9. ,uh[h[p – 14.07.1937 to 29.10.1939 26. fiyQh; K. fUzhepjp – 13.05.

2006
10. gpufhrk; - 30.04.1946 to 23.03.1947 Kjy;
11. X. gp. uhkrhkp nul;bah; - 23.03.1947 to ,uz;lhk; cyfj; jkpo; khehL
06.04.1949  1968y; nrd;idapy; ,uz;lhk; cyfj;
12. gp. v];. Fkhurhkp uh[h – 06.04.1949 jkpo; khehL $l;lg;gl;lJ.
to 06.04.1949 Ie;jhk; cyfj; jkpo; khehL

13. ,uh[h[p – 10.04.1952 to 13.04.1954  1981y; kJiuapy; Ie;jhk; cyfj; jkpo;

14. Nf. fhkuh[; - 13.04.1954 to 02.10.1963 khehL $l;lg;gl;lJ.

15. vk;. gf;jtr;ryk; - 02.10.1963 to jkpo;ehL Gtpapay;

06.03.1967
 ,e;jpahtpd; njd;Nfhb – njw;F tlf;F
16. rp. vd;. mz;zhJiu – 06.03.1967 to
 jf;fhszj;jpd; njd; fpof;fpy;
03.02.1969
mike;Js;sJ
17. K. fUzhepjp – 10.02.1969 to 04.01.1971
 ml;rNuif – 8.5° – 13.35° – tlf;F
2) 15.03.1971 to 31.01.1976
 jPh;f;fNuif – 76.15° – 80.20° fpof;F
18. vk;.[p.Mh; 30.06.1977 to 17.02.1980
Nkw;F
09.06.1980 to 15.11.1984
 1639y; nrd;idg;gl;bdk; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
10.02.1985 to 24.12.1987 23.4.1640y; Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;ilf;fhd
19. [hdfp ,uhkr;re;jpud; 07.01.1988 to mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;lJ
30.01.1988  1653y; Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;il mjidr;
20. K. fUzhepjp – 27.01.1989 to Rw;wpAs;s Nfhukz;lyf; flw;fiu
30.01.1991 gFjpfs; Mfpait nrd;id khfhzk;
21. n[. n[ayypjh – 14.05.2001 to vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ
21.09.2001  1953y; nrd;id khfhzk; kjuh];
22. K. fUzhepjp – 13.05.1996 to khepyk; kw;Wk; Me;jpu khepyk; vd;W
13.05.2001 gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
23. n[. n[ayypjh – 14.05.2001 to  1956 khepy kWrPuikg;G gb jkpo;ehL
21.09.2001 Nfush> ik#h; kw;Wk; nrd;id vd
24. X. gd;dPh;nry;tk; - 21.09.2001 to gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
12.05.2006  1.4.1960y; rpj;J}h; khtl;lj;jpd; xU rpy
25. n[. n[ayypjh – 02.03.2002 to gFjpfs; jkpo;ehl;bYk;> nrq;fy;gl;L
12.05.2006 kw;Wk; Nryk; khtl;lj;jpd; rpy gFjpfs;
 Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpYk; fQ;rk; vd;w gFjp 9. fd;dpahFkhp
xhprhtpYk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ 10. kJiu
 nrd;id khfhzk; vd;w ngah; 1968 11. ehfg;gl;bdk; (1991 jQ;ir>
Kjy; mwpQh; mz;zhJiu jpUr;rpapypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j NghJ jkpo;ehL 12. ehkf;fy;
vdg; ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ 13. fpU\;zfphp
 jkpofj;jpd; muR rpd;dkhf 14. nguk;gY}h; (1996 jQ;ir> jpUr;rpapypUe;J
=tpy;ypGj;J}h; Nfhtpy; NfhGukhFk;. gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

 epyg;gug;G – 1>30>058 r.fp.kP (4.24%) 15. GJf;Nfhl;il (1974 jQ;ir>

jpUr;rpapypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
 khepyq;fspd; gug;gstpy; 11tJ khepyk;
16. ,uhkehjGuk;
 Mz;> ngz;tpfpjk; 987
17. Nryk;
 flw;fiu ePsk; 912 fp. kP
18. rptfq;if (1984 ,uhkehjGuj;jpypUe;J
 fhyepiy – 18° – 43°C
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
 ruhrhp kioasT – 925 mm 19. jQ;rhT+h;
 tq;fhs tphpFlhtpid xl;ba flw;fiu 20. Njdp (1996 kJiuapypUe;J
gFjpfs; Nrho kz;ly flw;fiu gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
gFjpfs; vdg;gLk;. 21. jpUts;Sh; (1996 nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk;
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s khtl;lq;fs;: 32 ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
1. nrd;id 22. jpUth&h; (1997 jQ;ir> jpUr;rpapypUe;J
2. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
3. flY}h; (1993 njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lk; 23. jpUtz;zhkiy (1989 tl Mw;fhL
,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ) khtl;lk; ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
4. jh;kGhp (1965 Nryj;jpypUe;J 24. jpUney;Ntpy
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ) 25. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
5. jpz;Lf;fy; (1985 kJiuapypUe;J 26. J}j;Jf;Fb (1986 jpUney;NtypapypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ) gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
6. <NuhL (1976 NfhaKj;J}hpypUe;J 27. NtY}h; (1989 tl Mw;fhL khtl;lk;
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ) ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
7. fhQ;rpGuk; (1996 nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; 28. tpOg;Guk; (1993 njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lk;
,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ) ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
8. f&h; (1996 jQ;ir> jpUr;rpapypUe;J 29. tpUJefh; (1984 ,uhkehjGuj;jpypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ) gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
30. ePyfphp 80.17° fpof;F
31. mhpaY}h; - ,J nguk;gY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; khtl;lk; gug;gsT
,Ue;J 23-11-2007 md;W gphpf;fg;gl;lJ <NuhL : 8162 r.fp.kP
32. jpUg;G+h; khtl;lk; (Nfhit kw;Wk; <NuhL Nfhak;Gj;J}h; : 7471 r.fp.kP
khtl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J mf;Nlhgh; 2008y; tpOg;Guk; : 7222 r.fp.kP
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ) fhQ;rpGuk; : 7857 r.fp.kP
Nkw;F khtl;lq;fs;: Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> <NuhL jpUney;Ntyp : 6823 r.fp.kP
kw;Wk; ePyfphp jpz;Lf;fy; : 6266 r.fp.kP
njd; khtl;lq;fs;: Njdp jpUtz;zhkiy : 6191 r.fp.kP
 jw;NghJ jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s NtY}h; : 6077 r.fp.kP
khefuhl;rpfs; Nryk; : 5205 r.fp.kP
1. nrd;id 2. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 3. kJiu 4. fpU\;zfphp : 5143 r.fp.kP
jpUr;rp 5. Nryk; 6. jpUney;Ntyp 7. GJf;Nfhl;il : 4663 r.fp.kP
jpUg;G+h; 8. <NuhL 9. NtY}h; 10. J}j;Jf;Fb : 4621 r.fp.kP
J}j;Jf;Fb jh;kGhp : 4497 r.fp.kP
 1.8.2008 NtY}h; jkpo; ehl;bd; 9tJ jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp : 4403 r.fp.kP
khefuhl;rpahf juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ tpUJefh; : 4232 r.fp.kP
 5.8.2008 J}j;Jf;Fb jkpo; ehl;bd; 10tJ rptfq;if : 4189 r.fp.kP
khefuhl;rpahf juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ ,uhkehjGuk; : 4175 r.fp.kP

 jkpo;ehL fh;ehlf khepy vy;iyg;Gw kJiu : 3741 r.fp.kP

khtl;lq;fs;: jUkGhp> NtY}h; kw;Wk; nguk;gY}h; : 3691 r.fp.kP

jpUts;Sh; flY}h; : 3678 r.fp.kP

jQ;rhT+h; : 3603 r.fp.kP
 jkpo;ehL Me;jpu khepy vy;iyg;Gw
jpUts;Sh; : 3424 r.fp.kP
khtl;lq;fs;: jUkGhp> NtY}h; kw;Wk;
ehkf;fy; : 3363 r.fp.kP
jpUts;Sh;
Njdp : 3242 r.fp.kP
 jkpo;ehL Nfush khepy vy;iyg;Gw
f&h; : 2895 r.fp.kP
khtl;lq;fs;: ePyfphp> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> Njdp>
ehfg;gl;bdk; : 2715 r.fp.kP
jpz;Lf;fy;> tpUJefh;> jpUney;Ntyp
ePyfphp : 2452 r.fp.kP
kw;Wk; fd;dpahFkhp
jpUth&h; : 2097 r.fp.kP
 jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyefuk; nrd;id.
mhpaY}h; : 1937 r.fp.kP
nrd;id efhpd; ml;rNuif kw;Wk;
fd;dpahFkhp : 1672 r.fp.kP
jPh;f;fNuif miktplk; 13.04° tlf;F
nrd;id : 174 r.fp.kP
jw;NfhJ <NuhL kw;Wk; Nfhit khtl;lq;fs; kPl;lh; njhiytpy; cs;s jkpo;ehl;by;
gphpf;fg;gl;L jpUg;G+h; khtl;lk; cs;s G+z;b ePh;jNjf;fj;jpw;F tUfpd;wJ
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.  ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf rj;jpa rha;ghgh
jkpofj;jpd; flNyhu khtl;lq;fs;: 13 mth;fs; jw;NghJ cjtp nra;Js;shh;.
1. jpUts;Sh; 2. nrd;id 3. fhQ;rpGuk; 4. tPu ehuhazd; Vhp ePh;j; jpl;lk;
flY}h; 5. ehfg;gl;bdk; 6. ,uhkehjGuk;  Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Vhp>
7. J}j;Jf;Fb 8. fd;dpahFkhp 9. flY}h; khtl;lk; rpjk;guk; mUNf cs;s
tpOg;Guk; 10. jQ;rhT+h; ,t; Vhpapy; ,Ue;J nrd;idf;F FbePh;
rkntsp tug;gLfpwJ
 jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s rkntspapid 3  ,t; Vhp fy;fpapd; nghd;dpapd; nry;td;
gphpthf gphpf;fyhk; mit ehtypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ
1. Nrhokz;ly flw;fiur; rkntsp gPlG+kp – 500 – 2000 m
2. fhtphp tz;ly; rkntsp fpof;F Nehf;fp rhpT
3. njw;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s twz;l 1. tlMw;fhL 2. jUkGhp 3. Nryk; 4.
rkntspg; gFjp Nfhit 5. kJiu 6. ,uhkehjGuk; 7.
 flw;fiuf;F ,izahf tq;fhs tphpFlh jpUney;Ntyp
fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy 500 fp. kP. kiyfs;
Fiwthf Kf;fpa MWfs; - 1. Fhtphp 2. jkpo;ehl;bd; kiyg; gpuNjrk;
itif 3. jhkpuguzp 4. njd;ngz;iz 1. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy
5. ghyhW fhtphp MW njhlh;ghf 2. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy
jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; fh;ehlfhtpw;F ,ilNa fpof;F njhlh;rr
; p kiy
gpur;rpid vOe;Js;sJ. ,J njhlh;ghf  khepyj;jpd; FWf;fhf njd; Nkw;F
ika muR Cauvery Water Disputes jpirapy; cs;sJ. cauk; Fiwe;jit
Tribunal [Pd; 1990y; mike;Js;sJ. 1. rt;thJ kiy 2. Nrh;tuhad; kiy –
fpU\;zh ejp ePh;j; jpl;lk; Vw;fhL 3. nfhy;yp kiy 4.
 ,j;jpl;lk; fpU\;zh ejpapy; ,Ue;J fy;tuhad; kiy 5. gr;irkiy
nrd;idf;F 15 b.vk.rp. Fb ePh; nfhz;L Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy
tUk; jpl;lkhFk;  jkpo;ehl;bd; Nkw;F vy;iy
 ,j;jpl;lk; njhlh;ghf 18.4.1983y; jkpof  caukhd kiy
muR kw;Wk; Me;jpu muR ,ilNa  fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy – Nkw;F
xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ njhlh;r;rp kiy ,izAkplk; - ePyfphp
 nrg;lk;gh; 1996 Kjy; fz;lNyW
ePh;j;Njf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePh; 152 fpNyh
 1. cjfkz;lyk; 2. Fd;D}h; 3.  jkpo;ehl;bd; ruhrhp kio msT: 985.0
Nfhj;jfphp kp.kp
 cah;e;j rpfuk; - (njhl;lngl;lh)  jkpo;ehl;by; njd; Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;why;
 ePyfphpf;F njw;Nf ghyf;fhl;Lf; fztha; Vw;gLk; kioapd; ruhrhp msT: 332.9
 mjw;Fk; njw;Nf Miz kiyj; njhlh; kp.kp
 njd; ,e;jpahtpd; kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; -  jkpo;ehl;by; tl fpof;F gUtf; fhw;why;
MidKb njw;Nf – godpkiy – Vw;gLk; kioapd; ruhrhp msT: 459.2
nfhilf;fhdy; kp.kp

 njw;Nf – Vykiy – mfj;jpa kiy  jkpo;ehl;bd; fpof;Nf Vyf;fha;kiy

1. Mhpad; fhT fztha; mike;Js;sjhy;> jkpo;ehL njd;Nkw;F
2. Muy;tha; nkhopf; fztha; gUtf; fhw;wpd; kio kiwT gpuNjrkhf
jkpo;ehl;bd; gUtf; fhyq;fs;: mike;Js;sJ. vdNt jkpo;ehl;bd;

 jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; 6 Kf;fpa gFjpfs; njd;Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;why;

gUtq;fs; kw;Wk; mit epyTk; mjpf kiog; nghopit ngw;W gyd;

khjq;fs;: miltjpy;iy.
efu ntg;gj; jPTfs;:
1. fhh;fhyk;: Mtzp – Gul;lhrp (Mf];l; -
mf;Nlhgh;)  jkpo;ehl;by; nrd;id> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>

2. Fsph; fhyk;: Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif kJiu jpUr;rp Nghd;w efuq;fspy; kf;fs;

(mf;Nlhgh; - brk;gh;) njhif kpf mjpfkhf ngUfp tUfpd;wJ.

,tw;wpd; fhuzkhf mlh;j;jpahd
3. Kd;gdpf;fhyk;: khh;fop – ij (brk;gh; -
FbapUg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; njhif
gpg;uthp)
mlh;j;jp Mfpait fhuzkhf ntg;gk;
4. gpd;gdpf;fhyk;: khrp> gq;Fdp (gpg;uthp –
cz;lhfpd;wJ. ,itNa efu ntg;gj;
Vg;uy;)
jPTfs; vdg;gLk;
5. ,sNtdpw; fhyk;: rpj;jpiu> itfhrp
jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; kz; tiffs;:
(Vg;uy; - [_d;)
 jkpo;ehl;by; ngUksT nrk;kz;
6. KJNtdpw; fhyk;: Mdp – Mb ([_d; -
fhzg;gLfpwJ
Mf];l;)
 jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s kz; tiffis
 jkpo;ehl;by; mugpf; fliyf; fhl;bYk;
fPo;f;fz;lthW gphpf;fyhk;:
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; Vw;gLk; #whtsp
1. tz;ly; kz;: flw;fiu khtl;lq;fs;
fhuzkhf mjpf ghjpg;igAk;
kw;Wk; nly;lh khtl;lq;fspy; ,k; kz;
kioiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jQ;rhT+h;> jpUth&h;>
jkpo;ehl;bd; kiog;nghopT:
ehfg;gl;bdk;> jpUr;rp> tpOg;Guk;> flY}h;>
 jpUney;Ntyp> fd;dpahFkhp Nghd;w jkpo;ehl;bd; fhLfs;:
khtl;lq;fspy; ,k; kz; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.  jkpo;ehl;by; fhLfs; rPuw;w Kiwapy;
,J ney;> fUk;G> thio> kQ;rs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khtl;lq;fSk; mjpy;
Mfpait tpistpf;f gad;gLfpwJ fhzg;gLk; fhLfspd; rjtPjKk;
2. fhpry; kz;: ,k; kz; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> gpd;tUkhW:
kJiu> jpz;Lf;fy;> ,uhkehjGuk;> 1. ePyfphp - 53.13%
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> GJf;Nfhl;il> jQ;rhT+h;> 2. Nryk; - 37.78%
tpUJefh; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;
3. jUkGhp - 24.77%
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k; kz;zpy; gUj;jp>
4. jpz;Lf;fy; - 24.21%
Nrhsk; kw;Wk; fhy;eilj; jPtdq;fs;
5. jpUtz;zhkiy - 22.56%
gaph; nra;ag; gLfpwJ
6. jpUney;Ntyp - 19.37%
3. nrk;kz;: jkpofj;jpy; ,k;kz; mjpfkhf
7. tpOg;Guk; - 16.52%
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhQ;rpGuk;> flY}h;>
NtY}h;> ,uhkehjGuk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> 8. jpUts;Sh; - 10.89%

jpUr;rp> GJf;Nfhl;il> jQ;rhT+h;>  nrd;idapy; 1.62 rjtPjKk; NtY}hpy;

