SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1 :
x 2  bc
If x is real, then show that the expression has no value lying between b and c.
2x  b  c
Solution :
x 2  bc
Let y =  x2 - 2xy + (b + c)y – bc = 0
2x  b  c
Now x is real  Discriminant  0
 4y2 – 4[(b + c) y – bc]  0  (y – b) (y – c)  0
 y has no value lying between b and c

Example 2 :
If a < b < c < d, then prove that for any real  , the quadratic equation
(x – a) (x – c) +  (x – b) (x–d) = 0 has real roots.
Solution :
Let f(x) = (x – a) (x –c) +  (x–b) (x –d)
Now f(a) =  (a – b) (a–d) and f(c) =  (c – b) (c –d)
So f(A) . f(C) = 2 (a – b) (a –d) (c – b) (c – d) < 0 (Since a < b < c < d)
Hence f(x) = 0 has a root in (a, c).
Therefore both the roots of f(x) = 0 will be real.

Example 3 :
Let x, y and z be real variables satisfying the equations x + y + z = 6 and xy + yz + zx = 7. Find the
range in which the variables can lie.
Solution :
We ahave given that
x+ y+ z= 6 ... (1)
and xy + yz + zx = 7 ... (2)
From (1), z = 6 – x – y
Putting the value of z in (2), we get
xy + y(6–x–y) + x(6–x–y) = 7
or, y2 + y (x – 6) + x2 – 6x + 7 = 0
Since y is real, (x – 6)2 – 4(x2 – 6x + 7)  0
or, 3x2 – 12x – 8  0

6  2 15 6  2 15
 x
3 3
Since (1) and (2) are symmetrical in x, y and z, all the variable lie in the interval
 6  2 15 6  2 15 
 , 
 3 3 
Example 4 :
Solve: 4x + 6x = 9x
Solution:
4x + 6x = 9x
x x x
4 2 2
       1 . Put   = y  y2 + y –1 = 0
9 3 3

x
1 5  2  5 1 ln ( 5  1)  ln (2)
 y=     x
2 3 2 ln 2  ln 3

Example 5 :
Solve the equation log4 (2x2 + x + 1) – log2 (2x –1) = 1
Solution :
log4 (2x2 + x + 1) – log2 (2x –1) = 1
loge (2x 2  x  1) loge (2x 1) 2
   1  log 2 x  x  1  log 4
loge (4) loge 2 e
(2x  1) 2
e

 (2x2 + x + 1) = 4 (4x2 – 4x + 1)
3
 14x2 – 17x + 3 = 0  (14x – 3) (x –1) = 0  x = ,x=1
14
3
But x = does not lie in the domain of function,
14
Hence x = 1 is the only solution.

Example 6 :
Let a, b and c be real. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two real roots  and  , where  < –1 and  > 1,
c b
then show that 1    0
a a
Solution :
 <–1
  + E1 = –1, where E1 > 0
Also  >1    E 2  1, where E2 > 0.

c b
Now 1    1        1  (1  E1 ) (1  E 2 )  E 2  E1
a a
= 1 –1 – E1 – E2 – E1E2 + |E2–E1| = –E1 –E2 –E1E2 + E2–E1 , if E2 > E1
= –E1 –E2 –E1E2 + E1 –E2 if E1 > E2.
 Hence L.H.S. = –2E1 – E1E2 or – 2E2 – E1E2
c b
In both the cases 1 +   0 (E , E > 0)
a a 1 2

Alternative Method
b c 
Let f(x) = x2 + x
a a –1 1
from graph f(–1) < 0 and f(1) < 0
c b c b c b
 1+  < 0 and 1    0  1    0
a a a a a a

Example 7 :
Find the value(s) of ‘a’ for which the inequality tan2x + (a + 1) tanx – (a –3) < 0, is true for at least
 
one x   0,  .
 2
Solution :
The required condition will be satisfied if
(i) The quadratic expression (quadratic in tanx)
f(x) = tan2x + (a + 1) tanx – (a - 3) has positive discriminant, and
(ii) At least one root of f(x) = 0 is positive, as tanx > 0, x  (0,  / 2)
For (i) Discriminant > 0  (a + 1)2 + 4 (a –3) > 0

 a > 2 5 – 3 or a < – ( 2 5 + 3)
For (ii), we first find the condition, that both the roots of t2 + (a + 1) t – (a–3) = 0
(t = tanx) are non-positive for which
Sum of roots < 0 product of roots  0
 –(a + 1) < 0 and – (a–3)  0  –1 < a  3
Condition (ii) will be fulfilled if a  –1 or a > 3 ... (2)
Required values of a is given by intersection of (1) and (2)
Hence a  (–  , –(2 5 + 3))  (3,  ).

