BIOCHEMISTRY

Organic
Compounds
Ch. 1
Prepared by: Maria Basilisa Concepcion A. Cepillo
OUTLINE

01 02 03
Objectives Introduction to Classes of
Organic Organic
Compounds Compounds

04 05 06
Basic Reactions Summary References
 01
Objectives
Ch. 1 Organic Compounds
OBJECTIVES
At the end the discussion, the student
must be able to:

⃞ distinguish the structures of the

common classes of organic
compounds from one another

⃞ determine the basic reactions of

organic compounds
 02
Introduction to
Organic
Compounds
Ch. 1 Organic Compounds
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
⃞ Beginning of 19th century: substance
that came from an organism, thus the
use of the word organic

⃞ study of carbon compounds

⃞ always contain C and H, and

sometimes other nonmetals such as
O, S, N, P, or a X..
 03
Classes of
Organic
Compounds
Ch. 1 Organic Compounds
HYDROCARBONS
organic compounds that consist of only
carbon and hydrogen
 Organic Physical
Structure
Compound properties
Methane, ethane,
ALKANES
●
propane, and butane
are gases at room
● Type of hydrocarbon temperature → widely
used as heating fuels
in which the carbon
atoms are ● Alkanes with 5-8
connected only by carbons are liquids at
SINGLE BONDS room temp → highly
volatile
● CYCLOALKANES
● 9-17 carbons: higher
boiling points
● ALKANES WITH
SUBSTITUENTS ● Nonpolar → Insoluble
in water
 Organic Physical
Structure
Compound properties
Ethene, Propene, and
ALKENES
●
Butene: colorless gases
● 5 or more carbons: liquid
● 15 carbons or more: solids
● contain one or more ● Insoluble in water
carbon–carbon ● BP: very similar to alkanes
double bonds that of the same # of C, ↑MM =
form when adjacent ↑BP
carbon atoms share ● MP: very similar to alkanes,
two pairs of valence depends on the packaging
electrons of the molecules

● In cis-subsituted alkenes
● CYCLOALKENES there is a net dipole,
therefore contributing to
higher boiling in
● CIS-TRANS ISOMERS cis-isomers than
trans-isomers
 Organic Physical
Structure
Compound properties

● triple bond contributes

to the nonpolar

ALKYNES
bonding strength,
linearity, and the
acidity of alkynes
● a triple bond forms ● Dissolve in organic
when two carbon solvents
● Slight solubility in polar
atoms share three solvents
pairs of valence ● Insoluble in water

● BP: slightly higher

boiling points than
alkanes and alkenes
 Organic Physical
Structure
Compound properties

AROMATIC ●
●
Generally nonpolar
Stable → aromaticity

● consists of a ring of ● Insoluble in water

six carbon atoms
with one hydrogen ● Unreactive
atom attached to
● Useful solvents for
each carbon
nonpolar compounds
● had fragrant odors,
the family of ● MP: higher than
benzene non-planar
compounds → hydrocarbons with
aromatic compound similar MM
 ALCOHOLS, THIOLS,
ETHERS, ALDEHYDES,
AND KETONES
 Organic Physical
Structure
Compound properties
● Colorless, acidic
ALCOHOLS ●
●
Flammable
Generally liquid at rm
temp
● Contain the hydroxyl
● 1-3 carbon atoms:
group (–OH) that miscible with water
replaces H atom in a ● 4 C’s: slightly soluble in
hydrocarbon water
● 5 or more C’s: insoluble
● Primary (1°) in water
● Secondary (2°) ● BP: higher than
● Tertiary (3°) haloalkanes
● MP: higher than
alkanes
 Organic Physical
Structure
Compound properties

● Slightly soluble in
PHENOL water

● -OH group replaces
a H atom attached
to a benzene ring
● Weak acid
● Pure phenol is a white
crystalline solid,
smelling of disinfectant

● MP and BP: higher

 Organic Physical
Structure
Compound properties

THIOL
● Has a strong,
● contains a sulfur sometimes
atom disagreeable, odor

● Lower BPs and Less

● Similar to an alcohol
soluble in water and
except -OH is other polar solvents
replaced by -SH compared to alcohols
group
 Organic Physical
Structure
Compound properties