rptfq;iF. tpUJefh;> kJiu> 0.031 rjtPjKk; fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
jpz;Lf;fy;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> J}j;Jf;Fb>  jkpo;ehl;by; jpUth&h; khtl;lj;jpy; 0.02
jpUney;Ntyp> Nryk;> <NuhL Nghd;w rjtPjf; fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt
khtl;lq;fspy; ,k; kz; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kpff; Fiwe;j msT MFk;
,k; kz;zpy; ePh; ghrd trjpAld; gaph;  jkpo;ehl;by; fhLfspy; nkhj;jg; gug;gsT
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. kz;zpy; cs;s ,Uk;Gr; 22.865 rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;. ,J
rj;J Nja;tjhy; nrk;kz; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;jg; gug;gstpy; 17.41
4. fspkz;: ,k; kz; nrq;fy; jahhpf;f rjtPjk; MFk;
gad;gLfpd;wJ. gpR gpRj; jd;ik  jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ikj; njhopyhd
fhzg;gLk;. Ntshz;ikj; njhopypy; 56 rjtPjk;
5. cth; kz;: flw;fiu Xuq;fspy; kf;fs; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;.
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Ntjhuz;ak; Nghd;w  jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k; kz; cw;gj;jpapy; Ntshz;ikapd; gq;F 13
fd;dpahFkhpapy; fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy. rjtPjk; MFk;.
ill;lhdpak; rpwpjsT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 Southern Frest Rangers College (SFRC)
jpUts;Sh;. fhQ;rpGuk;> jQ;rhT+h;>
Coimbatore
ehfg;gl;bdk; Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy;
 Tamilnadu Forestry Training Colege –
fhzg;gLfpwJ
Vaigai dam
 jkpo;ehL Njapiy Njhl;lf; fofk;> gUtf;fhw;why; kio ngWfpwJ
Fd;D}h; 1968 fhy;tha; ghrdk;
 jkpo;ehL tdj; Njhl;lf; fofk;> jpUr;rp  nkhj;jg; ghrdg; gug;gpd; ngUk; gFjp
13.6.1974 fhy;tha;g; ghrdkhFk;
 muR ,ug;gh; fofk; ehfh;Nfhtpy;  Gy;yk;ghb fl;liy> fPo;gthdp> jlg;gs;sp>
 jkpo;ehl;by; epyj; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; kiog; muf;fd;Nfhl;il> fhspq;fuhad;>
nghopT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; 5 fy;yiz> Nkl;^h; Nghd;w gy
tifahd fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhy;tha;fs; ghrdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd
mit:  1932Mk; Mz;ly; Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd;
1. kpj ntg;g kz;ly kiyf;fhLfs;: NghJ jkpo;ehl;by; Nkl;^h; miz
ePyfphp> Mizkiy> godp kiy Nghd;w fl;lg;gl;lJ
,lq;fspy; 1500 kPl;lUf;F Nky; <uk; Muzp Mw;Wj;jpl;lk;
cila kpj ntg;g kz;ly  Muzp ejp nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lj;jpy;
kiyf;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ gha;fpwJ.
2. Jiz ntg;g kz;ly kiyf;fhLfs;: mkuhtjp mizj;jpl;lk;
ePyfphp kw;Wk; godp kiyapy; 1500  fhtphpapd; Jiz ejpfspy; xd;whd
kPl;lUf;Fk; Fiwthd Jiz ntg;g mkuhtjp ejp Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lk;
kz;ly fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd topahfg; gha;fpwJ.
3. ntg;g kz;ly twz;l gRikf; fhLfs;: Nkl;^h; miz
flw;fiu gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.  Nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; Nkl;^h; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
mlh;e;j Fl;ilahd Gjh;fs; cz;L fhtphp ejpapd; FWf;Nf Xh; miz
4. Kl;Gjh;f; fhLfs;: twz;l fhyk; ePz;Lk; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fiwe;j kiog;nghopTk; cs;s Nkl;^h; - jpUr;nrq;NfhL fhy;tha;
,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F  Nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUr;nrq;NfhL
Kl;Gjh;fs; cz;L. kw;Wk; rq;ffphp tl;lq;fspYk; <NuhL
5. khq;FNuht; fhLfs;: fpof;F flw;fiuapy; khtl;lj;jpYk; Vwj;jho 16>200 n`f;Nlh;
,t;tif fhLfs; cz;L. Ntjhuz;ak;> epyk; ePh;g;ghrd trjp ngWfpwJ
gpr;rhtuk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Gjpa Gs;sk;ghb fhy;tha; jpl;lk;:
,t;tif fhLfspy; Re;jhp tif kuq;fs;
 jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
Nkyizf;F Nkw;F gf;fj;jpy;
 njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;wpd; kio fhtphpapypUe;J fhy;tha;
kiwTg; gpuNjrkhf cs;sJ ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
 jkpo;ehl;bd; ngUk;gFjp tlfpof;Fg;
kzpKj;jhW jpl;lk; tPLh; miz
 jhkpuguzpapd; Jizahwhd  jpz;btdk; tl;lj;jpy; gha;fpd;w tuhf
kzpKj;jhw;wpd; FWf;Nf jpUney;Ntyp ejpGk; njhz;il MWk; $Lk; ,lj;jpy;
khtl;lj;jpy; Xh; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ tPLh; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
 jhkpuguzp ejpapd; kPJ kUJ}h;> MspahW – guk;gpf;Fsk; jpl;lk;
=itFz;lk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,U  guk;gp MW Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lj;jpy;
mizfs; fl;b ePh;g;ghrd trjp Midkiyfspy; Njhd;wp> Nkw;F Nehf;fp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ Nfus khepyk; topahf XLfpwJ.
itifaizj; jpl;lk; ,e;ejpapy; Xh; mizfl;b> ePiuj; jpUg;gp
 itif ejpapd; FWf;Nf kJiuf;F 19 fp.kP ePs kiyiaf; File;J mjd;
mUNf Xh; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. topahf nghs;shr;rp tl;lj;jpy; ghAk;
itif ejpf;Fg; nghpahw;W ePh;j; Mspahw;Wld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
Njf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePh; Vhpg;ghrdk;
jpUg;gptplg;gl;Ls;sJ.  jkpo;ehl;by; nghpaJk; rpwpaJkhf
nghpahh; jpl;lk; Vwj;jho 33>000 VhpfSk; Fsq;fSk;
 itif ejp gy khjk; twz;L tpLtjhy; cs;sd
nghpahh; jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. Vyf;fha;  fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; mjpf mstpy;
kiyapd; Nkw;Fr; rhptpy; cw;gj;jpahfhp> nghpa Vhpfs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Nfus khepyj;jpd; topahf Xb> mugpf; kpfg;nghpa Vhpfshd nrk;guk;ghf;fk; Vhp>
flypy; fyf;Fk; ,e;ejpapd; FWf;Nf – Goy; Vhp> kJuhe;jfk; Vhp> nrq;fy;gl;L
Njf;fbf;F mUfpy; Xh; miz fl;b Vhp> Nghd;w gy nghpa Vhpfs;
kiyiaf; File;J> fpof;Fg; gf;fk; ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sd. vdNt ,jid
ePiuf; nfhz;Lte;J itifr; rkntsp tl;lk; vd miof;fpNwhk;. fhNthpg;ghf;fk;
tsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vhp> njd; Mw;fhl;by; cs;s tPuhzk; Vhp
 jUkGhp khtl;lj;jpy; njd;ngz;iz Kjypad kpfg; nghpa Vhpfs; MFk;
ejpapy; fpU\;zfphp vd;Dkplj;jpy; G+z;b ePh;j Njf;fk;
njd;ngz;iz ejpapy; fpU\;zfphp  jpUts;Sh; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;j G+z;b
vd;Dkplj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ePh;Njf;fk; rj;jpa%h;j;jp rhfh; miz
rhj;jD}h; miz vdg;gLk;. nrd;id FbePh; Njf;fp
 jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa ,lkhFk;
njd;ngz;iz ejpapy; ,t;tiz jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpa Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fs;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ 1. ,e;jpa mUkz; njhopw;rhiy –
fd;dpahFkhp
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,uhkehjGuk; 6. =tpy;ypGj;J}h; Grizzled Giant Squirrel
3. kj;jpa ,urhad kpd; Muha;r;rp ruzhyak; - tpUJefh; (mzpy;)
epiyak; fhiuf;Fb rptfq;if 7. tsehL fUg;G thj;J ruzhyak; -
4. ney; Muha;r;rp epiyak; - MLJiw> J}j;Jf;Fb
jQ;rhT+h; gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs;
5. kj;jpa fly; Muha;r;rp epiyak; - 1. Ntle;jhq;fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
nrd;id fhQ;rpGuk;
6. ,uapy;ngl;b njhopw;rhiy – nrd;id 2. Ntl;lq;Fb gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
(nguk;G+h;) ,uhkehjGuk;
7. mz;zh Gw;WNeha; Ma;T epiyak; - 3. Karikill gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
nrd;id (milahW) fhQ;rpGuk;
8. ,e;jpa njhopy;El;gf; fofk; - nrd;id 4. Gypfhl; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
9. fduf thfd njhopyfk; - nrd;id jpUts;Sh;
(Mtb) 5. fhQ;rpuq;Fsk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
10. ghuj kpFkpd; epiyak; - jpUr;rp ,uhkehjGuk;
,uhzpg;Ngl;il 6. cjakhh;j;jz;lGuk; gwitfs;
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ruzhyak; - ehif
1. fpz;b Njrpa G+q;fh> nrd;id 7. rpj;jpuq;Fb gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
2. kd;dhh; tisFlh kw;Wk; Njrpa G+q;fh ,uhkehjGuk;
3. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa G+q;fh> Midkiy 8. t^h; gwitfs; ruzhyak; - jQ;rhT+h;
4. kJiu Njrpa G+q;fh – ePyfphp 9. $j;jd;Fsk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
5. Kf;$h;j;jp Njrpa G+q;fh - ePyfphp jpUney;Ntyp
tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs; 10. Karaivetti gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
1. KJkiy tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; nguk;gY}h;
Kf;$h;j;jp ePyfphp khtl;lk; 11. Vellode gwitfs; ruzhyak; - <NuhL
2. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; - 12. Melselvanur – Keelselvanur
Mizkiy> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; gwitfs; ruzhyak; - ,uhkehjGuk;
3. fshf;fhL tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; -
Biosphere Reserve:
jpUney;Ntyp
1. Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park
4. Kz;le;Jiw tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; -
2. Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve
jpUney;Ntyp
3. Agasthiyarmalai Biopshere Reserve
5. Point Calimere tdtpyq;F ruzhyak;
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 jkpo;ehl;bd; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhYk; kio nghJthf G+ G+f;Fk; J}uy;
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy kio kiwT (Blossom Showers) vd;W
gpuNjrkhf ,Ug;gjhYk; ghiy epyq;fs; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
Vw;glj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Ngg;gh; Miyfs;:
 jkpo;ehl;by; Njdp kw;Wk; Nghb 1. Seshasayee Paper & Board Ltd.,
ehaf;fD}Uf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s gs;spg;ghisak; ehkf;fy; khtl;lk;
fpuhkq;fs; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rpkiyapd; 2. Talent Paper & Boards Ltd., -
kio kiwT gpuNjrkhFk;. jw;NghJ Sathyamangalam
,q;F kzy; Gay; tPRfpd;wJ 3. Tamilnadu Newsprint and Papers
 njd; Nkw;F fhw;Wfs; ,g; gFjpapy; Limited, Kagithapuram, Karur District
cOJ fplf;Fk; tay;fspy; ,Ue;J jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s $l;LwT kw;Wk; muR rhh;G
kz;iz Nrfhpj;J Mq;fhq;F kzy; rh;f;fiu Miyfs;:
NkLfis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. 1. Mk;G+h; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
jkpo;ehl;bd; Ntshz;ik: tlGJg;gl;L fpuhkk;> NtY}h; khtl;lk;
 jkpo;ehl;by; 5.75 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh; 2. NPKRR $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
epyj;jpy; Ntshz;ik nra;a cfe;j Thalainayar ,isahe;Njhg;G>
epyq;fs; cs;sJ
kapyhLJiw> ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk;
 jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s kz;zpy; 3. mkuhtjp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
nghl;lh\pak; Fiwthf cs;sJ. vdNt fpU\;zhGuk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lk;
mjpf nghl;lh\pak; Njitg;gLfpwJ 4. fs;sf;Fwpr;rp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
 jkpo;ehl;by; 2007-2008 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd fs;sf;Fwpr;rp tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;
ney; cw;gj;jp Rkhh; 75.60 ,yl;rk; 5. fs;sf;Fwpr;rp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
nkl;hpf; ld; MFk; %q;fpy;Jiwg;gl;L> tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;
 jkpo;ehl;by; gUj;jp tpisAk; 6. Rg;gpukzpa rpth $l;LwT rh;f;fiu
khtl;lq;fs; <NuhL> kJiu> Njdp. Miy> NfhghyGuk;> jUkGhp khtl;lk;
jpz;Lf;fy;> jpUney;Ntyp> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> 7. jUkGhp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
Nryk; Mfpait MFk;. ghyf;NfhL> jUkGhp khtl;lk;
 jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphp> Mizkiy kw;Wk; 8. nra;ahW $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
Nrh;tuhad; kiyj; njhlh;fspy; fhgp mdf;fhT+h;> njd;jz;ly; fpuhkk;>
gaph; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk;
jkpo;ehl;by; fhgp gaph; tpisAk; 9. kJuhe;jfk; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
 ghlyk;> fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk; 1. Myq;Fsk; rpnkz;l; xh;f;];>
10. vk;. Mh;. fpU\;z%h;j;jp rh;f;fiu Myq;Fsk;> tpUJefh; khtl;lk;
Miy> Nrj;jpah Njhg;G> rpjk;guk;> 2. mhpaY}h; rpnkz;l; xh;f;];> mhpaY}h;
flY}h; khtl;lk; khtl;lk;
11. Ne\dy; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy> 3. jkpo;ehL M];ng];lh];> Myq;Fsk;>
Nkl;Lg;gl;b> myq;fhey;Y}h;> kJiu tpUJefh; khtl;lk;
khtl;lk; 4. ];Nlhd; igg; njhopyfk;> tpUjhr;ryk;>
12. Fk;kpbg;G+z;b $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy> flY}h; khtl;lk;
GJtay;> jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk; 5. Jkpo;ehL M];ng];lh];> khaD}h;>
13. jpUg;gj;J}h; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy> f&h; khtl;lk;
Nfjhz;lgl;b> NtY}h; khtl;lk;  jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; jhioA+j;Jtpy;
14. nrq;fy;tuhad; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu rq;fh; rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
Miy> nghpa nrthiy> tpOg;Guk; jkpo;ehl;bd; fdpk tsq;fs;
khtl;lk;  fhh;dl; (Garnet)> nth;kpFNyl;> [ph;fhd;
15. NtY}h; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy> (Zircon)> ypf;idl; kw;Wk; &l;ily;
mk;Kz;b fpuhkk;> NtY}h; khtl;lk;
(Rutile)> Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpy;
16. Nryk; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
Kjyplj;ij jkpofk; tfpf;fpd;wJ
NkhfD}h;> ehkf;fy; khtl;lk;
 Nkf;dirl; kw;Wk; NkhNdhirl;
17. mwpQh; mz;zh rh;f;fiu Miy>
(Monazite) Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpy;
FWq;Fsk;> jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk;
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.
18. jpUj;jzp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
 jkpo;ehl;by; ehif khtl;lj;jpy; ehpkzk;
jpUtyq;fhL> jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;
vd;W cs;s fhtphp nly;lh gFjpapy;
19. nguk;gY}h; rh;f;fiu Miy> viuA+h;
ngl;Nuhypak; fpilf;fpd;wJ
nguk;gY}h; khtl;lk;
20. kJuh rh;f;fiu Miy> ghz;bauh[Guk;>  ,y;kidl; (Ilmenite)> [pg;rk;> fpuhigl;>

kJiu khtl;lk; ngy;gh; kw;Wk; fsp kz; Mfpatw;wpy;

jdpahh; rh;f;fiu Miyfs; %d;whtJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.

Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals Ltd., Andipatti  flw;fiu khtl;lq;fshfpa fd;dpahFkhp>

Ponni Sugar & Chemicals Ltd., Erode jpUney;Ntyp> J}j;Jf;Fb> ,uhkehjGuk;

kw;Wk; ehfg;gl;bdk; Mfpa
Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd.,
khtl;lq;fspy; fd jdpkq;fs; Garnet,
Sathyamangalam
Ilmenite, Rutile, Leucoxene, Monazite and
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s muR rhh;G rpnkz;l;
Miyfs; Zircon fpilf;fpd;wd.
 Rkhh; 30275 kpy;ypad; ld;fs; ,Ug;G  jkpo;ehl;bd; Rkhh; 710 kpy;ypad; fd
,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLk; ypf;idl; flY}h; kPl;lh; mstpw;F fpuhidl; fw;fs;
khtl;lk; nea;Ntypapy; fpilf;fpd;wJ. fpilf;fpd;wJ. jpz;btdj;jpy; Kunnam
kd;dhhFb> n[aq;nfhz;lhd; kw;Wk; = Black tif fw;fSk;> jUkGhpapy;
K\;zk; Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; ypf;idl; Paradiso tif fw;fSk;>
,Ug;G cs;sJ
GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; Jubrana tif fw;fSk;
 Rkhh; 73 kpy;ypad; ld;fs; ,Ug;G kJiuapy; Kashmir White tif
,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLk; Nkf;dirl; Nryk;>
fw;fSk; fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; fUg;G tif
ehkf;fy;> Nfhit kw;Wk; <NuhL Mfpa
fw;fSk; fpilf;fpd;wd.
khtl;lq;fspy; cs;sJ. cyfj;jpy;
 ,aw;if vhpthA ehfg;gl;bdk; kw;Wk;
rpwe;j Nkf;dirl; jkpofj;jpd; kw;Wk;
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;l flw;fiu gFjpapy;
jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;
fpilf;fpd;wJ
fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,it Vw;Wkjp juk;
 Nryk; khtl;lk; fQ;r kiyapy;
tha;e;jit MFk;.
,Uk;Gj;jhJ fpilf;fpd;wJ
 cyf Vw;Wkjp juk; tha;e;j Fthh;l;
 ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf ghf;irl;
kw;Wk; Feldspar Mfpait
fpilf;Fk; khepyq;fspy; jkpo;ehLk; xd;W
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
 rh;f;fiu Miy cs;s ,lq;fs; -
kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp> <NuhL kw;Wk;
ney;ypf;Fg;gk;> myq;fhey;Y}h;>
jpz;Lf;fy; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;
tlkhjpkq;fyk;> jpUtyk;> ngd;dlk;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. kpd;dpay; fUtpfs; kw;Wk;
 kJiu kw;Wk; Nfhak;Gj;J}iur;
xspf; fUtpfspy; gad;gLk; Fthh;l; 8
Rw;wpAs;s gFjpapy; nerTj;
kpy;ypad; ld;Dk; nruhkpf;
njhopw;rhiyfs; mike;Js;sd.
njhopw;rhiyapy; gad;gLk; Feldspar 7
Nfhitia njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh;
kpy;ypad; ld;Dk; ,Ug;gpy; cs;sJ.
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 ghf;irl; nfhilf;fhdy;> godp> Vw;fhL
 nrd;id nguk;G+hpy; ,uapy; ngl;bfs;
kw;Wk; nfhy;yp kiy Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
jahhpf;Fk; njhopyfk; cs;sJ
fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; ,Ug;G 26 kpy;ypa;d
 jkpofj;jpy; rpg;fhl; cs;s ,lq;fs;
ld;fs; MFk;.
1. gh;$h; 2. ,Uq;fhl;Lf;Nfhl;il 3.
 fspkz; flY}h;> GJf;Nfhl;il>
GJf;Nfhl;il 4. nra;ahh; 5. khdhkJiu
jpUney;Ntyp> jpUts;Sh;> fhQ;rpGuk;
6. ,uhzpg;Ngl;il 7. flY}h; 8.
kw;Wk; jpUtz;zhkiy Mfpa gFjpapy;
epyf;Nfhl;il 9. rpWNrhp 10. fq;if
fpilf;fpd;wJ
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 jpUg;ngUk;GJ}h; 13. Fk;kpbg;G+z;b 14. jkpo;ehl;by; jhd; mjpf neLQ;rhiyfs;
ngUe;Jiw 15. J}j;Jf;Fb 16. X#h; nry;fpd;wd
 jkpo;ehl;by; bl;Nfh (1956) %yk;  jkpofj;jpy; cs;s Njrpa
Jtf;fg;gl;l jpl;lq;fs; neLQ;rhiyapd; ePsk; 4462 fp. kP. MFk;.
1. lhl;lh epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J 1985y; 12 Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; jkpofj;jpy;
ill;ld; thl;r; epWtdj;ij X#hpy; kl;Lk; nry;fpd;wJ. jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;J
epWtg;gl;lJ ehd;F rhiyfs; NfushitAk;> %d;W
2. vy;fhl; epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J nrd;id rhiyfs; fh;ehlfj;ijAk; ,uz;L
jukzpapy; illy; ghh;f; rhiyfs; Me;jpu gpuNjrj;ijAk;
(TIDEL = TIDCO + ELCOT) epWtdk; ,izf;fpd;wJ %d;W rhiyfs; gy;NtW
3. illy; ghh;f; epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J khepyq;fisAk; ,izf;fpd;wJ.
ilry; gNahnlf; ghh;f; epWtdk; vd;. vr;. 4 Kk;ig – nrd;id rhiy
nrd;idapy; epWtg;gl;lJ. gNahnlf; vdg;gLk;. ,r; rhiy jq;f ehw;fu
nfhs;ifia ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; mike;Js;sJ.
mwpKfk; nra;j khepyk; jkpo;ehL MFk;. vd;. vr. 5 nrd;id – fy;fj;jh
(nrg;lk;gh; 2000) ,izg;Gr; rhiyahFk; ,r;rhiy Me;jpu
4. Nryk; mUNf rjh;d; mah;d; mz;l; gpuNjrk;> xhprh topahf jkpofj;ij
];By; fk;ngdp vd;w epWtdk; jw;NghJ ,izf;Fk;
[pe;jhy; FOkj;Jld; ,ize;J vd;. vr. 7 thuzhrp – fd;dpahFkhp
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ rhiy vdg;gLk; ,r;rhiy kpfg;nghpa
5. nrq;fw;gl;L mUNf kNfe;jpuh Nthh;yL
; Njrpa neLQ;rhiy MFk;. cj;jpu
rpl;b vd;w efuj;ij cUthf;fpAs;sJ gpuNjrk;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buh>
 jkpo;ehL fhjp kw;Wk; fpuhk njhopy; Me;jpu gpuNjrk; fh;ehlfh topahf
thhpak; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1960 jkpo;ehl;il ,r;rhiy te;jilfpd;wJ.
 jkpo;ehL khR fl;Lg;ghL thhpak; ,jd; nkhj;j ePsk; 2369 fp. kPl;lh; MFk;
Jtf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1982 vd;. vr;. 7 v jpUney;Ntyp – J}j;Jf;Fb
 jkpofj;jpy; cs;s rpwg;G nghUshjhu rhiy
kz;lyq;fs; jpUg;ngUk;GJ}hpy; Nehf;fpah vd;. vr;. 45gp nrd;id – jpz;Lf;fy; -
kw;Wk; Flextronics MFk;. NjdP rhiy
jkpofj;jpy; cs;s Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs;: vd;. vr;. 45v tpOg;Guk; - ghz;br;Nrhp
 jkpofj;jpy; jw;NghJ 24 Njrpa rhiy
neLQ;rhiyfs; nry;fpd;wJ. vd;. vr;. 45gp jpUr;rp – J}j;Jf;Fb
cj;jpugpNjrk; kw;Wk; gPfhh; mLj;J rhiy
 vd;. vr;. 46 fpU\;zfphp - jpy;ypia ,izf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j uapy;
,uhzpg;Ngl;il rhiy nrd;id> Fz;^h;> thuq;fy;> ehf;G+h;>
vd;. vr;. 47 Nryk; - nfhr;rpd; - Nghghy;> Fthypah;> Mf;uh topahf
fd;dpahFkhp rhiy nry;fpwJ
vd;. vr;. 49 nfhr;rpd; - ,uhNk];tuk; nrd;id ep[hKjPd; uh[jhzp vf;];gpu];
rhiy nrd;id ep[hKjPid ,izf;fpd;wJ.
vd;. vr;. 66 fpU\;zfphp – ghz;br;Nrhp nrd;id> tp[athlh> thuq;fy;> ehf;G+h;>
rhiy Nghghy;> Fthypah;> Mf;uh topahf
vd;. vr;. 67 ehfg;gl;bdk; - $lY}h; nry;fpwJ.
rhiy ney;iy vf;];gpu]; nrd;id
vd;. vr;. 68 cSe;J}h;Ngl;il – Nryk; jpUney;Ntypia ,izf;fpwJ.
rhiy nrq;fy;gl;L> jpz;btdk;> tpUj;jhr;ryk;>
vd;. vr;. 205 nrd;id – mde;jG+h; jpUr;rp> jpz;Lf;fy;> kJiu kw;Wk;
rhiy Nfhtpy;gl;b topahf nry;fpwJ. Nfhit
vd;. vr;. 209 ngq;fSh; - jpz;Lf;fy; vf;];gpu]; muf;Nfhzk;> Mk;G+h;> Nryk;>
rhiy <NuhL kw;Wk; jpUg;G+h; topahf Nfhit
vd;. vr;. 210 jpUr;rp - ,uhkehjGuk; nry;fpwJ.
rhiy kf;fs; njhif 2001 Mz;L fzf;fpd;gb

vd;. vr;. 219 fpU\;zfphp – kjdg; gs;sp kf;fs; njhif – 62>405>679

rhiy Mz;fs; - 31>400>9000 – ngz;fs; - 31>004>700

vd;. vr;. 220 NjdP – nfhy;yk; rhiy jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; - 19% - 1>18>57>079
vd;. vr;. 226 jQ;rhT+h; - khdhkJiu kiy rhjpapdh; - 1.04% - 6>49>019
rhiy  jkpo;ehl;bd; 1991-2001 Mz;bd; kf;fs;
vd;. vr;. 227 jpUr;rp – rpjk;guk; rhiy njhif tsh;rr
; p tpfpjk; 11.19% MFk;
,Ug;Gg; ghij  ruhrhp tho;ehs;: Mz; - 62.9 Mz;L.
 jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; ,Ug;Gg; ghij ngz; - 63.1 Mz;L
nrd;id muf;Nfhzj;ij ,izj;jJ.  ,uapy; ghij ePsk; - 4012 Km
jkpo;ehL vf;];gpu]; nrd;id GJ  rhiy ePsk; - 7>70>499 sf. Km.
jpy;ypia ,izf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j uapy;
 tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;F fPo; - 32.8%
nrd;id> tp[athlh> thuq;fy;> ehf;G+h;>
 jkpofj;jpd; 2001 Mz;L
Nghghy;> [hd;rp> Fthypah; Mf;uh kw;Wk;
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif
eprhKjPd; topahf nry;fpwJ.
6>24>05>679
fpuhz;l; buq;f; vf;];gpu]; nrd;id GJ
  jkpofj;jpd; 1.7.2008 Mz;L nkhj;j tpOg;Guk; - 2960373
kf;fs; njhif 6>63>96>000 ,J ,e;jpa Nryk; - 3016346
kf;fs; njhifapy; 5.79% MFk; NtY}h; - 3477317

 2001y; jkpofj;jpd; kf;fs; njhif Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 4271856

nrd;id - 4343645
mlh;j;jp 480 / rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;
jkpofj;jpd; ngz;fs; kf;fs; njhif
 2008y; jkpofj;jpy; kf;fs; njhif
3>10>04>770
mlhj;jp 511 / rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;
khtl;l thhpahf ngz;fs; kf;fs; njhif
khtl;lk; njhif
nguk;gY}h; - 247505
nguk;gY}h; - 493646
mhpaY}h; - 348761
mhpaY}h; - 695524
ePyfphp - 383790
ePyfphp - 762141
f&h; - 470148
f&h; - 935685
Njdp - 540964
Njdp - 1093950
rptfq;if - 588409
rptfq;if - 1155356
jpUth&h; - 588690
jpUth&h; - 1169474
,uhkehjGuk; - 604228
,uhkehjGuk; - 1187604
ehkf;fy; - 733911
GJf;Nfhl;il - 1459601
GJf;Nfhl;il - 735301
ehfg;gl;bdk; - 1488839
ehfg;gl;bdk; - 749765
ehkf;fy; - 1493462
J}j;Jf;Fb - 805450
J}j;Jf;Fb - 1572273
fd;dpahFkhp - 843765
fd;dpahFkhp - 1676034
tpUJefh; - 880925
tpUJefh; - 1751301
jpz;Lf;fy; - 954877
jpz;Lf;fy; - 1923014
jpUtz;zhkiy - 1090266
jpUtz;zhkiy - 2186125
jQ;rhT+h; - 1119500
jQ;rhT+h; - 2216138
flY}h; - 1134487
flY}h; - 2285395
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 1209832
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 2418366
<NuhL - 1272222
kJiu - 2578201
kJiu - 1274838
<NuhL - 2581500
jpUts;Sh; - 1357349
jpUts;Sh; - 2754756
jUkGhp - 1382703
jpUney;Ntyp - 2723988
jpUney;Ntyp - 1390049
jUkGhp - 2856300
fhQ;rpGuk; - 1420226
fhQ;rpGuk; - 2877468
Nryk; - 1452713 GJf;Nfhl;il - 312
tpOg;Guk; - 1467931 f&h; - 311
NtY}h; - 1736234 ePyfphp - 300
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 2095825 jh;kGhp - 294
nrd;id - 2124106 ,uhkehjGuk; - 287
jkpo;ehl;bd; 2001 fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb kf;fs; nguk;gY}h; - 278
njhif mlh;j;jp 480 MFk; rptfq;if - 275
 mlh;j;jp mjpfk; cs;s khtl;lk; jkpo;ehl;bd; Mz; ngz; tpfpjk; 1000/987
nrd;id MFk; MFk;
kf;fs; mlh;j;jp tptuq;fs; J}j;Jf;Fb - 1050
nrd;id - 24231 jpUney;Ntyp - 1042
fd;dpahFkhp - 992 rptfq;if - 1038
jpUts;Sh; - 800 ,uhkehjGuk; - 1036
kJiu - 733 jQ;rhT+h; - 1021
jQ;rhT+h; - 649 GJf;Nfhl;il - 1015
fhQ;rpGuk; - 647 fd;dpahFkhp - 1014
flY}h; - 626 ePyfphp - 1014
NtY}h; - 573 jpUth&h; - 1014
Nryk; - 573 ehfg;gl;bdk; - 1014
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 566 tpUJefh; - 1012
ehfg;gl;bdk; - 548 f&h; - 1010
jpUr;rp - 542 nguk;gY}h; - 1006
jpUth&h; - 538 mhpaY}h; - 1006
ehkf;fy; - 436 jpUr;rp - 1001
jpUney;Ntyp - 411 NtY}h; - 997
tpUJefh; - 409 jpUtz;zhkiy - 995
tpOg;Guk; - 406 jpz;Lf;fy; - 986
mhpaY}h; - 358 flY}h; - 986
Njdp - 357 tpOg;Guk; - 984
jpUtz;zhkiy - 352 kJiu - 978
J}j;Jf;Fb - 339 Njdp - 978
jpz;Lf;fy; - 317 fhQ;rpGuk; - 975
<NuhL - 314 <NuhL - 972
jpUts;Sh; - 971 11. ehfg;gl;bdk; - 76.89
ehkf;fy; - 966 12. jpUts;Sh; - 76.54
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 963 13. jQ;rhT+h; - 76.07
nrd;id - 957 14. tpUJefh; - 74.23
fpU\;zfphp - 944 15. ,uhkehjGuk; - 73.05
jUkGhp - 938 16. NtY}h; - 73.07
Nryk; - 929 17. rptfq;if - 72.66
jkpo;ehl;bd; kf;fs; njhif tsh;rr
; p 11.72 18. NjdP - 72.01
rjtPjk; MFk; 19. GJf;Nfhl;il - 71.96
 Fiwe;j tsh;rr
; p tpfjk; cs;s khtl;lk; 20. flY}h; - 71.85
Njdp MFk; 21. jpz;Lf;fy; - 69.83
 mjpf tsh;rr
; p tpfpjk; cs;s khtl;lk; 22. f&h; - 68.74
jpUts;Sh; MFk; 23. ehkf;fy; - 67.66

 mjpf efh;Gw kf;fis cila khtl;lk; 24. jpUtz;zhkiy – 68.22

nrd;id MFk;. ,uz;lhtjhf 25. Nryk; - 65.72
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lk; MFk; 26. <NuhL - 65.51