Example 8 :
If  ,  are the roots of x2 – p (x + 1) – c = 0, c  1, then show that
(i) (   1) (  1)  1  c ,

 2  2  1 2  2  1
(ii)  =1
 2  2  c  2  2  c
Solution :
(i) The given equation may be written as
x2 – px – (p + c) = 0
     p and  = – (p + c)
Now (  1) (  1) =       1 = –p – c + p + 1 = 1 – c

2  21 2  21 (  1) 2 (  1) 2
(ii)  = 2
 2
2  2  c 2  2 c (  1)  (1  c) (  1)  (1  c)

(  1) 2 (  1) 2
= 
(  1) 2  (  1) (  1) (  1) 2  (  1) (  1)

 1 (  1)
 
(  1)  (  1) (  1)  (  1)

  1   1 (  1)  (  1)   
    1
     

Example 9 :

x 2  kx  1
Find the values of k for which x 2  x  1  2 x  R .

Solution :
|x|<a  –a<x<+a
 the given inequality implies
x 2  kx  1
–2 < <2 ... (i)
x2  x 1
2
 1 3
Now x + x + 1 =  x    is positive for all values of x.
2
 2 4
Multiplying (i) by x2 + x + 1
– 2(x2 + x + 1) < x2 + kx + 1 < 2 (x2 + x + 1)
This yields two inequations
3x2 + (2 + k)x + 3 > 0 and x2 + (2 - k) x + 1 > 0
For these quadratic expressions to be positive for all values of x, their discriminants must be
negative
i.e., (2 + k)2 – 36 < 0 and (2 – k)2 – 4 < 0 ... (ii)
(k + 8) (k – 4) < 0 and k (k – 4) < 0 ... (iii)
 – 8 < k < 4 and 0 < k < 4
For both these conditions to be satisfied, 0 < k < 4.
Example 10 :
If x and y are two real numbers connected by the equation
9x2 + 2xy + y2 – 92x – 20y + 244 = 0,
show that x will lie between 3 and 6 and y between 1 and 10.
Solution :
Rewrite the given equation as a quadratic in y
i.e., y2 + 2y(x – 10) + (9x2 – 92x + 244) = 0
Since y is real, the discriminant of this quadratic in y should be  0
4(x – 10)2 –4 (9x2 – 92x + 244)  0
i.e., 8x2 – 72x + 144  0
i.e., 8(x2 – 9x + 18)  0
i.e., (x –3) (x – 6)  0  3  x  6
Now, rewrite the given equation as a quadratic equation in x.
i.e., 9x2 + 2x(y – 46) + (y2 – 20y + 244) = 0
Since x is real, the discriminant  0
4(y – 46)2 –36(y2 – 20y + 244)  0
8y2 – 88y + 80  0
i.e., y2 – 11y + 10  0
i.e., (y – 1) (y – 10)  0  1  y  10

Example 11 :
Solve the equation a(2x  2)  1  1  2x , x  R
Solution :
Given equation is a(2x  2)  1  1  2x ... (1)

or, a(y  2)  1 1  y, where y = 2x > 0 ... (2)

or a(y–2) + 1 = (1 – y)2 = 1 – 2y + y2
or y2 – (2 + a) y + 2a = 0

(2  a)  (2  a)2  8a 2  a  (2  a)
 y   2, a
2 2
y = 2 does not satisfy equation (2) because in that case R.H.S. of (2) is a negative number and
L.H.S. is a positive number.
when y = a, from (2), a(a  2)  1 1  a

