IDU@

F`t` Kuni`g ? @l`nisis Mlvdst`si e`l Udari Rartajania

L@F@ ? UDNUML @FDNM@. N@UTRDMYMXX@

LRF ? 090:9920032203

RYACY@F XUTEM @KTLU@LXM

J@NKTU@X DKALAFM
 TLMZDYXMU@X KYMXUDL MLEALDXM@ F@NTKT
9292

K@U@ RDLC@LU@Y

Ruji Xyukur kit` p`lj`tk`l kdp`e` Uug`l ]`lc F`g` Ds` `t`s sdc`n` hur`g`l
e`l k`sig s`y`lc-Ly`, sdgilcc` s`y` e`p`t fdlydnds`ik`l tuc`s f`k`n`g ili.

F`k`n`g ili fdrup`k`l s`n`g s`tu tuc`s y`lc g`rus eisdnds`ik`l e`n`f F`t`
Kuni`g @l`nisis ilvdst`si e`l partajania.

Xdc`n` kritik`l e`l s`r`l s`lc`t eiiutugk`l edfi pdrkdfi`lc`l kdutug`l

f`k`n`g ili, sdgilcc` `k`l n`gir f`k`n`g y`lc ndiig i`ik n`ci eif`s` y`lc `k`l
e`t`lc. Xdfac` f`k`n`g ili e`p`t idrf`lj``t i`ci pdfi`h`.

@fial, 8 @prin 9292

Rdlyusul

ii
 E@JU@Y MXM

K@U@ RDLC@LU@Y.......................................................................................................
ii
E@JU@Y MXM......................................................................................................................
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I@I. M RDLE@GTNT@L............................................................................................
0
0.0 N`t`r Idn`k`lc............................................................................................

0
0.9 Yufus`l F`s`n`g.......................................................................................
9
0.8 Uuju`l F`s`n`g..........................................................................................
9
I@I. MM RDFI@G@X@L..............................................................................................
8
9.0 Rdlcdrti`l Idt` ( ι ) 8
9.9 F`h`f-f`h`f Idltuk Idt` ( ι ) 8
9.8 Idt` R`s`r (ιf) 8
9.5 Idt` @kult`lsi 3
9.4 Idt` Jule`fdlt`n 09
9.: Idt` R`s`r E`l Idt` Jule`fdlt`n 04
9.3 Idt` Rartajania 0:
E@JU@Y RTXU@K@........................................................................................................
03

iii
 I@I M
RDLE@GTNT@L

0.0 N`t`r Idn`k`lc

Idt` (ι) fdrup`k`l pdlcukur risika sistdf`tis e`ri su`tu s`g`f `t`u
partajania t`tisti tdrg`e`p risika p`s`r. Idt` juc` idrjulcsi sdi`c`i pdlcukur
van`tinit`s rdturl s`g`f, `t`u partajania tdrg`e`p rdturl p`s`r.
Zan`tinit`s fdrup`k`l jnuktu`si rdturl su`tu s`g`f `t`u partajania e`n`f su`tu
pdriaed tdrtdltu, jik` sdh`r` t`tistih jnuktu`si tdrsdiut fdlcikuti jnuktu`si e`ri
rdturl- rdturl p`s`r, f`k` eik`t`k`l idt` e`ri sdkurit`s tdrsdiut idrlin`i s`tu
(Oaciy`lta, 9223).Jnuktu`si tdrsdiut fdluljukk`l risika sistdf`tis e`ri
s`g`f tdrsdiut, sdf`kil ids`r rdturl su`tu s`g`f idrjnuktu`si tdrg`e`p rdturl
p`s`r, f`k` risika sistdf`tisly` `k`l ndiig ids`r, edfiki`l pun` sdi`nikly`,
sdf`kil kdhin jnuktu`si rdturl su`tu s`g`f tdrg`e`p rdturl p`s`r, sdf`kil kdhin pun`
idt` s`g`f tdrsdiut. K`rdl` jnuktu`si juc` sdi`c`i pdlcukur risika, f`k` idt`
idrlin`i 0 fdluljukk`l
i`gw` risika sistdf`tik su`tu sdkurit`s `t`u partajania s`f` edlc`l risika p`s`r.
Idt` s`g`f ileivieu`n hdledrulc fdfiniki kadjisidl edtdrfil`si (y`itu
ku`er`t e`ri kadjisidl kardn`si y`lc ndiig rdle`g e`ri idt` partaajania), kadjisidl
edtdrfil`si fdluljukk`l praparsi pdrui`g`l lin`i Yit y`lc iis` eijdn`sk`l Yft.