 Fiwe;j efh;Gw kf;fis cila 27. nguk;gY}h; - 65.88

khtl;lk; tpOg;Guk; MFk; 28. tpOg;Guk; - 64.68

29. jUkGhp - 59.23
 jkpo;ehl;bd; ruhrhp fy;tpawpT 73.47
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s fy;tp / gy;fiyf;
rjtPjk; MFk;
fofq;fs;:
 ngz;fs; fy;tpawpT kpff; Fiwe;j
khtl;lk; jh;kGhp MFk;  jkpo;ehl;by; jw;NghJ 350 nghwpapy;

fy;tpawpT rjtPjk; fy;Y}hpfs;> 25 kUj;Jt fy;Y}hpfs;> 1150

1. fd;dpahFkhp - 88.11 fiyf; fy;Y}hpfs;> 2550 gs;spfs; 5000

2. J}j;Jf;Fb - 81.96 kUj;Jt kidfs; cs;sd

3. nrd;id - 80.14  midtUk; mwptpay; fy;t gapy

4. ePyfphp - 81.44 Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fspd;
5. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 79.16 nfhs;if MFk;
6. fhQ;rpGuk; - 77.61  nkl;uh]; fpwp];Jtf; fy;Y}hp 1837y;
7. kJiu - 78.65 Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
8. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 76.95  Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science
9. jpUney;Ntyp - 76.97 and Higher Education for Women. ,e;j
10. jpUth&h; - 76.90 epWtdk; 8.6.1998y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
 Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy; cs;sJ.  Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University
 ghujpahh; gy;fiyf; fofk; 1981y; 1987y; nrd;idapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy;  Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher
cs;sJ. Education 9.11.1992
 ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf; fofk; gpg;uthp  Tamil Nadu Veterinary And Animal
1982y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jpUr;rpapy;
Sciences University 1876 y; nrd;idapy;
cs;sJ
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
 Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha
 jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ik gy;fiyf;fofk;
1918y; kfhj;kh fhe;jp mth;fshy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nrd;idapy; cs;sJ
 2002y; jkpo;ehL jpwe;jntsp
 Gandhigram Rural Institute, jpz;Lf;fy;>
gy;fiyf;fok; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
3.8.1976y; gy;fiyf;fof epiyiag;
 17.09.1997y; nghpahh; gy;fiyf;fofk;
ngw;wJ
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
 mofg;gh gy;fiyf; fofk; 1985y;
 16.10.2002y; jpUts;Sth; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nrd;idapy; cs;sJ
NtY}hpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
 mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fofk; 1929y;
 Jkpofj;jpy; mfpy ,e;jpahitg; Nghd;W
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J mz;zhkiy efhpy;
10 + 2 + 3 jpl;lk; 1978y; nfhz;L
cs;sJ
tug;gl;lJ.
 Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpa muR epWtdq;fs;
1959y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nrd;idapy;
 jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpak; Jtf;fg;gl;L 50
cs;sJ
Mz;Lfs; epiwtile;Js;sJ
 kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf; fofk; 1966y;
 jkpo;ehL epy msit Jiw 150
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J kJiuapy; cs;sJ
Mz;Lfs; epiwtile;Js;sJ
 kNdhd;kzp Re;judhh; gy;fiyf; fofk;
 Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housing
27.8.1990 jpUney;Ntypapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Development Corporation (TAHDCO) –
 md;id njurh ngz;fs; gy;fiyf;fofk;
1974
1984y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
 The Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB)
nfhilf;fhdypy; cs;sJ
– 1.7.1957
 Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University
20.09.1997y; nrd;idapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.  ELCOT – 1977

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rl;lg;gy;fiyf;fofk;  Tamil Nadu Housing Board – 1961

,JNt MFk;.  Tamil Nadu Industries Development
 Corporation TIDCO – 1965  TEDA – Tamil Nadu Energy Development
 Tamil Nadu Mineral Ltd., - 1978 TAMIN Agency
 TNPL – 1979  TNCSF – Tamil Nadu Co-operation Sugar
 Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Federation
Board (TWAD Board) – 14.4.1971  TNEB – Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
 Science City - 1998  TNHB – Tamil Nadu Housing Board
 jkpo;ehL khRf; fl;Lg;ghL thhpak; 1982  TNPHC – Tamil Nadu Police Housing
 jkpo;ehL tzpfh; ey thhpak; 1989 Corporation
 TAMPCOL – Tamil Nadu Medical Plant  TNPL – Tamil Nadu Paper Ltd.,
Farms & Herbal Medical Corporation  TNPSC – Tamil Nadu Public Service
 TANCOF – Tamil Nadu Co-op Oil Seeds Commission
Growers Federation  TNUDP – Tamil Nadu Urban Development
 TANHOPE – Tamil Nadu Horticultural Project
Producers Co-op Enterprises Ltd.,  TTDC – Tamil Nadu Tourism &
 TANSI – Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation
Corporation  TUFIDCO – Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and
 TANSIDCO – Tamil Nadu Small Industries Infrastructure Development Corporation
Development Corportaion Ltd.,
 TANUVAS – Tamil Nadu Veterinary  TWAD – Tamil Nadu Water Supply &
Animal Sciences University Drainage Board
 TAPCO – Tamil Nadu Poultry  TAI – Tamil Nadu AGri Industries
Development Corporation Corporation
 TASMAC – Tamil Nadu Spirit Marketing  TALCO – Tamil Nadu Leather
Corporation Development Corporation
 TDFC – Transport Development Finance  TAFCORN – Tamil Nadu Forest Plan
Corporation Corporation
 TANTEA – Tamil Nadu Tea Plantations  TABCEDCO - Backward Classes Economic
Corporation Ltd., Development Corporation
 TEL – Tamil Nadu Industrial Explosives  SHRC – State Human Rights Commission
Ltd.,  SIPCOT – Small Industries Promotion
 Corporating of Tamilnadu Ltd., 14.56 rjtPjk; ngw;W KiwNa Kjyplk;
 TEDA – Tamil Nadu Energy Development kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij gpbj;Js;sJ.

Agency  ,e;jpahtpy; rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jpay; 14.86

 POWERFIN – Power Finance & rjtPjk; ,uh[];jhd;. kj;jpa gpuNjrk;

12.88 rjtPjk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk; 11.38
Infrastructureal Development
rjtPjk; jkpo;ehL 10.04 rjtPjk; ngw;W
Corporation Ltd.,
KiwNa Kjy; ehd;F ,lj;ij
 ELCOT – Electronic Corporation of
gpbj;Js;sJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; rpnkz;l;
Tamilnadu Ltd.,
cw;gj;jp Rkhh; 140 ,yl;rk; ld;fs;
fzpdp nkd;nghUs; cw;gj;jp
MFk;
 ,e;jpahtpy; fzpdp nkd; nghUs;  ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nkhj;j 16.66 ,yl;rk;
cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;ij ngq;fSUk; tpirj;jwpfspy; jkpo;ehl;by; 4.00 yl;rk;
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij nrd;idAk; tpirj;jwpfs; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;sJ. ,J
cs;sJ. Rkhh; 24 rjtPjk; MFk;. ,J ,e;jpa
 2007-2008 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd jkpofj;jpd; mstpy; kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj;
nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjp 284>900 kpy;ypad; khepyq;fSf;F mLj;j %d;whtJ
&gha; MFk; epiyahFk;
 ,-gg;sp\pq; vdg;gLk; Gj;jf gjpg;gfq;fs;  ntspehl;L KjyPLfis ngWtjpy;
,e;jpahtpy; nrd;idapy; mjpfk; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjyplj;ij kfhuh\;buh
mike;Js;sJ. HCL, Wipro, TCS, Satyam, kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij jpy;ypAk;
Infosys, Cognizant Technology Solutions, %d;whtJ ,lj;ij jkpo;ehLk;
Covansys, Ford Information Technology, gpbj;Js;sJ
Xansa, Verizon, iSoft, iNautix, Electronic nrd;id khtl;lk;
Data Systems, Bally Mfpa epWtdq;fspd;  jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfr; rpwpa khtl;lk; ,JNt
fpisfs; nrd;idapy; mike;Js;sJ. MFk;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; fzpdp nkd; nghUs;  irf;fps;> yhhp> lhq;F> ,uapy;ngl;b>
Vw;Wkjpapy; 35.28 rjtPjk; fh;ehlfh vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G> mr;Rj; njhopy;>
jkpo;ehL 13.72 rjtPjk; ngw;W KiwNa gjpg;Gj; njhopy;> Gj;jf ntspaPL>
Kjyplk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij Nkhl;lh; igf;> Njhy; gjdpLjy;
gpbj;Js;sJ. jkpo;ehL fhy;eil kUj;Jtg;
 ,e;jpahtpy; fhfpj cw;gj;jpapy; 24.33 gy;fiyf;fofk;:
rjtPjk; Me;jpu gpuNjrKk; jkpo;ehL  nrd;idapy; tptrhaf; fy;Y}hpapd; xU
gFjpahf 1876y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
  1903y; fy;Y}hp epiy ngw;wJ. Royal MFk;. Kl;Lf;fhL vd;w ,lj;jpy; Central
Commission on Agriculture gb Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture
,e;jpahtpd; (nrd;id gy;fiyf; fofk;) cs;sJ.
gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;l jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;: ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
Kjy; fy;Y}hp ,JNt MFk; jpUf;Fg;gk; (jp&h;) vd;Dkplj;jpy; ney;
 20.9.1989y; gy;fiyf; fof epiy Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;sJ Mitsubishi
toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mrpahtpd; Kjy; epWtdk; jpUts;Sh; mUfpYk; mike;Js;sJ.
fhy;eil kUj;Jtg; gy;fiyf; fofk;  mk;gj;J}h; efhpy; TI irf;fps;
,JNtahFk; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ. jpUntw;wpA+h;
 ,uz;lhtJ fy;Y}hp ehkf;fy; MRF lah; kw;Wk; Royal Enfield
khtl;lj;jpy; 1985y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ.
 nrd;idapy; Centre of Central Marine  Ashok Leyland njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk;
Fisheries Research Institute cs;sJ. JiwKfj;ijAk; vz;Z}h; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 fpof;F flw;fiuapy; nrd;id Nryk; khtl;lk;:
JiwKfj;ij ,k; khtl;lk; Nryj;jpy; ,Uk;G cUf;F Miy cs;sJ.
nfhz;Ls;sJ nrd;id ngUefh; tsh;r;rp fQ;r kiyapy; ,Uk;Gj; jhJ nghUl;fs;
FOkj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ tiuT jpl;lk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. fpof;F kiyj; njhlh;
ntspaplg;gl;l ehs; 4 nrg;lk;gh; 2008 Nrh;tuhad; kiyj; njhlhpy; Vw;fhL efuk;
fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;: jw;NghJ ,k;khtl;lk; mike;Js;sJ.
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miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfpd; rpwe;j fhh;  kUe;Jfs;> mYkpdpaj; njhopw;rhiy
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24 fz;zjhrd; gpwe;j ehs;
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20.4.2007  2009 lhf;lh; G\;ghQ;ryp Mh;.
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275 (1) goq;Fbapdh; eyd;fisf;  2010y; N[. jPgh (khw;Wj; jpwdhsp)
Fwpf;fpd;wJ  CdKw;Nwhh; kW tho;tpw;F jdpj;Jiw
 kdpj Nea thu tpoh jkpofj;jpy; rdthp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L : 1992
24k; Njjp Kjy; 30 Mk; Njjp tiu  jkpo;ehL CdKw;Nwhh; tpjpfs; : 2002
eilngWfpd;wJ  Ntiytha;gw;w ghh;itaw;NwhUf;F
 eptuhzj; njhif toq;Fk; jpl;lk;: 1981  ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rPh;jpUj;jg;gs;sp
 jkpo;ehl;by; eilKiwapy; cs;s r%f nrq;fy;gl;by; 1887y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
eyj;jpl;lq;fs; rj;JzTld; toq;fg;gLtJ:
1. kfsph; Ra cjtpf; FO  jpq;fl;fpoik – Ntfitj;j
2. GJ tho;Tj; jpl;lk; cUisf;fpoq;F (kw;w ehl;fspy; 3
3. ngz; Foe;ijg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; Kl;ilfs;)
4. njhl;by; Foe;ij jpl;lk;  nts;spf;fpoik – gr;irg;gapW (my;yJ)
5. r%fg; ghJfhg;G eyj;jpl;lk; fUg;gf; nfhz;ilf; fliy
6. Rdhkp Nguiy – Mjutw;w Foe;ijfs; rpiwfs;:
vjph;fhy itg;Gepjp jkpo;ehl;by; jw;NghJ ika rpiwr; rhiyfs;
7. ,ytr Kl;il toq;Fk; jpl;lk; cs;s ,lq;fs; 1. nrd;id (Goy;) 2.
8. tsh; ,sk; ngz;fs; Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 3. flY}h;> 4. kJiu 5.
9. <. Nt. uh. kzpak;ikahh; epidT Vio ghisak;Nfhl;il 6. Nryk; 7. NtY}h; 8.
tpjitauJ kfs; jpUkz cjtpj; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp jw;NghJ etPd gLj;jg;gl;l
jpl;lk; rpiw Goy; rpiwahFk;.
10. %tY}h; ,uhkkph;jk; mk;ikahh; epidT  ngz;fSf;fhd rpiw Kjypy;
jpUkz epjp cjtpj; jpl;lk; Jtf;fg;gl;l ,lk; NtY}h;> jkpo;ehl;by;
11. lhf;lh; jh;khk;ghs; mk;ikahh; epidT cs;s kpfg; nghpa rpiwr;rhiy Goy;
tpjit kWkz jpUkz epjp cjtpj; rpiwr;rhiy MFk;
jpl;lk;
12. md;id njuhrh epidT Mjutw;w
Gtpapay;
ngz;fs; epidT cjtpj; jpl;lk; mz;lq;fs;
 CdKw;NwhUf;F Nrit Mw;Wtjpy;
 kpy;ypad; fzf;fpy; $l;lk; $l;lkhf
mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; rpwe;j khtl;lk;:
fhzg;gLk; #hpaidg; Nghd;w el;rj;jpuj;
,uhkehjGuk;
njhFjpfs; mz;lq;fs; vdg;gLk;
 jkpof murpd; Kof;fk;: Cl;lr;rj;J
 #hpaf; FLk;gk; cs;s mz;lk; ghy;top
Fiwghby;yh khepykhf jkpofj;ij
mz;lk;
cUthf;FNthk;
 ,jid Mfh\; fq;fh vd;W $Wth;
 jkpo;ehL r%f ey thhpak; 1954
 ekJ ghy;top mz;lj;jpw;F kpf mUfpy;
 jkpo;ehL khepy kfsph; Mizak; 1993
cs;sJ Andromeda vd;w mz;lk;
 brk;gh; 3> midj;J ehLfspy; cly;
MFk;
CdKw;Nwhh; ehshf nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ
 ghy;top mz;lkhdJ RUs; Nghd;w
 mikg;ig nfhz;lJ  ,t;thW #hpaid ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy;
 ghy;topapd; ntspr; Rw;wpy; #hpaf; Nfhs;fs; Rw;Wfpd;wd vd;w fUj;ij
FLk;gk; mike;Js;sJ ntspapl;l mwpQh;fs; Mhpa gl;lh>
Nguz;lk; Nfhgh;epf]; kw;wk; fyPypNah Mthh;

 ghy;top mz;lk; Nghd;w kpy;ypad; #hpaid Rw;Wk; 8 Nfhs;fs;

kpy;ypad; mz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ 1. Gjd;> 2. Rf;fpud; 3. G+kp> 4. nrt;tha;
Nguz;lk; v.fh. Mz;luNklh 5. FU (tpahod;) 6. Rdp> 7. ANud]; 8.
thy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;: neg;bA+d;

 Nguz;lj;jpy; tyk; tUk; cile;J  1930 Kjy; 2006 tiu G+Sl;Nlh xU

rpjwpa ghiwj; Jz;LfNs thy; Nfhshf fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;

el;rj;jpuq;fs; midj;Jyf thdpay; xd;wpak; xU

NfhSf;Fhpa jFjpapy;iy vd;Wk;
 ,tw;wpd; jiyg;gFjp ngUj;Jk;
Fapg;gh; gl;ilapy; cs;s xU nghUs;
cly;gFjp thy; Nghd;W ePz;Lk;
vd;Wk; njhptpj;jjpd; mbg;gilapy;
fhzg;gLk;
G+Sl;Nlh ePf;fg;gl;lJ
 thy; el;rj;jpuq;fSf;F el;rj;jpuq;fs;
 jw;NghJ G+Sl;Nlh xU FWq;NfhshFk;
Nghd;W jhdhfg; gpufhrpf;Fk; jd;ik
fpilahJ  #hpa kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s FWq;Nfhs;fs;:
1. Vhp]; 2. G+Sl;Nlh 3. nru];
 thy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;> #hpa FLk;gj;jpw;F
mUfpy; tUk;NghJ #hpa ntspr;rj;jpy;  G+kp #hpaid 107>2000 fpkP / kzp

gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ Ntfj;jpy; Rw;Wfpd;wJ.

 \P Nkf;fh; nytp vd;w el;rj;jpuk; 1994k;  #hpadpd; Nkw;Gw ntg;gepiy 6000°

Mz;L #iy 17Mk; ehs; tpahod; kPJ nry;rpa];
NkhjpaJ  ikag;gFjp ntg;gepiy 1>00>000°
vhpel;rj;jpuq;fs; nry;rpa];
 Nguz;lj;jpy; tyk; tUk; ghiwj;  mZf;fis gpsg;gjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;
Jz;Lfs; Gtp<h;gG
; tpirapy; <h;f;fg;gl;L ntg;gj;ijtpl gyklq;F ntg;gk; ,U
Gtpapd; fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy; mZf;fis ,izg;gjd; %yk;
EioAk;NghJ cuha;tpdhy; vhpe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ
rhk;gyhfpwJ. ,JNt vhp el;rj;jpuq;fs;  #hpadpy; cs;s iel;u[d; kw;Wk;
vdg;gLk; `Pypak; Nghd;w thAf;fspd; mZf;fspd;
 #hpaid ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy; 9 gpizthy; mstw;w ntg;gk; ntspg;gl;Lf;
Nfhs;fs; Rw;Wfpd;wd nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
 #hpa FLk;gj;jpy; #hpad; kl;Lk; jhdhfg;  Gjd;> nts;spf;F Jizf;Nfhs; ,y;iy
gpufhrpf;Fk; jd;ik cz;L  rdpapd; Jizf;Nfhs; ill;ld; MFk;.
 Nfhs;fs;> jd;idj; jhNd xUKiwr;  rdpapw;F 20f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
Rw;wpf; nfhs;s 25 ehl;fs; MFk;. Jizf;Nfhs;fs; cz;L
tyk; tUjy; G+kp
 ghy;top mz;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s #hpad;  Gtpapd; cs; mikg;G (Core of the earth)>
jd; FLk;gj;Jld; ghy;top mz;lj;jpd; NifFe – Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe) Mfpa
ikaj;ij xUKiw tyk; tu 250 nghUl;fshy; mike;Js;sJ.
kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; Mfpd;wJ. ,jid  G+kp jd;idj; jhNd Rw;wp tUtjhy;
mad Mz;L vd;gh; Nfhs tbtk; ngw;Ws;sJ
cl;Nfhs;fs;: tpahod;> rdp> ANud];>
 G+kp Nfhs tbtk; cilaJ vd;gjw;fhd
neg;ba+d; Mfpa 4 Nfhs;fSk;
fhuzq;fs;
ntspf;Nfhs;fs;
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J xNu
Gjd;
jpirapy; njhlh;e;J gazk; nra;jhy;>
 #hpaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs;
kPz;Lk; Gwg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;Nf te;J Nru
nts;sp
KbfpwJ
 G+kpf;F mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs;
 fpufzj;jpd; NghJ Gtpapd; epoy;>
 ,jid tpb nts;sp vd;gh; tl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ
 ,jid khiy el;rj;jpuk; vd;gh;  gpw Nfhs;fs; Nfhs cUtpy;
 ,jid mofpd; Njtij vd;gh; mike;jpUg;gjhy; GtpAk; Nfhs
nrt;tha;: rptg;G Nfhs; vdg;gLk; cUtpidf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy;
tpahod;: Ntz;Lk;
 #hpa kz;lyj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa Nfhs;  cyfpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; #hpa
 ,jw;F 63 Jizf; Nfhs;fs; cz;L cjak;> kiwT Mfpad ntt;NtW
Neuq;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;fpy; cs;s
 Ganymede vd;w Jizf;Nfhs; #hpa
gFjpfistplf; fpof;fpy; cs;s gFjpfs;
kz;lyj;jpd; kpfg; nghpa Jizf; Nfhs;
#hpa xspia Kd;djhfg; ngWtjhy;
MFk;
Gtp xU Nfhs tbtKilaJ vd;gJ
rdp
njspthfpwJ
 rptg;G epw tisaKs;s Nfhs;
 fiuia neUq;Fk; fg;gy;fspd;
Jizf;Nfhs;fs;
gha;kuq;fs; KjypYk;> fg;gypd; kw;wg;
 G+kpapd; Jizf; Nfhs;fs; re;jpud;
gFjpfs; gpd;dUk; ek; ghh;itapy;
 tpOfpd;wd neg;bA+d;
 caur; nry;yr; nry;y ekJ ghh;itapd;  Jizf;Nfhs; ,y;yhj Nfhs;fs; Rf;fpud;>
tiuaiw mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ Gjd;> GSl;Nlh
 Gtp eLf;Nfhl;bypUe;J JUtg; gFjpf;Fr;  tpahod; vd;w nfhSf;F 14
nry;y nry;y el;rj;jpuq;fspd; cauk; Jizf;Nfhs;fs; cz;L
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Gtpapd; Nkw;gFjp  ekJ #hpa kz;lyk; ghy;tPjp
tisthf mike;Js;sij ,J kz;lyj;jpy; cs;sJ
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ  G+kp #hpadpy; ,Ue;J %d;whtJ ,lj;jpy;
 Gtp eLf;Nfhl;bypUe;J JUtg; gFjpf;Fr; cs;sJ
nry;y nry;y el;rj;jpuq;fspd; cauk;  #hpadplj;jpy; G+kpf;F xsptu 8 epkplk;
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Gtpapd; Nkw;gFjp 16 tpdhbfs; Mfpd;wJ
tisthf mike;Js;sij ,J
G+kp Rw;Wjy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ
 G+kpapd; tbtk; MuQ;R go tbtj;jpy;
 tpz;ntspg; gazk; nra;j tPuh;fs;
Nky; fPo; cr;rpapy; jl;ilahf
vLj;jDg;gpa glq;fs; G+kp Nfhs
fhzg;gLfpwJ
tbtKilaJ vd fhl;Lfpd;wd.
 G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf; nfhs;fpwJ
 G+kp epyj;jhYk; ePuhYkhdJ
 G+kp Rkhh; 1700 fp. kP Ntfj;jpy;
 ePh;gug;G 71% MFk;. epyg;gug;G 29%
jd;idj;jhNd Rw;WfpwJ
MFk;
 G+kpapd; mr;R 23½° Nfhzj;jpy; rw;W
 G+kpapd; Rw;wsT 40>067 fp. kP
rha;e;J cs;sJ. vdNt G+kj;jpa Nuif
 G+kpf;F mUfpy; cs;s el;rj;jpuk;
gFjpapy; #hpad; fjph;fs; nrq;Fj;jhfTk;
#hpad;.
JUtg;gFjpapy; rha;thfTk; tpOfpd;wJ
 G+kpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; cs;s njhiyT
 G+kpapd; ntg;gk; gfy; 2.00 kzpf;F
Rkhh; 150 kpy;ypad; fpNyh kPl;lh;fs;
mjpfkhfTk;> G+kpapd; Fsph; tpbaw;fhiy
MFk;.
3.00 kzpf;F mjpfkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;
 #hpa FLk;gj;jpw;F kpf mUfhikapy;
 G+kp Nkw;F – fpof;F jpirapy;
cs;s el;rj;jpuk; gpuhf;]pkh nrz;lhh;
Rw;WfpwJ. vdNt #hpad; fpof;fpy;
 G+kpapd; ntg;gepiy 15°nr
cjpj;J Nkw;fpy; kiwfpwJ
 #hpaDf;F kpfj; njhiytpy; cs;s
 G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf;nfhs;s 23
fpufk;
kzp Neuk; 56 epklk; MfpwJ
 G+kp #hpaidr; Rw;wptu 365 ½ ehl;fs;
MFk;.
 re;jpud; G+kpia Rw;wptu 27 ehl;fs; tiuag;gl;l tl;ltbkhd fw;gidf;
Mfpd;wJ NfhLfs;