or (a  1)2  1  a or | a  1| 1  a  a 1  0  a  1
 0  a  1 [ y  0]
Now y = a  2x = a  x = log2a, where 0 < a  1.
When a > 1, given equation has no solution.
Example 12 :
k 1 k2
If the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be and , prove that (a + b +c)2 = b2 – 4ac.
k k 1
Solution :
Given equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0 ... (1)
k 1 k2
Roots of equation (1) are and
k k 1
k 1 k  2 b
   ... (2)
k k 1 a
k2 c
and  ... (3)
k a
2a
From (3), k =
ca
Putting the value of k in (2), we get
c  a 2c b (c  a ) 2  4ac b
   or 
2a c  a a 2a (c  a ) a
or, a(c + a)2 + 4a2c = – 2abc – 2a2b
or (c + a)2 + 4ac = – 2bc – 2ab
or (c + a)2 + 2b (c + a) = – 4ac
or (c + a) (c + a + 2b) = – 4ac
or (a + b + c – b) (a + b + c + b) = – 4ac
or (a + b + c)2 – b2 = –4ac
or (a + b + c)2 = b2 – 4ac

Example 13 :
 p2  p2

If the roots of the equation  1  q   2
 2  x + p(1 + q)x + q(q – 1) + 2 = 0 are equal then show
that p2 = 4q
Solution :
As roots are equal, D = 0

 p2   p2 
 2 2 
p (1 + q) = 4  1  q   q ( q  1)  
 2   2

 p2 
 p (1 + q) = {4 (1 –q) + 2p )} 
2 2 2 q ( q  1)  
 2
 p2(1 + q)2 = [– 4q(1–q)2 + 2p2 q(q–1) + 2p2(1–q) + p4]
 p2 [(1 + q)2 – 2q2 + 4q –2 – p2] = – 4q (1 – q)2
 p2 [1 + 2q + q2 – 2q2 + 4q –2 – p2] = – 4q (1 –q)2
 p2 [–q2 + 6q – 1 – p2] = – 4q (1 – q)2
  –p2 (1 –q)2 + p2 (4q – p2) = – 4q (1 – q)2
 (–p2 + 4q) {p2 + (1 – q)2 } = 0
 As p2 + (1 – q)2  0, – p2 + 4q = 0
 p2 = 4q. Hence proved

Example 14 :
Find all integral values of a for which the quadratic expression (x – a) (x – 10) + 1 can be factored
as a product (x +  ) (x +  ) of two factors,  ,   I.
Solution :
We have (x –a) (x – 10) + 1 = (x +  ) (x +  )
Putting x = –  in both sides, we obtain
(–  –a) (–  –10) + 1 = 0
 + a and  + 10 are integers ( a,   I)
  + a = –1 and  + 10 = 1
  a  1 and   10   1
(i) If  + 10 = 1
 = – 9 then a = 8; similarly,  = – 9
Here (x – 8) (x – 10) + 1 = (x – 9)2
(ii) If  + 10 = – 1
 = – 11, then a = 12; similarly  = –111
Here (x –12) (x –10) + 1 = (x –11)2 .

Example 15 :
For a < 0, determine all real roots of the equation: x2 – 2a |x – a| – 3a2 = 0
Solution :
Case I: Suppose x  a. Then the given equation becomes
x2 – 2a (x – a) – 3a2 = 0  x2 – 2ax – a2 = 0
2a  2 2 a
 x  (1  2 )a
2
As a < 0 and 1 2 > 1, ( 1  2 ) a  a , therefore x  (1  2 ) a.

Next, as 1  2  1, (1  2 ) a  a , therefore x = (1 – 2 ) a .
Case II: Suppose x < a. Then the given equation becomes
x2 – 2a (a – x) – 3a2 = 0  x2 + 2ax – 5a2 = 0
 2a  24a
 x  (1  6 ) a
2
As a < 0, – 1 – 6 < 0 < 1 so (-1– 6 ) a > a, therefore x  ( 1  6 ) a ( x  a ).
Next, as a < 0, – 1 + 6  1 and (–1 + 6 ) a < a, therefore x = (–1 + 6 ) a = ( 6 – 1) a.
 SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1 :
If  and  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then the equation whose roots are
1 1
 2  2 ,  , is
 2 2
(A) ac x2 + b (a + c) x + (a + c)2 = 0
(B) ac x2 – (b2 – 2ac) x + ac = 0
(C) (acx)2 – (b2 – 2ac) (a2 + c2)x + (b2 – 2ac)2 = 0
(D) none of these
Solution :

2 2 1 1
Here let S be the sum and P be the product of the roots    , 2
 2
 

 2  2
2 2  b 2  2ac   b 2  2ac  2 (a 2  c 2 )
Now S = (   )  () 2   2
   2
  (b  2ac)
 a   c  a 2c 2

2 (a 2  c 2 )
= (b  2ac)
a 2c 2
2
( 2   2 ) 2  b 2  2ac  1
and the product P =     2
 2 2  a
2
 c
a2
Hence equation is (acx)2 – (b2 – 2ac) (a2 + c2)x + (b2 – 2ac)2 = 0
Hence option (C) is correct.

