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Lecture No. 7 - Robotics
Lecture No. 7 - Robotics
Electrical
Projects Circuits Dr./ Essam Nabil Dr./ Essam Nabil
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin Menoufia University
Sessions Policy
Faculty of Engineering
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot Kinematics
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
اإلحترام اإلختالف ال
Sessions Policy المشاركة البشاشة
يفسد للود
Preliminaries المتبادل الفعالة واإلبتسام
History of Robots قضية
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
❑ Motors are electromechanical systems that convert
Preliminaries
electrical energy to mechanical energy (linear or rotary).
History of Robots
Degree of Freedom
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
❑ Input: Continuous alternating current (AC) or voltage.
Preliminaries
❑ Working principle: Similar to that of DC motors.
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
❑ Preferred for stationary robots.
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy ❑ The AC motor classification based on several parameters as:
Preliminaries
➢ AC Motors classification based on Type of Current
History of Robots
✓ Single Phase
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
✓ Three Phase
Robot Classifications ➢ AC Motors classification based on Principle of Operation:
What is Robotics? ▪ Synchronous Motors ▪ Commutator Motors
Degree of Freedom
✓ Plain ✓ Series
Robot Components
✓ Super ✓ Compensated
Robot Configurations
▪ Asynchronous Motors ✓ Shunt
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
✓ Induction Motors ✓ Repulsion
Robot Kinematics
✓ Squirrel Cage ✓ Repulsion induction
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
➢ AC Motors classification based on Speed of Operation:
Preliminaries
▪ Constant Speed
History of Robots
▪ Variable Speed
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
▪ Adjustable Speed
Robot Classifications ➢ But generally, AC Motors are classified into two types as:
What is Robotics?
▪ Synchronous Motors:
Degree of Freedom
✓ The rotational speed of the stator current is equal to the rotational speed of
Robot Components
the rotor i.e., don’t have a slip with respect to stator current.
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System ▪ Asynchronous |(Induction) Motors:
Robot Kinematics
✓ These motors slip with respect to the stator current field.
Robot Applications
✓ They are used in different varieties of pumps etc.
Thanks & Questions
10 April 2022 Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering 6
RoboticsManagement
Electrical
Projects Circuits Dr./ Essam Nabil Dr./ Essam Nabil
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Relay
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Solid State Relay
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin Contactor Control
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
3-Phase
History of Robots Motor
Definition of Robot Drive
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
❑ Most common and cheapest
Preliminaries
History of Robots
❑ Input: Direct current (DC) or voltage
Definition of Robot ❑ Powered with two wires from source
Laws of Robotics
❑ Field winding on the stator and armature
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
winding on the rotator
Degree of Freedom ❑ The rotor and stator each consist of
Robot Components ✓ Magnetic core,
Robot Configurations
✓ Electrical insulation,
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
✓ Windings necessary to establish a
Robot Kinematics
magnetic flux (unless this is created by a
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
+ + + =
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy ❑ Depending on the size of the motor, a transistor or a MOSFET can be used to
Preliminaries
control the speed of the motor by controlling the PWM output. The low power
PWM signal switches on and off the gate at the MOSFET through which the high-
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
power motor is driven.
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy ❑ We can control the speed of the DC motor by simply controlling the input voltage
Preliminaries
to the motor and the most common method of doing that is by using PWM signal.
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components ❑ PWM, or pulse width modulation is a technique which allows us to adjust the
Robot Configurations average value of the voltage that’s going to the electronic device by turning on
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System and off the power at a fast rate.
Robot Kinematics
❑ The average voltage depends on the duty cycle, or the amount of time the signal
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy ❑ A brushless DC electric motor (BLDC motor or BL motor), also known as an
Preliminaries
electronically commutated motor (ECM or EC motor), is a synchronous
History of Robots
motor using an electronic controller to switch DC currents to the motor
Definition of Robot
windings producing magnetic fields which effectively rotate in space and
Laws of Robotics
which the permanent magnet rotor follows.
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics? ❑ The controller adjusts the phase and amplitude of the DC current pulses to
Degree of Freedom control the speed and torque of the motor.
Robot Components
❑ This control system is an alternative to the mechanical commutator (brushes)
Robot Configurations
used in many conventional electric motors.
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
❑ The advantages of a brushless motor over brushed motors are high power-
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
to-weight ratio, high speed, nearly instantaneous control of speed (rpm) and
Thanks & Questions
torque, high efficiency, and low maintenance.
10 April 2022 Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering 21
RoboticsManagement
Electrical
Projects Circuits Dr./ Essam Nabil Dr./ Essam Nabil
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy ❑ An ESC or an Electronic Speed Controller controls the brushless motor movement
Preliminaries
or speed by activating the appropriate MOSFETs to create the rotating magnetic
History of Robots
field so that the motor rotates.