● Very volatile
ETHER ●
●
Highly flammable
At rm temp:
pleasant-smelling
● Functional group colourless liquids
consists of an O ● Relative to alcohols:
atom, attached to 2 less dense
C atoms (—O—) ● BP: comparable to
alkanes but much
lower than alcohols
● Miscible in water
ALDEHYDES AND
KETONES
contain a carbonyl group that consist of a
carbon-oxygen double bond with 2 groups
of atoms attached to the carbon at angles of
120°
The polarity of the carbonyl group strongly
influences the physical and chemical
properties of aldehydes and ketones.
Organic Compound Structure

ALDEHYDE
● C of carbonyl group is
bonded to at least 1 H
atom
- C may also be bonded
to another H atom, C
of alkyl group, or
aromatic ring

● —CHO
Organic Compound Structure

KETONE
● the carbonyl group is
bonded to 2 alkyl
groups or aromatic
rings

● Keto group (C=O) can be

written as CO
Organic Compound Physical Properties

● Up to 11 C’s: colorless liquids

● Higher → solids

Lower aldehydes have unpleasant odors

ALDEHYDES
●
● ↑size = less pungent, more fragrant

AND ● Up to 4Cs: miscible in water

KETONES ● ↑length of alkyl chain = ↓solubility

● Fairly soluble in organic solvents

● BP: lower than alcohols or carboxylic acids

 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS,
ESTERS, AMINES, AND
AMIDES
 Physical
Organic Compound Structure
properties

● Weak acids
CARBOXYLIC ACID ● Sour or tart taste
● Generally: Colorless
● carbon atom of a carbonyl liquid
● Among most polar
group is attached to a hydroxyl
organic compounds
group that forms a carboxyl ● 1-5 C’s: soluble in
group water
● Carboxyl functional group ● >5: not very
may be attached to an alkyl soluble
or aromatic group ● BP: higher, ↑MM =
↑BP
 Organic Physical
Structure
Compound properties
1° and 2°
● BP: higher than
AMINES alkanes but lower
than alcohols
● Contain a basic
nitrogen atom with a 3°
● BP: comparable to
nonbonding pair
alkanes
● Primary (1°)
● Amines of low molar
● Secondary (2°) mass → soluble in
● Tertiary (3°) water
● up to 4 C’s: liquid at
rm temp
● Pungent odor
 Physical
Organic Compound Structure
properties
ESTERS
● Fruity smells
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ● colourless
DERIVATIVES ● BP: intermediate in
boiling points
● ESTERS ● Lower esters:
soluble in water
● alkyl or aromatic group
replaces the H of the hydroxyl
AMIDES
group of a carboxylic acid
● Gen. colourless
crystalline at rm
● AMIDES temp; except
● -COOH derivative where a
formamide
nitrogen group ( ¬NH2 or a
(HCONH2) liquid
primary or secondary amine
● 1-5 C’s: soluble in
group) replaces the -OH group
water
● High BPs and MPs
 04
Basic
Reactions
Ch. 1 Organic Compounds
ACID-BASE ● breaking an H-(atom) bond and
REACTIONS forming an H-(atom) bond
ADDITION
REACTIONS
SUBSTITUTION
REACTIONS
ELIMINATION
REACTIONS
REARRANGEMENT REACTIONS
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
● electrons are transferred from one
L ose
substance to another
E lectrons
● If one substance loses electrons, another
substance must gain electrons
O xidation
● In general R educing Agent
● Metals: lose e → form + ions; oxidized
● Non metals: gain e- → form (-) ions; G ain
reduced E lectrons
● Biological systems R eduction
● Oxidation: addition of O or loss of H O xidizing Agent
● Reduction: loss of O or gain of H
● In cells, oxidation = transfer of H
atoms
 05
Summary
Ch. 1 Organic Compounds
BASIC REACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
BASIC REACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 06
References
Ch. 1 Organic Compounds
 REFERENCES
⃞ Timberlake, Karen C. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological
Chemistry (2018). 13th Edition. Pearson
⃞ Chem.libretexts.org
⃞ Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds. Retrieved <Aug 2022> from
https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_general-chemistry-principles-patterns-and-application
s-v1.0/s28-01-functional-groups-and-classes-.html
⃞ Physical properties of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids. Retrieved <Aug 2022>
from
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physical-properties-of-aldehydes-ketones-and-carboxylic
-acids/#:~:text=Physical%20State&text=Aldehydes%20and%20Ketones%20contain%20u
p,while%20higher%20members%20are%20solids.
 GRADED
RECITATION
Periodic table
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Ci Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fi Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No