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chuong 3 log diện tro suat
chuong 3 log diện tro suat
formation
•consist of an electronics
section and a mandrel
section
•mandrel supports the
electrodes which are
connected to the
electronics
•The measurement current is
emmitted from the centre
electrode
•Deep resistivity, rd
•shallow resistivity, rs
BASIC LAW OF ELECTRODYNAMICS:
I
Provided the current density is
uniform and we can measure
the current, I and the voltage
drop, E through the medium r
then we can calculate the
resistivity of the medium
A point electrode
I
In theory, we could use the
single point electrode model
to log the resistivity of a
formation r
THE FORMATION, IN
CONDUCTIVE
Because current will take
the path of least resistance
BOREHOLE
most of the current FLUID
will flow
The PARTICULAR
through the conductive
•THE ZONE OF INTEREST, HAS A
RESISTIVE
borehole and not the formation
•MUCH HIGHER RESISTIVITY
•ent density is not uniform
FORMATION
•Berefore:
Resistivity
•current density cannot
at a given be calculated
point
cannot be calculated
Lets see what
happens if we
increase the length of
the electrode
Single long electrode
Note:
•The whole electrode
current paths cannot is
maintained at the
cross as this would same
potential
mean flowing across a
•current can only flow
region of equipotential
from a region of
this is impossible! high
potential to a region of
lower potential
Single long electrode
could be calculated
using:
I
Current Density
2 rt
Single long electrode
I
Current Density
2 rt
Lets split the single long
electrode into three
individual electrodes,
maintaining all electrodes
at the same potential
Three electrode arrangement
Measure electrode
Some terminology
Earth
V
potential
Earth potential
in potential
~
To prevent this
from happening
we introduce two
small electrodes
between the I
measure electrode R
and focus
electrode
~
We can then
measure any
potential difference
between them
caused by current
I
flowing from the R
focussing electrode
to the measure
electrode
~
We can use this
potential difference
as the input to a
bucker amplifier, the
output of which can I
drive the measure R
current
~
We can use this
potential difference
as the input to a
bucker amplifier, the
output of which can I
drive the measure R
current
Bucker amplifier
~
The output of the
bucker amplifier will
increase until the
measure electrode is I
at the same
R
potential as the
focus electrodes
Bucker amplifier
~
Once this is
achieved there will
be no current
flowing from the
focus to the I
measure electrodes R
and hence no input
to the bucker
Bucker amplifier
~
Bucker amplifier
~
Finally, we need to
know the voltage of
the measure
electrode with
respect to earth
I
potential in order to R
make the resistivity
calculation
Bucker amplifier
Finally, we need to
~
know the voltage of
the measure
electrode with
respect to earth
potential in order to I
make the resistivity
R
calculation
E
Remote reference
~
We now have a
working tool!
I
Lets see how the R
electrodes are
identified
E
Remote reference
The electrodes on
the mandrel are #4
numbered as
follows: #3
There are also electrodes
#2
#1
#5 and #5’ which we’ll #2’
discuss later #3’
these are made up of
other tool housings
#4’
Let’s consider how the effective
length of the guard electrodes
affects the current paths and
more importantly the depth of
investigation
We define the depth
of investigation as
follows:
50 % of the
voltage drop
occurs here
Now lets increase the size of the
~ guard electrodes and move the
current return further away
50 % of the
voltage drop
occurs here
Conclusion:
The longer guard electrodes
~ increase
keep thethe depthdisk
current of
investigation bylonger,
“focussed” for increasing
hencethe
size
50%ofdrop
the focus
occurselectrodes
futher into
and
the moving the return point
formation
further away
This time 50 % of
the voltage drop
occurs here
We have covered enough theory now to
look at how a real lateralog tool is
configured
Two AC frequencies are used to
allow us to measure two depths of
investigation simultaneously
We also have to run a bridle on top
of the toolstring, to isolate the
wireline, and create the deep current
return
The dll consists of the following:
wireline
Bridle electrode
85 ft bridle
Iso sub
Dll electronics
Dll mandrel
The dll mandrel
Consists of electrodes
#1, #2 (and 2’), #3 (and
3’) and #4 (and 4’)
4
3
2
1
2’
3’
4’
The dll electronics
Is used as electrode #5
which is the electrode
used for the shallow
current return
5
and also one of the
electrodes used for the
deep guard electrode
4
3
2
1
2’
3’
4’
The dll electronics
The electrode array needs
to be mirrored
this is done by running a
tool (or tool housing)
beneath the Dll, to make
5 up electrode #5’
Usually an mll
3
2
1
2’
3’ or 1309 gr housing
4’
The iso-sub:
Limits the length of electrode
#5 by electrically isolating
the dll electronics housing
from the rest of the tool
string
5
4
Iso-subs are prone to leaking
3
2
so must be checked
1
2’ electrically prior to every run
3’
4’
The bridle:
Is 85 ft long and Isolates the
wireline armor from the
toolstring to allow the
wireline armor to be used as
the deep current return
5
4’
3’ #10 in the cablehead
