DIGITAL MULTIMETER USER GUIDE (Abridged)

DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
Plug the black lead (-) to the COM input connector and the red lead (+) to the V/Ω
input connector. Set the FUNCTION switch to the V range to be used and connect the
test leads to the load being tested.
DC CURRENT MEASUREMENT
Connect the leads to the input connectors mA (red) and COM (black). Set the
FUNCTION switch to the A range to be used and connect the test leads IN SERIES to POWER
the load being tested. For currents higher than 200 mA, connect the leads to the input
connectors 20 A (red) and COM (black). Then, continue as before.
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Connect the black lead to the COM input connector and the red lead to the V/Ω, input
connector. Select the appropriate Ω range.
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Set the FUNCTION switch to K TEMP ºC. The use of the external sensor
(thermocouple) is unnecessary.

MULTIMETER RESOLUTION 20A mA COM V/Ω

Always consider that the resolution is bounded by the smallest digit provided by the
instrument in the range chosen.

UNCERTAINTIES FOR INDIRECT MEASUREMENTS

Denote by x and y values of independent variables measured with uncertainties ∆x and ∆y. Be a an
arbitrary external constant parameter and z the dependent variable whose value is to be determined. The
uncertainty, ∆z, in the value of z can be obtained using statistical methods some of which we present
below:
DEPENDENCE UNCERTAINTY DEPENDENCE UNCERTAINTY
2 2
⎛ ∆x ⎞ ⎛ ∆y ⎞
∆z = z ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 2
⎛ ∆y ⎞
2
z = xy ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎛ ∆x ⎞
x ∆z = z ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ a ⎟⎟
and or z = xy a ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠
x or
z = ⎛ ∆x ∆y ⎞
∆z = z ⎜⎜ + ⎟
y ⎟⎠ ⎛ ∆x ∆y ⎞
y
⎝ x ∆z = z ⎜⎜ +a ⎟
⎝ x y ⎟⎠

z = xa ∆x z = ln x ∆x
∆z = za ∆z =
x x

STRAIGHT LINE FIT USING THE LEAST SQUARES METHOD

Be y = mx + b the least squares regression fit obtained by this method. Then:

m=
∑ x∑ y − n∑ xy b=
∑ x∑ xy − ∑ y ∑ x 2
(∑ x )2 − n∑ x 2 (∑ x )2 − n∑ x 2
nσ 2 σ 2 ∑ x2
∆m =
∑ x 2 − (∑ x )
∆b =
n∑ x 2 − (∑ x )
2
n 2

σ can be given as σ = σ y2 + m 2σ x2 , with σx = ∑ ∆x 2

and σy = ∑ ∆y 2

where ∆x
n n
and ∆y are the individual uncertainties of the n independent measurements.