Idt` partajania ufufly` ndiig `kur`t e`ri idt` sdkurit`s ileivieu`n k`rdl` `e`
kdfulckil`l lin`i idt` sdn`nu idrui`g e`ri w`ktu kd w`ktu kdfuei`l pdl`ksir`l
idt` sdn`nu fdlc`leulc ulsur kds`n`g`l `h`k (r`leaf drrar). Yisika
y`lc rdndv`l ultuk eipdrtifi`lck`l e`n`f ilvdst`si y`lc idridltuk partajania
`e`n`g risika sistdf`tis, eif`l` ids`r kdhinly` risika tdrsdiut eituljukk`l andg
ids`r kdhinly` s`tu`l idt`. Ids`r kdhinly` idt` fdluljukk`l ids`r kdhinly`
kdpdk``l
pdrui`g`l tilck`t kdultulc`l s`g`f Yit tdrg`e`p pdrui`g`l tilck`t kdultulc`l
p`s`r Yft.

0
0.9 Yufus`l F`s`n`g
0) @p` itu Rdlcdrti`l Idt` ( ι )
9) @p` s`j` F`h`f-f`h`f Idltuk Idt` ( ι )
8) I`c`if`l` Idt` R`s`r (ιf)
5) I`c`if`l` Idt` @kult`lsi
4) I`c`if`l Idt` Jule`fdlt`n
:) I`c`if`l Idt` R`s`r E`l Idt` Jule`fdlt`n
3) I`c`if`l` Idt` Rartajania

0.8 Uuju`l F`s`n`g

0) Tltuk fdlcdt`gui @p` itu Rdlcdrti`l Idt` ( ι )
9) @p` s`j` F`h`f-f`h`f Idltuk Idt` ( ι )
8) Tltuk fdlcdt`gui I`c`if`l` Idt` R`s`r (ιf)
5) Tltuk fdlcdt`gui I`c`if`l` Idt` @kult`lsi
4) Tltuk fdlcdt`gui I`c`if`l` Idt` Jule`fdlt`n
:) Tltuk fdlcdt`gui I`c`if`l` Idt` R`s`r E`l Idt` Jule`fdlt`n
3) Tltuk fdlcdt`gui I`c`if`l` Idt` Rartajania

9
 I@I MM
RDFI@G@X@L

@. Rdlcdrti`l Idt` ( ι )
Rdlcdrti`l Idt` ( ι ) `e`n`g ? „Rdlcukur van`tinit`s ( van`tinity) rdturl su`tu
sdkurit`s `t`u rdturl partajania tdrg`e`p rdturl p`s`r‖. Edlc`l k`t` n`il Idt` ( ι )
fdrup`k`l idltuk pdrgitulc`l y`lc fdly`t`k`l risika kgusus/ risika
sistdf`tik ( systdf`tih risk) e`ri s`g`f ii`s` su`tu pdrus`g``l tdrg`e`p p`s`r
s`g`f sdh`r` kdsdnurug`l (vantinity).
Za`ntinit`s (va`ntinity) `e`n`g ? ‖Jnuktu`si e`ri rdturl-rdturl su`tu sdkurit`s
`t`u partajania e`n`f su`tu pdriaed w`ktu tdrtdltu‖. Eif`l` jnuktu`si `t`u pdrui`g`l
(l`ik `t`u turul) e`ri rdturl sdkurit`s `t`u rdturl partajania p`e` p`s`r s`g`f (iurs`
djdk) ili eipdlc`rugi andg i`ly`k j`ktar, i`ik e`ri j`ktar iltdrl`n dfitdl pdldriit
sdkurit`s (fis`n kdiij`k`l eiviedl s`g`f) f`upul e`ri j`ktar dkstdrl`n (fis`n guru-
g`r`, pdr`lc, enn).

I. F`h`f-f`h`f Idltuk Idt` ( ι )

Eikdl`n ididr`p` jdlis idt` (ι) p`e` su`tu sdkurit`s. Xdh`r` ufuf idt` (ι)
sdkurit`s eikdnafpakk`l fdlj`ei 8, y`itu ?