G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wtjhy;  JUtj;ij Nehf;fp nry;y nry;y

Rw;wstpy; Fiwfpd;wd
Vw;gLgit
 kpfg;nghpa ml;rNuif G+kj;jpa Nuif
 ,uTk; gfYk;
 0° ml;rNuif G+kj;jpa Nuif
 fhyNeuk;
 23 ½° tl ml;rNuif flfNuif
 flypy; miyfs;> Xjq;fs;
 23 ½° njd; ml;rNuif kfuNuif
 fly; fhw;Wfs; kw;Wk; fly;
 66 ½° tl ml;rNuif Mh;bf; tl;lk;
ePNuhl;lq;fspy; Nghf;Ffs;
 66 ½° njd; ml;rNuif tl JUtk;
G+kp #hpaid Rw;Wtjhy;
 90 njd; ml;rNuif njd; JUtk;
Vw;gLgit  ml;rNuiffs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
 gUt fhyq;fs; ,izahfTk; Vwf;Fiwa rk
 rk ,uT rk gfy; ,y;yhky; rw;W ,ilntspAlDk; mike;Js;sikahy;
khWgLfpwJ ,jid ,izf;NfhLfs; vd;gh;.
 ez;gfy; #hpad; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk;  xt;Nthh; ml;rNuiff;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uk;
khWgLtJ 69 iky; Kjy; 110.4 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu
rkNeu ,uT> gfy; ehl;fs; cs;sJ
 0° ml;rNuif 110 fp. kP
 nrg;lk;gh; khjk; 23k; NjjpAk; khh;r; 21k;
NjjpAk; rkNeu ,uT gfy; ehl;fshFk;  20° ml;rNuif 104 fp. kP

 khh;r; 21k; Njjp Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; 21k;  40° ml;rNuif 84.8 fp. kP

Njjp tiu 6 khjk; tlJUtj;jpy; gfy;  60° ml;rNuif 6.0 fp. kP

,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;  90° ml;rNuif 0 fp. kP
 nrg;lk;gh; 22 Kjy; khh;r; 20k; Njjp tiu jPh;ff
; Nuif (Longitudes)
6 khjk; njd; JUtj;jpy; gfy; ,Ue;J
 ml;rNuiffis ntl;bf; nfhz;L ,U
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;
JUtq;fisAk; ,izj;jgb tiuag;gLk;
 khh;r; 21k; Njjp Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; 21k;
fw;gidf; NfhLfSf;F jPh;f;f Nuiffs;
Njjp tiu 6 khjk; njd;JUtj;jpy; ,uT
vdg;gLk;. ,tw;iw nkhpbad; (ez;gfy;)
,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
vd;W $Wth;
ml;rNuiffs; (Latitudes)  yz;ldpy; cs;s fphpd;tpr; uhay; Ma;Tf;
 G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fpof;F Nkw;fhf $lk; topahf nry;Yk; jPh;f;f Nuif 0°
 MFk;. fphpd;tPr;rpw;F fpof;fpy; 180° jPh;f;f Rw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;F 29½ ehl;fs; MFk;.
NuifAk; Nkw;fpy; 180° jPh;f;f NuifAk;  re;jpud; G+kpia XUkiw tyk; tUtjw;F
cs;sJ. 29 ½ ehl;fs; MFk;
 rh;tNjr Njjpf; Nfhl;il flf;Fk;NghJ 1  re;jpudpd; Gtp<h;gG
; tpir G+kpapd; <h;gG
;
ehs; Mfpd;wJ. vdNt ,f;Nfhl;bid; tpirapy; 1/6 gq;F vdNt G+kpapd; 60
fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf fle;J nrd;why; fpNyh vil re;jpudpy; fhw;W ,y;iy.
1 ehs; $LfpwJ. vdNt ve;j xypAk; Nfl;gjpy;iy
 1884y; th\pq;ld;dpy; $ba Internation re;jpud; G+kpia tyk; tUtjhy;
Meridian Conference Greenwhich
Vw;gLk;
Universal World time vd mwptpj;Js;sJ.
%d;W tpjkhd tpisTfs;:
International Dateline:
1. re;jpudpd; epiyfs;
 ,f;Nfhl;bid tiue;jth; Nltpl;rd;
2. xspkiwg;G
vd;gth;. ,f;NfhL grpgpf; ngUq;fliy
3. Xjq;fs;
ikakhf nfhz;L tiuag;gLfpwJ
mkhthir
 fhyq;fis eph;zapf;f G+kp 24 Time
 mkhthirad;W #hpaDf;Fk; G+kpf;Fk;
Zones fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
,ilapy; re;jpud; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l Neuk; 82° 30
myfhghj; topNa nry;Yk; jPh;f;f Nuif
ngsh;zkp
itj;J fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ  ngsh;zkpad;W #hpaDf;Fk;
 jPh;f;f Nuifapy; xt;nthU bfphpf;Fk; 4 re;jpuDf;Fk; ,ilapy; G+kp
epkplq;fs; fpof;F Nehf;fp mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cs;sJ #hpa xspkiwg;G
 ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;NfhL 82.50 fpof;F  #hpa xspkiwg;G Vw;gl #hpad;> re;jpud;
(82.5 X 4 = 330 epkplq;fs;) kw;Wk; Gtp Mfpait xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by;
 vdNt fphpd;tpr; kzp Neuj;ij tpl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,e;jpa Neuk; 5½ kzp Neuk; (330  ,J mkhthir gfypy; jhd; mikak;
epkplq;fs;) mjpfk;  #hpa xspkiwg;G 8 epkplq;fs; kl;LNk
re;jpud; epfOk;

 #hpa FLk;gj;jpd; Jizf; Nfhs;fspy; re;jpu xspkiwg;G

kpfg;nghpa Jizf;Nfhs; re;jpud;  Re;jpu xspkiwg;G Vw;gl #hpad;> G+kp
 re;jpud; jd;idj;jhNd xUKiw kw;Wk; re;jpud; Mfpa %d;Wk; xNu
 Neh;f;Nfhl;by; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; fly;ePh; <h;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;
 ,J ngsh;zkp ,uTfspy; mikAk; jpdKk; Vw;gLk; cah; Xjj;ij tpl rw;W
 re;jpud; Gtpapd; epow;gFjpiaf; flf;f mjpfkhf ,e;j ,uz;L ehl;fspYk; fly;
100 epkplq;fs; MFk;. vdNt re;jpu xsp kl;lk; cah;fpwJ. ,JNt mjp Xjk;.
kiwg;G flf;f 100 epkplq;fs; MFk; kpj Xjk;
cah;juk;  re;jpud; xU jpirapYk; #hpad; kw;nwhU
 re;jpuid Nehf;fpAk; Gtpapd; gFjpapy; jpirapYk; fly; ePiu <h;f;fpd;wd.
cs;s fly; ePh; re;jpudpd; <h;gG
; ,jdhy; fly; ePh; kl;lk; ehd;F
tpirahy; fly;ePh; kl;lk; cah;tjhy; gf;fq;fspYk; <h;f;fg;gLfpwJ. MfNt
mg;NghJ Vw;gLk; rkkw;w epiyia jpdKk; Vw;gLk; cah; Xjj;ijtplr;
<Lfl;l Gtpapd; kWgf;fj;jpYs;s rw;Wf; Fiwthff; fly; kl;lk; ,t;tpU
gFjpapYk; fly;ePh; kl;lk; cah;fpwJ. jpdq;fspy; cah;fpwJ. ,JNt kpj Xjk;
,t;thW re;jpud Nehf;fpAs;s Gtpapd; Xjq;fspd; tpisTfs;
gFjpapYk; mjw;F kWGwk; cs;s  cs;ehl;Lg; gFjpapy; nghpa MWfspy;
gFjpapYk; fly; ePh; kl;lk; cah;e;J mike;Js;s JiwKfq;fSf;Ff; flypy;
fhzg;gLk;. vdNt xNu rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;J fg;gy;fs; nry;y cah; Xjj;jpd;
Gtpapd; ,U Gwj;jpYk;> cah; Xjk; NghJ Vw;gLk; ePh;kl;l cah;T
Vw;gLk;. gad;gLfpwJ. Xjq;fs; kpd;rhuk;
jho; Xjk; jahhpf;fg;gad;gLfpdwd.
 ,U cah; Xjq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l  kPdth;fs; flYf;Fs; jq;fSila
gFjpfspYs;s fly; ePh; cah; glFfisr; nrYj;jTk;> jpUk;g fiuf;F
Xjg;gFjpfSf;Fr; nrd;WtpLfpd;wJ. tuTk; cah; Xjk; gad;gLfpwJ
vdNt ,U cah; Xjq;fSf;F
buNgh]; ];gpah;
,ilg;gl;l gFjpfspy; fly; ePh;kl;lk;
 ,J G+kpapd; Nky; 8 Kjy; 18 fp. kP
jho;e;J fhzg;gLk;
tiu gutpAs;sJ
mjp Xjk;
 gUt khw;wq;fs; ,q;Fjhd;
 mkhthirad;Wk;> ngsh;zkpad;Wk;
eilngWfpwJ
#hpad;> re;jpud; kw;Wk; Gtp Mfpa
%d;Wk; xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by; tUfpd;wd.  ,e;j gFjpapy; tpkhdq;fs; gwf;fhJ

mg;NghJ re;jpud; kw;Wk; #hpadpd; <h;gG

; ];l;NuhNlh];gpah;
tpirfs; xNu jpirapy; nray;gLtjhy;  thdpiy khw;wq;fs; fpilahJ
NkYk; mjpfkhf re;jpuid Nehf;fp  ,q;F Nkfq;fs;> ePh;jptiyfs; VJkpy;iy
 vdNt Mfha tpkhdq;fs; gwf;fpd;wd fUjg;gLtJ
 XNrhd; ,Lf;F cilaJ  caNu nry;y nry;y fhw;W kz;lyk;
 GwCjhf; fjph;fis jLf;Fk; nky;ypajhfpd;wJ

kPNrh];gpah; tspf;Nfhsk;
 G+kp ntg;gk; ngWtij jLg;gJ  Gtpf;Nfhsj;ijr; #o;e;j Nghh;it
maNdh];gpah; caph;epiyr;#oy;
 ,jd; cauk; 150 fp. kP  jhtuq;fisAk; gpuhzpfisAk;
 kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
 ,J kpd; madk; nfhz;lJ  G+kpapy; ntg;gk; NtWghL
 NubNah miy thpirfis jpUg;Gk; fhzg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
miyAk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ  fly;kl;lj;jpypUe;J cauk;
vf;N]h];gpah;  flypypUe;J J}uk;
 tsp kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iy  tPRk; fhw;Wfs;
 mjpf ntg;gKld; fhzg;gLk;  fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
 i`l;u[d;> `Pypak; Nghd;w thAf;fs;  50>000 rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; grhy;l;
fhzg;gLk; yhthtpdhy; %lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J 65-60
ntg;gj;jpd; fpilg;gutiy ghjpf;Fk; kpy;ypad; Mz;bw;F Kd; cUthd gFjp
fhuzpfs; tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs;:
 G+kpapd; rha;T mr;R
 G+kj;jpa Nuifia Nehf;fp 30° tlf;F
 #hpa xspapd; fhy ePl;rp kw;Wk; 30° njw;fpy; ,Ue;J tPRk;
 epyg;gug;gpd; gz;Gfs; fhw;WfNs tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;.
 Nguhopapd; ePNuhl;lq;fs; SODAR: Sonic Detection and Ranging
 tPRk; fhw;Wfs;  ,J fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij gy;NtW
caph;f;Nfhsk; cauq;fspy; mwpa gad;gLfpwJ
 Gtpapd; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j mikg;G Horse latitudes:

tspkz;lyk;  G+kj;jpa Nuifia Nehf;fp 30° Kjy; 35°

tlf;F kw;Wk; 30° Kjy; 350° njw;fpy;
 fhw;Wk; kioAk; Vw;gLtjw;Ff;
fhuzkhdJ cs;s gFjpNa Horse latitudes vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
vf;N]h];gpah;
 tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nky; vy;iyahff;
 cyfg; Gtpapay; vQ;rpa kiyfs;
cyfpd; fz;lq;fs;  G+kpdpa;d Nkw;gug;gpy; mhpg;G> gbT

fz;lj;jpd; ngah; mjd; rjtPjk; Nghd;witfshy; ,k; kiyfs;

1. Mrpah 29.5 Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy; ePyfphp

2. Mg;hpf;fh 20.0 kiyj; njhlh;> fPh;ehh; kiyj; njhlh;>

3. tl mnkhpf;fh 16.5 ];fhl;yhe;jpy; cs;s i`yhz;l;

4. njd; mnkhpf;fh 11.8 Nghd;wit ,k; kiyfSf;F

5. INuhg;gpah 6.5 vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

6. M];jpNuypah 5.2 gPlG+kpfs;: xU epyg;gug;G mjidr;

7. mz;lhh;bfh 9.5 Rw;wpAs;s epyg;gFjpfisf; fhl;bYk; rw;W

caukhdjhfTk; mjd; Nkw;gFjp
 G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s epyj;Njhw;wk;
jl;ilahfTk; ,Ue;jhy; gPlG+kp> vdg;gLk;.
3 tifahf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cyfpd; caukhd gPl G+kp jpngj;
1. kiyfs; 2. gPl G+kpfs; 3. rkntspfs;
gPlG+kpahFk;.
kbg;G kiyfs;
rkntsp: gue;j> jho;e;j rkkhd epyg;gug;G
 cyfpd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rkntsp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rkntspfs;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd kiyfs; kbg;G 3 tifg;gLk;. mit:
kiyfs; mFk;. G+kpapd; ngUk; gFjp 1. Mw;Wg;gbfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mw;Wr;
efUtjd; %yk; Njhd;WfpwJ. My;g;];> rkntsp
,kakiy> uhf;fP]; kw;Wk; Mz;b]; 2. fhw;Wg; gbTfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
Nghd;w kiyj; njhlh;fs; kbg;G kiyfs; fhw;whb tz;ly; rkntsp
MFk;. 3. fly; miyfspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
fUg;G kiyfs;: flw;fiur; rkntsp
 mOj;jk; fhuzkhf ,k; kiyfs; thdpiy: xU ,lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy;
Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. gpsT gs;sj;jhf;fpy; ,k; mq;Fs;s tsp kz;lyj;jpy; epyTk; ntg;g
kiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; epiy> fhw;wOj;jk;> fhw;W tPRk; jpir
rhj;G+uh kw;Wk; tpe;jpa kiyfs; fUg;G kw;Wk; mjd; Ntfk;> fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk;>
kiyfshFk;. ghfp]jhdpy; cs;s rhy;l; Nkf%l;lk;> kiog;nghopT Mfpatw;wpd;
njhlh;fs; gpuhd;rpy; cs;s NkNah msitf; Fwpg;gJ mt;tplj;jpd; thdpiy
kiyj; njhlh;fs;> kpahd;khhpy; cs;s vdg;gLk;
Nghgh kiyj; njhlh;fs; Nghd;wit ,k; fhyepiy: Xhplj;jpy; xt;nthU ehSk;
kiyfSf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk; tspkz;lyj;jpy; epyTk; ntg;g epiy>
fhw;wOj;jk;> fhw;W tPRk; jpir kw;Wk; mjd;
Ntfk;> fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk; Nkf%l;lk;> 2. kpj ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjph;f;
kiog;nghopT Mfpatw;iw Fiwe;jJ 35 fhLfs;
Mz;Lfshf gjpT nra;J mit 1. ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;:
xt;nthd;wpd; ruhrhp msitf; fz;lwpe;J ntg;g kz;lyf; fhyepiyg; gFjpfspy;
Fwpg;gpLtNj mt;tplj;jpd; fhy epiyahFk;. Mz;bd; rpy khjq;fspy; kl;Lk; kiog;
fhy epiy 6 gphpthf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ nghopT ,Ug;gjhy; kiog;nghoptpy;yhj
1. G+kj;jpa Nuir fhy epiy fhyq;fspy; twl;rpiaj; jhf;Fgpbf;f
2. ntg;g kz;ly fhy epiy ,iyfs; cjph;e;J tpLfpd;wd. vdNt
3. Jiz ntg;g kz;ly fhy epiy gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. kpj ntg;g kz;ly fhy epiy Njf;F> rhy;> re;jdk;> gps;s kUJ
5. Jiz Jut kz;ly fhy epiy Nghd;w kuq;fs; ,q;F mjpfkhf
6. Jut kz;ly fhy epiy tsh;fpd;wJ
,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs;: Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; 2. kpj ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;:
,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs; ehd;F ngUk; gphpthf Fsph; fhyj;jpy; mjpf Fsph;
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mit 1. fhLfs; 2. epyTtjhYk; gdp nfhl;LtjhYk;
Gy;ntsp 3. ghiytdj; jhtuq;fs; 4. JUtg; ,f;fhLfspy; tsUk; kuq;fs;
gpuNjrj; jhtuq;fs; Fsph;fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ghf ,iyfis
1. fhLfs;: mbg;gilapy; fhLfs; 3 cjph;j;JtpLfpd;wd. ,q;F Xf;> irg;u];>
tifahf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1. gRik Nkg;gps; kw;Wk; xypt kuq;fs;
khwhf; fhLfs; 2. ,iyAjpf;fhLfs; 3. tsh;fpd;wd. ,it ku
Crpapiyf;fhLfs;. Ntiyg;ghLfSf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
1. gRik khwhf; fhLfs;: G+kj;jpa Nuif 3. Crpapiyf;fhLfs;: ,f;fhLfs; kpj
kz;lyj;jpy; mjpf ntg;gKk; mjpf ntg;g kz;ly gFjpfis mLj;Js;s
kiog;nghopTk; ,Ug;gjhy; gRik khwhf; Jiz JUtg; gFjpapy;
fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Njf;F> fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F Nfhilf;
khNfhfdp> vNghdp> Nuh];Tl; Nghd;w ku fhyj;jpy; ntg;gk; kpjkhfTk; Fsph;f;
tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd; fhyj;jpy; ntg;g epiy ciwepiyf;F
mnkhpf;fhtpYs;s fhq;Nfh ,e;jpahtpy; fPNOAk; fhzg;gLtjhy; kuq;fs;
Nfushtpd; mikjpg; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; gdpg;nghopT Njq;fhky; ,Uf;f $k;G
,t;tif fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd tbtj;ijAk; ,iyfs; ePuhtpg;
2. ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;: ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs; Nghf;fhy; ePh; ,og;g Vw;gLtij
,uz;L tifg;gLk;: mit jtph;f;fTk;. CrpNghd;W jbj;Jk;
1. ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjpf;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. /gph;> yhh;r; Nghd;w
 kuq;fs; ,q;F tsUk; Kf;fpa tiffs; mit 1. ntg;gg; ghiytdk;> 2. Fsph;
MFk; ghiytdk;
Gy;ntspfs;: G+kpapy; Mz;bw;F 100 nr. kP 1. ntg;gg; ghiytdk;: rg;ghj;jpf; fs;sp>
Fiwthd kiog;nghopT ngWk; fw;whio> Kl;Gjh;fs; Nghd;wit
,lq;fspYk; Gy;ntspfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tsh;fpd;wJ. Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; cs;s
Gy;ntspfs; ntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntspfs; rfhuh> fyfhhp> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhh;>
kw;Wk; kpj ntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntspfs; M];jpNuypahtpy; cs;s nghpa
vd ,U tifg;gLk; M];jpNuypag; ghiytdk; Mfpait
ntg;g kz;ly Gy;ntspfs;: Mg;gphpf;fh ntg;gg; ghiytdk; MFk;.
fz;lj;jpy; cs;s rthdh Gy;ntsp – 2. Fsph; ghiytdk;: kiog; nghopT
Humid summers and dry winters ,y;yhj cah; ml;rg; gFjpfspy; Fsph;g;
kpjntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntsp> ,u\;ahtpy; ghiytdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cs;s ];nlg;gp Gy;ntsp> tl irdhtpy; cs;s Nfhgp> jpngj;jpy;
mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s gpnua;hp Gy;ntsp cs;s jf;ykfhd;> njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy;
mh;[d;ildhtpy; cs;s ghk;gh]; Gy;ntsp cs;s fLNfhdpad; ghiytdq;fs;
Mfpait kpj ntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntspfs; Nghd;wit Fsph;g; ghiytdq;fs; MFk;
MFk;. ,it ntg;g kz;lyg; 3. my;igd; my;yJ J}e;jpuj; jhtuq;fs;
Gy;ntspfis tpl cauk; FiwT. Mdhy; J}e;jpu vd;why; kuq;fs; ,y;yhj ,lk;
glh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;. vd;w nghUs; MFk;. JUtg; gFjpapy;
Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; kl;Lk; rpwpjsT #hpa
Gy;ntspfs;
ntg;gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. mf; fhyj;jpy;
Gy;ntsp ehL
JUtg; gFjpapy; Nkhr];> ypr;rd; Nghd;w
];nlg;gp - u\;ah
ghrp ,dj; jhtuq;fs; tsh;fpd;wJ.
g;nua;hp]; - mnkhpf;fh
,itNa my;igd; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
ghk;g]; - mnkhpf;fh
 cyf mhprp cw;gj;jpapy; rPdh Kjyplk;
nty;l; - njd; mnkhpf;fh
 cyf NfhNfh cw;gj;jpapy; fhdh
lTd;]; - M];jpNuypah
Kjyplk;
rtdh - Mg;gphpf;fh
gadh]; - njd; mnkhpf;fh  cyfj;pd; kpfg;nghpa ,uapy;Nt Trans –
Siberian Railway
ghiytdj; jhtuq;fs;
 fy;tp efuk; - vbd;ghh;f;
 jhtuq;fs; VJkpd;wp gue;J tphpe;J
fhzg;gLk; twl;rpahd gFjp ghiytdk; ngUq;fly;fs;:
vdg;gLk;. ghiytdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.  G+kpapd; tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; epyk;
 kw;Wk; ePh; Mfpait 1 : 1.5 vd;w Xah\pNah - Fsph;
tpfpjj;jpYk; cs;sJ. Okhotsk - Fsph;
 G+kpdpa;d ngUq;fly;fs; 1. gRgpf; myh];fhd; - ntg;gk;
ngUq;fly;fs; 2. ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly; ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly;:
3. ,e;jpa ngUq;fly; MFk;  G+kpapd; gug;gstpy; Rkhh; 21%
gRgpf; ngUq;fly; ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly; MFk;. ,J S

 G+kp 71 rjtPjk; ePuhy; MdJ. mjpy; tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ.

