l ids`r kdhmnly` kdpdk``l
pdrui`g`l tmlck`t kdultulc`l s`g`f Ymt tdrg`e`p pdrui`g`l tmlck`t kdultulc`l
p`s`r Yft.

0
0.9 Yufus`l F`s`n`g
0) @p` mtu Rdlcdrtm`l Idt` ( ι )
9) @p` s`o` F`h`f-f`h`f Idltuk Idt` ( ι )
8) I`c`mf`l` Idt` R`s`r (ιf)
5) I`c`mf`l` Idt` @kult`lsm
4) I`c`mf`l Idt` Jule`fdlt`n
:) I`c`mf`l Idt` R`s`r E`l Idt` Jule`fdlt`n
3) I`c`mf`l` Idt` Rartajanma

0.8 Uuou`l F`s`n`g

0) Tltuk fdlcdt`gum @p` mtu Rdlcdrtm`l Idt` ( ι )
9) @p` s`o` F`h`f-f`h`f Idltuk Idt` ( ι )
8) Tltuk fdlcdt`gum I`c`mf`l` Idt` R`s`r (ιf)
5) Tltuk fdlcdt`gum I`c`mf`l` Idt` @kult`lsm
4) Tltuk fdlcdt`gum I`c`mf`l` Idt` Jule`fdlt`n
:) Tltuk fdlcdt`gum I`c`mf`l` Idt` R`s`r E`l Idt` Jule`fdlt`n
3) Tltuk fdlcdt`gum I`c`mf`l` Idt` Rartajanma

9
 I@I MM
RDFI@G@X@L

@. Rdlcdrtm`l Idt` ( ι )
Rdlcdrtm`l Idt` ( ι ) `e`n`g ? „Rdlcukur van`tmnmt`s ( van`tmnmty) rdturl su`tu
sdkurmt`s `t`u rdturl partajanma tdrg`e`p rdturl p`s`r‖. Edlc`l k`t` n`ml Idt` ( ι )
fdrup`k`l idltuk pdrgmtulc`l y`lc fdly`t`k`l rmsmka kgusus/ rmsmka smstdf`tmk
(systdf`tmh rmsk) e`rm s`g`f im`s` su`tu pdrus`g``l tdrg`e`p p`s`r s`g`f sdh`r`
kdsdnurug`l (vantmnmty).
Za`ntmnmt`s (va`ntmnmty) `e`n`g ? ‖Jnuktu`sm e`rm rdturl-rdturl su`tu sdkurmt`s
`t`u partajanma e`n`f su`tu pdrmaed w`ktu tdrtdltu‖. Emf`l` jnuktu`sm `t`u pdrui`g`l
(l`mk `t`u turul) e`rm rdturl sdkurmt`s `t`u rdturl partajanma p`e` p`s`r s`g`f (iurs`
djdk) mlm empdlc`rugm andg i`ly`k j`ktar, i`mk e`rm j`ktar mltdrl`n dfmtdl pdldrimt
sdkurmt`s (fms`n kdimo`k`l emvmedl s`g`f) f`upul e`rm j`ktar dkstdrl`n (fms`n guru-
g`r`, pdr`lc, enn).

I. F`h`f-f`h`f Idltuk Idt` ( ι )

Emkdl`n ididr`p` odlms idt` (ι) p`e` su`tu sdkurmt`s. Xdh`r` ufuf idt` (ι)
sdkurmt`s emkdnafpakk`l fdlo`em 8, y`mtu ?

0. Idt` R`s`r (ιf)

@e`n`g idt` y`lc p`nmlc n`zmf emcul`k`l emf`l` idt` mlm emgmtulc edlc`l
fdlccul`k`l e`t` gmstarms e`rm p`s`r s`g`f.
9. Idt` @kult`lsm (ι`hh)
@e`n`g idt` y`lc emgmtulc e`rm n`par`l kdu`lc`l dfmtdl.
8. Idt` Jule`fdlt`n (ιj ule)
@e`n`g idt` y`lc emgmtulc idre`s`rk`l v`rm`idn jule`fdlt`n pdrus`g``l sdpdrtm
pdrtufiug`l pdlou`n`l, im`y` , pdle`p`t`l, p`lcs` p`s`r e`l n`m sdi`c`mly`.