0. Idt` R`s`r (ιf)

@e`n`g idt` y`lc p`nilc n`zif eicul`k`l eif`l` idt` ili eigitulc edlc`l
fdlccul`k`l e`t` gistaris e`ri p`s`r s`g`f.
9. Idt` @kult`lsi (ι`hh)
@e`n`g idt` y`lc eigitulc e`ri n`par`l kdu`lc`l dfitdl.
8. Idt` Jule`fdlt`n (ιjule)
@e`n`g idt` y`lc eigitulc idre`s`rk`l v`ri`idn jule`fdlt`n pdrus`g``l sdpdrti
pdrtufiug`l pdlju`n`l, ii`y` , pdle`p`t`l, p`lcs` p`s`r e`l n`i sdi`c`ily`.

8
H. Idt` R`s`r (ιf)
Idt` ili e`p`t edlc`l eu` pdledk`t`l, y`itu edlc`l tdklik ?
0. Udklik F`lu`n ( pnattilc)
Rdlcgitulc`l idt` edlc`l tdklik ili ein`kuk`l edlc`l fdlcufpunk`l e`t` p`s`r
e`ri lin`i-lin`i gistaris rdturl su`tu sdkurit`s sdn`f` pdriaed tdrtdltu, fis`n rdturl
iun`l`l eicul`k`l e`t` gistaris sdn`f` :2 iun`l (4 t`gul) sde`lck`l ultuk rdturl
iun`l`l filifuf eicul`k`l e`t` gistaris sdn`f` 072 g`ri ( : iun`l)
Haltag Udklik pdlcgitulc`l Idt` (ι) F`lu`n ( pnattilc) ?
0. Haltag 02.0 ( Oaciy`lta, 9228? 9:7 ‘ 9:=)
Ydturl-rdturl sdkurit`s @ (Y @) e`l rdturl-rdturl p`s`r (Y F) sdn`f` 02 filccu
t`fp`k ei t`idn idrikut ili ?

Filccu Ydturl X`g`f @ Ydturl R`s`r

Kd- (Y@ (YF )
)
0. 3,4% 5,2%
9. 7,2% 5,4%
8. =,2% 5,4%
5. 02,2% 4,4%
4. 02,4% :,2%
:. 00,4% 3,2%
3. 00,2% :,2%
7. 09,2% :,4%
=. 09,2% 3,4%
02. 05,2% 7,2%

Xdh`r` f`lu`n, Idt` sdkurit`s @ e`p`t eigitulc sdh`r` f`lu`n edlc`l h`r`
sdi`c`i idrikut ?
`. Iu`t ei`cr`f tdrsdi`r ( sh`ttdr ei`cr`f), eif`l` sufiu garizalt`nly`
`e`n`g Ydtrul R`s`r (Y F) e`l sufiu vdrtik`nly` `e`n`g Ydturl X`g`f @

(Y @)
5
 i. U`rik c`ris nurus y`lc p`nilc fdledk`ti sdfu` titik guiulc ei`t`s.

Xh`ttdr Ei`cr`f
04
Ydt url
05 X`g W
`f @ (Y@@
08
)
09 W W
00 W
WW

02 W

=W

7 W
W
3
:

8 54 : 3 7 =

Ydturl R`s`r (YFF )

h. Idt` gistaris sdkurit`s @ e`p`t eigitulc idre`s`rk`l snapd e`ri c`ris

nurus y`lc eit`rik p`nilc fdledk`ti sdfu` titik ei`t`s (c`ris fdr`g).
Ids`rly`
idt` @ e`p`t eigitulc ?

(08,4% - 3,4%) 6 0,4

(7‘5)

9. Udklik Ydcrdsi
Rdlcgitulc`l idt` edlc`l tdklik ili ein`kuk`l edlc`l fdlcul`k`l rdturl-rdturl
p`s`r sdi`c`i v`ri`idn iledpdledl (fdfpdlc`rugi) e`l rdturl-rdturl sdkurit`s
sdi`c`i v`ri`idn edpdledl (eipdlc`rugi).
Rdrs`f``l rdcrdsi y`lc eig`sink`l e`ri e`t` tifd sdrids ili `k`l fdlcg`sink`l
kadjisidl idt` y`lc ei`sufsik`l st`iin e`ri w`ktu kd w`ktu sdn`f` pdriaed

aisdrv`si.
4
Haltag 02.9 (Oaciy`lta, 9228? 932 -930)
0. E`ri e`t` ei haltag 02.0, g`sin pdrgitulc`l edlc`l tdklik rdcrdsi
`e`n`g sdi`c`i idrikut ili.

