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Biology Investigatory Project Zaid PDF
Biology Investigatory Project Zaid PDF
PROJECT
MEDICAL TERMINATION OF
PREGNENCY
(MTP)
SUBMITTED BY:
. MOHAMMED ZAID K
. XII
. CBSE ROLL NO.
____________
Certificate of Authenticity
I f e e l p r o u d t o p r e s e n t m y i n v e s t i g a t o r y project i n
Biology on the “ “MTP”
This project would not have been feasible without the proper rigorous guidance of
biology teacher
Ma’am Mythili. Who guided me throughout this project in every possible way. An
investigatory project involves various difficult lab experiments, which have to
obtain the
observations and conclude the reports on a meaningful note. Thereby, I would like
to thanks
Ma’am Mythili for guiding me on a systematic basis and ensuring that in completed
all my
research with ease. Rigorous hard work has put in this project to ensure that it
proves to be the
best. I hope that it proves to be the best. I hope that this project will prove to
be a breeding ground
for the next generation of students and will guide them in every possible way.
Introduction
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a foetus or embryo from the
womb before it can survive on its own. An abortion which occurs spontaneously is
also known as a miscarriage. An abortion may be caused purposely and is then
called an induced abortion, or less frequently, "induced miscarriage". The word
abortion is often used to mean only induced abortions. A similar procedure after
the foetus could potentially survive outside the womb is known as a "late
termination of pregnancy”, “post viability abortion”, “late-term abortion", "later-
term abortion", or simply "abortion".
Modern methods use medication or surgery for abortions. The drugs mifepristone
and prostaglandin are as good as surgery during the first trimester. While medical
methods may work in the second trimester, surgery has lower risk of side effects.
Birth control, such as the pill or intrauterine devices, can be started at once
after an
abortion. When allowed by local law abortion in the developed world is and has
long been one of the safest procedures in medicine. Uncomplicated abortions do
not cause any long term mental or physical problems. The World Health
Organization recommends safe and legal abortions be available to all women.
Every year unsafe abortions cause 47,000 deaths and 5 million hospital
admissions.
Around 44 million abortions occur each year in the world, with a little under half
done unsafely. Abortion rates have changed little between 2003 and 2008, before
which they decreased for decades due to better education about family planning
and birth control. As of 2008, 40% of the world's women had access to legal
abortions without limits as to reason. However, different governments have
different limits on how late in pregnancy abortion is allowed.
Since ancient times abortions have been done using herbal medicines, sharp tools,
with force, or through other traditional methods. Abortion laws and cultural or
religious views of abortions are different around the world. In some area’s
abortion
is legal only in special cases such as rape, problems with the foetus, poverty,
risk
to a woman's health, or incest. In many places there is much debate over the moral,
ethical, and legal issues of abortion. Those who are against abortion largely claim
that an embryo or foetus is a human with a right to life and may compare it to
murder. Supporters point to a woman's right to decide over her own body and to
human rights in general.
History
Induced abortion has long history, and can be traced back to civilizations as
varied
as China under Shennong (c. 2700 BCE), Ancient Egypt with its Ebers Papyrus (c.
1550 BCE), and the Roman Empire in the time of Juvenal (c. 200 CE). There is
evidence to suggest that pregnancies were terminated through a number of
methods, including the administration of abortifacient herbs, the use of sharpened
implements, the application of abdominal pressure, and other techniques. One of
the earliest known artistic representations of abortion is in a bas relief at
Angkor
Wat (c. 1150). Found in a series of friezes that represent judgment after death in
Hindu and Buddhist culture, it depicts the technique of abdominal abortion.
Some medical scholars and abortion opponents have suggested that the Hippocratic
Oath forbade Ancient Greek physicians from performing abortions; other scholars
disagree with this interpretation, and state the medical texts of Hippocratic
Corpus
contain descriptions of abortive techniques right alongside the Oath. The physician
Scribonius Largus wrote in 43 CE that the Hippocratic Oath prohibits abortion, as
did Soranus, although apparently not all doctors adhered to it strictly at the
time.
According to Soranus' 1st or 2nd century CE work Gynaecology, one party of
medical practitioners banished all abortive as required by the Hippocratic Oath;
the
other party —to which he belonged— was willing to prescribe abortions, but only
for the sake of the mother's health.
In Europe and North America, abortion techniques advanced starting in the 17th
century. However, conservatism by most physicians with regards to sexual matters
prevented the wide expansion of safe abortion techniques. Other medical
practitioners in addition to some physicians advertised their services, and they
were not widely regulated until the 19th century, when the practice was banned in
both the United States and the United Kingdom. Church groups as well as
physicians were highly influential in anti-abortion movements. In the US, abortion
was more dangerous than childbirth until about 1930 when incremental
improvements in abortion procedures relative to childbirth made abortion safer.
The Soviet Union (1919), Iceland (1935) and Sweden (1938) were among the first
countries to legalize certain or all forms of abortion. In 1935 Nazi Germany, a law
was passed permitting abortions for those deemed "hereditarily ill", while women
considered of German stock were specifically prohibited from having abortions.
Beginning in the second half of the twentieth century, abortion was legalized in a
greater number of countries. A bill passed by the state legislature of New York
legalizing abortion was signed by Governor Nelson Rockefeller in April 1970.
(Bas-relief at Angkor Wat, Cambodia, c. 1150, depicting a demon inducing an
abortion by
pounding the abdomen of a pregnant woman with a pestle.)
Types Of Abortions
There are 2 kinds of induced abortions: surgical and chemical.
4. D & E (Dilation and Evacuation): within 13-24 weeks after last menstrual
period
The foetus literally doubles in size between the 11th and 12th weeks of pregnancy.
Soft cartilage hardens into bone at 16 weeks, making the foetus too large and
strong to pass through a suction tube. The D & E procedure begins by inserting
laminaria a day or two before the abortion, opening the cervix wide to
accommodate the larger foetal size. The abortionist then both tears and cuts the
foetus and uses the vacuum machine to extract its remains. Because the skull is too
large to be suctioned through the tube, it must be crushed by forceps for removal.
Pieces must be extracted very carefully because the jagged, sharp pieces of the
broken skull could easily cut the cervix.
8. D & X (Dilation and Extraction): from 20 weeks after last menstrual period to
full term. Also called “partial birth abortion.”
This procedure takes three days. During the first two days, the woman’s cervix is
dilated. She is given medication for cramping. On the third day, she receives
medication to induce labour. As the woman labours, the abortionist uses an
ultrasound to locate the baby’s legs. The abortionist then grasps a leg with
forceps
and delivers the baby up to its head. Next, using a scissors, the abortionist
creates
an opening in the base of the baby’s skull. A suction catheter is inserted into the
skull opening, and the baby’s brains are suctioned out. The skull collapses, and
the
rest of the baby’s body is delivered through the birth canal.
Chemical Abortion Options
➢https://www.health.harvard.edu/
➢ https://americanpregnancy.org/
➢https://www.acog.org/
➢https://en.wikipedia.org/
➢https://rationalwiki.org