8
H. Idt` R`s`r (ιf)
Idt` mlm e`p`t edlc`l eu` pdledk`t`l, y`mtu edlc`l tdklmk ?
0. Udklmk F`lu`n (pnattmlc)
Rdlcgmtulc`l idt` edlc`l tdklmk mlm emn`kuk`l edlc`l fdlcufpunk`l e`t` p`s`r
e`rm lmn`m-lmn`m gmstarms rdturl su`tu sdkurmt`s sdn`f` pdrmaed tdrtdltu, fms`n rdturl
iun`l`l emcul`k`l e`t` gmstarms sdn`f` :2 iun`l (4 t`gul) sde`lck`l ultuk rdturl
iun`l`l fmlmfuf emcul`k`l e`t` gmstarms sdn`f` 072 g`rm ( : iun`l)
Haltag Udklmk pdlcgmtulc`l Idt` (ι) F`lu`n (pnattmlc) ?
0. Haltag 02.0 ( Oacmy`lta, 9228? 9:7 ‘ 9:=)
Ydturl-rdturl sdkurmt`s @ (Y @) e`l rdturl-rdturl p`s`r (Y F) sdn`f` 02 fmlccu
t`fp`k em t`idn idrmkut mlm ?

Fmlccu Ydturl X`g`f @ Ydturl R`s`r

Kd- (Y@) (YF)
0. 3,4% 5,2%
9. 7,2% 5,4%
8. =,2% 5,4%
5. 02,2% 4,4%
4. 02,4% :,2%
:. 00,4% 3,2%
3. 00,2% :,2%
7. 09,2% :,4%
=. 09,2% 3,4%
02. 05,2% 7,2%

Xdh`r` f`lu`n, Idt` sdkurmt`s @ e`p`t emgmtulc sdh`r` f`lu`n edlc`l h`r`
sdi`c`m idrmkut ?
`. Iu`t em`cr`f tdrsdi`r (sh`ttdr em`cr`f), emf`l` sufiu garmzalt`nly`
`e`n`g Ydtrul R`s`r (YF) e`l sufiu vdrtmk`nly` `e`n`g Ydturl X`g`f @

(Y@)

5
 i. U`rmk c`rms nurus y`lc p`nmlc fdledk`tm sdfu` tmtmk guiulc em`t`s.

Xh`ttdr Em`cr`f
04

05 W
Ydt
08
url
X`g 09 W W
W
`f 00 W
@ W
02 W
(Y@)
= W

7 W
W
3

8 5 4 : 3 7 =

Ydturl R`s`r (YF)

h. Idt` gmstarms sdkurmt`s @ e`p`t emgmtulc idre`s`rk`l snapd e`rm c`rms

nurus y`lc emt`rmk p`nmlc fdledk`tm sdfu` tmtmk em`t`s (c`rms fdr`g).
Ids`rly` idt` @ e`p`t emgmtulc ?

(08,4% - 3,4%) 6 0,4

(7‘5)

9. Udklmk Ydcrdsm
Rdlcgmtulc`l idt` edlc`l tdklmk mlm emn`kuk`l edlc`l fdlcul`k`l rdturl-rdturl
p`s`r sdi`c`m v`rm`idn mledpdledl (fdfpdlc`rugm) e`l rdturl-rdturl sdkurmt`s
sdi`c`m v`rm`idn edpdledl (empdlc`rugm).
Rdrs`f``l rdcrdsm y`lc emg`smnk`l e`rm e`t` tmfd sdrmds mlm `k`l fdlcg`smnk`l
kadjmsmdl idt` y`lc em`sufsmk`l st`imn e`rm w`ktu kd w`ktu sdn`f` pdrmaed

aisdrv`sm.

4
Haltag 02.9 (Oacmy`lta, 9228? 932 -930)
0. E`rm e`t` em haltag 02.0, g`smn pdrgmtulc`l edlc`l tdklmk rdcrdsm
`e`n`g sdi`c`m idrmkut mlm.

Udklmk Ydcrdsm
Umfd Xdrmds

Z`rm`idn Dstmf`sm R`r`fdtdr t-tdst p-v`nud

Mltdrhdpt 9,205:87 9,5:7 2,287=
YF 0,585404 02,:=9 2,2220
J-v`nud 6 005,800
Y-Xqu`rd 6 2,=85:
@eo Y-Xq 6 2,=9:5

E`rm g`smn rdcrdsm em`t`s, pdrs`f``l rdcrdsm y`lc eme`p`t `e`n`g ?

Y@ 6 Mltdrhdpt v`rm`ind + Z`rm`ind Ydturl F`rkdt (YF)

Y@ 6 9,205:87 + 0,585404 YF

Idt` fdrup`k`l kadjmsmdl p`r`fdtdr e`rm v`rm`idn YF, y`mtu sdids`r

0,585404. Kadjmsmdl mlm `e`n`g smclmjmk`l edlc`l p-v`nud sdids`r 2,2220
(smclmjmk`sm ndimg kdhmn e`rm 0%). Idt` y`lc empdrandg e`rm tdklmk rdcrdsm mlm
tme`k fdlymfp`lc o`ug e`rm Idt` y`lc emgmtulc edlc`l tdklmk f`lu`n
(pnattmlc) sdids`r 0,42.

:
E. Idt` @kult`lsm
E`t` `kult`lsm sdpdrtm fms`nly` n`i` `kult`lsm ( `hhaultmlc d`rlmlcs) e`p`t
ouc` emcul`k`l ultuk fdlcdstmf`sm idt`. Idt` `kult`lsm mlm e`p`t emgmtulc sdh`r`
s`f` edlc`l idt` p`s`r (y`lc fdlccul`k`l e`t` rdturl), y`mtu edlc`l h`r`
fdlcc`ltm e`t` rdturl edlc`l e`t` `kult`lsm.
Idrmkut mlm `e`n`g rufus ultuk Idt` @kult`lsm ?

ψ n`i`, mF
gm 6
ψ 9
n`i`, F

Emf`l` ?
gm 6 Idt` `kult`lsm sdkurmt`s kd-m

ψ n`i`, mF 6 Kav`rm`l `lt`r` n`i` pdrus`g``l kd-m edlc`l mledks n`i` p`s`r

ψ 9
n`i`, F 6 Z`rm`l e`rm mledks n`i` p`s`r

Mledks n`i` p`s`r e`p`t emgmtulc idre`s`rk`l r`t`-r`t` n`i` `kult`lsm ultuk partajanma
p`s`r.

Haltag ? 02.4
Fms`nly` su`tu p`s`r fae`n g`ly` fdfpuly`m tmc` (8) f`h`f sdkurmt`s, y`mtu
sdkurmt`s @, I e`l H. Edlc`l edfmkm`l mledks n`i` p`s`r e`p`t emgmtulc edlc`l h`r`
`rmtf`tmk` n`i` pdrus`g``l @, I, e`l H.
N`i` `kult`lsm ultuk pdrus`g``l @, I, H e`l mledks n`i` p`s`rly` sdn`f` 02 pdrmaed
t`fp`k em t`idn idrmkut mlm ?