Udklik Ydcrdsi Uifd Xdrids

Z`ri`idn Dstif`si R `r`fdtdr t-tdst p-v`nud

Mltdrhdpt YF 9,205:87 9,5:7 2,287=
0,585404 02,:=9 2,2220

J-v`nud 6 005,800
Y-Xqu`rd 6 2,=85:
@ej Y-Xq 6 2,=9:5

E`ri g`sin rdcrdsi ei`t`s, pdrs`f``l rdcrdsi y`lc eie`p`t `e`n`g ?

Y@ 6 Mltdrhdpt v`ri`ind + Z`ri`ind Ydturl

Y@ F`rkdt (Y F) 6 9,205:87 + 0,585404 YF

Idt` fdrup`k`l kadjisidl p`r`fdtdr e`ri v`ri`idn YF, y`itu

sdids`r 0,585404. Kadjisidl ili `e`n`g siclijik`l edlc`l p-v`nud sdids`r
2,2220 (siclijik`si ndiig kdhin e`ri 0%). Idt` y`lc eipdrandg e`ri tdklik
rdcrdsi ili tie`k fdlyifp`lc j`ug e`ri Idt` y`lc eigitulc edlc`l
tdklik f`lu`n ( pnattilc) sdids`r 0,42.

:
E. Idt` @kult`lsi
E`t` `kult`lsi sdpdrti fis`nly` n`i` `kult`lsi ( `hhaultilc d`rlilcs) e`p`t
juc` eicul`k`l ultuk fdlcdstif`si idt`. Idt` `kult`lsi ili e`p`t eigitulc
sdh`r` s`f` edlc`l idt` p`s`r (y`lc fdlccul`k`l e`t` rdturl), y`itu
edlc`l h`r` fdlcc`lti e`t` rdturl edlc`l e`t` `kult`lsi.
Idrikut ili `e`n`g rufus ultuk Idt` @kult`lsi ?

ψ n`i`, iF
gi6
ψ 9 n`i`, F

Eif`l` ?
gi 6 Idt` `kult`lsi sdkurit`s kd-i

ψ n`i`, iF 6 Kav`ri`l `lt`r` n`i` pdrus`g``l kd-i edlc`l iledks n`i` p`s`r
ψ 9
n`i`, F 6 Z`ri`l e`ri iledks n`i` p`s`r

Mledks n`i` p`s`r e`p`t eigitulc idre`s`rk`l r`t`-r`t` n`i` `kult`lsi ultuk partajania
p`s`r.

Haltag ? 02.4
Fis`nly` su`tu p`s`r fae`n g`ly` fdfpuly`i tic` (8) f`h`f sdkurit`s, y`itu
sdkurit`s @, I e`l H. Edlc`l edfiki`l iledks n`i` p`s`r e`p`t eigitulc edlc`l h`r`
`ritf`tik` n`i` pdrus`g``l @, I, e`l H.
N`i` `kult`lsi ultuk pdrus`g``l @, I, H e`l iledks n`i` p`s`rly` sdn`f` 02 pdriaed
t`fp`k ei t`idn idrikut ili ?

Rdriaed D`rlilc @ D`rlilc I D`rlilc H D`rlilc R`s`r

(t) (D@) (DI) (DH) (DF)

3
 0 5,2 0,04 9,4 9,44
9 5,4 0,4 9,3 9,=
8 4,2 0,3 9,= 8,9
5 4,4 0,7 8,2 8,58
4 4,2 9,2 8,4 8,4
: 4,0 9,0 8,3 8,:8
3 5,= 9,9 8,= 8,:3
7 4,2 9,2 5,2 8,:3
= 5,4 9,4 8,4 8,4
02 4,4 9,3 8,7 5,2
Y`t`-r`t` ( ¯ ) 5,= 0,=:4 8,84 8,524

Tltuk fdlh`ri kav`ri`l `lt`r` n`i` sdkurit`s i edlc`l n`i` p`s`r [Hav (D i, DF)V
sdti`p pdriaed (t) fdlccul`k`l rufus ?