Example 2 :
p a b
If c  0 and the equation  + has two equal roots, then p can be
2x x  c x  c

(A)  a b 
2
(B)  a b 
2

(C) a + b (D) a – b
Solution :
p (a  b ) x  c ( b  a )
We can write the given equation as 
2x x 2  c2
or p(x2 – c2) = 2 (a + b) x2 – 2c (a – b) x
or (2a + 2b – p) x2 – 2c (a – b) x + pc2 = 0
 For this equation to have equal roots
c2(a–b)2 – pc2 (2a + 2b – p) = 0
 (a – b)2 – 2p(a + b) + p2 = 0 [ c2  0]
 [p – (a + b)]2 = (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab

 p – (a + b) =  2 ab

 p=a+b  2 ab = ( a  b ) 2
Hence option (A) & (B) are correct.

Example 3 :
If  ,  be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and  ,  those of lx2 + mx + n = 0, then the equation
whose roots are    and    is
(A) a2 l2 x2 – ablmx + (b2 – 4ac)nl + m2 ac = 0
(B) a2l2x2 + ablmx – (b2 – 4ac)nl = 0
(C) a2l2x2 – ablmx – (b2 – 4ac)nl = 0
(D) none of these
Solution :
Here S = (   )  (   )

bm
= (   )  (   )  (  ) (   ) =
al
Also P = (   ) (    )

2 2 2 2
b 2 nl  m 2ac  4acnl
= (   )   (    ) ... (note) =
a 2l 2
Hence from x2 – Sx + P = 0.
Hence option (A) is correct.

Example 4 :
If ,  be the roots x2 + px – q = 0 and  ,  be the roots of x2 + px + r = 0, q + r  0,

(  ) (  )
then ( ) () =

(A) 1 (B) q
(C) r (D) q + r
Solution :
Here

    p
     
    p 

Now (   ) (  )   2  (   )  
=  2   (  )  r
= –   r
= – (–q) + r = q + r
By symmetry of the results
(   ) (  )  q  r
Hence the ratio is 1.
Hence option (A) is correct.

Example 5 :
x 2  14 x  9
If x is real, then the value of the expression lies between
x 2  2x  3
(A) –3 and 3 (B) – 4 and 5
(C) –4 and 4 (D) –5 and 4
Solution :

x 2  14 x  9
Let =y
x 2  2x  3
 x2 (1-y) + 2x(7–y) + 3(3–y) = 0
Hence 4(7–y)2 –12 (1–y) (3–y)  0 gives
–2y2 –2y + 40  0
 y2 + y – 20  0
 (y + 5) (y – 4)  0
 –5  y  4
Hence option (D) is correct.
Note : Theory of maxima minima may be used to find the extreme values in the above
example.

Example 6 :

8x 2  16x  51
> 3, if x satisfies
(2x  3) (x  4)
 (A) x < –4 (B) –3 < x < 3/2
(C) x > 5/2 (D) all the above
Solution :

8x 2  16 x  51
Consider  3 0
(2x  3) ( x  4)

2x 2  x  15
 0
2x 2  5x  12

(2 x  5) ( x  3)
 0
(2x  3) ( x  4)

5 3
Hence both Nr and Dr are positive if x < – 4 or x > and both negative if –3 < x <
2 2
Hence all the statements are true.
Hence option (D) is correct.

Example 7:
If log9 (x2 – 5x + 6) > log3 (x – 4), x belongs to
(A) ( , 4) (B) (4,  )
(C) ( ,  4)  (4,  ) (D) no real value of x
Solution:
log e ( x 2  5x  6) log e (x  4)
  x2 – 5x + 6 > x2 – 8x + 16
log e 9 log e 3

10
 3x – 10 > 0  x > ... (1)
3
2
Also, x – 5x + 6 > 0  x > 3 or x < 2 ... (2)
and x – 4 > 0  x > 4 ... (3)
common solution from (1), (2) and (3) is x > 4.
Hence option (B) is correct.

