CHE 026 Lecture ORGANIC

SAS 8 Chemistry
Prepared by: Cindy Uy, RPh, MPA

Prepared by:
Cindy Uy, RPh, MPA

Compounds Compounds
Compounds can be identified and
classified as to inorganic compounds Inorganic Organic
or organic compounds.
compounds obtained Obtained from living
Each type of compound has their own
characteristic properties and from mineral organisms
constituents of the
distinct chemical or structural
Earth.
formula to represent
the type of atoms or elements
present.
CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

Properties Solubility
Solubility

Ability of solute to dissolve in solvent

Water+Salt Water+Oil
• Soluble or insoluble • Miscible or immiscible
Soluble Immiscible
Chemical formula
Presence or absence of hydrocarbon

Others
Flammability, melting, boiling point,
bonding, reaction, structure, etc. CAU, RPh, MPA “Like dissolves like” CAU, RPh, MPA

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 Properties
Organic
Compounds
Hydrocarbon
Carbon
Hydrogen

CAU, RPh, MPA

CAU, RPh, MPA

Organic Compounds

Organic Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon derivative

• Catenation: ability to bond to each

other
• Belong to Group IVA= 4 valence
Compounds Hydrogen and carbon only H+
C+
other
electron Saturated Unsaturated elements
• Covalent bonds= four additional
valence electrons are needed to
Hydrocarbon
give carbon atoms an octet of Cyclic Acyclic Double bond Triple bond
valence electrons.
• Carbon can meet this four-bond
Carbon
requirement in three different cycloalkane alkane alkene alkyne
ways:
CnH2n CnH2n+2

CAU, RPh, MPA

Structural formula Structural formula

two-dimensional three-dimensional

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

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 Organic
Functional
Groups
CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

GENERAL FORMULA
Alkane SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

General formula:
SINGLE BOND
RH ALKANES CYCLOALKANES

CnH2n+2 CnH2n
Simplest
Hydrocarbon is
METHANE
-ane
n= # of Carbon atoms in the molecule
CAU, RPh, MPA
CAU, RPh, MPA

Mary
Eat
PRACTICE
Peanut
Butter
Pizza
Her
Husband
IDENTIFY THE
Oscar
Never
Does IUPAC NAME OF
THE FF:
CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

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 CH3 – CH3
Methane Ethane

C5H12 SUBSTITUENTS

Pentane Nonane Octane CAU, RPh, MPA

SUBSTITUENTS

• An atom or group of atoms attached to a

chain or a ring of carbon atoms
PRACTICE
• General term as attachments

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

1. 2.

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

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 3. 4.

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

SUBSTITUTED ALKANES
5. Branched-Chain Alkanes

ALKYL
GROUPS

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

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How to name ALKYL

GROUPS?

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

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 CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

SUBSTITUTED ALKANES
Branched-Chain Alkanes
WHAT ARE THE IUPAC
RULES IN NAMING
BRANCHED – CHAIN
ALKANES?
ALKYL
GROUPS

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

RULE 1
• Identify the longest continuous carbon = PARENT
RULE 2
CHAIN • Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain from the
• Name the parent chain END of the chain nearest a substituent.
• Give the first encountered alkyl-group the lowest
possible number

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

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RULE 3
• If only 1 alkyl group is present, name and locate it by RULE 4
number.
• If two or more of the same kind of alkyl
• Prefix the number and name to that of the parent group are present in a molecule, indicate the
carbon chain number with a Greek numerical prefix:
• NOTE: The name is written as 1 word, with a hyphen Di- (2) , Tri- (3), Tetra- (4), Penta- (5), Hexa- (6) and
between the number (location) and the name of the so forth.
alkyl group. • In addition, a number specifying the location of
each identical group must be included.
• These position numbers, separated by
commas, precede the numerical prefix.
• Numbers are separated from words by
hyphens.
CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

RULE 4 RULE 4

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

RULE 4 RULE 5
• When the 2 kinds of alkyl groups are present on the
same carbon chain, number each group separately.
• List the names of the alkyl groups in alphabetical order.