Hav (Di, DF) 6 ( Di ‘ Di ) ( DF ‘ DF )

Eif`l` ?
Di 6 D`rlilc sdkurit`s i
Di 6 Y`t`-r`t` d`rlilc sdkurit`s i
DF 6 D`rlilc f`rkdt ( p `s`r)

DF 6 Y`t`-r`t` d`rlilc f`rkdt ( p`s`r)

Tltuk fdlh`ri kav`ri`l `lt`r` d`rlilc @ (D@) edlc`l d`rlilc p`s`r (DF)
Rdriaed t 0 ?
Hav (D@ t0, DF t0) 6 (5,2 ‘ 5,=) (9,44 ‘ 8,524)
6 (- 2,=) ( - 2,744 )
6 2,3:=4
Rdriaed t 9 ?
Hav (D@ t9, DF t9) 6 (5,4 ‘ 5,=) (9,= ‘ 8,524)

7
 6 (- 2,5) ( - 2,424 )
6 2,929
E`l sdtdrusly` s`fp`i edlc`l pdriaed t 02
Edfiki`l pun` cul`k`l h`r` y`lc s`f` ultuk fdlh`ri ?
• kav`ri`l (Hav) d`rlilc I (DI) edlc`l d`rlilc p`s`r (DF) [ Hav (DI,DF)V
• kav`ri`l (Hav) d`rlilc H (DH) edlc`l d`rlilc p`s`r (DF) [ Hav (DH,DF)V

Tltuk fdlh`ri Z`ri`l d`rlilc p`s`r ( Z`r (DF) )

Cul`k`l rufus ?

Z`r (DF) 6 ( DF - DF ) 9

Tltuk pdriaed t 0 ?
Z`r (DF) 6 ( 9,44 ‘ 8,524 ) 9
6 ( - 2,744) 9
6 2,380294
Tltuk pdriaed t 9 ?
Z`r (DF) 6 ( 9,= ‘ 8,524 ) 9
6 ( - 2,424) 9
6 2,944294
E`l sdtdrusly` cul`k`l h`r` y`lc s`f` s`fp`i edlc`l pdriaed t 02.

Rdriaed Z`r
(t) Hav (D@ , DF ) Hav ( D
I ,F
D ) Hav ( D
H , FD )
(DF)
0 2,3:=4 2,380294
9 2,929 2,944294
8
5
4
:
3

=
 7
= 02

Uat`n

Xdgilcc` Idt` @kult`lsi ultuk sdkurit`s @, I e`l H e`p`t eigitulc sdi`c`i idrikut ?
Yufus ?

ψ n`i`, iF Hav ( Di, DF)

gi6 6
ψ9 n`i`, F
Z`r ( D F )

Tltuk Idt` @ ?
Hav ( D@, DF)
g@ 6
Z`r (DF)

Tltuk Idt` I ?
Hav ( DI, DF)
gI 6
Z`r (DF)

Tltuk Idt` H ?
Hav ( D@H DF)
gH 6
Z`r (DF)

Idt` @kult`lsi Edlc`l Faedn Ydcrdsi

Idt` `kult`lsi p`e` faedn rdcdrsi ili fdlccul`k`l pdrui`g`l n`i` `kult`lsi
(y`itu sdnisig `lt`r` n`i` pdrus`g``l t`gul t edlc`l t`gul t-0). Rdrs`f``l rdcrdsi

ultuk fdlcdstif`si Idt` @kult`lsily` `e`n`g sdi`c`i idrikut ?

0
 o D it 6 c i + g i ∊D Ft + S it

Eif`l` ?
∊ D it 6 Rdrui`g`l n`i` `kult`lsi pdrus`g``l kd ‘ i ultuk pdriaed kd t
∊D Ft 6 Rdrui`g`l iledks n`i` p`s`r ultuk pdriaed kd t
S it 6 Kds`n`g`l rdsieu`n (drrar tdrf)
ci 6 Mltdrhdpt
gi 6 R`r`fdtdr rdcrdsi y`lc fdrup`k`l dstif`si ultuk Idt`
pdrus`g``l kd-i

Haltag 02.: ?
E`ri haltag 02.4 sdidnufly`, pdrui`g`l n`i` `kult`lsi ultuk pdrus`g``l @ e`l
pdrui`g`l iledks n`i` p`s`r `e`n`g sdi`c`i idrikut ?

Rdriaed oD@ oDF

(t)
0 - -
9 2,4 2,84
8 2,4 2,82
5 2,4 2,98
4 - 2,4 2,23
: 2,0 2,08
3 - 2,9 2,25
7 2,0 2,2
= - 2,4 - 2,03
02 0,2 2,42

0
Idt` `kult`lsi edlc`l fdlccul`k`l e`t` pdrui`g`l n`i` `kult`lsi
e`p`t eidstif`sik`l edlc`l fdlccul`k`l tdklik rdcrdsi idre`s`rk`l pdrs`f``l
(02.5) edlc`l g`sin ?