32.25 rjtPjk; gRgpf; ngUq;fly; MFk;.  ,jd; gug;gsT : 82>362>000 rJu fpNyh
,f; fly; Kf;Nfhz tbtj;jpy; kPl;lh; MFk;
mike;Js;sJ  ,jd; Mok; Rkhh; 8390 iky; MFk;
 gRgpf; ngUq;flypd; gug;G 165>242>000  ,jid kpy;tht;fp Mok; vd;gh;
rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk; Atlantic Ocean Trenches
 cyfpd; gioikahd fly; ,JNt Nares - Trench
MFk; Puerto Rico - Trench
 cyfpd; kpf Mokhd gFjpahd khpahdh Santh Sandwich - Trench
buQ;r; gRgpf; ngUq;flypy; cs;sJ. Milwaukee Deep - Trench
Challenger deep khpahdh buQ;rr
; py; Kf;fpa ePNuhl;lq;fs;:
cs;s Mokhd gFjpahFk;. GNshhpah - ntg;gk;
Pacific Ocean Trench gpNurpy; - ntg;gk;
Tonga - Trench fy;g; - ntg;gk;
Alentian - Trench Mz;b]; - ntg;gk;
Kuril - Trench tl ml;yhz;bf; - ntg;gk;

Kermadec - Trench nygulhh; - Fsph;

NfdhP]; - Fsph;
Japanese - Trench
ghf;yhe;J - Fsph;
Mindanao - Trench
,e;jpag; ngUq;fly;
Pern – Chile - Trench
 14.60 rjtPjk; G+kpapd; gug;gpy;
Atacama - Trench
gutpAs;sJ. ,jd; gug;gsT 73>556>000
gRgpf; ngUq;fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;: rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;
fypNghh;dpah - Fsph; Indian Ocean Trenches
ngUtpad; / ek;Nghy;l; - Fsph; Java - Trench
FNuh\pNah - ntg;gk; Sunda - Trench
,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs; kj;jpa jiuf;fly; - ml;yhz;bf; fly; -
nkhrg;gpf; - ntg;gk; [pg;uhy;lh;
mFyh]; - ntg;gk; tl gRgpf; - tlf;F ml;yhz;bf; - nkf;fyd;
Nkw;F M];jpNuypah - ntg;gk; nrq;fly; - mugpf; fly; - Babel Manden
Mh;bf; ngUq;fly;: Mh;bf; fly; - gpahpq;fly;
 ,f;fly; tl;l tbtkhd gRgpf; Bering
ngUq;flypd; ghjpasNt ,f;fly; MFk; fUq;fly; - kh;Nkhuh Ngh];Nguh];
ngUq;flypy; cs;s epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; tl fly; - ml;yhz;bf; Nlhthh;
 ngUq;flypy; cs;s epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; nkf;rpNfh tisFlh – ml;yhz;bf; -
%d;W gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;: GNshhplh
1. fz;l jpl;L (Continental Shelf) nghpa Vhpfs;
2. fz;l rhpT (Continental Slope) Mrpah - fh];gpad; fly;
; p (Ocean trough)
3. ngUq;fly; jho;rr Mg;hpf;fh - tpf;Nlhhpah
1. fz;ljpl;L (Continental Shelf): 150 M];jpNuypah - mah;
Kjy; 200 kPl;lh; tiu Mok; nfhz;lJ. INuhg;gh - yNlhfh
fz;l jpl;Lfspy; gpshq;ld;fs; tl mnkhpf;fh - Rg;ghP pah;
tsh;fpwJ. kPd;fs; ,tw;iw czthf ,e;jpah - rpy;fh
cl;nfhs;tjhy; fz;l jpl;Lf;fs; rpwe;j Mg;hpf;fh
kPd; gpb jskhFk;.
cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa ghiyepyq;fs;
2. fz;l rhpT (Continental Slope): 3000
1. rfhuh: Mg;hpf;fh fz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ
kPl;lh; Kjy; 6000 kPl;lh; tiu Mok; my;[phpah> #lhd;> vfpg;J> rhl;> ypgpah
nfhz;lit. kw;Wk; gy ehLfspy; gutpAs;sJ
; p (Ocean trough):
3. ngUq;fly; jho;rr 2. M];jpNuypah
Kf;fpa fly;fs;: 3. mNugpah
1. kj;jpa jiuf;fly; 4. Nfhgp : kq;Nfhypah kw;Wk; rPdhtpy;
2. njd;rd
P hf;fly; cs;sJ
3. Nghpq;fly; 5. fy`hhp: Nghl;];thdh
4. fhpgPad; fly; 6. jhh; ghiytdk; : tlNkw;F ,e;jpah
5. nkf;rpNfh tisFlh kw;Wk; ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sJ
STRAITS Ntshz;ikapd; tiffs;
tq;fhs tphpFlh – ghf; Flh Palk 1. Shifting Cultivation
tq;fhs tphpFlh – [hth kyhf;fh 2. Sedentary Agriculture
 3. Intensive Agriculture – jPtpu tptrhak; fhG+y; - fhG+y;
4. Extensive Agriculture – guelj tp];Lth - thh;rh
tptrhak; ghk;g];> gpnua;hp]; Nghd;w cyfpd; Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fs;:
ntg;g kz;ly Gy;ntspfspy; Nghf;Ftuj;J JiwKfq;fs;: epA+ahh;f;>
eilngWfpd;wJ yz;ld;> Kk;ig
5. Commerical Agriculture Entereport: xU ehl;by; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk;

6. Mixed Farming – fyg;G tptrhak; ruf;Ffis mj;JiwKfj;jpy; cs;s

fplq;Ffspy; itj;J thp nrYj;jhky; gpw
7. Dairy Farming
ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ,lj;jpw;F ngah;
8. Terrace Farming: gbf;fl;L tptrhak; -
Enterport MFk;.
kiyg; ghq;fhdg; gFjpfspy;
cjhuzk; rpqf;gG+h; JiwKfk;
eilngWfpd;wJ
flw;gilj; JiwKfq;fs;: fhh;thh;> nfhr;rpd;
ejp efuq;fs;
vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G JiwKfq;fs;: jphpNghyp
iey; - nfa;Nuh
mnyf;rhz;bhpah  cyfpd; nghpa fz;lk; Mrpah MFk;

Njk;]; - yz;ld;  cyfpd; rpwpa fz;lk; M];jpNuypah

ilfPhp]; - ghf;jhj; MFk;
kPdk; - ghq;fhf;  kpfg;nghpa gdpg;ghiw rpahh;rr
; pd;
];gphp - ngh;ypd; fpNshrpah;
Iud; - ghd;  kpfg; nghpa jPT fphpd; yhz;L MFk;
nra;d; - ghhp];  kpf caukhd ePh; tPo;r;rp VQ;ry; mFk;
`l;rd; - epA+ahh;f;  kpfg;nghpa ghiytdk; rfhuh ghiyepyk;
,z;l]; - fuhr;rp  xNu ehspy; mjpf kio nga;j ,lk;
uhtp - yh$h; Kk;ig
kh];fhth - kh];Nfh
 cyfpd; mjpf kio nga;Ak; ,lk; -
jpy;thuh - gpynly;gpah
Mawsynram
,uthb - ahq;$d;
 cyfpd; mjpf cauhd kiy -
Rkplh - Nlhf;fpNah
,kakiyfs;
lhd;A+g; - tpad;dh
 cyfpd; caukpy;yhj kiy – Bheinna
ngy;fpNuL> Glhng];l;
nghNlhkh - th\pq;ld; Bhaile

nrapd;l; yhud;] ; - fpA+ngf;> xl;lth  cyfpd; rpwpa FbauR nes&

rpq; rpahq; - \hq;fha;  cyfpd; rpwpa ehL thbfd;
ilgh; - Nuhk;  cyfpd; mjpf kf;fs; njhif cs;s
 efuk; \hq;fha; (gphptpid NghJ vy;iyf;FOj; jiyth;
 cyfpd; mjpf Fsph; cs;s gFjp uhbfpspg;)
irgPhpah khf; Nkhfd; NfhL - ,e;jpah – jpngj; -
 cyfpd; caukhd efuk; Wenchuan rPdh
(jpngj;) J}ue; NfhL - ghfp];jhd; -
 #a]; fhy;tha; cs;s ehL vfpg;J. Mg;fhdp];jhd;

 kpFe;j kf;fs; neUf;fKila efuk; 16tJ ,izNfhL - ekPgpah – mq;Nfhyh

\q;fha; MFk;. thpirg;gb: 38tJ ,iz NfhL – tl-njd; nfhhpah

1. St. Antony Parish, Macao 49tJ ,izNfhL – mnkhpf;fh – fdlh

2. Manila, Philippines 17tJ ,izNfhL – tltpal;ehk;

3. St. Lazarus Parish, Macao njd;tpal;ehk; - nkf;dpdhl; NfhL

- gpuhd;]; - n[h;kdp
4. Barcelona, Spain
(gpuhd;];) nrap[; gpuha;l; NfhL
5. Hong Kong,
n[h;kdp – gpuhd;];
11. New York City, USA
(n[h;kdp) n`a;ld;gh;f; NfhL
 kpFe;j kf;fs; neUf;fKila efuq;fs;:
n[h;kdp – Nghye;J
Mumbai – 15 million, Kolkata – 12 million,
(Kjy; cyfg; NghUf;Fg;gpd;)
Delhi – 9 million, Chennai – 6 million,
Xlh; nu];]p NfhL
Bangalore – 5 million, Hyderabad – 5
Nghye;J – n[h;kdp
million, Ahmadabad – 3.7 million mnkhpf;fhtpd; Kf;fpa njhopw; gpuNjrq;fs;:
 gdhkh fhy;tha; cs;s ehL kj;jp 1. The New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore
mnkhpf;fh> gdhkh fhy;tha; grpgpf; region
fliyAk; ml;yhz;bf; fliyAk;
2. The southern New England Region
,izf;fpd;wJ
3. The Southern Lake Michigan Region
 M];jpNuypahtpy; tPRk; Gaw; fhw;wpw;F
4. The Detroit Region - Automobile
tpy;yp – tpy;yp vd;W ngah;
Nkw;F n[h;kdpapd; Kf;fpa njhopw;
 fly; my;yJ MW Nghd;wtw;wpy;
gpuNjrq;fs;:
cUthFk; kzy; jpl;bw;F Spit vd;W
1. The Rhur – Steel and Engineering
ngah;. ,q;F kPz;Lk; ePh; tu tha;g;Gz;L.
 M];jpNuypah kw;Wk; mh;n[d;ildh
Kf;fpa vy;iyf;NfhLfs; ehLfs; fk;gsk; kw;Wk; khkprj;jpw;F
vy;iyf;NfhLfs; ehLfs; Gfo; ngw;w ehLfs; MFk;
uhbfpspg; NfhL - ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;
cyfpd; Kf;fpa kdpj kw;Wk; cyfpd; nghpa jPTfs;
12. fPhpd;yhe;J
kiytho; ,dq;fs;
13. New Guinea
,yq;if - Vedda
14. Boneo
M];jpNuypah - Aborgines
15. Madagascar
mNugpah - Badahin
16. Baffin Island
,e;NjhNd\pah - Dayak, Papuans
cyfpd; nghpa G+fk;gq;fs;
ngy;[pak; - Flemings
17. 1989 Loma Preita Earthquake
epA+rpyhe;J - Kiwis. Maoris
18. 1994 Northridge Earthquake
`q;Nfhp - Magyars
19. 1995 NfhNg ([g;ghd;) Earthqauke
[g;ghd; - Ainu
20. 2001 Olympia. Washington Earthquake
jha;yhe;J - Karen
21. 2003 Bam, Iran Earthquake
jhd;rpdpah - Shwahili 22. 2004 Rkj;jpuh G+fk;gk; kw;Wk; Rdhkp
kNyrpah - Sakai 23. 2005 fh\;kPh; G+fk;gk;
mnkhpf;fh – yhguhlh; - Eskimos ehLfspd; Njrpa rpd;dq;fs;
tl mnkhpf;fh - Aztecs (Red Indians) ehL rpd;dk;
`q;Nfhp - Magyars ,e;jpah - rpq;fKj;jpiu
ehh;Nt - Sami M];jpNuypah - fq;fhU

fpof;F Mg;gphpf;fh - Masai, Kikuyu fdlh - nts;is ypy;yp

nld;khh;f; - flw;fiu
njd; Mg;gphpf;fh - Berbers, Zuius
gpuhd;]; - fjph;
tlNkw;F Mg;gphpf;fh – Hamites
,uhd; - Nuh];
u\pah - Khirgis
,j;jhyp - nts;is ypy;yp
cyfpd; rpwpa ehLfs;
ghfp]jhd; - gpiw
1. thbfd; efuk; 2. nkhdhNfh 3. Nauru
];ngapd; - gUe;J
5. Tuvalu 6. rhd; khpNdh
,q;fpyhe;J - Nuh];
cyfpd; nghpa jPgfw;gq;fs; mnkhpf;fh - nghw;gpuk;G
7. mNugpah mah;yhe;J - %d;W ,iyfSld;
8. ,e;jpah $ba jz;L
9. my];fh nfhbfs;
10. nyg;ulh; fUg;Gf; nfhb - vjph;g;G
11. ];fhz;bNetpah Gwh - rkhjhdk;
nfhbia miuf;fk;gj;jpy; gwj;jy; – Njrpa 20.12%> ,e;Jf;fs; 13.34% Gj;j kjj;jpdh;
Jf;fk; 5.89 rjtPjKk; cs;sdh;. 6>602>224>174
nfhb jiyf;fPohf gwj;jy; - Njrpa ftiy MFk;.
jhkiu – gz;ghL kw;Wk; ehfhpfk;  cyf kf;fspy; Mandarin Chinese
rptg;G rpYit – kUj;Jt cjtp kw;Wk; 13.69%, Spanish 5.05%, English 4.84%,
nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; Hindi 2.82%, Portuguese 2.77%, Bengali
MyPt;kuf;fpis – mikjp 2.68%, Russian 2.27%, Japanese 1.99%,
nfhbapy; rf;fuk; - Kd;Ndw;wk; nkhopfis NgRfpd;wdh;.
nts;isf;nfhb Vw;Wjy; - rkhjhdk; fz;lq;fSk; kf;fs; njhif rjtPjKk;
rptg;G Kf;Nfhzk; - FLk;gf; fl;LghL ANurpah 17% Mrpah 60%
kz;il XL kw;Wk; ,U FWf;nfYk;Gfs; -
Mg;gphpf;fh 14% tl mnkhpf;fh 8%
kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; Mgj;J
njd; mnkhpf;fh 6% - mz;lhh;bf;fh 0.00002%
rptg;Gf; nfhb – Mgj;J kw;Wk; cjtp
INuhg;gh 11% Oceania 0.6%
kQ;rs; nfhb Vw;Wjy; - njhw;WNeha;
M];jpNuypah – New Guinea 0.5%
,e;jpag; Gtpapay;
M];jpNuypah epyg;gug;G 0.3%
cyfk; ,e;jpahtpd; Njhw;wk;
 cyfj;jpd; nkhj;j gug;gsT 510.072 epytpay; gyif Nfhl;ghL
kpy;ypad; rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;  Rkhh; 225 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F
 ,jpy; epyj;jpd; gug;gsT 148.94 kpy;ypad; M];jpNyypah flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy;
r.fp. kP. ePhpd; gug;gsT 361.132 kpy;ypad; Vwf;Fiwa 6>400 fpNyh kPl;lh;
r.fp.kP njhiytpy; xU nghpa jPthf ,Ue;j
 nkhj;jj;jpy; 70.8 rjtPjk; ePUk; 29.2 ,e;jpah> Rkhh; 80 kpy;ypad;
rjtPjk; epyKk; MFk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dh; xU E}w;whz;bw;F
 gug;gstpy; ehLfspd; thpir 1. Urpah 2. 9 kPl;lh; vd;w tpjj;jpy; tlNehf;fp
fdlh 3. rPdh 4. mnkhpf;fh 5. gpNurpy; efuyhapw;W Rkhh; 40-50 kpy;ypad;
6. M];jpNuypah 7. ,e;jpah MFk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; ,e;jpa epyg;gyif
 cyfpd; kpfr; rpwpa ehL: nkhdhNfh Mrpah fz;lj;Jld; NkhjpaJ. Mjd;
[Piy 2007 Mk; Mz;L cyfj;jpd; tpisthf ,e;jpah vd;w epyg;gug;G
kf;fs; njhif 6>602>224>174 MFk;. Njhd;wpaJ
 cyfj;jpd; kf;fs; njhifapy;  xNu khjphpahd ghiw mlh;j;jp nfhz;l
fpUj;Jth;fs; 30.03%> ,];yhkpah;fs; xU epyg;gyif kw;nwhU epyg;gyifia
mj;d fPNo js;s ,aytpy;iy. mjdhy;
 Vw;gl;l Nkhjy; kw;Wk; Ntff; Fiwg;G ,. kfhuh\;buh <. jkpo;ehL
fhuzkhf caukhd kiy Vw;gl;lJ. nfhLf;fg;gl;ltifspy; mjpf ePskhd
Nkhjypy; Vw;gl;l mOj;jk; ,kakiy flw;fiu nfhz;l khepyk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
caukhf vOk;gpajhy; Fiwe;jJ. ,jd;  230½ bfphp flf Nuif ,e;jpahit ,U
tpisthf fly; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Rkhh; gphpthf gphpf;fpwJ
7300 kPl;lh; cauj;jpw;F Nky; 30  flfNuif nry;Yk; 8 khepyq;fs;>
rpfuj;jpw;Fk; Nky; ,kakiy kpNrhuhk;> jphpGuh> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;>
cUthapw;W. [hh;fz;l;> rl;B];fh;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;>
 ,e;jpah xU njd;fpof;F gUtfhw;W ,uh[];jhd;> F[uhj; ,e;jpahitAk;
Mrpa ehlhFk; ,yq;ifiaAk; ghf; ryre;jp gphpf;fpwJ
 ,e;jpahtpd; gug;gsT 32>87>263 r.fp.kP  kd;dhh; tisFlhitAk; tq;fhs
 cyf nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 2.4% gug;G tphpFlhitAk; ghf; ryre;jp gphpf;fpwJ
,e;jpah MFk;  jD\;NfhbiaAk; jiykd;dhiuAk;
 cyfpy; 7tJ nghpa ehL ,e;jpah ,izg;gJ – Adam’s Bridge
gpw nghpa ehLfs;:  mjpf khepyq;fSld; vy;iy nfhz;L
 ml;r Nuif 8°4‟28” tlf;F Kjy; flw;fiu gpuNjrk; ,y;yhj khepyk;
37°17‟53” tlf;F tiu cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
 jPh;f;fNuif 68°7‟53” fpof;F Kjy;  Nkfq;fs; #o;e;j khepyk; Nkfhyah
97°24‟47” fpof;F tiu  rpd;lb
; uy;yh vdg;gLtJ mrhk; kw;Wk;
 me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs; 6°39> tlf;F vy;iyg;Gw khepyq;fs;
ml;rj;jpy; ,Ue;J 13°34 ml;rk; tiu  nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 43.3% rkntspfs;
cs;sJ  nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 10.7% kiyfs;
 tlf;F – njw;F J}uk; 3>214 fp.kP  nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 18.6% Fd;Wfs;
 fpof;F – Nkw;F J}uk; 2>933 fp. kP  nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 27.7% gPlG+kpfs;
 flw;fiu ePsk; 7>516 fp.kP. (5700 fp.kP  ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l Neuk; 82½° fpof;F
me;jkhd; - epNfhghh; jPTfspd; flw;fiu) jPh;f;f Nuif MFk;. fphpd;tpr; Neuj;jpy;
 nkhj;j epyg;gug;G 15>200 fp.kP ,Ue;J 5½ kzp Neuk; NtWgLfpwJ
 nghpa flw;fiu cilaJ  Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; #hpad;
1. F[uhj; 2. Me;jpugpuNjrk; cjpf;Fk; khepyk; - mUzhry gpuNjrk;
01. kpf mjpf ePskhd flw;fiuiaf;  #hpad; fj;jpathhpy; Njhd;Wk;
nfhz;l khepyk; Neuj;jpw;Fk; Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;Wk;
m. Me;jpu gpuNjrk; M. Nfush mUzhr gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s
 Neuk; Rkhh; 1 kzp Neuk; MFk; vy;iyf;NfhLfs;
,e;jpahtpd; vy;iyfs;  ,e;jpahitAk; - ghfp];jhidAk; gphpf;Fk;
fpof;F - tq;fhsNjrk;> kpahd;khh;> vy;iyf;nfhL rh; uhl;fpspg; vy;iyf;NfhL
tq;fhs tphpFlh> ghf; ryre;jp> kd;dhh;  ,e;jpahitAk; - rPdhitAk; gphpf;Fk;
tisFlh vy;iyf;NfhL kf;Nkhfd; vy;iyf;NfhL
Nkw;F - ghfp];jhd;> mugpf;fly; G+kj;jpa Nuiff;F mUfpy; cs;sJ njd;
tlf;F - ,kakiy ,e;jpah
njw;F - ,e;jpa ngUq;fly;  ,e;jpahtpd; gug;G mnkhpf;fhtpd; gug;gpy;
tlfpof;F - rPdh> Neghsk;> G+l;lhd; %d;wpy; xU gq;F MFk;
tlNkw;F - Mg;fhdp];jhd;> ghfp];jhd;
 ,e;jpahtpd; gug;G ghfp];jhidtpl 4
Neghsj;Jld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;
klq;F mjpfk;
gPfhh;> cj;juhQ;ry;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> rpf;fpk;>
 ,e;jpahtpd; ePh; vy;iyg;gug;G 12
Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
ehl;bf;fy; iky; MFk;. xU ehl;bf;fy;
tq;fhs Njrj;Jld; vy;iy cila
iky; vd;gJ 18.52 kPl;lh; MFk;
khepyq;fs;
 ,e;jpahtpd; miktpl #a]; fhy;tha;
mrhk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> kpNrhuhk;>
(1869 –y; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ) topahf fpof;F
Nkfyhah> jphpGuh
Nkw;F fly; khh;ff
; j;jpy;
G+l;lhDld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;
mike;jpUg;gjhy; rpwe;j gd;dhl;L tzpf
rpf;fpk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> mUzhry gpuNjrk;>
jykhf jpfo;fpwJ
mrhk;
kpahd;kUld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;  ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; kiyg;gphpTfs;

mUzhry gpuNjrk;> ehfyhe;J> kzpg;G+h;> 1. Muty;yp kiyj; njhlh;fs; 2. Mid

kpNrhuk; kiyj; njhlh;fs; 3. Vyf;fha;

ghfp];jhDld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs; kiyj;njhlh;fs; 4. fh%h;

[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh>; gQ;rhg;> ,uh[];jhd;> kiyj;njhlh;fs; 5. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp

F[uhj; kiyj; njhlh;fs; 6. fhNuh Fd;Wfs; 7.

rPdhTld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs; ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs; 8. fhrp Fd;Wfs;

[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh>; ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;> 9. n[dPjh Fd;Wfs; 10. Kzpg;G+h;

cj;juhQ;ry;> rpf;fpk; mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; Fd;Wfs; 11. kPNrh Fd;Wfs; 12. Ehfh

Mg;fhdp];jhDld; vy;iy cila Fd;Wfs; 13. ePyfphp Fd;Wfs; 14. Glhf;fp

khepyq;fs; Fd;Wfs; 15. G+h;thQ;ry; njhlh;fs; 16.