4,4,6-Triethylnonane
CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

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RULE 6
• Follow IUPAC punctuation rules, which include the following: CYCLOALKANE
1. Separate numbers from each other by commas.
parent
2. Separate numbers from letters by hyphens.
Cyclo alkane Cycloalkane
3. Do not add a hyphen or a space between the last named-
name
substituent and the name of the parent alkane that follows.

Cyclo propane Cyclopropane

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

PRACTICE

Cyclopropane
CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

IDENTIFY THE
IUPAC NAME OF Cyclopentane Cyclobutane
THE FF:

CAU, RPh, MPA Cyclooctane Cyclohexane CAU, RPh, MPA

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 SUBSTITUTED CYCLOALKANES
Branched-Chain Cycloalkanes
WHAT ARE THE IUPAC
RULES IN NAMING
BRANCHED – CHAIN
CYCLOALKANES?

ALKYL
GROUPS
CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR

CYCLOAKANES
Naming Procedure

• Similar to those for alkanes. NUMBERING

• Ring portion of a cycloalkane molecule serves as
the name base.
CONVENTIONS IN
• Prefix cyclo- : indicates the presence of the ring. LOCATING SUBSTITUENTS
• Alkyl substituents are named in the same manner ON THE RING INCLUDE THE
as in alkanes.
• Numbering conventions used in locating
FOLLOWING:
substituents on the ring will be different.
CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

RULE 1 RULE 2
• When two substituents are present, the carbon atoms in
the ring are numbered beginning with the substituent of
• If there is just one ring substituent, it is not higher alphabetical priority.
necessary to locate it by number. • Proceeding in the direction (clockwise or
counterclockwise) that gives the other substituent the
lower number.

Methylcyclopropane
CAU, RPh, MPA 1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane CAU, RPh, MPA

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RULE 3
• When 3 or more ring substituents are present, ring numbering
begins at the substituent that leads to the lowest set of location
numbers. What if a cycloalkane will
• When 2 or more equivalent numbering sets exist, alphabetical
priority among substituents determines the set used. become a substituent for
an alkane?

HOW?
1,2-Dimethyl-3-propylcyclohexane
CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

CYCLOALKANE = SUBSTITUENT
CONDITIONS

• When a ring system contains fewer carbon atoms than

an alkyl group attached to it.
• The compound is named as an alkane rather than as a
cycloalkane.
• The ring is named as CYCLOALKYL GROUP.
2-Cyclopentylhexane

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

1-Cyclobutylpentane 2-Cyclopentyl-4-methylhexane

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

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 Cyclopropylcyclohexane Pentylcyclopentane

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

Alkyl Halide
General formula:
Halogen:
F,Cl,Br,I RX

1-Methyl-1-pentylcyclobutane Hydrocarbon
Halide
+
Halogen (halo)
CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

HALOGENATED
ALKANES & CYCLOALKANES

• Similar to those for naming alkanes and

cycloalkanes
• But there are some modifications:

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

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RULE 1
• Halogen atoms treated as substituents on a
carbon chain, are called:
fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-.

2-Fluorobutane

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

Chlorocyclobutane 1-Bromobutane

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

RULE 2
• When a carbon chain bears both a HALOGEN and an
ALKYL substituent, the two substituent are considered of
equal rank in determining the numbering system for the
chain.
• The chain is numbered from the end closer to a
substituent whether it be a halo- or an alkyl group.
Iodomethane

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

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RULE 3
• Alphabetical priority determines the order in which all
substituents present are listed.

2,4-Dibromopentane

1-Bromo-3-methylbutane CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

1,1-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane
1-Bromo-3-methylcyclopentane

CAU, RPh, MPA CAU, RPh, MPA

2-Chloro-3-methylbutane

CAU, RPh, MPA

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