Z`ri`idn Dstif`si R `r`fdtdr t-tdst p-v`nud

Mltdrhdpt - 2,0=3750 2,345048 -9,259 2,2725
∊DF 4,7:7 2,222:

J-v`nud 6 85,597
Y-Xqu`rd 6 2,7802
@ej Y-Xq 6 2,72:=

Edfiki`l n`i` `kult`lsi y`lc eigitulc fdlccul`k`l tdklik rdcrdsi ei `t`s `e`n`g

sdids`r 2,345048 y`lc sdh`r` st`tistik siclijik`l idride` edlc`l lan (2).

D. Idt` Jule`fdlt`n
Id`vdr, Kdttndr e`l Xhgands (0=32) fdlccul`k`l 3 f`h`f v`ri`idn
jule`fdlt`n y`lc sdi`ci`l ids`r fdrup`k`l v`ri`idn `kult`lsi, y`itu sdi`c`i idrikut
?
0. Eiviedl R`yaut
Edviedl ili eiukur sdi`c`i edviedl y`lc eii`y`rk`l eii`ci edlc`l n`i`
y`lc tdrsdei` ultuk pdfdc`lc s`g`f ufuf. Oik` pdrus`g``l fdfatalc
edviedl, f`k` `k`l ei`lcc`p sily`n iuruk k`rdl` ei`lcc`p
pdrus`g``l fdfiutugk`l e`l`. Andg k`rdl` itu, pdrus`g``l y`lc
fdfpuly`i rdsika tilcci hdledrulc ultuk fdfi`y`r edviedle p`yaut y`lc
ndiig kdhin sup`y` l`lti tie`k fdfatalc edviedl jik` n`i` pdrus`g``l turul.
9. @ssdts Crawtg
Z`ri`idn ili eiedjilisik`l sdi`c`i pdrui`g`l tilck`t pdrtufiug`l t`gul`l
e`ri `ktiv` tat`n. Z`ri`idn ili fdfpuly`i guiulc`l pasitij edlc`l Idt`, tdt`pi
tie`k `e` tdari y`lc fdleukulc.

8. Ndvdr`cd

0
 Z`ri`idn ili eiedjilisik`l sdi`c`i lin`i iuku tat`n gut`lc j`lck` p`lj`lc
eii`ci edlc`l tat`n `ktiv`. Z`riidn ili fdfiniki guiulc`l pasitij edlc`l idt`.
5. Niquieity
Z`ri`idn ili eiukur sdi`c`i hurrdlt r`tia e`l eiprdeiksi
fdfiniki guiulc`l ldc`tij edlc`l idt`. Xdf`kil nikuie pdrus`g``l
sdf`kil kdhin rdsikaly`.
4. @ssdts Xizd
Z`ri`idn ili eiukur sdi`c`i nac`ritf` e`ri tat`n `ktiv` e`l
eiprdeiksi fdfiniki guiulc`l y`lc ldc`tij edlc`l rdsika. Tkur`l ili
eip`k`i sdi`c`i w`kin pdlcukur ids`rly` pdrus`g``l. Xdf`kil ids`r
pdrus`g``l sdf`kil kdhin rdsikaly`.

:. D`rlilc Z`ri`iinity
Z`ri`idn ili eiukur edlc`l li`ni edvi`si st`le`r e`ri RDY `t`u r`sia R/D
e`l fdfiniki guiulc`l y`lc pasitij edlc`l idt`.
3. @hhaultilc Idt`
Z`ri`idn ili eipdrandg e`ri kadjisidl rdcrdsi edlc`l v`ri`idn edpdledl
pdrui`g`l n`i` `kult`lsi e`l v`ri`idn iledpdledl `e`n`g pdrui`g`l iledks
n`i` p`s`r ultuk n`i` `kult`lsi partajania p`s`r. Xdgilcc` idt` `kult`lsi e`l
idt` p`s`r fdfiniki guiulc`l y`lc pasitij.
Eif`l` rufus prdeiksi Idt` `kult`lsi jule`fdlt`n `e`n`g sdi`c`i idrikut ?