Rdrmaed D`rlmlc @ D`rlmlc I D`rlmlc H D`rlmlc R`s`r

(t) (D@) (DI) (DH) (DF)

3
 0 5,2 0,04 9,4
9 5,4 9,44 0,4 9,3
8 4,2 9,= 0,3 9,=
5 4,4 8,9
4 4,2 0,7 8,2 8,58
: 4,0 9,2 8,4 8,4
3 5,= 9,0 8,3 8,:8
7 4,2 9,9 8,= 8,:3
= 5,4 9,2 5,2 8,:3
02 4,4 9,4 8,4 8,4
Y`t`-r`t` ( ¯ ) 5,= 9,3 8,7 5,2
0,=:4 8,84 8,524

Tltuk fdlh`rm kav`rm`l `lt`r` n`i` sdkurmt`s m edlc`l n`i` p`s`r [Hav (D m, DF)V
sdtm`p pdrmaed (t) fdlccul`k`l rufus ?
m

Hav (Dm, DF) 6 ( Dm ‘ D ) ( DF ‘ DF )

Emf`l` ?
Dm 6 D`rlmlc sdkurmt`s m
Dm 6 Y`t`-r`t` d`rlmlc sdkurmt`s m
DF 6 D`rlmlc f`rkdt (p`s`r)

DF 6 Y`t`-r`t` d`rlmlc f`rkdt (p`s`r)

Tltuk fdlh`rm kav`rm`l `lt`r` d`rlmlc @ (D@) edlc`l d`rlmlc p`s`r (DF)
Rdrmaed t 0 ?
Hav (D@ t0, DF t0) 6 (5,2 ‘ 5,=) (9,44 ‘ 8,524)
6 (- 2,=) ( - 2,744 )
6 2,3:=4
Rdrmaed t 9 ?
Hav (D@ t9, DF t9) 6 (5,4 ‘ 5,=) (9,= ‘ 8,524)

7
 6 (- 2,5) ( - 2,424 )
6 2,929
E`l sdtdrusly` s`fp`m edlc`l pdrmaed t 02
Edfmkm`l pun` cul`k`l h`r` y`lc s`f` ultuk fdlh`rm ?
 kav`rm`l (Hav) d`rlmlc I (DI) edlc`l d`rlmlc p`s`r (DF) [ Hav (DI,DF)V
 kav`rm`l (Hav) d`rlmlc H (DH) edlc`l d`rlmlc p`s`r (DF) [ Hav (DH,DF)V

Tltuk fdlh`rm Z`rm`l d`rlmlc p`s`r ( Z`r (DF) )

Cul`k`l rufus ?

Z`r (DF) 6 ( DF - DF ) 9

Tltuk pdrmaed t 0 ?
Z`r (DF) 6 ( 9,44 ‘ 8,524 ) 9
6 ( - 2,744) 9
6 2,380294
Tltuk pdrmaed t 9 ?
Z`r (DF) 6 ( 9,= ‘ 8,524 ) 9
6 ( - 2,424) 9
6 2,944294
E`l sdtdrusly` cul`k`l h`r` y`lc s`f` s`fp`m edlc`l pdrmaed t 02.

Rdrmaed Z`r
Hav (D@, DF) Hav (DI, DF) Hav (DH, DF)
(t) (DF)
0 2,3:=4 2,380294
9 2,929 2,944294
8
5
4
:
3

=
 7
=
02

Uat`n

Xdgmlcc` Idt` @kult`lsm ultuk sdkurmt`s @, I e`l H e`p`t emgmtulc sdi`c`m idrmkut ?
Yufus ?

ψ n`i`, mF Hav ( Dm, DF)

gm6 6
ψ 9
n`i`, F Z`r ( DF)

Tltuk Idt` @ ?
Hav ( D@, DF)
g@ 6
Z`r (DF)

Tltuk Idt` I ?
Hav ( DI, DF)
gI 6
Z`r (DF)

Tltuk Idt` H ?
Hav ( D@H DF)
gH 6
Z`r (DF)

Idt` @kult`lsm Edlc`l Faedn Ydcrdsm

Idt` `kult`lsm p`e` faedn rdcdrsm mlm fdlccul`k`l pdrui`g`l n`i` `kult`lsm
(y`mtu sdnmsmg `lt`r` n`i` pdrus`g``l t`gul t edlc`l t`gul t-0). Rdrs`f``l rdcrdsm

ultuk fdlcdstmf`sm Idt` @kult`lsmly` `e`n`g sdi`c`m idrmkut ?

