Muscles 4) direction

* Muscle fixers run in

How can we
classify Muscles ? reference to some line
axis of midline of
Bone
i function Body
* contract pull ONLY
muscles =

rectus-parallel rectus femoris

1) prime movers/agonists
transversus
perpendicular
-

->
primary responsible parallel to femur
oblique
2) antagonists at an angle
-

- a movement
opposes
3) synergists ->
help prime + stabilize Motion
5 # of origins
4) fixators -
synergist that immobilizes bottes
biceps
2
1

triceps
naming Skeletal muscles quadriceps > 4

i) location 6) location of attachment

origin point of insertion
temporalis temporal Gone point/s of +

adj +o
clavicle+ mastoid
Sternum +

process
2) Shape

trapezius -> trapezoidal

3) size 7) type of Motion

maximus -> large

* extensor digitorum
minimus -> small

longus ->
long
brevis -> short
Muscular System: MOINA
MT 632 - LAB AHVS©

TABLE 1 FASCICLE ARRANGEMENT

PATTERN OF FASCICLE SHAPE OF MUSCLE EXAMPLE PATTERN OF FASCICLE SHAPE OF MUSCLE EXAMPLE
ARRANGEMENT ARRANGEMENT
circular Pennate
fascicles arranged in a circle Orbicularis Oris fascicles originate from a tendon
around an opening; Orbicularis Oculi that runs that length of the entire
act as sphincters to close the muscle
opening 3 patterns
convergent Unipennate palmar interosseus
broadly distributed fascicles Pectoralis Major one side of the tendon semimembranosus
converge at a single tendon Pectoralis Minor

parallel Bipennate rectus femoris

fascicles lie parallel to one Trapezius both sides of the tendon
another and to the long axis of
the muscle

Multipennate deltoid
Rhomboideus many places around the central
tendon

spread out at angles to many

smaller tendons

Fusiform biceps brachii

Rectus Abdominis fascicles lie parallel to long axis of (2 headed; shown)
muscle
triceps brachii
belly of muscle is larger in (3-headed)
diameter than ends
 TABLE 2
MUSCLE
Buccinator
Depressor anguli oris
Levator labii superioris
Occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Muscles of Facial Expression
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Maxilla And Mandible Orbicularis Oris At Angle Of Mouth Retracts Angle Of Mouth; Falttens Cheek
Lower border of mandible Skin of lip near angle of mouth Depressed angle of mouth
Maxilla Skin and orbicularis oris of upper lip Elevates upper lip
Occipital bone Skin of eyebrow and nose Moves scalp; elevates eyebrows
Maxilla and frontal bones Circle orbit and inserts near origin Closes eye
Nasal septum, maxilla, and mandible Fascia and other muscles of lips Closes lip
Zygomatic bone Angle of mouth Elevates and abducts upper lip and corner of
mouth
Zygomatic bone Orbicularis oris of upper lip Elevates and abducts upper lip

TABLE 3 Muscles of Mastication

MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Temporalis Temporal Fossa Anterior Portion Of Mandibular Ramus And Coronoid Process Elevates And Retracts Mandible; Involved In
Excursion
Masseter Zygomatic Arch Lateral Side Of Mandibular Ramus Elevates And Protects Mandible; Involved In
Excursion
Lateral pterygoid Lateral pterygoid plate and greater Condylar process of mandible and articular disk Protracts and depresses mandible; involved in
wing of sphenoid excursion
Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid and Medial surface of mandible Protects and elevates mandible; involved in
tuberosity of maxilla excursion
TABLE 4 Tongue and Swallowing Muscles
MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Tongue muscles
Intrinsic Inside tongue Inside tongue Changes shape of tongue
Extrinsic Bones around oral cavity or soft palate Outside tongue Moves tongue
Hyoid Muscles
Suprahyoid (ex: geniohyoid, stylohyoid, Base of skull, mandible Hyoid bone Elevates or stabilizes hyoid
and hyoglossus)
Infrahyoid (ex: thyrohyoid) Sternum, larynx Hyoid bone Depresses or stabilizes hyoid
Soft palate Skull or soft palate Palate, tongue, or pharynx Move soft palate, tongue or pharynx
Pharyngeal Muscles
Elevators / Soft palate and auditory tube Pharynx Elevate pharynx
Constrictors Larynx and hyoid Pharynx Constrict pharynx
Superior /
Middle
Inferior

TABLE 5 Neck Muscles

MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Deep Neck Muscles
Flexors Anterior side of vertebrae Base of skull Flex head and neck
Extensors Posterior side of vertebrae Base of skull Extend head and neck
Sternocleidomastoid Manubrium of sternum and medial part Mastoid process and nuchal line of skull Individually rotate head; together flexes neck
of clavicle
Trapezius Posterior surface of skull and upper Clavicle, acromion process, and scapular spine Extends and laterally flexes neck
vertebral column