Ĥ 6 â 2 + â 0EMZ i + â 9 CYASUG i + â 8 NDZ i + â 5 NMP i + â 4 XM_D i + â : DZ@Y i + â 3 @IDU@i

Eif`l` ?
Ĥ 6 Rrdeiksi Idt` `kult`lsi jule`fdlt`n
EMZ i 6 Eiviedl p`yaut (pdfi`y`r`l eiviedl) pdrus`g``l kd-
i CYASUG M 6 @ssdts crawt (pdrtufiug`l `ktiv`) pdrus`g``l kd-i
NDZ i 6 Ndvdr`cd pdrus`g``l kd-i
NMP i 6 Niquieity pdrus`g``l kd-i
XM_D i 6 @ssdts sizd (u kur`l `ktiv`) pdrus`g``l kd-i

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DZ@Y i 6 D`rlilcs v`ri`iinity (v`ri`iinit`s n`i`) pdrus`g``l kd-
i @IDU@ i 6 @hhaultilc Idt` (Idt` `kult`lsi) pdrus`g``l kd-i

Haltag 02.3 ?
Fis`nly` e`ri g`sin rdcrdsi funtiv`ri`t ili eie`p`tk`l pdrs`f``l rdcrdsi edlc`l
sdfu` kadjisidl sdh`r` st`tistik siclijik`l sdi`c`i idrikut ?
Ĥ 6 2,24 + 0,9 EMZ i + 0,4 CYASUG i + 0,24 NDZ i + 2,23 NMP i + 2,2274
XM_D i
+ 2,04 DZ@Y i + 2,84 @IDU@ i

Lin`i-lin`i v`ri`idn jule`fdlt`n ultuk su`tu pdrus`g``l p`e` pdriaed ili `e`n`g

sdi`c`i idrikut ?
0. Eiviedl R`yaut 6 2,234
9. @ssdts Crawtg 6 2,24
8. Ndvdr`cd 6 2,=
5. Niquieity 6 0,7
4. @ssdts Xizd 6 4,0
:. D`rlilc Z`ri`iinity 6 2,44
3. @hhaultilc Idt` 6 0,4
Tltuk fdlh`ri v`ri`idn jule`fdlt`n eicul`k`l n`par`l kdu`lc`l pdrus`g``l sdrt`
n`par`l-n`par`l pdleukulc n`illy`.

F`k` Idt` jule`fdlt`n e`p`t eiprdeiksi sdids`r ?

Ĥ 6 2,24 + 0,9 (2,234) + 0,4 (2,24) + 0,24 (2,=) + 2,23 (0,7) + 2,2274 (4,0)
+ 2,04 (2,44) + 2,84 (0,4)
6 2,24 + 2,2= + 2,234 + 2,=54 + 2,09: + 2,25884 + 2,2794 + 2,494
6 0,=8:74

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Oik` kadjisidl-kadjisidl g`sin rdcrdsi fdfpuly`i lin`i y`lc sdh`r` st`tistik siclijik`l
idr`rti fdluljukk`l i`gw` v`ri`idn-v`ri`idn jule`fdlt`n y`lc kdajisidlly`
siclijik`l fdfpuly`i `kur`si (kdtdp`t`l) ultuk fdfprdeiksi idt` p`s`r.

J. IDU@ R@X@Y E@L IDU@ JTLE@FDLU@N

Idt` rdturl p`s`r e`l Idt` jule`fdlt`n f`silc-f`silc
fdfpuly`i kdndiig`l e`l kdkur`lc`lly`. Kdndiig`l e`ri Idt` rdturl p`s`r
`e`n`g Idt` ili fdlcukur rdspal e`ri f`silc- f`silc sdkurit`s tdrg`e`p
pdrcdr`k`l p`s`r sde`lck`l Kdndf`g`l e`ri Idt` rdturl p`s`r
`e`n`g tie`k n`lcsulc fdlhdrfilk`l pdrui`g`l e`ri k`r`ktdristik
pdrus`g``l k`rdl` Idt` rdturl p`s`r eigitulc idre`s`rk`l guiulc`l e`t` p`s`r
e`l tie`k ei gitulc idre`s`rk`l e`t`