02
 ∊ D mt 6 c m + g m ∊D Ft + S mt

Emf`l` ?
∊ D mt 6 Rdrui`g`l n`i` `kult`lsm pdrus`g``l kd ‘ m ultuk pdrmaed kd t
∊D Ft 6 Rdrui`g`l mledks n`i` p`s`r ultuk pdrmaed kd t
S mt 6 Kds`n`g`l rdsmeu`n (drrar tdrf)
cm 6 Mltdrhdpt
gm 6 R`r`fdtdr rdcrdsm y`lc fdrup`k`l dstmf`sm ultuk Idt` @kult`lsm
pdrus`g``l kd-m

Haltag 02.: ?
E`rm haltag 02.4 sdidnufly`, pdrui`g`l n`i` `kult`lsm ultuk pdrus`g``l @ e`l
pdrui`g`l mledks n`i` p`s`r `e`n`g sdi`c`m idrmkut ?

Rdrmaed ∊D@ ∊DF

(t)
0 - -
9 2,4 2,84
8 2,4 2,82
5 2,4 2,98
4 - 2,4 2,23
: 2,0 2,08
3 - 2,9 2,25
7 2,0 2,2
= - 2,4 - 2,03
02 0,2 2,42

00
Idt` `kult`lsm edlc`l fdlccul`k`l e`t` pdrui`g`l n`i` `kult`lsm e`p`t
emdstmf`smk`l edlc`l fdlccul`k`l tdklmk rdcrdsm idre`s`rk`l pdrs`f``l (02.5)
edlc`l g`smn ?

Z`rm`idn Dstmf`sm R`r`fdtdr t-tdst p-v`nud

Mltdrhdpt - 2,0=3750 -9,259 2,2725
∊DF 2,345048 4,7:7 2,222:
J-v`nud 6 85,597
Y-Xqu`rd 6 2,7802
@eo Y-Xq 6 2,72:=

Edfmkm`l n`i` `kult`lsm y`lc emgmtulc fdlccul`k`l tdklmk rdcrdsm em `t`s `e`n`g

sdids`r 2,345048 y`lc sdh`r` st`tmstmk smclmjmk`l idride` edlc`l lan (2).

D. Idt` Jule`fdlt`n
Id`vdr, Kdttndr e`l Xhgands (0=32) fdlccul`k`l 3 f`h`f v`rm`idn
jule`fdlt`n y`lc sdi`cm`l ids`r fdrup`k`l v`rm`idn `kult`lsm, y`mtu sdi`c`m idrmkut
?
0. Emvmedl R`yaut
Edvmedl mlm emukur sdi`c`m edvmedl y`lc emi`y`rk`l emi`cm edlc`l n`i`
y`lc tdrsdem` ultuk pdfdc`lc s`g`f ufuf. Omk` pdrus`g``l fdfatalc
edvmedl, f`k` `k`l em`lcc`p smly`n iuruk k`rdl` em`lcc`p pdrus`g``l
fdfiutugk`l e`l`. Andg k`rdl` mtu, pdrus`g``l y`lc fdfpuly`m rdsmka
tmlccm hdledrulc ultuk fdfi`y`r edvmedle p`yaut y`lc ndimg kdhmn sup`y`
l`ltm tme`k fdfatalc edvmedl omk` n`i` pdrus`g``l turul.
9. @ssdts Crawtg
Z`rm`idn mlm emedjmlmsmk`l sdi`c`m pdrui`g`l tmlck`t pdrtufiug`l t`gul`l
e`rm `ktmv` tat`n. Z`rm`idn mlm fdfpuly`m guiulc`l pasmtmj edlc`l Idt`, tdt`pm
tme`k `e` tdarm y`lc fdleukulc.

