English Language and Literature

A report submitted

by

Diya JAIN
(Roll No. 1020)

Under the Supervision of

Vijayashree Ma’am
/

Vivekananda Kendra Vidhalaya , Rishabhdev

Rishabhdev - 313802, Udaipur

November 17, 2023

Report Approval

This report entitled (English Language and Literature) by DIYA JAIN,

Roll No. 1020 , is approved for further processing.
Date: November 17, 2023

Place: Rishabhdev

/ Certificate
This is to certify that the report entitled “English Language and
Literature” , submitted by DIYA JAIN to the VKV Rishabhdev, for the for
successful completion of work carried out by her under our supervision and
guidance. The report has reached the standards fulfilling the requirements of the
regulations related to the award of the degree.
 The results contained in this report have not been submitted in part or in full to
any other School.

....................................
VIJYASHREE MA’AM
English Language and Literature
VKV , Rishabhdev

Declaration

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and
where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
 falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any
violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can
also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or
from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

...........................
DIYA JAIN

Date: Nov 17, 2023

Place: VKV Rishabhdev

Acknowledgements
I take this opportunity to acknowledge and express my gratitude to all those
who supported and guided me during the dissertation work. I am grateful to the
Almighty for the abundant grace and blessings that enabled me to complete this
dissertation successfully.
 Tenses

Tense is an English grammar concept. It represents the form taken by the verb to comprehend
the situation referred to in time. For example, in the sentence, Yash walked for 2 hours and
then he went to sleep, the past tense verb form, walk(+ed) signals the time of the walk in the
past. Tense is used to assign a time factor to the sentence. Tenses just like time are divided
into 3 parts-

Past tense - I swam

Present Tense - I swim

Future Tense - I will swim

Before we start with the More complicated divisions there are three rules we should keep in
mind-

Only indicative forms of verbs are tensed.

All the tenses have progressive and non-progressive forms for eg, I work here/l am working
here, are both Present tenses.

When a verb form is a very important complex, which involves more than one auxiliary, it is the
first auxiliary that is marked for tense, not the main verb.
Types of Tenses

Present Tense

Simple Present Tense:

It is used to express daily tasks, facts, and universal truths. The present tense is used to
express what is happening or happens daily or is a fact in itself. Adding the letter s or es
makes a simple present tense.
Like- Likes
You, We, They: Like to play outside.
He, She, It: likes to play outside

For example-
• She writes a book.
• Moon comes out at night.
• New Delhi is the capital city of India.

Present Perfect Tense:

The present perfect tense is used to describe actions that are completed.
I, You, We, They: have killed time.
He, She, It: has killed time.

For example-
1) I have seen the movie you love the most.
He has been to India
Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
We use the present perfect continuous when the focus is on an action that is not yet finished
or completed.

1. You, We, They: have been playing for a day.

He, She, It: has been playing for a day.
For example-
• It has not been raining since last Friday.

• Past Tense

Simple Past Tense:

Used to indicate an action that happened in the past. It often comes with an adverb of time.
Sometimes it can be used without an adverb of time. Used for past habits.
For example-
• You worked very hard in exams.
• She did not

Past Continuous Tense:

The past continuous tense is a very important tense in English. We use it to express what we
were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.
I, she, he, it- was playing in the garden.
They, We were playing in the garden

For example-
• They were not playing scrabble when I checked on them.

Past Perfect Tense:

The past perfect tense is easy to understand and to use in a sentence. This tense talks about
an event which happened in the past. If two actions happened in the past, the past perfect
tense is used to display the action that took place earlier.
I, he, she, it, we, they had arrived at the station

For example-
• We were too late when the movie started.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

Used to denote an event that started before a
certain point in the past and continued up to sometime in the past.
I, he, she, we, it, you, they had been sleeping on the couch when I arrived.
for example-
• Sita was very tired. She had been dancing.
• Had the student been roaming outside the classroom?

• Future Tense

Simple Future Tense:

The period of time after speaking a sentence is considered future tense.
This tense is used to express future events and happenings.
Rule - Will/Shall + Verb (Ist form)
I, He, she, it, we, you, they will/shall play the piano tomorrow.

For example-
• Sita will ask the questions tomorrow.
• They will never speak about this.

Future Continuous Tense:

It is used to express an action that is going or continuing in the future. e.g. He will be
distributing promotion letters in the office tomorrow at 12 o'clock. In the example, the action
will commence in the future. (tomorrow) and action is assumed to be continued till sometime
in the future.
I, he, she, you, it, they, we- will be arriving at the airport tomorrow.

For example-
• She will be writing a letter.
Future Perfect Tense:
It is used to express an action that will happen/occur in
future and will be completed by a certain time in future. We use the future perfect to say that
something will be finished by a particular time in the future.
I, he, we, she, they, it - will have dinner at 10 pm
for example-
• She will not have written a letter.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

It is used to talk about actions that will start at
a fixed point of time in the future and will go on for some time in the future.
The future perfect continuous focus on the duration of an activity that will be in progress before
another time or event in the future.

Example:
• Tomorrow at 4 pm, I will be on my way to Kolkata.
• It is also used to talk about planned actions or actions expected to happen.
.

Activity

For this activity, you will need two participants. Take card templates that will contain 16
sentences with a missing tense verb.

Every card will have a sentence like this: She ___ up early for work, every morning. (wake)

Your child will pick up one of the card templates and figure out the missing tense for the
sentence to make sense. This will test your child’s understanding of narrative tenses.