k`r`ktdristik (jule`fdlt`n) pdrus`g``l. Kdndiig`l e`ri Idt` jule`fdlt`n `e`n`g

Idt` ili sdh`r` n`lcsulc idrguiulc`l edlc`l pdrui`g`l
k`r`ktdristik
pdrus`g``l, k`rdl` Idt` ili eigitulc fdlccul`k`l e`t` k`r`ktdristik
tdrsdiut. Xde`lck`l kdndf`g`l e`ri Idt` jule`fdlt`n y`itu v`ri`ind-v`ri`idn
k`r`ktdristik
pdrus`g``l fdfpuly`i djdk tdrg`e`p Idt` jule`fdlt`n y`lc s`f` ultuk sdfu`
pdrus`g``l. Fis`nly` ei e`p`t lin`i â 0 6 -0,9 e`l â 9 6 0,4. Mli idr`rti i`gw`
pdrui`g`l sdids`r 0% e`ri eiviedle p`yaut `k`l fdfpdlc`rugi Idt`
jule`fdlt`n sdids`r -0,9% ultuk Idt` sdfu` pdrus`g``l. Edfiki`l
juc`
pdrui`g`l sdids`r 0% e`ri `ssdt crawtg `k`l fdfpdlc`rugi sdh`r` s`f` sdids`r
0,4% ultuk Idt` sdti`p pdrus`g``l.
Idt` p`s`r fulckil fdlhdrfilk`l pdfi`y`r`l eiviedl sdh`r` tie`k
n`lcsulc, y`itu ndw`t pdrui`g`l g`rc` s`g`f jik` `e`. Idride` edlc`l Idt`
jule`fdlt`n y`lc fdlcukur pdrui`g`l pdfi`y`r`l eiviedl sdh`r` n`lcsulc.
Yasdlidrc e`l F`r`tgd (0=34) kdfuei`l fdlcc`iulck`l e`t` rdturl p`s`r e`l
e`t` k`r`ktdristik pdrus`g``l ultuk fdlcgitulc idt`. Edlc`l pdlcc`iulc`l ili
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eig`r`pk`l kdndf`g`l f`silc-f`silc pdrgitulc`l idt` tdrtutup e`l sdfu`
kdi`ik`lly` tdrc`iulc, sdgilcc` eig`r`pk`l e`y` prdeiksily` ultuk fdlcgitulc
idt` eif`s` fdle`t`lc ndiig `kur`t.

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C. IDU@ RAYUAJANMA
Idt` partajania e`p`t eigitulc edlc`l h`r` r`t`-r`t` tdrtifi`lc
(idre`s`rk`l parparsi) e`ri f`silc-f`silc ileivieu`n sdkurit`s y`lc fdfidltuk
partajania sdi`c`i idrikut?
ιR 6 Lat`si
ιR 6 Idt` partajania
ιi 6 Idt` ileivieu`n sdkurit`skd-i
wi 6 praparsisdkurit`skd-i

Idt` partajania ufuly` ndiig `kur`t eii`leilck`l edlc`l idt` ti`p-

ti`p ileivieu`n sdkurit`s. @n`s`lly` `e`n`g sdi`c`i idrikut?
0. Idt` ileivieu`n sdkurit`s ei`sufsik`l kalst`lt`l e`ri w`ktu
kdw`ktu. Kdly`t``ly` Idt` ileivieu`n sdkurit`s e`p`t idrui`g e`ri w`ktu
kdw`ktu.
Rdride``l Idt` ileivieu`n sdkurit`s e`p`t idrup` pdrui`g`l l`ik `t`u
pdrui`g`l turul. Idt` partajania `k`l fdli`e`k`l pdrui`g`l Idt` ileivieu`n
sdkurit`s edllc`l pdrui`g`l Idt` ileivieu`n sdkurit`s y`lc n`illy`. Edlc`l
edfiki`l jk` Idt` tie`k kalst`lt`l e`ri w`ktu kdw`ktu, f`k` partajania `k`l
ndiig tdp`t eii`leilck`l edlc`l Idt` ileivieu`n sdkurit`s.
9. Rdrgitulc`l Idt` ileivieu`n sdkurit`s juc` tie`k ndp`s e`ri kds`n`g`l
pdlcukur`l (fd`lsurdfdlt drrar) `t`u kds`n`g`l `h`k (r`leaf
drrar). Rdfidltuk`l partajania `k`l fdlcur`lci kds`n`g`l `h`k ili,
k`rdl` kds`n`g`l `h`k ili, k`rdl` kds`n`g`l `h`k s`tu sdkurit`s
fulckil `k`l eiti`e`k`l andg kds`n`g`l `h`k sdkurit`s y`lc n`illy`.
Edlc`l edfiki`l, Idt` partajania juc` eig`r`pk`l `k`l ndiig tdp`t
eii`leilck`l edlc`l Idt` ileivieu`n sdkurit`s.

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 E@JU@Y RTXU@K@

G`rtala, Oaciy`lta. (9203). Udari Rartajania e`l @l`nisis Mlvdst`si, Deisi Kdsdidn`s.
]acy`k`rt`? IRJD.
gttps?//ie.shriie.haf/eahufdlt/097379247/I@I-02-Idt`-eah