Sampling and Sampling Distributions

• Types of Sampling Method

• Sampling Distributions
• Sampling Distribution of the Mean
• Sampling Distribution of the Proportion

Bina Nusantara University 1

 Learning Outcome
• Calculate sampling distribution and estimation
▪ Interpret the result of identify and the calculation

Bina Nusantara University 2

 8.1 TYPES OF SAMPLING METHOD

Three main reasons for selecting a sample :

• Selecting a sample is less time-consuming than selecting
every item in the population (census).
• Selecting a sample is less costly than selecting every item in
the population.
• An analysis of a sample is less cumbersome and more
practical than an analysis of the entire population.

Bina Nusantara
 8.1 TYPES OF SAMPLING METHOD
Relationship of sample, population, and sampling method

Population Sample

Number of Number of
sample n
population N

For get the number of samples n which can

represent as much as possible the
characteristics of a N population and reduce
the error, we use sampling method
Bina Nusantara
 8.1 TYPES OF SAMPLING METHOD
Samples

Non-Probability Probability Samples

Samples

Simple Stratified
Judgment Chunk Random

Systematic Cluster
Quota Convenience

Bina Nusantara
 8.1 TYPES OF SAMPLING METHOD

• In a non probability sample, items included are chosen

without regard to their probability of occurrence.

• In a probability sample, items in the sample are chosen

on the basis of known probabilities.

Bina Nusantara
 8.2 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

A Sampling Distribution is a distribution of all of the possible

values of a statistic for a given size sample selected from a
population.

Bina Nusantara
 8.2 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

Example 1:
Suppose you sample 50 students from your college regarding
their mean GPA. If you obtained many different samples of
50, you will compute a different mean for each sample. We
are interested in the distribution of all potential mean GPA
we might calculate for any given sample of 50 students.

Bina Nusantara
 8.2 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
From N population, we can get samples many times (n1, n2, ....). So that each
sample has a different characteristics.

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
Population Sample 1 x1
n1 s1
Number of p1
population N Sample 2 x2
n2 s2
p2

Sample 3 x3
n3 s3
p3
Sample….
Bina Nusantara
x.... s... p...
 8.3 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN

Definition :
The distribution of all possible sample means if we selected all
possible samples of a certain size
N
xi
Population means :
 =
i =1 N

Populations standard deviation

N
(xi −  )
2
=  = 2

i =1 N
Bina Nusantara
 8.3 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN
Example 2:
There are four assistants as populations. Each assistant is asked
to type the same page of manuscript.
The number error is :
Assistant number of error
1 X1=3
2 X2=2
3 X3=1
4 X4=4
Bina Nusantara
 8.3 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN
Sample Sample outcome Sample means
1 3,3 3
2 3,2 2.5 N
3
4
3,1
3,4
2
3.5
x 3 + 2 +1+ 4
i

5 2,3 2.5 μ= =
i =1
= 2.5
6 2,2 2
N 4
N

x
7 2,1 1.5
8 2,4 3 3 + 2.5 +  + 4
i
9 1,3 2 μX = = i =1
= 2.5
10 1,2 1.5 N 16
11 1,1 1
(3 − 2.5) 2 + ... + (4 − 2.5) 2
12 1,4 2.5 = = 1.12
13 4,3 3.5 4
14 4,2 3
15 4,1 2.5
16 4,4 4
Bina Nusantara
 8.3 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN
Standard error of the mean
▪ Different samples of the same size from the same population
will yield different sample means.
▪ A measure of the variability in the mean from sample to sample
is given by the Standard Error of the Mean:
σ
σX =
n
▪ Note that the standard error of the mean decreases as the
sample size increases.

Bina Nusantara
 8.3 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN
Z-value for the sampling distribution of the sample mean:

(X − μX ) ( X − μ)
Z= =
σX σ
where: n
x = sample mean
 = population mean
σ = population standard deviation
n = sample size

Bina Nusantara
 8.3 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN
Example 3 :
The standard error mean in example 2

σ 1.12
σX = = = 0.56
n 2

Bina Nusantara
 8.3 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN

The Central Limit Theorem :

it states that as the sample size (that is, the number of values
in each sample) gets large enough, the sampling distribution
of the mean is approximately normally distributed. This is true
regardless of the shape of the distribution of the individual
values in the population.

Bina Nusantara
 8.3 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN

Measures of the sampling distribution in The Central Limit

σ
μx = μ σx =
n

Bina Nusantara
 8.4 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROPORTION

Definition :
The distribution of all possible sample proportion if we
selected all possible samples of a certain size
Sample proportion ( p )
X number of items in the sample having the characteristic of interest
p= =
n sample size

▪ π = population proportion
▪ 0≤ p≤1
▪ p has a binomial distribution
(assuming sampling with replacement from a finite population or without
replacement from an infinite population)
Bina Nusantara
 8.4 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROPORTION

• Standard error for the proportion:

 (1 −  )
σp =
n

• Z value for the proportion:

p − p −
Z= =
σp  (1 −  )
n

Bina Nusantara
 8.4 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROPORTION

Example 4:
If the true proportion of voters who support Proposition A is π
= 0.4, what is the probability that a sample of size 200 yields
a sample proportion between 0.40 and 0.45?

▪ In other words, if π = .4 and n = 200, what is

P(.40 ≤ p ≤ .45) ?

Bina Nusantara
 8.4 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROPORTION

 (1 −  ) .4(1 − .4)
Find σ p: σp = = = .03464
n 200

Convert to  .40 − .40 .45 − .40 

standardized P(.40  p  .45) = P Z 
 .03464 .03464 
normal:
= P(0  Z  1.44)

Bina Nusantara
 EXERCISES
1. The biomass of 12 samples was measured, and the following
values were obtained :

78 67 58 93 63 70 59 82 88
66 50 73

(a) What is the estimate of the mean biomass?

(b) What is the standard error of the estimate of the mean
biomass?

Bina Nusantara
 EXERCISES
2. Components have lengths that are independently distributed
as a normal distribution with mean 723 and standard deviation
3. If an experimenter measures the lengths of a random
sample of 11 components, what is the probability that the
experimenter’s estimate of sampling mean between 722 and
724?

Bina Nusantara
 EXERCISES

3. In a political poll, responses were obtained from a sample of

1962 people about which candidate they preferred. There
were 852 people who reported that they preferred candidate
A. what is the estimate of the proportion of the overall
electorate?. What is the standard error of this estimate?

Bina Nusantara
 EXERCISES
4. The U.S. Census Bureau announced that the median sales price of new
houses sold in 2011 was $227,200, and the mean sales price was $267,900
(www.census.gov/newhomesales, April 1, 2012). Assume that the standard
deviation of the prices is $90,000.
a. If you select samples of n = 2, describe the shape of the sampling
ത
distribution of 𝑋.
b. If you select samples of n = 100, describe the shape of the sampling
ത
distribution of 𝑋.
c. If you select a random sample of n = 100, what is the probability that the
sample mean will be less than $300,000?

d. If you select a random sample of n = 100, what is the probability that the
sample mean will be between 275,000 and 290,000?

Bina Nusantara
 THANK YOU

Bina Nusantara