Example 8 :
2 2
The number of real roots of the equation 2sin x  2cos x
1 is
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) infinite (D) none of these
Solution:
2 cos 2
x 2 2
Let 2sin x  z  2   z – 1 = 0  z = 2 or z = –1
z z
 2 2
 2sin x  2 or 2sin x  – 1 (not possible)

 sin2x = 1  x = (2n + 1)
2
Hence option (C) is the correct.

Example 9 :
 2 2
If 0  x  , then the solution of the equation 16sin x  16 cos x = 10 is given by x equal to
2
   
(A) , (B) ,
6 3 3 2
 
(C), (D) none of these
6 2
Solution :
2x cos 2 x
2 16
Let 16sin  y , then 16 = 161sin x 
y

16
Hence y + = 10  y2 – 10y + 16 = 0 or y = 2, 8
y
2 2
Now 16sin x
 2  2 4sin x  (2)1  4sin2 x = 1
1 
 sinx =   x=
2 6

2 2 3 
and 16sin x  8  24 sin x  23  sinx =   x=
2 3
Hence option (A) is correct.

Example 10 :
If one of the roots of the equation x2 – (p + 1) x + p2 + p – 8 = 0 is greater than 2 and the other root
is smaller than 2, then p is such that
11
(A)   p3 (B) –2 < p < 3
3
(C) 2 < p < 3 (D) none of these
Solution :
The given condition is fulfilled if and only if
f(2) = 4 – 2 (p + 1) + p2 + p – 8 < 0  (p–3) (p+2) < 0  –2 < p < 3
Hence option (B) is correct .

Example 11 :
If the expressions x2 – 11x + a and x2 –14x + 2a have a common factor and a  0, then the
 common factor is
(A) (x –3) (B) (x–6)
(C) (x–8) (D) none of these
Solution :
Let x –  be the common factor
then x =  is root of the corresponding equations
  2 11  a  0 and  2  14  2a  0
a
Subtracting 3  a  0   =
3
a2 a
Hence 11  a  0 ,  a = 0 or a = 24
9 3
since a  0, a = 24
 x 2  11x  24
 the common factor of  2 is clearly x – 8
x  14 x  48
Hence option (C) is correct.
Example 12 :
If a + b + c = 0 then the quadratic equation 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 has
(A) at least one root in (0, 1) (B) one root in (2, 3) and other in (–2, –1)
(C) imaginary roots (D) none of these
Solution :
Consider the equation
 (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx = 0 (note). Obviously  (x) is a continuous and differentiable function.
Also (0)  0 =  (1) as a + b+ c = 0.
Hence by Rolle’s theorem (k ) = 0 for some k  (0, 1) .
 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 at x = k
Hence option (A) is correct.

Example 13 :
If the equation x2 + 2 (k + 1) x + 9k – 5 = 0 has only negative roots, then
(A) k  0 (B) k  0
(C) k  6 (D) k  6
Solution :
Let f(x) = x2 + 2(k + 1)x + 9k – 5. Let  ,  be the roots of f (x) = 0. The equation f(x) = 0 will
have both negative roots if and only if
(i) Disc  0 (ii) (  ) < 0 and (iii)   0
Now, discriminant  0  4(k + 1)2 – 36k + 20  0
 k2 – 7k + 6  0
  (k – 1) (k – 6)  0
 k  1 or k  6 ... (i)
(  )  0  –2 (k +1) < 0  k + 1 > 0  k > – 1 ... (ii)
5
and   0  9k – 5 > 0  k > ... (iii)
9
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get k  6.
Hence option (C) is correct.

Example 14 :
If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a > 0) has two roots  and  such that  < –2 and  > 2, then
(A) b2 – 4ac > 0 (B) c < 0
(C) a + |b| + c < 0 (D) 4a + 2 |b| + c < 0
Solution :
Since the equation has two distinct roots  and  , the discriminant b2 – 4ac > 0. We must have
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c < 0 for  < x < 
since  < 0 <  we must have, f(0) = c < 0
–2 –1 1 2
and f(1) = a + b + c < 0 i.e., a + |b| + c < 0. O
Next, since  < –2, 2 <  , 
f(–2) = 4a –2b + c < 0
and f(2) = 4a + 2b + c < 0, i.e., 4a + 2 |b| + c < 0.
Hence options (A), (B), (C) & (D) are correct.