[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; rhj;G+uh kiyj;njhlh; 17. rpthypf;

Fd;Wfs; 18. tpe;jpa kiyj; njhlh;fs;
 19. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyj; njhlh;fs;  kiyapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 2400 fp.kP mfyk;
,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if gphpTfs; Rkhh; 150 Kjy; 500 fp.kP
 ,ka kiyfs;> jPgfw;g ,e;jpah> rpe;J>  Syntaxial Bend ,kakiyapy;
fq;if> rkntspfs; kw;Wk; flw;fiur; fhzg;gLfpwJ
rkntspfs;  ,ka kiyia fpof;F Nkw;fhf ePsj;jpy;
,kakiyfs; %d;W tifahf gphpf;fyhk;
 ,kakiyf;fhLfs; kj;jpa Mrpahtpd; 1. Nghpa ,ka kiyj; njhlh;fs;
cyfj;jpd; $iu vdg;gLk; ghkPh; 2. Kj;jpa ,ka kiyj; njhlh;fs;
Kbr;rpy; ,Ue;J Jtq;FfpwJ 3. rpthypf; Fd;Wfs;
 ,e;J F\; kiyj; njhlh; kw;Wk;  [k;K & fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;s
fhuNfhuh kiyj;njhlh; Mfpait NrUk; Phalgaon kiyj;njhlhpy; mkh;ehj; Fif
,lNk Aksai Chin vdg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpw;F cs;sJ. ,q;F gdpahy; Md ypq;fk;
nrhe;jkhd ,t;tplk; rPdhtpd; mike;Js;sJ.
Mf;fpukpg;gpy; cs;sJ (1962 ,e;jpah – nghpa ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs;
rPdh Nghh;)  ,tw;wpd; cauk; 5000 kP Nky;
 ,kakiy kPnrhN[hapf; fhyj;jpy; nghpa  ,k;kiyj; njhlh; eq;f gh;tjk; Kjy;
gs;skhf ,Ue;jJ. ekr;rgh;tjk; tiu gutpAs;sJ
 ,q;F ,Ue;j flYf;F nljp]; fly;  ,q;F fhzg;gLk; rpfuq;fs; vtnu];l;
vdg;gl;lJ 8848 kP. fhl;rptpd; M];bd; (Nf2) 8611
 nljp];flYf;F tlf;Nf mike;j gFjp kP. fd;[d;[q;fh 8598 kP
mq;fhuh epyg;gFjp  vtnu];l; rpfuj;jpw;F rhfh;khjh vd;Wk;
 nljp]; flYf;F njw;Nf mike;j gFjp ngah;
fhz;Lthdh epyg;gFjp  cyfj;jpd; kpf cauhkhd rpfuk;
 nlh;\pah fhyj;jpy;> ,t;tpU vtnu];l; Neghsj;jpy; cs;sJ
epyg;gFjpfs; ,uz;Lk; xd;W Nrh;e;J  ,e;jpahtpd; kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; fhl;rpd;
mOj;jk; Vw;gl;L kbg;ghf ,kakiy M];bd; ghfp];jhdpd; ifg;gw;Wjypy;
Njhd;wpaJ cs;sJ
 ,kakiy ,sikahd (Gtpapay; hPjpahf  ,jw;F ,khj;jphp vd;W ngah;
filrpapy; Njhd;wpa) gbTg;ghiwfshy;  ifgh; kw;Wk; Nghyd; fztha;fs;
cUthd kiyfshFk;. ,J Rkhh; 40-50 jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sJ
kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; kj;jpa ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs;
Njhd;wpaJ.
 ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; rpfuq;fs; 3500-5000
 kPl;lh;fs; caukhFk; kiyfs; tiu gutpAs;sJ
 ,q;F fhzg;gLk; Nfhil thr];jyq;fs;  ,g;gFjpapy; ,e;J F\;> fpjhh; kw;Wk;
1. rpk;yh – njsyjhh; thpir - ,khr;ry Riykhd; kiyj; njhlh;fs;
gpuNjrk; fhzg;gLfpwJ
2. iedplhy; - cj;jpuhQ;ry;  fpjhh; kiyj;njhlh;fs; gY];rp];jhd;
3. Knrshp kw;Wk; rpe;J gFjpfis gphpf;fpd;wJ
4. lhh;[pypq; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;  Riykhdpd; caukhd rpfuk; jhf;j;-I-
5. ly;n`srp - ,khr;ry gpuNjrk; Riykhd; MFk;
6. jh;krhyh - ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;  ,q;F fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa fztha;fs;
7. my;Nkhuh – cj;jpuhQ;ry; kw;Wk; MWfs;
 ,q;F Gfo; ngw;w gPhg
; hQ;rhy; kw;Wk; fztha;fs; MWfs;
fh\;kPh; gs;sj;jhf;F cs;sJ ifgh; - ng\hth; fhG+y;
 ,jw;F ,khr;ry; vd;w ngah; cz;L Fuhk; - Nfh`hl; Fuhk;
 rpW rkntspfSk;> Murg, Payar vd;w Njhr;rp – ghD Njhr;rp
Gy;ntspfSk; cz;L Nfhky; - Njuh Nfhky;
 mjpf cauj;jpy; cs;s Nfhil ,];khapy; fhd; Nghyd; - Fntl;lh
thr];jyk; - Fy;khh;f;  ,q;F fhrpf;> fhNuh> n[ae;jpah> ehfh
rpthypy; Fd;Wfs; Mfpa Fd;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 jho;e;j ,ka kiyj; njhlh;fs; fpof;Fg; gFjpfs;

 1500 kPl;lh; cauKilait  fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa

 ,jw;F njuha; fhLfs; vdg;ngah; Fd;Wfs;

 ,J ,kakiy MWfs; FWf;fpLk; gFjp  gl;Nfha;> n[ae;jpah> Yrha; fhrp> fhNuh

kw;Wk; ehf Fd;Wfs;
 Kj;jpa ,kakiy gFjpf;Fk; rpthypf;
Fd;WfSf;Fk; ,ilNa gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;  ,g;gFjp mrhik gh;khtplk; ,Ue;J

fhzg;gLfpwJ gphpf;fpd;wJ
buhd;]; ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs;
 ,q;F Nkw;fpy; cs;s
 ,kakiyia njw;F – tlf;fhf
gs;sj;jhf;FfSf;F ^d; (Duns)
FWf;fpy; 5 tifahf gphpf;fyhk;
gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; vd;W ngah;
1. fh\;kPh; ,kakiy 2. gQ;rhg;
 ,k;kiyj; njhlh; nghlthh; gPlG+kp tiu
,kakiy 3. Fkzd; ,kakiy 4.
gutpAs;sJ
Neghy; 5. m];]hk; ,kakiy
Nkw;F gFjpfs;
,g;gFjpapy; ,e;J F\;> fhuNfhuk; kw;Wk;
 ghkPh; Kbr;rpypUe;J Nkw;fpy; ,e;J F\;
ifyha kiyfs; mike;Js;sJ rpg;fp fztha; rpk;yh – jpngj;
,e;J F\; kiyia (,kakiyapd; Nkw;F fhuNfhuh fztha; Ny jpngj;
njhlh;r;rp) Slayer of the Hindus vd;Wk; Indian [yg;gh fztha; lhh;[pypq; - yh]h
Caucasus vd;Wk; miog;gh; gQ;rhg; ,kakiyfs;
Nurba gs;sj;jhf;F ,q;F cs;sJ. ,J ,z;lh]; Kjy; rl;ny[; tiu Rkhh; 917
[k;K – fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; ghAk; Shyok fpNyh kPl;lh; fpof;F Nkw;fhf gutpAs;sJ –
ejpapd; Jizejp Nurba ejpapdhy; f];uh gs;sj;jhf;F kw;Wk; FW gs;sj;jhf;F
cz;lhf;fg;gl;l gFjp ,q;F fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,k; kiyapd; ngUk;
rpahr;rpd; gdpg;gFjp ,q;F cs;sJ. gFjp ,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ. kpf cah;e;j
cyfj;jpd; cr;rkhfpa ,t;tplj;jpy; ,e;jpah ,lk; eq;f gh;tjk;
ghfp];jhd; Nghh; eilngWfpwJ. ,J ylhf; FkhA+d; ,kakiyfs;:
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jw;F Nuhrh vd;w  rl;ny[; Kjy; fhsptiu Rkhh; 300
ngah; cs;sJ. fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu gutpAs;sJ. FkhA+d;
 ,e;jpahtpd; kpf cah;e;j kw;Wk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gFjp cj;uhQ;ry;
cyfj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j kw;Wk; MFk;
cyfj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j rpfuk;  fq;if> aKid Njhd;Wkplq;fs; cs;sJ
fhl;tpd; M];bd; ,t;tpjj;jpy; cs;sJ  fq;Nfhj;jphp> aKNdhj;jphp> Knrhhp
rpfuk; kiyj;njhlh; Nghd;w Rw;Wyh ,lq;fs;
1. vtnu];l; `pkhj;jphp  ee;jh Njtp rpfuk; ,g;gFjpapy; cs;sJ
2. fhl;tpd; M];bd; (Nf2) – fhuNfhuk; Neghs ,kakiyfs;
3. jtsfphp ,khj;jphp
1. Nkw;F Neghs ,kakiyfs;
4. fhkj; rh];fhh;
,jpy; ngUk;gFjp Neghsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
Kf;fpa ,e;jpa rpfuq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; ngUk; gFjp
1. Nf 2 8611
mike;Js;sJ. 498 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F
2. fQ;rd; [q;fh 8598
Nkw;fhfTk; 617 fpNyh kPl;lh; tlf;F
3. eq;f gh;tj; 8126
njw;fhfTk; gutpAs;sJ. ,jpy; fQ;rd;[q;fh
8. ee;jh Njtp 7817
cah;e;j rpfukhFk;. jw;NghJ ,e;jpa
11. fhkj; 7756
vy;iyapy; cs;s kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; ,JNt
15. rTf;fk;gh (gj;jphpehj;) 7138
MFk;
17. ehd;Fd; 7135
2. kj;jpa Neghs ,kakiyfs;
18. Jdfphp 7066
,jpy; ngUk;gFjp Neghsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
Kf;fpa fztha;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh; khepyj;jpy; ngUk; gFjp
Riykhd; gFjp ifgh; Nghgyd;
mike;Js;sJ. 466 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F 5. ly;n`srp - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
Nkw;fhfTk; 476 fpNyh kPl;lh; tlf;F 6. nfsyp (rpk;yh) - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
njw;fhfTk; gutpAs;sJ. ,jpy; cyfj;jpd; 7. lhh;[pypq; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
cah;e;j vtnu];l; rpfuk; mike;Js;sJ. 8. Fy;khh;f; - fh\;kPh;
,jd; gphpTfs; 1. md;dhG+h;zh ,kakiy 9. kfhgNy];th; - kfhuh\;buh
(Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; md;dG+h;zh 10. mGkiy - ,uh[];jhd;
1. $h;fh ,ka kiy (Neghsk; kw;Wk; 11. KNrhhp – cj;juhQ;ry;
rPdh) cah;e;j rpfuk; kd];Y 12. uhQ;rp – [hh;fz;l;
2. fNz\; ,kakiy (rPdh kw;Wk; 13. \py;yhq; (fhrp kiy) - Nkfhyah
Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; fNz\; rpe;J tbepyKk; fq;if tbepyKk;
3. Xixabangma Feng (rPdh kw;Wk; Neghsk;)  rpe;J tbepyj;jpy;> gQ;rhg; rkntsp
cah;e;j rpfuk; Xixabangma Feng mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gFjpapy; fpof;Fg;
4. Khumbu ,kakiy (rPdh kw;Wk; gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh Mfpa khepyq;fs;
Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; kTz;l; cs;sd
vtnu];l;  fq;if tbepyj;ij Nky;fq;ifr;
5. fhl;kz;L njuha; (,e;jpah kw;Wk; rkntsp> kj;jpa fq;ifr; rkntsp>
Neghsk;) ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh; khepyj;jpy; fPo;fq;ifr; rkntsp vd %d;W
gutpAs;sJ. fsp Kjy; nl];lh tiu gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;
– jtsfphp Nghd;wit fhzg;gLfpwJ  Nky; fq;ifr; rkntspapy; gP`hh;
m];]hk; ,kakiyfs; khepyj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpAk;
nl];lh Kjy; gpuk;kGj;jpuh tiu Rkhh; 460 Nrhl;lhefGhpg; gPlG+kpapd; rpWgFjpAk;
fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F Nkw;fhf mlq;Fk;. fPo; fq;ifr; rkntspapy;
gutpAs;sJ. ,k; kiyapd; ngUk; gFjp Nkw;F tq;fhsk; mike;Js;sJ. fq;if
,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,q;F ehJyh tbepyk; ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpfTk;
kw;Wk; [Pypghyh Mfpa ,U fztha;fs; nropg;ghdjhFk;.
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kpf cah;e;j ,lk; ekr;r gpuk;kGj;jpuh gs;sj;jhf;F
gh;tjk;  ,e;jpahtpd; tlfpof;Ff; NfhapYs;s
Nfhil thr];jyq;fs; ,kakiyg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk;
1. my;Nkhuh (Fkzd; kiy) – m];]hkpYs;s fhrp> fhNuh>
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; n[ae;jpf;fhf Fd;WfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
2. rpuG+Q;rp (\py;yhq; kiy) – Nkfhyah gpuk;kGj;jpuh gs;sj;jhf;F mike;Js;sJ.
3. cjf kz;lyk; (ePyfphp) – jkpo;ehL ,g;gs;sj;jhf;F m];]hk;> Nkfhyah
4. nfhilf;fhdy; - jkpo;ehL Mfpa khepyq;fspy; tskhd gFjpahf
 mike;Js;sJ. Nrhlh ehf;g+hp gPlG+kp: ,jd; ngUk; gFjp
,uh[Gjd Nkl;LepyKk; kj;jpa ,e;jpag; [hh;fz;l; khepykhFk;. Xhprh> gPfhh; kw;Wk;
gPlG+kpAk; rl;B];fh; khepyj;jpd; vy;iyg; gFjpfs;
 ,uh[Gjd Nkl;Lepyj;jpy; ,uh[];jhd; ,g;gl
P G+kpapy; mike;Js;sJ. Precambrian
khepyk; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; Nkw;Fg; fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j ghiwfs; ,g; gPlG+kpapy;
gFjpapy; jhh; ghiytdk; cs;sJ. mike;Js;sJ. jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F
jPgfw;g ,e;jpah ,g;gl
P G+kpapy; cs;sJ
 jPgfw;g ,e;jpah xU gPlG+kpahFk;. ,jd; jf;fhz gPlG+kp
Nkw;fpy; khy;th gPlG+kpAk;> njw;fpy;  ,e;jpa fq;ifr; rkntspf;F fpof;F
jf;fhz gPlG+kpAk; fpof;fpy; Nrhlh gFjpapy; mike;jJ jf;fhz
ehfG+hpAk; cs;sJ gPlG+kpahFk;
 tlgFjp mfd;Wk; njd;gFjp FWfpAk;  njd; Nkw;F gUtfhw;why; nga;af;$ba
Kf;Nfhz tbtk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gioa kioia Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfshy;
fbdkhd cUkhwpa ghiwfshy; MdJ jLj;J tpLtjhy; ,q;F kio FiwT
 Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;fhf rhpe;Js;sJ.  ,g;gl
P G+kpapd; tlf;F gFjpapy; Nfhjhthp
vdNt MWfs; Nkw;Nf cw;gj;jpahfp kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz MWfSk; njd;
fpof;Nf Xb tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; gFjpapy; fhNthp MWk; gha;fpd;wJ
fyf;fpwJ  eh;kij gs;sj;jhf;F njd; ,e;jpahit
 ,J kio kiwT gpuNjrk; ,uz;L gphpthf gphpf;fpd;wJ
 eh;kij ejp jPgfw;g ,e;jpahit  tl gFjp – khy;th gPlg+kp
khy;tha; gPlG+kp kw;Wk; jf;fhz gPlG+kp  njd;gFjp – jf;fhz gPlG+kp vd;W ngah;
vd;w ,U ngUk; gphptfh gphpf;fpd;wJ  jf;fhz gPlg+kp kiyfs; gpz;l kiyfs;
khy;th gPlG+kp: kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F  eh;kij> jgjp> ejpfs; gpsT
gFjpNa khy;th gPlG+kpahFk;. ,J kj;jpa gs;sj;jhf;fpy; cs;sJ
gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;F gFjp ,uh[];jhd;
 Gtpapy; hPjpahf jf;fhz gPlG+kp 9 ngUk;
khepyj;jpd; njd; fpof;F gFjp kw;Wk; F[uhj;
gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;
khepyj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ.
mit
500 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,g; gPlG+kp
1. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh;
tlf;F Nehf;fp rhpe;Js;sJ. ,jpy; khfp kw;Wk;
2. kj;jpa gPlG+kpfs;
rhk;gy; ejpfs; gha;fpd;wJ. kpf 60 Kjy; 68
3. tpe;jpa kiyfs;
kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; gioik tha;e;j
4. rhj;G+uh kiyfs;
Cretaceous fye;J ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
5. fpof;F gPlG+kp
6. fj;jpathh; kw;Wk; fl;r; tisFlh Rth;fNs MFk;. vdNt ,jid kiyNa
7. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; ,y;iy vd;W $Wth;. ,k; kiyfs;
8. Fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; thuzhrpf;F mUfpy; Kbfpd;wJ
9. nlf;fhd; buhg; 4. rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlh;fs;:
 cyf kiyfs; jpdk;: brk;gh; 11  eh;kij> jgjp ejpfSf;fpilNa rhj;G+uh
1. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh;fs;: Pre kiyj;njhlh; cs;sJ
Cambrian fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j  tpe;jpa kiyf;F njw;fpy; mtw;wpw;F
,e;jpahtpd; kpf goikahd kbg;G ,izahf nry;fpd;wJ. ,k; kiyapd;
kiyj; njhlh;fs; MFk;. ghiwfs; jf;fhz yhth gPlG+kp ghiw
 Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 300 iky;fs; tifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;
tl fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J njd; Nkw;F tiu  jf;fhz gPlG+kpf;F tlf;Nf tpe;jpah
,uh[];jhd; topahf gutpAs;sJ rhj;G+uh kiyj;njhlh;
 kTz;l; mG kiyapy; cs;s FUrpfhh;  rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlhpd; kpf cah;e;j
,jd; cah;e;j rpfuk; MFk; rpfuk; J}g;fhh;
 Muty;yp kiyj; njhlhpy; kpf cah;e;j  ntapd; fq;fh kw;Wk; thh;jh Mfpa
kiy cr;rp ghe;Nkhp MWfs; rhj;g+uh kiyj; njhlhpy;
 ,uh[];jhdpd; njw;F rhptpy; M[;kPh; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
efuk; mike;Js;sJ 5. Nkw;F njhlh;rr
; p kiyfs;

 Y}dp MW cw;gj;jpf;F fl;r;  jgjp ejp Kfj;Jtuhj;jpy; ,Ue;J

tisFlhtpy; tbfpd;wJ njhlq;fp Nkw;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahf

 nrk;G cw;gj;jpf;F Gfo; ngw;w Nfj;jphp Fkhp Kid tiu njhlh;r;rpahf tlf;F

efuk; Muty;yp kiyfshy; njw;fhf Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;

#og;gl;Ls;sJ gutpAs;sJ
Kf;fpa kiyfs;
 ,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;F gFjpfspd; fhy
1. Mid kiy 2. Vyf;fha; kiy 3.
epiyia ghjpf;fpd;wJ
godp kiy 4. nfhilf;fhdy; kiy 5.
3. tpe;jpa kiyj;njhlh;fs;:
Fw;why kiy
 tpe;jpa rhj;G+u kiyfs; ,e;jpahit
1. Mid kiy: Nkw;F njhlh;r;rpapd;
tlgFjp njd;gFjp vd gphpf;fpd;wJ
Kf;fpakhd gphpthd ,jpy; njd;
 tpe;jpa kiyfs; eh;kij ejp
,e;jpahtpd; cah;e;j rpfukhd Mid
gs;sj;jhf;fpw;F ,izahf Nkw;F
Kb cs;sJ. ,J Nfushtpd; ,Lf;fp
fpof;fhf nry;fpd;wJ. ,k;kiyfs;
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,g; gFjpapy;
eh;kij ejp gs;sj;jhf;fpd; gf;fr;
metamorphic gneiss ,d fw;fs;
 fpilf;fpd;wJ. mtw;wpy; feldspar and  njd; ,e;jpahtpd; ePz;l MW Nfhjhthp
quartz, porphyrite Nghd;w tiffs;  Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;F rahj;jphp
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MopahW miz> vd;w ngah; cz;L
mkuhtjp miz> fhlk;ghb miz>  Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; “Ecological hot
NrhiyahW miz> ,e;jpahtpd; spot” vd;W $Wth;
nfhs;ssT mjpfk; nfhz;l  Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;F fpof;F
guk;gpf;Fsk; miz Mfpait ,k; njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk; xd;W NrUkplk;
kiyj; njhlhpy; cs;sJ. Miz ePyfphp MFk;. ePyfphpapy; N\hyh fhLfs;
kiy> Vyf;fha; kiy kw;Wk; godp fhzg;gLfpd;wd
kiy Mfpait NrUkplj;jpy;
 njhl;lngl;lh rpfuk; ,q;F cs;sJ
,utpf;Fsk; Njrpa g+q;fh
 rptrKj;jpuk; ePh;tPo;rr
; p kfhj;kh fhe;jp
mike;Js;sJ. itif ejp Miz
ePh;tPo;rr
; p Mfpait ,k;kiyj; njhlhpy;
kiyapy; njhlq;fp tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
fyf;fpwJ
 ghGjhd; Fd;Wfs; jf;fhz gPlG+kp
2. godp kiy: godp kiyapy; Nfhil
gFjpfspy; cs;sJ
thr];jykhfpa nfhilf;fhdy;
 ,k;kiyapd; kNfe;jpufphp ,uz;lhtJ
cs;sJ
caukhd rpfuk;
Kf;fpa fztha;fs;
8. fpof;F njhlh;rr
; p kiyfs;
1. tlf;fpy; jhy;fhl;
2. tlf;fpy; Nghh;fhl;  khfejp cld; njhlq;fp ePyfphp kiy
3. njw;fpy; ghyf;fhL fztha; - Nkw;F tiu gutpAs;sJ. xhprh khepyj;jpy;
njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; fhzg;gLk; ,Ue;J Me;jpu khepyk; tiu fpof;F
,f;fztha; ,J kJiuiaAk; flw;fiuia xl;b nry;fpd;wJ
nfhy;fj;jhitAk; ,izf;fpwJ.  ,it jdpf; Fd;Wfshf fhzg;gLk;
ghyf;fhL khtl;lj;ijAk; Nfhit 1. efhp Fd;Wfs; 2. jpUg;gjp kiyfs; 3.
khtl;lj;ijAk; ,izf;fpwJ. njd; [t;thJ Fd;Wfs; 4. Nrh;tuhad; kiy
Nkw;F gUt fhw;wpid ,f; fztha; 5. nfhy;yp kiy 6. gr;ir kiy
jLj;J epWj;jhjjhy; Nfhit khtl;lk; rpe;J – fq;ifr; rkntspfs;
kio ngWfpd;wJ  ,r;rkntspfs; ,kakiyj;
Kf;fpa MWfs; njhlh;fSf;Fk; tpe;jpa
1. fhtphp kiyfSf;Fkpilapy; mike;Js;sd
2. fpU\;zh  mugpf; flYf;Fk; tq;fhs tphpFlhf;
3. Nfhjhthp flYf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;js;s
 ,g;gue;j rkntsp gpiwr;re;jpu tbtpy; Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; Nkw;Fr;
tlf;F Nehf;fp tise;J mike;js;sJ rhptpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; MWfs;
 ,r;rkntspapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 2>400 fp. kP ,r;rkntspapy; gha;fpd;wd. mtw;wpd;
 Mfyk; 300 fp. kP ePsk; FiwT. Mdhy; Ntfk; kpFjp.

 ,r;rkntspapd; gug;Gr; Rkhh; 4>00>000 vdNt gy ,lq;fspy; ePhpkpd; rf;jp

r.fp.kP epiyaq;fs; cs;sJ

fpof;F flw;fiur; rkntsp
 ,J cyfpNyNa kpf nghpa
rkntspahFk;  ,J fpof;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;Fk;>
tq;fhs tphpFlhf; flYf;Fkpilapy;
 Nkl;L epyq;fspy; gioa tz;ly; ghq;fh;
fq;if Mw;wpd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; ,Ue;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ
fd;dpahFkhp tiu gutpAs;sJ. ,J
 jho;epyg;gFjpfspy; Gjpa tz;ly; fhjh;
Nkw;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntspia tpl
fhzg;gLfpwJ
mfykhdJ
flw;fiur; rkntspfs;
 fpof;F flw;fiur; rkntspia %d;W
 jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F fpof;Fg;
gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;
gFjpfspy; flw;fiur; rkntspfs;
1. jkpo;ehl;Lf; flw;fiur; rkntsp fhtphp
cs;sd
nly;lh
 flw;fiufs; cil glhky; Neuhf
2. Me;jpuf; flw;fiur; rkntsp fpU\;zh
,Uf;fpd;wd
Nfhjhthp
 flypd; Mok; FiwT> vdNt ,aw;ifj;
3. cj;fy; flw;fiur; rkntsp kfhejp
JiwKfq;fs; mjpfkhf ,y;iy
nly;lh
Nkw;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp
 nrd;id Kjy; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; tiu
 ,J mugpf; flYf;Fk;> Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp
cs;s flw;fiuia Pyan Gnat vd;gh;.
kiyfSf;Fkpilapy; fhk;NgapypUe;J
njw;Fg; gFjp Nrhokz;ly flw;fiu
fd;dpahFkhp tiuapy; mike;Js;sJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; nghpa ePsKs;s flw;fiu –
 Nkw;F flw;fiur; rkntspfis %d;W
nrd;id flw;fiu
gFjpfshf gphpf;fyhk;
,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa flw;fiufs;:
1. tlf;fpYs;s nfhq;fd; gFjp
Lawsons Bay Beach – Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
2. kj;jpapYs;s fduh gFjp
Rishikonda Beach – Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
3. njw;fpYs;s Nfusg; (kyghh;) gFjpfs;
Anjuna Beach – Nfhth
 flw;fiuNahukhfg; gy cg;gq;fopfs;
Calangute Beach – Nfhth
cs;sd. mit fhay;fs; vdg;gLk;.
,it Nfushtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Colva Beach – Nfhth
Dona Paula Beach – Nfhth gPlG+kpfs;
Miramar Beach – Nfhth ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa gPlG+kpfs;
Palolem beach – Nfhth 1. khy;th gPlg+kp 2. Nrhlhehf;G+h; gPlG+kp
3. jf;fhz gPlG+kp 4. ik#h; gPlG+kp
Sinquerim Beach – Nfhth
,e;jpaj; jPTfs;
Vagator Beach – Nfhth
 ,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; 247 jPTfs;
Arambol Beanch – Nfhth
fhzg;gLfpwJ
Agonda Beach – Nfhth
 209 jPTfs; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; cs;sJ
Mandri Beach – F[uhj;
 vQ;rpa jPTfs; mugpf; flypy; cs;sJ
Gopnath Beanch – F[uhj;
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; cs;s jPTfs;
Devbath Beach – F[uhj;
 me;jkhd; epNfhghh; jPTfs; tq;fhs
Kanwar Beach – F[uhj;
tphpFlhtpy; mike;js;sJ
Marwanthe Beach – fh;ehlfk;
 gj;J bfphp fztha; me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh;
Malpe Beach – fh;ehlfk;
jPTfis gphpf;fpd;wJ
Kapped Beach – Nfush
 ,e;jpah ,yq;iff;F eLNt ghk;gd;
Kovalam Beach – Nfush jPTfs; cs;sJ
Jhu Beach – kfhuh\;buh  ,e;jpahtpd; njd; Kidahd ,e;jpuh
Puri Beach – xhprh Kid nghpa epNfhghhpy; cs;sJ
Marine Beach – jkpo;ehL  nrapd;l; [hh;[; fztha; rpwpa
Elliot Beach – jkpo;ehL epNfhgiuAk; nghpa epNfhgiuAk;
Digha Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk; gphpf;fpd;wJ
Shankarput Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;  jD\;NfhbiaAk; jiy kd;dhiuAk;
Junpet Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Mlk; ghyk; gphpf;fpd;wJ
Bakkhali Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;  ahidf; fztha; ,yq;ifapy; cs;sJ
Sagardwip Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;  Sombreto fztha; tpl;by; epNfhghiuAk;
jhh; ghiytdk; fr;rj;jPitAk; gphpf;fpd;wJ
 gQ;rhg;gpw;F njd;gFjpapYk; rpe;J -  ghk;gd; jPT ,e;jpah - ,yq;if
fq;if rkntspf;F Nkw;Fg; gFjpapYk; (,uhkehjGuk;) eLtpy; cs;sJ
Vwf;Fiwa uh[];jhdpd; KO gFjpapYk;  ghk;gd; jPTfspy; fpof;F gFjpapy;
gutp Muty;yp kiyf; Fd;Wfs; tiu jD\;Nfhb cs;sJ
gutpAs;sJ  Nghh;l; gpNsah; - njw;F me;jkhdpy;
cs;sJ
  me;jkhd; jPtpd; nghpa jPT: eL 1. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;Fk;
me;jkhd; MWfs;
 me;jkhdpd; rpwpa jPT: Nuh]; jPT 1. gpuk;kGj;jpuh kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz
 epNfhhgh; jPtpd; nghpa jPT: nghpa MWfs;
epNfhghh; 2. fq;if kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz
 epNfhghh; jPtpd; rpwpa jPT: gpNyhkpNyh MWfs;
jPT 3. Nkw;F tq;fhs MWfs;
ghud; jPT: 4. kfhejp MWfs;
 ghud; kw;Wk; ehh;nflhk; jPTfspy; 5. Nfhjhthp MWfs;
(Barren and Narcodam) vhpkiy cz;L 6. fpU\;zh MWfs;

 me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfspy; cs;s 7. Me;jpug; gpuNjr MWfs;

8. ngd;dhh; MWfs;
cah;e;j rpfuk; - Saddle Peak (732 kPl;lh;)
9. fhNthp MWfs;
epNfhghpy; kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; Jypah;
10. jkpo;ehL flw;fiu MWfs;
kiy (672 kPl;lh;)
1. gpuk;kGj;jpuh
mugpf; flypy; cs;s jPTfs;
 ,J ifyha kiy – khdrNuhth;
 mugpf; flypy; ,yl;rj;jPTfs;> kpdpfha;>
vd;w ,lj;jpy; Chemayungdung vd;w
fz;Z}h; vd 27 gtoj; jPTfs; cs;sJ
gdp Mw;wpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,j;d
 ,yl;rj;jPtpd; gug;G 32 fp. kP
Jiz ejpfs; - jprha;Ngh> jprhq;>
 vl;L bfphp fztha; kpdpf;fha; jPtpy;
b];lh> Njhrh
cs;sJ
 ,J jprhq;nfh vd;w ngaUld; jpngj;
 mugpf; flypy;; fhzg;gLk; jPtpy; gtog;
topahf fpof;F Nehf;fp gha;e;J gpd;
ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
gpuk;kGj;jpuh vd;w ngaUld; mrhk;
fl;r; tisFlhtpy; cs;s kf;fpa jPTfs;
khepyj;jpy; gha;e;J gpd; fq;if
1. fhjPh; 2. ghr;rk; 3. gPyh
ejpapd; fpis ejpahd gj;khTld;
MWfs;
Nrh;e;J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
 ,e;jpa MWfis %d;W tbfhy;fshf
fyf;fpd;wJ
gphpf;fyhk;
2. fq;if
mit
 National River
1. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;Fk;
Conservation Plan – 1995
MWfs;
2. mugpf; flypy; fyf;Fk; MWfs;  Central Ganga Authority -

3. cs; ehl;L MWfs; 1995

 ,J ,kakiyapd; fq;Nfhj;jphp 3. Rth;z Nufh: ,jd; Jiz MW fhuif
(Alaknanda) vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhd;WfpwJ.  ,J [hh;fz;l khepyj;jpy; Nrhl;lh
,jid ,uz;lhf gphpf;fyhk;. ehfGhp gPlG+kpapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
1. ghfPujp 2. igutp Nkw;F tq;fhsk; topahf gha;e;J xhprh
 myf;ee;jhTk; ghfPujpAk; NrUkplk; khepyj;jpy; cs;s jhy;rhhp vd;w
Njtgpuahf; vdg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

 ghfPujpapd; Jiz ejpfs;: aKid> fyf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; cs;s ePh;tPo;r;rp

Nfhkjp> uhk;> fq;fh> rhujh> Nfhfpuh> Hudru falls vdg;gLk;

fz;lfp> Nfhrp> rk;gy;> Nrhd; 4. kfhejp
igutpapd; Jiz ejpfs;: fk;yh> jhNkhjh;  fpof;fpe;jpa ejpfspy; xd;whd ,J
 ,J cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; topahf gha;e;J kj;jpa ,e;jpahthd kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy;
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlhpy; g];jhh;

 aKid – aKNdhj;jphp vd;w ,lj;jpy; Fd;Wfspy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. xhprhtpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. myfhghj; rq;fkj;jpy; gha;e;J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ.

fq;ifAld; ,izfpd;wJ rl;b];fh; rkntsp ,e;j MW gha;tjhy;

Vw;gLk; rkntsp MFk;
 Nfhkjp – gpspgpl; mUfpy;
 ,e;ejp ghAk; khepyq;fs; rl;B];fh;>
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ ,j;d fpis> ejp – rha;
xhprh> [hh;fz;l; kw;Wk; kfhuh\;buh
ruA> gh;kh
MFk;
 uhk; - fq;fh – iedplhy; mUfpy;
 ,e; ejpapd; kPJ `puhFl; miz
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ ,jd; fpis ejpfs; -
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
jpNahfh> Nfh];> fq;fd;
5. Nfhjhthp
 fhq;uh - ,jd; fpis ejp – rhujh
 ,J tpUj;j (gioa) fq;fh my;yJ
kw;Wk; uhg;jp
jl;rpz (njw;F) fq;fh vd;W
 fz;lfp – jpngj; mUfpy;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,juid ehuhazp
 ,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ nghpa ejp vd;W
vd;W miog;ghh;
$Wth;
 jhNkhjh; - NrhlhehfGhp mUfpy; - Njhhp
 jf;fhz gPlg+kp> ehrpf; mUfpy; -
vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,J `Pf;sp
jphpak;gf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhd;WfpwJ.
ejpAld; fyf;fpwJ
Mdhy; njd; fpof;fhf kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;.
 fq;if ejp rkntspapy; Kjypy; rpthypf;
fh;ehlfh> xhprh kw;Wk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
kiyapd; mbthuj;jpy; `hpj;Jthhpy;
Mfpatw;wpd; topahf gha;e;J tq;fhs
Eiofpd;wJ
 tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ Njhd;Wk; ,e; ejpfs; fh;ehlfh kw;Wk;
 Jiz MWfs; - ngz; fq;fh> ntapd; Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpd; topahf gha;e;J
fq;fhth;jh> kQ;rpuh> ,e;jpuhtjp> rghp> fpU\;zh ejpAld; fyf;fpd;wJ. ,e;
th;jh kw;Wk; gpe;J rhuh Mfpait MFk; ejpf;fiuapd; kPJ tp]a efu NguuR
 ,e;ejpapd; fiuapy; ehrpf;> jphpak;gf;> Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ
gj;uhryk; Mfpa Gdpj efuq;fs; 7. ngz;zhW:
fhzg;gLfpd;wd  fh;ehlfhtpd; Nfhyhh; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
 ehrpf;> mTuq;fhghj;> ehf;G+h;> eprhk;ghj;> ee;jp Jh;f;fj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. Me;jpu
uh[hKe;jphp kw;Wk; ghyfhl; Mfpait gpuNjrj;jpy; gha;e;J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
cs;sJ fyf;fpd;wJ

 njd; ,e;jpa ejpfspy; mjpf khepyq;fs; 8. fhNthp

,e;j ejp ePiu gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd  Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy gpuk;k fph; kiy

 njd; ,e;jpa ejpfspy; kpfTk; ePskhdJ thpirapy; FlF kiy – nkh;f;fhuh –

 ,jd; ePsk; - 1560 fpkP jiyf; fhtphpapy; Njhd;WfpwJ

khfp  Jiz MWfs; - gthdp> neha;ay;>

 khfp – cja;G+h; khtl;lj;jpy; mkuhtjp> jpUkzpKj;jhW> fgpdp>

N`khtjp> rpk;rh> Nyhfghzp kw;Wk;
Njhd;WfpwJ
,yl;Rkzd; jPh;j;jk; Mfpait MFk;
6. fpU\;zh
 ghAk; khepyq;fs; - fh;ehlfk;> jkpo;ehL>
 ghAk; khepyq;fs; - kfhuh\;buk;>
ghz;br;Nrhp> ,J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fh;ehlfk;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
fyf;fpd;wJ
 Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy;
 ,jd; ePsk; - 800 fp. kP
kfhgNy];tuj;jpw;F mUfpy; Njhd;WfpwJ
njd; Nkw;Fg; gUtfhykhd [Pd; Kjy;
 Jiz MWfs; - Jq;fgj;jpuh> gPkh
nrg;lk;gh; tiu fhtphpapy;
Ntzp> fl;lgpugh> kyg;gpugh> nfha;dh>
nts;sg;ngUf;F mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
jz;b kw;Wk; %rp
fhtphpapd; FWf;Nf fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy;
 ePsk; - 1300 fp.kP
fz;zk;ghb vd;Dkplj;jpy;
 Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s `k;ryhNjtp
fpU\;zuh[rhfh; vd;w mizAk;> Nryk;
vd;w ,lj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
khtl;lj;jpy; Nkl;^hpy; ];lhd;yp
fyf;fpd;wJ
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; rptrKj;jpuk;
Jq;fgj;jpuh:
kw;Wk; xNfdf;fy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
 fh;ehlfhtpd; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy;
ePh;tPo;rr
; pfs; cs;sd
Jq;f kw;Wk; gj;jpuh vd ,U ejpfshf
gthdp> neha;ay;> mkuhtjp>
 jpUkzpKj;jhW Mfpad fhtphpapd;  Ghgehrk;> rpw;whW kw;Wk; Fw;whyk; Mfpa
Jiz MWfs; MFk;. gthdp vd;Dk; ,lq;fspy; ePh;tPo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ
,lj;jpy; gthdp ejp fhtphpAld;  Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; Njhd;wp
fyf;fpwJ. jpUr;rpf;F rpwpJ Nkw;fpy; mugpf; flypy; fyf;Fk; rpy Kf;fpa
fhtphp ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;J mit MWfs; - nghpahW> \uhtjp>
nfhs;splk;> fhtphp vd;w ngaUld; Nej;jpuhtjp> nghd;dhdp> MspahW
gha;fpd;wd. nfhs;splk; Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf ghyhW
Nkyiz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpU  fh;ehlhf khepyj;jpy; cs;s ee;jp
MWfSk; jpUr;rpf;F fpof;Nf ,ize;J kiyapy; Njhd;wp fh;ehlfk;>
=uq;fj;jPitj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; topahfg; gha;e;J
fhtphpapd; FWf;Nf fhpfhy; Nrhodhy; rJuq;fg;gl;bdj;jpw;F mUfpy; tq;fhs
fl;lg;gl;l Gfo;tha;e;j fy;yiz tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ. nra;ahW>
cs;sJ. ,q;Ff; fhtphp MW nfhs;splk; Ntftjp vd;gd ,jd; JizahWfs;
fhtphp> ntd;dhW vd %d;W MFk;
fpisfshfg; gphpfpd;wJ. jQ;rhT+h; itif
khtl;lkhf khw;wpAs;sJ. fhtphpahW
 Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; cs;s
rhpj;jpug; Gfo; ngw;w G+k;Gfh;
nghpahh; gPlG+kpapy; itif ejp
vd;Dkplj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. itif ejpf; fiuapd;
fyf;fpwJ.
Nky; kJiu efuk; cs;sJ. ,jdhy;
Nkl;^h;
fk;gk; gs;sj;jhf;F tskile;Js;sJ.
 Nryk; khtl;lk; fhNthp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf ,jd; JizahWfs; RUspahW>
Nkl;^hpy; fl;lg;gl;l mizapypUe;J kQ;rshW> Ky;iyahW kw;Wk; tuhf
kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ ejpahFk;. Nfush muR Ky;iy nghpahW
 itif – Vyf;fha; kiyapy; Njhd;wp gpur;rpidahy; itif ejpapy; ePh;
kd;dhh; tisFlhtpy; gha;fpd;wJ. ,jd; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. itif mizf;fl;L NjdP
FWf;Nf fk;gd; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,uhkehjGuj;jpy;
jhkpuguzp cs;s ghf; ryre;jpapy; tq;fhs
 mfj;jpa kiyapy; Njhd;wp kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpy; itif fyf;fpd;wJ. Ky;iy
tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ nghpahW mizia fl;bath; [hd;
 kzpKj;jhW kw;Wk; rpw;whW ,jd; Jiz ngd;dp Fapf; kw;Wk; gpujhdp Kj;jpUg;g
MWfs; MFk; gps;is Mthh;
 ,jw;F Kw;fhyj;jpy; nghUie ejp vd;W njd;ngz;iz
ngah;  fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; cs;s nrd;dNfrt
 kiyapy; Njhd;wp> jkpo;ehl;bw;Fs; kzf;f mk;gpid cilj;j ,lk;
gha;fpwJ. flY}h; mUNf tq;fhs vdg;gLfpwJ. Gfo;ngw;w N[hf; ePh;tPo;rr
; p
tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ. jUkGhp ,t;thw;wpy; cUthfpAs;sJ
khtl;lj;jpy; fpU\;zfphp vd;Dkplj;jpYk;> 2. Nfhth flw;fiu MWfs;
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; rhj;jD}h;  [Pfhhp MW Nfhthtpd; kpfg; nghap
vd;Dkplj;jpYk; ,e;j Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf MwhFk;. ,jd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy;
,U mizfs; fl;lg;glbUf;fpd;wd. th];Nfhlh fhkh JiwKf efuk;
fpof;F Nehf;fp – tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; cs;sJ
fyf;Fk; ejpfs;  kz;Nlhtp MW
1. rghp 2. Jq;fgj;jpuh 3. Tlngz;iz 4. kfhuh\;buh flw;fiu MWfs;
2. mugpf; flypy; fyf;Fk; MWfs; 
1. Nfus flw;fiu MWfs; 5. jgjp MWfs;
2. fh;ehlf flw;fiu MWfs;  kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; ghAk; Kf;fpa
3. Nfhth flw;fiu MWfs; MWfspy; jgjpAk; xd;whFk;. kj;jpa
4. kfhuh\;buh flw;fiu MWfs; gpuNjrj;jpd; njw;F gFjpapy; rhj;G+uh
5. jgjp MWfs; kfhNjt; Fd;Wfspy; Njhd;wp rhj;G+uh
6. eh;kjh MWfs; kiyfSf;Fj; njw;fpy; Nkw;F Nehf;fpg;
7. khfp MWfs; gha;e;J (kj;jpa gpuNjrk; - kfhuh];buh
8. rgh;kjp MWfs; – F[uhj;) topahf fhk;Ng
9. rpe;J MWfs; tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ
1. Nfus flw;fiu MWfs;
 ,e;ejpapd; njw;F gFjpapy; F[uhj;
 nghpahW Nfushtpd; caph; ehb MW kw;Wk; kfuh\;buh vy;iyg; gFjpapy;
MFk;. Nfushtpd; kpfg; nghpa MW Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy my;yJ
,JNt MFk;. ,t;thw;wpd; FWf;Nf rahj;jphpj; njhlh; njhlq;FfpwJ
,Lf;fp miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
 kfhuh\;buhtpd; tpjhh;gh khtl;lk; ,e;
2. fh;ehlf flw;fiu MWfs;
ejpahy; nghpJk; gad;ngWfpd;wJ
 Nej;uhtjp MW rpf;;kq;fSh; khtl;lk;
 ,e;ejpapd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; #uj; efuk;
fq;f%yh vd;w ,lj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. kq;fSh; efUf;F
 Y}dp – Muty;ypkiyj; njhlhpy;
FbePh; toq;Fk; MW ,JNt MFk;
m[;kPh; mUNf Njhd;WfpwJ
 \uhtjp MW \pNkhfh khtl;lj;jpy;
6. eh;kjh MWfs;
cs;s mk;GjPh;j;jk; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
 kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; ikf;fhy; kiyj;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,uhkh; rPijia
 njhlhpy; mkh;fz;lf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; tyJGw Jiz ejpfs; - fpy;fpl;> fhG+y;>
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. tpe;jpa rhj;G+uh ];thl;> gQ;rN
; fhuh> Fzhh;> Fh;uk;
kiyfSf;fpilapy; Nkw;F Nehf;fpg;  ,jd; ,lJGw Jiz ejpfs; - rPyk;>
gha;e;J mugpf; flypYs;s fhk;Ng rPdhg;> uhtp> gpah];> rl;ny[;
tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ  gpw Jiz MWfs; - rpfhh;> m];lhh;>
 eh;kjh ejpf; nfhg;giu 98>796 rJu [hd;[;fh;> jpuh];> i\Nahf;> ];fhh;L
fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu gutpAs;sJ. ,J Mfpait MFk;
,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;jg; gug;gpy; 3 rjtPjk;  ,J fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; gha;fpd;wJ
MFk;. ,g;gFjp kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>  ,J fuhr;rp mUNf mugpf; flypy;
F[uhj; kw;Wk; kfhuh\;buh Mfpa fyf;fpd;wJ
gFjpfis cs;slf;fpaJ
 ,J ,e;jpahtpd; nghpa ejp
7. khfp MWfs;
 ,jd; ePsk; - 2900 fp.kP
 khfp MW Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyj;
 ,jpy; 709 fp. kP. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ.
njhlhpy; kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy;
rPyk;
cw;gj;jpahfp ,uh[];jhd; topahf
 fh\;kPh; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; Verinag vd;w
F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhk;Ng tisFlh
,lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ
topahf mugpf; flypy; fyf;fpd;wJ
 ,e;jpah ghfp];jhdpd; vy;iyfahFk;
 Nfhkjp MW ,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy;
 rPdhg; - yh$y; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
cjaG+h; khtl;lj;jpy;
Njhd;WfpwJ. rPdhg; tyJ Gwj;jpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ
rPyj;ijAk; ,lJ Gwj;jpy; uhtpiaAk;
8. rgh;kjp MWfs;
,izj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ
 rgh;kjp MW ,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy;
 uhtp - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk; FYtpy;
cjaG+h; khtl;lj;jpy; Muty;yp
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,J rl;ny[; cld;
kiyj;njhlhpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
,izfpd;wJ. rPdhg; kw;wk; rl;ny[;
F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhk;Ng tisFlh
topahf mugpf; flypy; fyf;fpd;wJ. ghQ;ehl; (Panjnad) vd;w ngahpy;

mfkjhghj; kw;Wk; fhe;jpefh; ,jd; ,izfpwJ. gpd; mit ghfp];jhdpy;

fiuapy; mike;Js;J. fhe;jpabfspd; cs;s kpjhd;Nfhl; vd;w ,lj;jpy;

rgh;kjp Mrpukk; ,jd; fiuapy; rpe;Jtpy; ,izfpwJ. ,t;thW 5 ejpfs;

cs;sJ ghAk; gpuNjrk; vd;gjhy; gQ;rhg; vd

9. rpe;J MWfs; ngah; ngw;wJ (Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;)