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
❑ A servo motor is a closed-loop system that uses position feedback to control
its motion and final position. There are many types of servo motors, and
Preliminaries
History of Robots
their main feature is the ability to precisely control the position of their shaft.
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
❑ In industrial type servo motors the position feedback sensor is usually a high
Robot Kinematics
precision encoder, while in the smaller RC or hobby servos the position
Robot Applications
sensor is usually a simple potentiometer.
Thanks & Questions
10 April 2022 Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering 24
RoboticsManagement
Electrical
Projects Circuits Dr./ Essam Nabil Dr./ Essam Nabil
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
❑ The actual position captured by these devices is fed back to the error detector
Sessions Policy where it is compared to the target position. The controller corrects the actual
Preliminaries position of the motor to match with the target or desired position.
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
❑ A servo motor is controlled by
sending a series of pulses
Preliminaries
History of Robots
through the signal line.
Definition of Robot
Robot Components
❑ The width of pulse determines
Robot Configurations
angular position of the servo
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System and these type of servos can
Robot Kinematics usually rotate 180 degrees (they
Robot Applications have a physical limits of travel).
Thanks & Questions
10 April 2022 Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering 26
RoboticsManagement
Electrical
Projects Circuits Dr./ Essam Nabil Dr./ Essam Nabil
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy ❑ Generally, pulses with 1 ms duration correspond to 0 degrees position, 1.5 ms
Preliminaries
duration to 90 degrees and 2 ms to 180 degrees. Though the minimum and
History of Robots
maximum duration of the pulses can sometimes vary with different brands, and
Definition of Robot
they can be 0.5 ms for 0 degrees and 2.5 ms for 180 degrees position.
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
❑ We simply need to connect the
Preliminaries
control pin of the servo to any
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
digital pin of the Arduino, connect
Laws of Robotics the Ground and the positive wires
Robot Classifications to the external 5V power supply,
What is Robotics? and connect the Arduino ground
Degree of Freedom
to the servo ground.
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
❑ In case we use a smaller hobby
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
servo, the S90 Micro Servo, it’s
Robot Kinematics possible to power it directly from
Robot Applications the 5V Arduino pin.
Thanks & Questions
10 April 2022 Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering 28
RoboticsManagement
Electrical
Projects Circuits Dr./ Essam Nabil Dr./ Essam Nabil
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
❑ After some testing, if you find
Preliminaries
that pulses with 0.6 ms duration
History of Robots
Degree of Freedom
❑ Nevertheless, let’s take a look at
Robot Components a more convenient way of
Robot Configurations controlling servos using
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System Arduino. That’s using the
Robot Kinematics
Arduino servo library.
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
❑ There’s also another way of
Preliminaries
controlling servos with
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Arduino, and that’s using the
Laws of Robotics 𝑃𝐶𝐴9685 servo driver.
Robot Classifications
❑ This is a 16-Channel 12-bit
What is Robotics?
PWM and servo driver
Degree of Freedom
which communicates with
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Arduino using the I2C bus. It
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
has a built-in clock so it can
Robot Kinematics drive 16 servos free running,
Robot Applications or independently of Arduino.
Thanks & Questions
10 April 2022 Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering 34
RoboticsManagement
Electrical
Projects Circuits Dr./ Essam Nabil Dr./ Essam Nabil
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
❑ we can daisy-chain up to 62
Preliminaries
of these drivers on a single
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
I2C bus.
Laws of Robotics
❑ So theoretically we can
Robot Classifications
control up to 992 servos
What is Robotics?
using only the two I2C pins
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
from the Arduino board. The
Robot Configurations 6 address select pins are
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System used for setting different I2C
Robot Kinematics addressed for each
Robot Applications
additional driver.
Thanks & Questions
10 April 2022 Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering 35
RoboticsManagement
Electrical
Projects Circuits Dr./ Essam Nabil Dr./ Essam Nabil
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot
RobotControl
ControlSystems
System
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
Thanks &
Thanks & Questions
Questions
10 April 2022 Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering 37
RoboticsManagement
Electrical
Projects Circuits Dr./ Essam Nabil Dr./ Essam Nabil
Good Luck
Scope of
Presentation
Presentatin
Sessions Policy
Preliminaries
History of Robots
Definition of Robot
See You in
Laws of Robotics
Robot Classifications
Next Lecture ,,,
What is Robotics?
Degree of Freedom
Robot Components
Robot Configurations
Robot Kinematics
Robot Applications
With My Best Wishes
Thanks &
Thanks & Questions
Questions
Dr. Eng. Essam Nabil
10 April 2022 Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering 38