The bridle:
Has a lead electrode half
way down it
the electrode is used in
the operation of the mll
tool as the remote
voltage reference
5
4
3 The bridle electrode is
connected to conductor #8
2
1
2’
3’
4’
The bridle:
Bridles are also prone to
leakage
•never meggar a bridle as this
breaks down the insulation
5
•connect wireline armor to
conductor #10 in bridle
4 •always pump bridle after
3
2 each run
1
2’
3’
4’
Finally, the wireline:
detection circuitry
measured with respect to
wireline armor at surface
5
E I represents the current
I
4 detection circuitry from the
3
2 voltage drop over resistor R
R 1
2’
3’
4’
shallow measurement:
Cond. #7
Shallow
focussing
E
5
current
~
I
4
3
Shallow
measure current
2
R 1
2’
3’
4’
Cond. #7
shallow measurement:
4’
Cond. #7
deep measurement:
a 32 hz signal
I 3
2
R 1
2’
3’
4’
Cond. #7
deep measurement:
Deep measure
3
2
R 1
2’
3’ current
4’
Cond. #7
deep measurement:
2. Railroad tracking
Groningen phantom effect
Current return
region
bridle
To explain the groningen
Anhydrite As the tool
efefct we need a high
High Resistivity approaches the
resistive bed
anhydrite
Low Resistivity
Reservoir
As the tool
Anhydrite approaches the
High Resistivity
anhydrite
Low Resistivity
Reservoir
Anhydrite As the tool
High Resistivity approaches the
anhydrite
the current is forced
Low Resistivity to return to a
Reservoir
shorter section of
armor
As the tool
Anhydrite approaches the
High Resistivity
anhydrite
the current is forced
to return to a shorter
section of armor
Low Resistivity
Reservoir
increasing the current
density and voltage
required
As the tool approaches
Anhydrite the anhydrite
High Resistivity
the current is forced to
return to a shorter
section of armor
increasing the current
Low Resistivity
Reservoir
density and voltage
required
effectively increasing
the return resistance
Anhydrite
High Resistivity
Low Resistivity
Reservoir The solution to the
groningen effect is to
change the location of
the current return
Anhydrite
High Resistivity
Low Resistivity
The solution to the
Reservoir
groningen effect is to
change the location of
the current return
Anhydrite
High Resistivity
Low Resistivity
Reservoir By returning the deep
current to an
electrode beneath the
mandrel we can
eliminate the effect
In practice, the groningen
Anhydritephantom kit requires a
modified difl mandrel to
High Resistivity
beUnfortunately,
run beneath the dll as
thebecause the electrode
deep return
electrode
Low Resistivity return is
parameters in sacrifice
the
Reservoir
closer, we
software also
depth of need to be
changed from standard
investigation!
deep to ‘groningen’ deep
Anhydrite
The shallow measurement
is not affected
High Resistivity by the
groningen effect and
hence is acquired as
normal
Low Resistivity
Reservoir
1239 dll-s
Where the “s” stands for ‘selectable shallow
1239 dll-s
The dll-s has the provision to record
an enhanced shallow curve where
there is evidence of railroad tracking
Dll mandrel
We now have the following
electrodes:
We get a deeper
measurement by joining
6 electrodes #4 and #5
~ We don’t want depth of
5
investigation to be as deep
as rd, so we return the
E
4
I 3
2 current to electrode #6
R 1
2’
3’
4’
The current paths are as
follows:
Cond. #7
Enhsh
guard
6
~ current
Enhsh
5
E
I
4 measure
current
3
2
R 1
2’
3’
4’
A few things to note:
Cond. #7
~
5
E
4
I 3
2
R 1
2’
3’
4’
mandrel:
Cond. #7
Electrode #4a
~
5
and #4a’
E
4
I 3
2
R 1
2’
3’
4’
As before, the electrode
Cond. #7
array needs to be
mirrored
6 This is done by
introducing an iso-sub
~
and tool/tool housing
beneath electrode #5’ to
5
E
I
4
3
create electrode #6’
2
R 1
2’
3’
4’
Finally, in order for the tool
Cond. #7
2’
selected
3’
4’
THE DLL-S HAS THREE SWITCHES
WHICH THE ENGINEER SHOULD
BE AWARE OF
CONSISTS OF:
1. THE HOUSING ITSELF
2. THE ELECTRONICS
3. THE BLACK BLOCK
SWITCH #1:
#1
LOCATED BEHIND THE BLACK BLOCK
ON TOP BULKHEAD OF ELECTRON ICS
ELECTRONICS SP
IS A TOGGLE SWITCH ?
REQUIRES THE REMOVAL OF
THE ELECTRONICS TO CHANGE
#3
TOOL CONTROL
log
internal zero Deep return:
internal cal standard
Groningen
TOOL CONTROL
When power is
switched off and on,
3516 reverts to
power up defaults
Vp - not required!
VB - not required!
Va - required and performed
downhole using internal resistors
1239 DLL-s can be calibrated
within casing
1229 can not!
Launch cal/ver
Select dll cp
Edit/check engineering values
Select dll cp
Depending on which mode you are
required to log in, the following
engineering values should be used:
Switch the tool into cal and
read internal cal:
Then Switch the tool into
zero and read internal zero:
You must confirm which mode the
electronics are set to by comparing
the calibration raw values to:
Processing parameters
usual borehole and cement parameters:
#1 #2 #3 #4
Test harnesses
With the tool on the catwalk
connect the harness to the mandrel
#1 #2 #3 #4
Test harnesses
The top of the test harness looks like this:
CALIBRATOR TEST BOX
FOR DLL 1229
3 5
10 100
1 1000
Rf GUARD
REMOTE REMOTE
#1 #2 #3 #4
CONNECT THE BOX like this:
#1 #2 #3 #4
Test harnesses
Note:
make sure all connections and
electrodes
are cleaned to bare metal with a wire
brush and emery paper for a good test
#1 #2 #3 #4
Test harnesses