8. Ndvdr`cd

09
 Z`rm`idn mlm emedjmlmsmk`l sdi`c`m lmn`m iuku tat`n gut`lc o`lck` p`lo`lc
emi`cm edlc`l tat`n `ktmv`. Z`rmidn mlm fdfmnmkm guiulc`l pasmtmj edlc`l idt`.
5. Nmqumemty
Z`rm`idn mlm emukur sdi`c`m hurrdlt r`tma e`l emprdemksm fdfmnmkm
guiulc`l ldc`tmj edlc`l idt`. Xdf`kml nmkume pdrus`g``l sdf`kml kdhmn
rdsmkaly`.
4. @ssdts Xmzd
Z`rm`idn mlm emukur sdi`c`m nac`rmtf` e`rm tat`n `ktmv` e`l emprdemksm
fdfmnmkm guiulc`l y`lc ldc`tmj edlc`l rdsmka. Tkur`l mlm emp`k`m sdi`c`m
w`kmn pdlcukur ids`rly` pdrus`g``l. Xdf`kml ids`r pdrus`g``l sdf`kml
kdhmn rdsmkaly`.

:. D`rlmlc Z`rm`imnmty
Z`rm`idn mlm emukur edlc`l lm`nm edvm`sm st`le`r e`rm RDY `t`u r`sma R/D
e`l fdfmnmkm guiulc`l y`lc pasmtmj edlc`l idt`.
3. @hhaultmlc Idt`
Z`rm`idn mlm empdrandg e`rm kadjmsmdl rdcrdsm edlc`l v`rm`idn edpdledl
pdrui`g`l n`i` `kult`lsm e`l v`rm`idn mledpdledl `e`n`g pdrui`g`l mledks
n`i` p`s`r ultuk n`i` `kult`lsm partajanma p`s`r. Xdgmlcc` idt` `kult`lsm e`l
idt` p`s`r fdfmnmkm guiulc`l y`lc pasmtmj.
Emf`l` rufus prdemksm Idt` `kult`lsm jule`fdlt`n `e`n`g sdi`c`m idrmkut ?

Ĥ 6 é2 + é0EMZ m + é9 CYASUG m + é8 NDZ m + é5 NMP m + é4 XM_D m + é: DZ@Y m + é3 @IDU@m

Emf`l` ?
Ĥ 6 Rrdemksm Idt` `kult`lsm jule`fdlt`n
EMZ m 6 Emvmedl p`yaut (pdfi`y`r`l emvmedl) pdrus`g``l kd-m
CYASUG M 6 @ssdts crawt (pdrtufiug`l `ktmv`) pdrus`g``l kd-m
NDZ m 6 Ndvdr`cd pdrus`g``l kd-m
NMP m 6 Nmqumemty pdrus`g``l kd-m

XM_D m 6 @ssdts smzd (ukur`l `ktmv`) pdrus`g``l kd-m

08
DZ@Y m 6 D`rlmlcs v`rm`imnmty (v`rm`imnmt`s n`i`) pdrus`g``l kd-m
@IDU@ m 6 @hhaultmlc Idt` (Idt` `kult`lsm) pdrus`g``l kd-m

Haltag 02.3 ?
Fms`nly` e`rm g`smn rdcrdsm funtmv`rm`t mlm eme`p`tk`l pdrs`f``l rdcrdsm edlc`l
sdfu` kadjmsmdl sdh`r` st`tmstmk smclmjmk`l sdi`c`m idrmkut ?
Ĥ 6 2,24 + 0,9 EMZ m + 0,4 CYASUG m + 0,24 NDZ m + 2,23 NMP m + 2,2274
XM_D m
+ 2,04 DZ@Y m + 2,84 @IDU@ m

Lmn`m-lmn`m v`rm`idn jule`fdlt`n ultuk su`tu pdrus`g``l p`e` pdrmaed mlm `e`n`g

sdi`c`m idrmkut ?
0. Emvmedl R`yaut 6 2,234
9. @ssdts Crawtg 6 2,24
8. Ndvdr`cd 6 2,=
5. Nmqumemty 6 0,7
4. @ssdts Xmzd 6 4,0
:. D`rlmlc Z`rm`imnmty 6 2,44
3. @hhaultmlc Idt` 6 0,4
Tltuk fdlh`rm v`rm`idn jule`fdlt`n emcul`k`l n`par`l kdu`lc`l pdrus`g``l sdrt`
n`par`l-n`par`l pdleukulc n`mlly`.