TABLE 6 Neck Muscles

MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Superficial
Erector spinae divides into 3 columns: Sacrum, ilium, vertebrae, and ribs Ribs, vertebrae, and skull Extends vertebral column
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Deep back muscles Vertebrae Vertebrae Extend vertebral columns and help bend vertebral
column laterally
TABLE 7 Muscles of the thorax
MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Scalenes Cervical vertebrae 1st and 2nd ribs Inspiration; elevate ribs
External intercostals Inferior edge of each rib Superior edge of next rib above origin Inspiration; elevate ribs
Internal intercostals Superior edge of each rib Inferior edge of next rib above origin Forced expiration; depress ribs
Diaphragm Inferior ribs, sternum, and lumbar Central tendon of diaphragm Inspiration; depress floor of thorax
vertebrae

TABLE 8 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

MUSCLE ORIGIN
Rectus abdominis Pubic crest and pubic symphysis
External abdominal oblique Ribs 5-12
Internal abdominal oblique Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and
lumbar fascia
Transversus abdominis Costal cartilages 7-12, lumbar fascia,
iliac crest, and inguinal ligament
INSERTION ACTION
Xiphoid process and inferior ribs Flexes vertebral column; compresses abdomen
Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and fascia of rectus abdominis Compresses abdomen; flexes and rotates
vertebral column
Ribs 10-12 and fascia of rectus abdominis Compresses abdomen; flexes and rotates
vertebral column
Xiphoid process, fascia of rectus abdominis, and pubic tubercle Compresses abdomen
 TABLE 9 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum
MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Pelvic floor Posterior pubis and ischial plane Sacrum and coccyx Elevates anus; supports pelvic viscera
Levator ani
Perineum Male- central tendon of perineum Dorsal surface of penis and bulb of penis Constricts urethra; erects penis
Bulbospongiosus Female- central tendon of perineum Base of clitoris Erects clitoris
Ischiocavernosus Ischial ramus Corpus cavernosum Compresses base of penis or clitoris
External and sphincter Coccyx Central tendon of perineum Keeps orifice of anal and canal closed
Transverse perinei
Deep Ischial ramus Midline connective tissue Supports pelvic floor
Superficial Ischial ramus Central tendon of perineum Fixes central tendon
 TABLE 10 Muscles Acting on the Scapula
MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Levator scepulae Transverse processes of C1-C4 Superior angle of scapula Elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula; laterally
flexes neck
Pectoralis minor Ribs 3-5 Coracoid process of scapula Depresses scapula or elevates ribs
Rhomboids
Major Spinous processes of t1-t4 Medical border of scapula Retracts, rotates, and fixes scapula
Minor Spinous processes of t1-t4 Medial border of scapula Retracts, slightly elevates, rotates, and fixes
scapula
Serratus anterior Ribs 1-9 Medial border of scapula Rotates and protracts scapula; elevates ribs
Trapezius Posterior surface of skull and spinous Clavicle, acromion process, and scapular spine Elevates, depresses, retracts, rotates, and fixes
processes of c7-t12 scapula, extends neck
 TABLE 11 Arm Movements
MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Deltoid Clavicle, acromion process, and Deltoid tuberosity Flexes and extends shoulder; abducts and medially and laterally
scapular spine rotates arm
Latissimus dorsi Spinous processes of t7–l5, sacrum and Medial crest of intertubercular groove Extends shoulder; adducts and medially rotates arm
iliac crest, and inferior angle of scapula
in some people
Pectoralis major Clavicle, sternum, superior six costal Lateral crest of intertubercular groove Flexes shoulder; extends shoulder from flexed position; adducts and
cartilages, and abdominal muscles medially rotates arm
Teres major Lateral border of scapula Medial crest of intertubercular groove Extends shoulder; adducts and medially rotates arm
Rotator cuff

Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Stabilizes and extends shoulder and laterally rotates arm

Subscapularis Subscapular fossa of scapula Lesser tubercle of humerus Stabilizes and extends shoulder and medially rotates arm

Supraspinatus Supraspinous fossa of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Stabilizes shoulder and abducts arm

Teres minor Lateral border of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Stabilizes and extends shoulder; adducts and laterally rotates arm

TABLE 2 Arm Muscles

MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Biceps brachii Long head—supraglenoid tubercle Radial tuberosity and aponeurosis of biceps Flexes elbow; supinates forearm; flexes shoulder
brachii
Short head—coracoid process
Brachialis Anterior surface of humerus Coronoid process of ulna Flexes elbow
Triceps brachii Long head—lateral border of scapula Olecranon process of ulna Extends elbow; extends shoulder; adducts arm
Lateral head—lateral and posterior
surface of humerus
Medial head—posterior humerus
 TABLE 12 Forearm Muscles
MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Anterior forearm

Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of humerus Aponeurosis over palm Tightens skin of palm

Second and third metacarpal bones

Flexor carpi radialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Flexes and abducts wrist

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus /
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Medial epicondyle of humerus and ulna
Ulna
Medial epicondyle of humerus,
coronoid process, and radius
Pisiform
Distal phalanges of digits 2–5
Middle phalanges of digits 2–5
Flexes and adducts wrist
Flexes fingers and wrist
Flexes fingers and wrist

Pronator Distal ulna Distal radius

Quadratus Medial epicondyle of humerus and Pronates forearm

coronoid process of ulna Radius

Teres Pronates forearm

Posterior forearm

Flexes elbow
Brachioradialis Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus • Styloid process of radius
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Extends and abducts wrist
• Base of third metacarpal bone
Extensor carpi radialis brevis/
Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Extends and abducts wrist
• Base of second metacarpal bone
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Lateral epicondyle of humerus and ulna Extends and adducts wrist
• Base of fifth metacarpal bone
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Extensor tendon expansion over
Extensor digitorum
phalanges of digits 2–5
Lateral epicondyle of humerus and ulna
Supinator Extends fingers and wrist
• Radius

Supinates forearm (and hand)

TABLE 13 Muscles of the Moving Thigh
MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
Iliopsoas Iliac fossa and vertebrae T12–L5 Lesser trochanter of femur and hip capsule Flexes hip
Gluteus maximus Posterior surface of ilium, sacrum, and Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract Extends hip; abducts and laterally rotates thigh
coccyx
Gluteus medius Posterior surface of ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abducts and medially rotates thigh
Gluteus minimus/ Posterior surface of ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abducts and medially rotates thigh
Tensor fasciae latae Anterior superior iliac spine Through lateral fascia of thigh to lateraly Steadies femur on tibia through iliotibial tract when standing; flexes
condyle of tibia hip; medially rotates and abducts thigh
 TABLE 14
MUSCLE
Anterior Compartment
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Sartorius
Medial Compartment
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Posterior Compartment (Hamstring Muscles)
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
ORIGIN
Ilium
Greater trochanter and linea aspera of
femur
Linea aspera of femur
Body of femur
Anterior superior iliac spine
Pubis
Pubis and ischium
Pubis near symphysis
Long head—ischial tuberosity
Short head—femur
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial tuberosity
Leg Movements
INSERTION ACTION
Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Extends knee; flexes hip
Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Extends knee
Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Extends knee
Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Extends knee
Medial side of tibial tuberosity Flexes hip and knee; laterally rotates thigh
Linea aspera of femur Adducts and laterally rotates thigh; flexes hip
Femur Adducts and laterally rotates thigh; extends knee
Tibia Adducts thigh; flexes knee
Head of fibula Flexes knee; laterally rotates leg; extends hip
Medial condyle of tibia and collateral ligament Flexes knee; medially rotates leg; extends hip
Tibia Flexes knee; medially rotates leg; extends hip

TABLE 15
MUSCLE
Anterior Compartment
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis tertius
Posterior Compartment
Superficial
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Deep
Flexor digitorum longus/
Flexor hallucis longus/
Tibialis posterior/
Lateral Compartment
Fibularis brevis (peroneus brevis)
Fibularis longus (peroneus longus)
Muscles of the Leg Acting on the Leg, Ankle, and Foot
ORIGIN INSERTION
Lateral condyle of tibia and fibula Four tendons to phalanges of four lateral toes
Middle fibula and interosseous Distal phalanx of great toe
membrane
Tibia and interosseous membrane Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone
Fibula and interosseous membrane Fifth metatarsal bone
Medial and lateral condyles of femur Through calcaneal (Achilles) tendon to
calcaneus
Fibula and tibia Through calcaneal tendon to calcaneus
Tibia Four tendons to distal phalanges of four
lateral toes
Fibula Distal phalanx of great toe
Tibia, interosseous membrane, and Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, and second
fibula through fourth metatarsal bones
Fibula Fifth metatarsal bone
Fibula Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone
ACTION
Extends four lateral toes; dorsiflexes and everts foot
Extends great toe; dorsiflexes and inverts foot \
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Dorsiflexes and everts foot
Plantar flexes foot; flexes leg
Plantar flexes foot
Flexes four lateral toes; plantar flexes and inverts foot
Flexes great toe; plantar flexes and inverts foot
Plantar flexes and inverts foot
Everts and plantar flexes foot
Everts and plantar flexes foot