Some Important compounds

(1) Gypsum

Formula ⇒ CaSo4. 2H2O

Calcium Sulphate dihydrate/dSfY'k;e lYiQsV MkbgkbMªsV

→ It delays the setting time of cement

;g lhesaV ds lsfVax le; esa nsjh djrk gS

(2) Plaster of paris (P.O.P):-

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏°𝐂𝐂
CaSO4. 2H2O 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐊𝐊
Calcium sulphate hemihydrate/dSfY'k;e lYiQsV gsehgkbMªsVdSfY'k;e lYiQsV gsehgkbMªsV
or
P.O.P

→ It is used to join broken bones, in making toys and idols

bldk mi;ksx VwVh gfîó;ksa dks tksM+us] f•ykSus vkSj ewfrZ;k¡ cukus esa fd;k tkrk gS
(3) Zinc Oxide (Zno)
Alternate Name – (1) Philosopher’s Wool

(2) Flower of Zinc

Use ⇒ sun’s cream (It protects from ultra violet rays)/(vYVªkok;ysV fdj.kksa

ls cpkrk gS)
(4) Potash Alum
Formula ⇒ K2SO4. Al2 (SO4)3. 24H2O

Use – (1) As an antiseptic

(2) In the purification of water/ty ds 'kqf¼dj.k esa

(5) Bleaching powder:-
Formula ⇒ Ca(ClO)₂
Calcium oxy chloride
or
Calcium hypochlorite
→ It acts as disinfectant in the sterilization of water.
;g ikuh dh ulcanh esa dhVk.kquk'kd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA

(6) Epsom salt:-

Formula ⇒ Mg SO4. 7H2O

Use ⇒ As a purgative (In cleaning wounds)/(?kkoksa dks lkiQ djus esa)

Types of Mixture

True solution Colloid Suspension

Particle Less than (1 –1000) nm More than
Size 1 nm or Or 1000 nm or
10–7 cm (10–7 – 10–4) cm 10–4 cm
Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Heterogeneous
Dispersed Dispersion
Solute Solvent Phase Medium
Note:-
→ Both dispersion medium and colloid have same physical state
ifj{ksi.k ekè;e rFkk dksykbM nksuksa dh HkkSfrd voLFkk leku gksrh gS
Types of Colloids
Dispersed Dispersion Type of
Examples
Phase Medium Colloid
Solid Solid Solid Sol Gemstone

Solid Liquid Sol Mud, Milk of Magnesia

Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke

Liquid Solid Gel Butter, Cheese

Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, Blood

Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, cloud

Gas Solid Solid Foam Rubber

Gas Liquid Liquid Foam Shaving Cream

Note:-

(1) On colloids, charge is present/dksykbM~l ij vkos'k mifLFkr gksrk gS

(2) Scattering is the property of colloidal solution

çdh.kZu dksykbMh foy;u dk xq.k gS

White Tyndall Effect

light
Colloidal
Solution
Coagulation
→ Only for colloids Hardy Schulze Rule
↓
Coagulating α charge
Because on colloids charge is present
power
D;ksafd dksykbM~l ij pktZ ekStwn gS
↓
If charge is neutralize/
↓
Then colloidal particles Are settle down

dksykWbMh d.k uhps cSB tkrs gSa

Examples

(1) Blood Clothing

Blood + (1) NaCl (Na+, Cl–)

→ (2) MgCl2 (Mg2+, 2Cl–)

+ve charge (3) AlCl 3 (Al3+, 3Cl–)

Best Agent among above three/mijksÙkQ rhuksa esa loZJs"B ,tsaV ⇒ AlCl3
(2) Purification of water/ty dk 'kqf¼dj.k

Potash Alum (K , So4 , Al )

+ 2– 3+

Sand

Mud (Sand + H2O)

(3) Artificial Rain/Ñf=ke o"kkZ
AgI (Ag+, I )

Cloud

H2O
Ques:- Which of the following substance can be used for blood clothing?
fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk inkFkZ jÙkQ ds FkDds ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS\
(a) NaCl
(b) MgCl2
(c) FeCl3
(d) Potash Alum
Ques:- Which of the following substance can be used for artificial rain?
Ñf=ke o"kkZ ds fy, fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl inkFkZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS\
(a) AgI
(b) NaCl
(c) Co2
(d) All
Glass
Alternate Name/oSdfYid uke – (1) Supercooled liquid/vfr'khfrr æo

(2) Pseudo solid/NÁ Bksl

Raw Material/dPpk eky

(1) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
(2) Sand/jsr

(3) Limestone/pwuk iRFkj

Types of Glass
(1) Coloured Glass
Chromium Oxide → Green colour
Cobalt Oxide → Blue colour
Iron Oxide → Brown colour
Mangnese dioxide → Purple
(2) Pyrex Glass
→ In this borax (Na2B4O7 .10H2O) is added
→ It is resistant to temperature/;g rkieku ds fy, çfrjks/h gS
→ It is used in laboratory/bldk mi;ksx ç;ksx'kkyk esa fd;k tkrk gS
(3) Fibre Glass
→ In this, a layer of plastic is used
blesa IykfLVd dh ,d ijr dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS
→ It is used in specs/;g ,sud esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS

(4) Optical Glass

→ It is also known as flint glass/bls fÝyaV Xykl ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS

→ Lens and prism are made up of this glass

ysal vkSj fçTe blh dkap ds cus gksrs gSa
(5) 3d Glass is also known as polaroid
3Mh Xykl dks iksysjkbM ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS
(6) Soft/Soda/Ordinary Glass
→ It is used in the manufacturing of electric bulb, tube light and window
panes/bldk mi;ksx fctyh ds cYc] VÔwc ykbV vkSj f•M+dh ds 'kh'ks ds fuekZ.k

esa fd;k tkrk gS

(7) Crooke’s Glass/Sunglass

→ It protects from ultraviolet rays/;g vYVªkokW;ysV fdj.kksa ls cpkrk gS
Note:-
→ Glass is soluble in hydrogen fluoride and form Hexafluorosilicic acid
Xykl gkbMªkstu ÝyksjkbM esa ?kqyu'khy gS vkSj gsDlkÝyksjksflfyfdd ,flM cukrk gS

SiO2 + HF → H2 SiF6
(6) Cement
→ Portland cement was made by Joseph Aspidin
iksVZySaM lhesaV dk fuekZ.k tkslsiQ ,LiMhu us fd;k Fkk
→ It is a mixture of silicates and aluminates of calcium
;g flfydsV~l vkSj dSfY'k;e ds ,Y;wfeusV~l dk feJ.k gS
Raw Material
(1) Limestone/pwuk iRFkj
(2) Clay/feêðh
(3) Gypsum/IykLVj ⇒ (2–3)%

Types of cement
(1) Mortar ⇒ Cement + Sand + H2 O
(2) Concrete cement ⇒ Cement + Sand + Stone pieces + H2O
(3) Reinforced concrete cement (RCC) ⇒ Concrete cement
+
Steel bars
Polymer

(1) Polythene
Monomer ⇒ Ethene

(2) PVC (Poly Vinyl chloride):-

Monomer ⇒ Vinyl chloride
Use ⇒ Pipes

(3) PAN (Poly Acrylonitrile):-

Monomer ⇒ Acrylonitrile
Use ⇒ Woolen fibers

(4) Polystyrene
Monomer ⇒ Styrene
Use ⇒ Combs
(5) Teflon
Monomer ⇒ Tetrafluoroethylene
Use ⇒ Non-Sticky cook wares

(6) Terylene/Dacron (polyester)

Monomer ⇒ Terephthalic + Ethylene
Use ⇒ Helmets

Note:- PET (Polyethylene terephthalate)

↓ Use
Water bottles
(7) Nylon – 6, 6 (Polyamide)
Monomer ⇒ Adipic Acid [C–6] + Hexamethylenediamine [C –6]
Use ⇒ Bristles of brush

(8) Nylon – 6, (Polyamide)

Monomer ⇒ Caprolactum
Use – (i) ropes (ii) Parachute
(9) Bakellite
Monomer ⇒ Phenol + Formaldehyde
Use – (i) Electrical Switches
(ii) Handles of utensils
Note:-
Thermoplastic ⇒ PVC, Polythene
Thermosetting ⇒ Kakellite, Melamine

(10) Natural Rubber ⇒ Isoprene

Vulcanisation of Rubber
Natural Rubber (Soft)
↓ ∆ + Sulpher
Vulcanized Rubber ↓∆+ S
s
Hard s
s s
S = (3 – 5)%
 Battery
→ A device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy is
known as battery
,d midj.k tks jklk;fud ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gS] cSVjh ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gS

Types of battery
(1) Primary Battery ⇒ It cannot be recharged
eg – (i) Dry Cell (ii) Mercury cell
Cathode – Carbon Cathode – Mercury
Anode – Zinc Anode – Zinc
Electrolyte – chloride Electrolyte – NaOH, KoH
Use – clock Use – Hearing aids
(2) Secondary Battery ⇒ It can be recharged
eg:- (i) Lead storage Battery:-

Anode
Cathode
⇓ ⇓
→ Coating → Coating
↓ ↓
lead dioxide Spongy lead

H2SO4
Cathode – lead dioxide

Anode – lead

Electrolyte – Sulphuric acid

⇒ During discharging/fuoZgu ds nkSjku

(a) lead, lead dioxide and sulphuric acid are consumed

lhlk] lhlk MkbvkWDlkbM vkSj lYÝ;wfjd ,flM dk lsou fd;k tkrk gS

(b) Lead sulphate is formed/ysM lYiQsV dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS

(b) Nickel – Cadmium cell
Cathode – Nickel
Anode – Cadmium
Electrolyte – NaOH, KOH
Use – Electric Shavour/t

(3) Fuel cell is used in space program/varfj{k dk;ZØe esa bZa/u lsy dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS
↓
H2 + O2
Note:-
→ In mobile, lithium ion battery is used./eksckby esa fyfFk;e vk;u cSVjh dk
ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA