Faculty of Science and Education

Department of Mathematics
MASTER OF INDUSTRIAL MATHEMATICS
YEAR ONE 2023/2024

MAT 7103 FLUID DYNAMICS

(DISCUSSION)

TOPIC: DIFFERENTIAL FORM OF CONSERVATION OF MASS (DERIVATION OF THE NAVIER STOKES

EQUATIONS)
ISSUED BY: DR FULGENSIA KAMUGISHA MBABAZI (PHD)

GROUP MEMBERS:
1. MEREGULWA ABUBAKARI
2. ONYAMI LAWRENCE
3. WATUWA STANLEY
Table of contents
1. Introduction to Navier stoke Equations
2. Assumptions of the Navier stokes Equations
3. Navier stokes Equations
4. Understanding the derivation of Navier stokes
Equations
5. Derivation of the Navier stokes Equations
6. Example
7. References
8. End
 THE NAVIER STOKES EQUATIONS
• The Navier-Stokes equations, developed by Claude-Louis
Navier and George Gabriel Stokes in 1822, are
equations which can be used to determine the velocity
vector field that applies to a fluid, given some initial
conditions.
• They arise from the application of Newton’s second law in
combination with a fluid stress (due to viscosity) and a
pressure term.
• For almost all real situations, they result in a system of
nonlinear partial differential equations; however, with certain
simplifications (such as 1-dimensional motion) they can
sometimes be reduced to linear differential equations.
Usually, however, they remain nonlinear, which makes them
difficult or impossible to solve; this is what causes the
turbulence and unpredictability in their results.
 Assumptions

• The fluid is Newtonian (follows Newton's law of

viscosity).

• The fluid is incompressible (density is constant).

• External body forces, except gravity, are negligible.

 DERIVATION OF THE NAVIER
STOKES EQUATIONS
• The Navier stokes equations are based on the Newton’s second law of
motion i.e.𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
• If we flip our equations about the equal sign, we clearly see this expression
𝒎𝒂 𝒎𝒈
•𝑭= = ⟹ 𝝆𝒂 = 𝝆𝒈
𝒗 𝒗
• 𝑭𝒙 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙

• 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒎𝒂𝒚

• 𝑭𝒛 = 𝒎𝒂𝒛
• These equations are written for a differential control volume with length
𝒅𝒙, 𝒅𝒚, 𝒅𝒛 located in a velocity field with arbitrary velocity 𝐕(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕) and 𝝆
• The three forces considered are; Gravitation forces, Body forces and Surface
Forces. i.e
• 𝑭 = 𝑩𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 + 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 = 𝒎𝒂
• This can be seen from the Navier stokes equations
• NOW LETS DERIVE FOR THE FLOW IN X DIRECTION

• From 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ………………………………………..(1)

• If we divide (1) by the volume we get
𝒎𝒈𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒙
• 𝑽
= 𝑽
• ⇒ 𝝆𝒈𝒙 = 𝝆𝒂𝒙 ………………….(2)

• As seen on the (LHS) (RHS)

• For a velocity field of a fluid u = (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕)
• 𝒂𝒙 (𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒃𝒚)
 𝒅𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒛
• 𝒂𝒙 = = + 𝝏𝒙 . 𝝏𝒕 + 𝝏𝒚 . 𝝏𝒕 + 𝝏𝒛 . 𝝏𝒕 …………………………(3)
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
• But 𝝏𝒕 = 𝒖 , 𝝏𝒕 = 𝒗 , 𝝏𝒕 = 𝒘 , put in (3)
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
• 𝒂𝒙 = 𝝏𝒕 + 𝒖 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒗 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒘 𝝏𝒛

• Where local acceleration convective acceleration

• hence the RHS of (2) becomes
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
• 𝝆𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆 + 𝒖 +𝒗 + 𝒘
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
• As seen on the RHS

• Let us now consider the LHS

• Recall that on the RHS we need to add all forces including
• 𝑭 = 𝑩𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 + 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 = 𝒎𝒂

dy

dx dz
• First we consider the force due to gravity in x- direction
• 𝑭𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝒙) = 𝒎𝒈𝒙 = 𝝆𝒗𝒈𝒙 = 𝝆𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 . 𝒈𝒙 …………………………(*)
• We then get the surface forces
• Derivation

• 𝑭𝒙 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆𝒗𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝒂𝒙

• 𝝆𝒈𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 + 𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 − 𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 + 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒚 + 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒛 −
𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒛 + 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝒛 + 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝝆𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝒂𝒙
• Dividing each side by 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 gives
 𝝆𝒈𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝒙+𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒚+𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒛 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒛
• + − + − +
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛

𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝝆𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛𝒂𝒙

− 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 =
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝒙+𝒅𝒙 𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝒙 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒚+𝒅𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒚 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝒛
• 𝝆𝒈𝒙 + − 𝒅𝒙 + − + − 𝒅𝒛 = 𝝆𝒂𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑥+𝑑𝑥 −𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑦+𝑑𝑦 −𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑦 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑧+𝑑𝑧 −𝜏 𝑧
• 𝜌𝑔𝑥 + + + = 𝜌𝑎𝑥 ………..(4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
• Applying limits and as lim ⟶ 0 , 𝑑𝑥 ⟶ 𝜕𝑥, 𝑑𝑦 ⟶ 𝜕𝑦, 𝑑𝑧 ⟶ 𝜕𝑧 (4) becomes
𝑑𝑥,𝑑𝑦,𝑑𝑧
𝝏𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝝏𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝝏𝝉𝒛𝒙
• 𝝆𝒈𝒙 + 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 + = 𝝆𝒂𝒙…………………………….(5)
𝝏𝒛
• This equation represents the sum of forces in the x- direction, when we substitute the RHS
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
+ 𝒗 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝝏𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝝏𝝉𝒛𝒙
• 𝝆𝒈𝒙 +
𝝏𝒙
+
𝝏𝒚
+
𝝏𝒛
= 𝝆(
𝝏𝒕
+ 𝒖 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
+ 𝒘 𝝏𝒛
)………………………………………(6)
• We can use (6) to generate for y and z directions

𝝏𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝝏𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝝏𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖

• 𝝆𝒈𝒙 + 𝝏𝒙 + + = 𝝆 𝝏𝒕 + 𝒖 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒗 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒘 𝝏𝒛 x-direction
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝝏𝝈𝒙𝒚 𝝏𝝉𝒚𝒚𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝝉𝒛𝒚 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗

• 𝝆𝒈𝒚 + 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒛 = 𝝆 𝝏𝒕 + 𝒖 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒗 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒘 𝝏𝒛 y-direction

𝝏𝝈𝒙𝒛 𝝏𝝉𝒚𝒛𝝏𝝉𝒛𝒛 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘
• 𝝆𝒈𝒛 + + + 𝝏𝒛 = 𝝆 𝝏𝒕 + 𝒖 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒗 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒘 𝝏𝒛 w-direction
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

NB: Surface forces are related to stress

• tensors
𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧
𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧
𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝜏𝑧𝑧
• Substituting in 6
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒖
𝝏 −𝒑+𝟐𝝁 𝝏(𝝁 𝝏𝒚+𝝏𝒙 𝝏(𝝁 + 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
• 𝝆𝒈𝒙 + 𝝏𝒙
+ + 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛
=𝝆 +𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘 …………(7)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
• Expanding the LHS
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑤
• = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + 2𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑦2 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑧 2 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑤
•= 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑦2 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑧 2 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑤
•= 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − +𝜇 2 +𝜇 2 +𝜇 2 +𝜇 +𝜇 +𝜇
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑢
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
•= 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥
+𝜇 + 𝜕𝑦2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
• But for incompressible fluids, 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = 0, hence (7) becomes
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
• 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 +𝜇 + 𝜕𝑦2 + =𝝆 + 𝒖 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒗 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒘 𝝏𝒛
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝝏𝒕
• Which is the Navier stokes equation for the flow in x - direction
• We can also generate the equations for both the y and z directions using the
same procedure, i.e.
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
• 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 +𝜇 + 𝜕𝑦2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 =𝝆 + 𝒖 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒗 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒘 𝝏𝒛
𝜕𝑥 2 𝝏𝒕
• For x- direction
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗
• 𝜌𝑔𝑦 − 𝜕𝑦 +𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 2
+ 𝜕𝑧 2 =𝝆 𝝏𝒕
+ 𝒖 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒗 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒘 𝝏𝒛
• For y- direction
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘
• 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧 +𝜇 + 𝜕𝑦2 + =𝝆 + 𝒖 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒗 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒘 𝝏𝒛
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝝏𝒕
• For z- direction
• We clearly see that the sum of three forces, gravity, pressure and viscosity
equals to the product of density times its local acceleration as required
 REFERENCES
1. Cengel, Y. A., & Cimbala, J. M. (2017). Fluid mechanics: Fundamentals and
applications (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
2. Rieutord, M. (2014). Fluid dynamics: an introduction. Springer.
3. Tritton, D. J. (2012). Physical fluid dynamics. Springer Science & Business
Media.
4. Shivamoggi, B. K. (2011). Theoretical fluid dynamics. John Wiley & Sons.
5. Batchelor, G. K. (2000). An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge
University Press.
 END
Thanks for attending