F`k` Idt` jule`fdlt`n e`p`t emprdemksm sdids`r ?

Ĥ 6 2,24 + 0,9 (2,234) + 0,4 (2,24) + 0,24 (2,=) + 2,23 (0,7) + 2,2274 (4,0)
+ 2,04 (2,44) + 2,84 (0,4)
6 2,24 + 2,2= + 2,234 + 2,=54 + 2,09: + 2,25884 + 2,2794 + 2,494
6 0,=8:74

05
Omk` kadjmsmdl-kadjmsmdl g`smn rdcrdsm fdfpuly`m lmn`m y`lc sdh`r` st`tmstmk smclmjmk`l
idr`rtm fdluloukk`l i`gw` v`rm`idn-v`rm`idn jule`fdlt`n y`lc kdajmsmdlly`
smclmjmk`l fdfpuly`m `kur`sm (kdtdp`t`l) ultuk fdfprdemksm idt` p`s`r.

J. IDU@ R@X@Y E@L IDU@ JTLE@FDLU@N

Idt` rdturl p`s`r e`l Idt` jule`fdlt`n f`smlc-f`smlc fdfpuly`m
kdndimg`l e`l kdkur`lc`lly`. Kdndimg`l e`rm Idt` rdturl p`s`r `e`n`g Idt` mlm
fdlcukur rdspal e`rm f`smlc- f`smlc sdkurmt`s tdrg`e`p pdrcdr`k`l p`s`r
sde`lck`l Kdndf`g`l e`rm Idt` rdturl p`s`r `e`n`g tme`k n`lcsulc
fdlhdrfmlk`l pdrui`g`l e`rm k`r`ktdrmstmk pdrus`g``l k`rdl` Idt` rdturl p`s`r
emgmtulc idre`s`rk`l guiulc`l e`t` p`s`r e`l tme`k em gmtulc idre`s`rk`l e`t`

k`r`ktdrmstmk (jule`fdlt`n) pdrus`g``l. Kdndimg`l e`rm Idt` jule`fdlt`n `e`n`g

Idt` mlm sdh`r` n`lcsulc idrguiulc`l edlc`l pdrui`g`l
k`r`ktdrmstmk
pdrus`g``l, k`rdl` Idt` mlm emgmtulc fdlccul`k`l e`t` k`r`ktdrmstmk tdrsdiut.
Xde`lck`l kdndf`g`l e`rm Idt` jule`fdlt`n y`mtu v`rm`ind-v`rm`idn k`r`ktdrmstmk
pdrus`g``l fdfpuly`m djdk tdrg`e`p Idt` jule`fdlt`n y`lc s`f` ultuk sdfu`
pdrus`g``l. Fms`nly` em e`p`t lmn`m é 0 6 -0,9 e`l é 9 6 0,4. Mlm idr`rtm i`gw`
pdrui`g`l sdids`r 0% e`rm emvmedle p`yaut `k`l fdfpdlc`rugm Idt`
jule`fdlt`n sdids`r -0,9% ultuk Idt` sdfu` pdrus`g``l. Edfmkm`l ouc`
pdrui`g`l sdids`r 0% e`rm `ssdt crawtg `k`l fdfpdlc`rugm sdh`r` s`f` sdids`r
0,4% ultuk Idt` sdtm`p pdrus`g``l.
Idt` p`s`r fulckml fdlhdrfmlk`l pdfi`y`r`l emvmedl sdh`r` tme`k
n`lcsulc, y`mtu ndw`t pdrui`g`l g`rc` s`g`f omk` `e`. Idride` edlc`l Idt`
jule`fdlt`n y`lc fdlcukur pdrui`g`l pdfi`y`r`l emvmedl sdh`r` n`lcsulc.
Yasdlidrc e`l F`r`tgd (0=34) kdfuem`l fdlcc`iulck`l e`t` rdturl p`s`r e`l
e`t` k`r`ktdrmstmk pdrus`g``l ultuk fdlcgmtulc idt`. Edlc`l pdlcc`iulc`l mlm
emg`r`pk`l kdndf`g`l f`smlc-f`smlc pdrgmtulc`l idt` tdrtutup e`l sdfu`
kdi`mk`lly` tdrc`iulc, sdgmlcc` emg`r`pk`l e`y` prdemksmly` ultuk fdlcgmtulc
idt` emf`s` fdle`t`lc ndimg `kur`t.

04
C. IDU@ RAYUAJANMA
Idt` partajanma e`p`t emgmtulc edlc`l h`r` r`t`-r`t` tdrtmfi`lc
(idre`s`rk`l parparsm) e`rm f`smlc-f`smlc mlemvmeu`n sdkurmt`s y`lc fdfidltuk
partajanma sdi`c`m idrmkut?
ιR 6 Lat`sm
ιR 6 Idt` partajanma
ιm 6 Idt` mlemvmeu`n sdkurmt`skd-m
wm 6 praparsmsdkurmt`skd-m

Idt` partajanma ufuly` ndimg `kur`t emi`lemlck`l edlc`l idt` tm`p-tm`p

mlemvmeu`n sdkurmt`s. @n`s`lly` `e`n`g sdi`c`m idrmkut?

0. Idt` mlemvmeu`n sdkurmt`s em`sufsmk`l kalst`lt`l e`rm w`ktu

kdw`ktu. Kdly`t``ly` Idt` mlemvmeu`n sdkurmt`s e`p`t idrui`g e`rm w`ktu
kdw`ktu.
Rdride``l Idt` mlemvmeu`n sdkurmt`s e`p`t idrup` pdrui`g`l l`mk `t`u
pdrui`g`l turul. Idt` partajanma `k`l fdlm`e`k`l pdrui`g`l Idt` mlemvmeu`n
sdkurmt`s edllc`l pdrui`g`l Idt` mlemvmeu`n sdkurmt`s y`lc n`mlly`. Edlc`l
edfmkm`l ok` Idt` tme`k kalst`lt`l e`rm w`ktu kdw`ktu, f`k` partajanma `k`l
ndimg tdp`t emi`lemlck`l edlc`l Idt` mlemvmeu`n sdkurmt`s.
9. Rdrgmtulc`l Idt` mlemvmeu`n sdkurmt`s ouc` tme`k ndp`s e`rm kds`n`g`l
pdlcukur`l (fd`lsurdfdlt drrar) `t`u kds`n`g`l `h`k (r`leaf drrar).
Rdfidltuk`l partajanma `k`l fdlcur`lcm kds`n`g`l `h`k mlm, k`rdl`
kds`n`g`l `h`k mlm, k`rdl` kds`n`g`l `h`k s`tu sdkurmt`s fulckml `k`l
emtm`e`k`l andg kds`n`g`l `h`k sdkurmt`s y`lc n`mlly`. Edlc`l edfmkm`l,
Idt` partajanma ouc` emg`r`pk`l `k`l ndimg tdp`t emi`lemlck`l edlc`l Idt`
mlemvmeu`n sdkurmt`s.

0:
 E@JU@Y RTXU@K@

G`rtala, Oacmy`lta. (9203). Udarm Rartajanma e`l @l`nmsms Mlvdst`sm, Demsm Kdsdidn`s.
]acy`k`rt`? IRJD.
gttps?//me.shrmie.haf/eahufdlt/097379247/I@I-02-Idt`-eah

03