Nkw;F Nehf;fp ghAk; ejpfs;
 ,J ifyha kiyapy; khdrNuhth;
ejpfs; Jiz ejpfs;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,jd;
 1. eh;kij – jhth> xh;rhq;> G\;Neh;>  gthdp MW Nfushtpd; mikjp
ghq;jh;> `puh> jpNah – fq;fh gs;sj;jhf;fpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
2. jgjp – ghhp> yh$h;> G+h;zh> ghQ;ruh NkhahWTld; fye;J rj;jpakq;fyj;jpd;
3. rgh;kjp thl;uhf; - `hjpkjp> `hh;et;> topahf gthdp vd;Dkplj;jpy;
nra;> thFy; fhNthpAld; fyf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thWfs;
4. mkuhtjp fyf;Fkplj;jpy; rq;fNk];thp Nfhtpy;
5. Y}dp cs;sJ. ,jd; JizahWfs; rpWthzp
 ,e;ejpfs; Nkw;F Nehf;fp gha Gtpapd; kw;Wk; Fe;jh MFk;

Fault Line mikg;Ng fhuzk; MFk;. njYq;F fq;ifj; jpl;lk;

\uhtjp  nrd;id efUf;F FbePh; fpU\;zh

 fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; \pNkhfh ejpapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L tUk; jpl;lk;

khtl;lj;jpy; \uhtjp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf  gad; ngWk; khepyq;fs; -

,J mike;Js;sJ. ,J kfhj;kh fhe;jp Me;jpugpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL
ePh; kpd;rf;jp jpl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;  tl ,e;jpah kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa ejpfis
jkpofj;jpd; Kf;fpa MWfs; ,izf;Fk; jpl;lj;jpw;F Garland Canal
 neha;ay; fhtphpapd; JizahW – Project vd;W ngah;
Nfhitapd; gy;ylk; kw;Wk; <NuhL ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpa gy;Nehf;F
khtl;lj;jpd; jhuhGuk; Mfpait gad; jpl;lq;fs;
ngWfpwJ gy;Nehf;F jpl;lq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhs;
 nra;ahW Nfhyhh; khtl;lj;jpy; 1. ghrd trjp
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. ,J fhtphpapd; 2. nts;sg;ngUf;F fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
JizahW MFk;. jpUtz;zhkiy 3. ePh;kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
khtl;lj;jpy; ,J nrq;fk; topahf 4. FbePh; trjp
nry;fpwJ 5. Rw;Wyh trjp

 fhtphpapd; JizahW mkuhtjp 6. kpd; cw;gj;jp

Nfuhspty; cs;s m[e;jh gs;sj;jhf;fpy; 7. kz; mhpkhdk;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. f&h; mUNf 8. ePh; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

fhtphpapy; fyf;fpd;wJ. cLkiyg;Ngl;il gy;Nehf;Fj; jpl;lq;fs; ghjpg;Gfs;

,jd; fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ 1. fhLfs; ngUk; mstpy; mof;fg;gLjy;

2. ,aw;if ,lh;ghLfshd G+fk;gk;
 nrd;idapy; cs;s milahW
Nghd;wit Njhd;w fhuzkhf ,Uj;jy;
nrk;guk;ghf;fk; Vhpapd; mUNf
3. ePhpd; cg;Gj;jd;ik mjpfhpj;jy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ
 eh;kjh mizj;jpl;lj;ij vjph;j;J Nkjh
 gNjfhpd; ,af;fk; eh;kjh gr;rh n[aftb Nfhjhthp ([g;ghd; cjtp)
me;Njhyd; Jq;fgj;jpuh – fh;ehlfh kw;Wk; Me;jpu
 fhLfis mopg;gij vjph;j;J gpuNjrk;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ rpg;Nfh ,af;fk;. jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;Fj; jpl;lk;
Re;jh;yhy; gFFzh Jtf;fpdhh;  gad;ngWk; khepyk; - Nkw;F tq;fk;
 kioePh; Nrfhpg;G my;yJ nuapd; thl;lh; kw;Wk; gPfhh;
`hh;t];bq; vdg;gLtJ kioePh;  mnkhpf;fhtpd; nld;rpy; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;
tPzhtij jLf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;. fl;lg;gl;l gy;Nehf;F jpl;lk; Nghd;wJ
nkhl;ilkhb Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;s ,j;jpl;lk; MFk;
kioePiu Foha; %yk; G+kpf;F nfhz;L  Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gy;Nehf;Fj;
nrd;W epyj;jb ePh; kl;lj;ij jpl;lk; ,JNt MFk;
cah;j;JjNy kioePh; Nrfhpg;G MFk;  ,j; jpl;lk; 7.7.1948 md;W Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ePh;kpd; jpl;lk; -  1953 jpiyah – jhNkhjh; ejpapd;
rptrKj;jpu jpl;lk; JizahW ghuhf;fh; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ
gy;Nehf;F jpl;lq;fs;
 1955y; Nfhdhh; - jhNkhjh; ejpapd;
jpl;lk; ejp
JizahW Nfhhdh; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ
jhNkhjh; jhNkhjh;
 1957y; ikjhd; – jhNkhjh; ejpapd;
,e;jpuhfhe;jp gpah];
JizahW ghuhf;fh; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ
Jq;fgj;jpuh fpU\;zh
 1959y; gQ;rpl; - jhNkhjh; ejpapd; kPJ
rh;jhh; rNuhth; eh;kjh
fl;lg;gl;lJ
uhzh gpujhg; rhfh; rk;gy;
 jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;Fj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;
eh;kjh eh;kjh
ikjhd;> jpiyah> gQ;rpl; kw;Wk; Nfhdhh;
gj;uh gj;uh
,izapd; jpiyah> gQ;rpl; kw;Wk;
ehj;gh [fhhp
Nfhdhh; mizapd; %yk; kpd; cw;gj;jp
gf;uh eq;fy; rl;ny[;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ
rhk;gy; rhk;gy;
ghuf;fh kfhejp  nghf;fhNuh> Jh;f;fhG+h;> re;jpuG+uh Mfpa

`puhFl; kfhejp ,lq;fspy; mdy; kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp

Njapd; uhtp nra;ag;gLfpwJ

Cf;if jgjp  Jh;f;fhG+h; - ejp ePh; Nghf;Ftuj;J ghrd

mh;[Pdh fpU\;zh trjp
rpdy; nrdhg; gf;uh eq;fy;
rhujh rahf; fhf;uh  gad;ngWk; khepyk; - gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh>
 ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; ,uh[];jhd; Nfhtpe; ty;yg;ge;h; rhfh; MFk;
 ,khr;ryg;gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; rl;ny[; 3. fhe;jp rhfh; miz
ejpf;F FWf;fhf fl;lg;gl;l miz gf;uh fq;lhf;
miz MFk;. ,jd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; FU  gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - gPfhh; kw;Wk;
Nfhtpe;j; rhfh; cs;sJ cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
 Nfhtpe;j rhfh; Vhp xU nraw;if  ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; Neghsk; gad;gLfpwJ
VhpahFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; kdpjdhy; ehfh;Rdh rhfh; jpl;lk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l kpfg; nghpa VhpahFk;  gad;ngWk; khepyk; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
 eq;fy; miz gf;uh mizf;F fPNo 13  fpU\;zh ejp Nky; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
fpNyh kPl;lh; njhiytpy; &g;efh; vd;w Jq;fgj;jpuh jpl;lk;
,lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ  gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
 cyfj;jpd; caukhd (Highest kw;Wk; fh;ehlfk;
Straightway Gravity) miz – gf;uh gpah]; jpl;lk;
MFk;  gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; gQ;rhg;>
`puhFl; jpl;lk; `hpahdh> uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; ,khr;ryg;
 xhp]htpy; kfhejpapy; cs;s `puhFl; gpuNjrk;
mizapy; ,j;jpl;lk; cs;sJ  gpah]; ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ miz
 cyfj;jpd; kpf ePskhd miz `puhFl; nfha;dh jpl;lk;
miz  gad;ngWk; khepyk; - kfhuh\;buk;
Nfhrp jpl;lk;  epyeLf;fj;jhy; ,j;jpl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
 ,e;jpa – Neghs vy;iyapy; mDkhd; jz;lfhuz;ah jpl;lk;
efhpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ  gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - xhprh> kj;jpa
 gad;ngWk; khepyk; - gPfhh; gpuNjrk; kw;wk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
 Neghsk; ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gad;ngWfpwJ ghuhf;fh jpl;lk;
rhk;gy;  ,e;jpah – tq;fhs Njrk; Mfpa ,U
 gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - ,uh[];jhd; ehLfs; gad;ngWk; jpl;lk;
kw;Wk; kj;jpagpuNjrk;  Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; fq;if ejp Nky;
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l mizfs; fl;lg;gl;l jpl;lk;
1. Rtfh; rhfh; miz  ,j;jpl;lj;jhy; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;
2. uhzh gpujhg; rhfh; miz gPfhh; khepyq;fs; gad; ngWfpd;wd
 hpfz;l – hpfz;l miz hpfz;l MW  fy;fj;jhtpw;F FbePh; toq;Fk; jpl;lk;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fhy;tha;
ehfh;[Pdrhfh; jpl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpa ePh; kpd;
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gad; ngWk; khepyq;fs; jpl;lq;fs; kr;fz;l; jpl;lk;
Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh MFk;  ,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhprh
,uhk fq;fh jpl;lk; Mfpa ,U khepyq;fspd; $l;Lj; jpl;lk;
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gad; ngWk; khepyk; MFk;. kr;fz;l ejp FWf;Nf [yhghl
Me;jpu gpuNjrk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;
nghpahh; jpl;lk; ,q;F kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ
 ,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk; =iryk; jpl;lk;
Me;jpu gpuNjrk;  ,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; fpU\;zh
cf;fa; jpl;lk; ejpapd; FWf;Nf ehfhh;[Pdrhfh;
 jgjp ejpapd; kPJ mikak; ,j; mizapd; Nky; xU fy;yiz
jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk; F[uhj; fl;lg;gl;L mjpypUe;J kpd;rhuk;
MFk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kA+uf;\p jpl;lk; fPo; irNyU jpl;lk;

 ,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;  ,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpuh khepyk; irNyU

Nfush kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL MFk; ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;
jhth jpl;lk; kpd;rhuk; jhahpf;fg;gLk; jpl;lkhFk;

 ,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk; ,Lf;fp ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;

kfhuh\;buh MFk;  ,j; jpl;lk; Nfush khepyk; ]hpahh;

G+h;zh jpl;lk; kiyj; njhlhpy; fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;

 ,j; jpl;lj;jhy; gad;ngWk; khepyk; kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; jpl;lkhFk;.

kfhuh\;buh MFk; \uhtjp ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;

Nky; fpU\;zh jpl;lk;  ,j;jpl;lk; fh;ehlf khepyk; \uhtjp

 ,j; jpl;lj;jhy; gad;ngWk; khepyk; ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;

fh;ehlfk; MFk; kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; jpl;lkhFk;

ghj;uh jpl;lk; ghypNkhyh ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;

 ,j; jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;  ,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhprh

fh;ehlfk; MFk; Mfpa ,U khepyq;fspd; $l;Lj; jpl;lk;

khyhgpugh jpl;lk; MFk;

aKid ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;
 ,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad;ngWk; khepyk;
fh;ehlfk; MFk;  ,j;jpl;lk; cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; ghAk;
hpfz;l; kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz ejpahd
Nrhid Mfpatw;wpd; ePhpy;> ,Ue;J
 kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;. ,J xU Meenmutty Falls – 984 feet – Nfush
fbdkhd jpl;lkhFk;. Thalaiyar Falls – 975 feet – jkpo;ehL
jpl;lj;jpd; ngah; khepyk;  116th Place in the world # 226 place in the
Nky;fPo;irNyU Me;jpuhg;gpuNjrk;
world ,e;jpahtpd; nghpa (Largest) ePh;
Rghpkiy Nfush
tPo;rr
; pfs;
fhe;jprhf; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
; p –
1. fhNthp my;yJ rptrKj;jpuk; ePh;tPo;rr
nfha;dh kfhuh\;buh
fhNthp
Jq;fgj;jpuh fh;ehlfk;
2. N[hf; ePh;tPo;rr
; p my;yJ n[urg;gh -
uhzhgpujhg;rhfh; ,uh[];jhd;
\uhtjp ejp
nghpahW jkpo;ehL
16 place in the world # 39 place in world
Fe;jh jkpo;ehL
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpa mdy; kpd;
NfhijahW jkpo;ehL
rf;jp jpl;lq;fs;
guk;gpf;Fsk;> MspahW – jkpo;ehL
Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
Nfhrp gPfhh;
1. Nfhj;jf;Flk; mdy; kpd; epiyak;
fh];lhf; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; kpd; Njirf;fhf
xguh cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
hpfz;l; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
2. tp[athlh mdy; kpd; epiyak;
rh;jhh; rNuth; F[uhj;
3. rpk;khj;jphp mdy; kpd; epiyak;
jy;`h];jp [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
mrhk;
flk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
e`h;fjpah mdy; kpd; epiyak;
n[urg;gh (rpt rKj;jpuk;) fh;ehlfk;
m];]hk; khepyj;jpd; ehg;&g; cuj;
rhk;gy; uh[];jhd;
njhopw;rhiyf;F kpd;rhuk; mspg;gjw;fhf
,e;jpahtpd; caukhd (Tallest) ePh; tPo;r;rpfs;
cUthdJ. e`h;fjpah vz;nza; taypy;
Kunchikal Falls – 1>496 feet – fh;ehlfh
,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; thA ,q;F vhpnghUshf
Varahi gad;gLfpwJ
Barehipani Falls – 1>309 feet – xhprh gnusdp mdy; kpd; epiyak;
Langshian Falls – 1>107 feet – tlf;F gPfhh; khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf
NkfhyahNohkalikai Falls – 1>100 feet – ,j;jpl;lk; 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
Nkfhyah gj;uhJ mdy; kpd; epiyak;
Nohsngithiang Falls – 1>035 feet – Nkfhyah gPfhh; khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitfhf;f ,j; jpl;lk;
Dudhsagar Falls – 1,017 feet – Nfhth Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

Kynrem Falls – 1>000 feet – Nkfhyah Jtuhd; (fhk;Ng) mdy; kpd; epiyak;
F[uhj; khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf
,j;jpl;lk; fhk;Ng tisFlh mUfpy; vz;Z}h; jkpo;ehL
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ `h; JtfQ;r; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
rhj;G+uh mdy; kpd; epiyak; [.gp. ];Nl\d; by;yp
,uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; Mfpa cNrd;rfhh; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
,U khepyq;fspd; kpd Njitf;fhf ,j;  mdy; kpd; rf;jpahy; mjpf gad;ngWk;
jpl;lk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ khepyk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
ehf;g+h; (fhu\;) mdy; kpd; epiyak; mZ kpd; rf;jp epiyaq;fs;
kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf  ,e;jpa mZkpd; epiyaq;fs; ,e;jpa
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ mZ rf;jp Jiwapd; fPo; ,aq;Fk;
jhy;rh; mdy; kpd; epiyak; epA+f;fpspah; gth; fhh;g;gNu\d; fPo;
xhprh khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf ,j;jpl;lk; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ  jhuhg;g+h;: ,J kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpy;
xg;uh mdy; kpd; epiyak; cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; gioikahd
cj;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf kw;Wk; nghpa mZ kpd; epiyak; ,JNt
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd epyf;fhp MFk;. ,j;jpl;lk; mnkhpf;f cjtpAld;
rpq;f;nusdp taypy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;wJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
ghe;njy; mdy; kpd; epiyak;
 ,uhthgl;lh: ,J ,uh[];jhd;
Nkw;F tq;f khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf
khepyj;jpd; Nfhl;lh mUfpy;
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
[hh;fz;l;
,uz;lhtJ jpl;lkhFk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F
1. Tenughat Thermal Power Station
]pzP]z
P P wpr\PzPkPzP[P \pzPhPzPr\P
2. Patratu Thermal Power Station vd;W ngah;. fdlh ehl;L cjtpAld;
3. Damodar Valley Corporation ,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa
fh;ehlfh mZFz;L Nrhjidahy; fdlh cjtp
1. ngy;yhhp mdy; kpd;epiyak; nra;a kWj;Jtpl;lJ
jpl;lj;jpd; ngah; khepyk;  fy;ghf;fk;: ,J jkpofj;jpy; fhQ;rpGuk;
nghfhNuh gPfhh; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jw;F
re;jpuGuh gPfhh; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp epA+f;fpspah; gth;
nfhh;gh kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; ];Nl\d; vd;W ngah;. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
rhj;G+uh kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; %d;wthJ jpl;lkhFk;. ,q;F
buhk;Ng kfhuh\;buk; GSNlhdpak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
ehrpf; kfhuh\;buk; ,e;jpah RakhfNt ,jid fl;baJ
nea;Ntyp jkpo;ehL  eNuhuh - ,J cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy;
 mike;Js;sJ fdePh; ciyfs;
 iffh - ,J fh;ehlfh khepyj;jpy;  gNuhlh fdePh; ciy
mike;Js;sJ  `rhhpah fdePh; ciy
 Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (CAPE)  Nfhl;lh fdePh; ciy
fhf;ughuh - ,J F[uhj; khepyj;jpy;  khdFU fdePh; ciy
#uj; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ  eq;fy; fdePh; ciy
 $lq;Fsk; - ,J jkpofj;jpy;  jhy;rh; fdePh; ciy
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;
 jhy; fdePh; ciy
mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,u\;ahtpd;
 J}j;Jf;Fb fdePh; ciy
cjtpAld; mike;Js;sJ
 ,e;jpah mZ rf;jp %yk; 3160 nkfh
Research Reactors
thl; kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) –
 10 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J ,e;jpahtpw;F
buhk;Ng
Njitg;gLk; kpd;rhuj;jpd; msT 300>000
Apsara Research Reactor - ,e;jpahtpd;
nkfhthl; MFk;
gioikahd mZ ciy. ,q;fpyhe;J
fhw;whiy:
cjtpAld; buhk;Ng – Kk;igapy;
 jkpo;ehl;by; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy;
fl;lg;gl;lJ
cs;s Muy;tha; nkhop kw;Wk; Kg;ge;jy;
Canadian – India Research U S (CIRUS) –
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhw;whiy %yk;
buhk;Ng Dhurva Research Reactor Largest kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpah
Research - buhk;Ng [Piy 2008 md;W 8>696 nkfhthl;
Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBRT) – kpd;rhuj;ij fhw;W rf;jp %yk;
fy;ghf;fk; jahhpf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; jkpo;ehL Kjyplk;
Kalpakkam Mini Reactor (KAMINI) – tfpf;fpd;wJ. jkpo;ehL 3873 nkfhthl;
fy;ghf;fk; kpd;rhuj;ij fhw;W rf;jp %yk; cw;gj;jp
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) – nra;fpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij F[uhj;
fy;ghf;fk; khepyKk; mile;Js;sJ.
Purnima I – II – III (Plutonium Reactor for gNah Bry;

Neutornic Investigation in Multiplying  fhl;lhkzf;F vdg;gLk; n[l;Nuhgh

Assemblies) – buhk;Ng tpijapypUe;J gNah Bry;

jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
Zerlina (Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice
fhyepiy
Investigations and New Assemblies) –
 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; Nfhilf; fhyj;jpy;
buhk;Ng Kk;ig
 khq;fha; kio vdg;gLk; kio nga;fpwJ gk;ghiaptl mjpf ntg;gkhf cs;sJ. ,jw;F
 fhyepiyia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs; fhuzk; gk;gha; flw;fiuapy; cs;sJ
1. G+kj;jpa Nuifapy; ,Uf;Fk; J}uk; njd;Nkw;F gUt fhyk; - [Pd; - mf;Nlhgh;
2. fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J cauk; ,J [Pd; khjj;jpy; njhlq;FfpwJ. Nfhil
3. flw;fiuapy; ,Ue;J cauk; fhy ,Wjpf; fl;lj;jpy; tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpd;
4. fhw;Wk; mjd; jpirAk; ngUk;gFjpapYk; kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; jho;e;j
5. kiyfSk; fhLfSk; gFjpfspYk; cr;r ntg;gepiy fhzg;gLfpwJ.
6. epyr;rhpT Vnddpy; #hpad; flf Nuiff;F mUfpy;
7. kz; tiffs; mjd; fjph;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; nrq;Fj;jhf
8. fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs; tpOfpd;wd. cr;r ntg;gepiy fhuzkhf
 ,e;jpahtpd; fhyepiyia gpkPwPwPkP`; mq;Fs;s fhw;W ntg;gile;J tphptilfpwJ.
vd;w Gtpapayhh; Ma;T nra;Js;shh;. tphptilfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; fhw;W Nyrhfp xU

 ,e;jpahtpd; fhyepiyia mad kz;ly jPtpu jho; mOj;jk; tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpy;

gUtf;fhw;W fhy epiy vdg;gLk; cz;lhfpwJ. ,j;jho;tOj;jj;ij Nehf;fp

1. Fsph;fhyk; - brk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W tPRfpwJ. ,f;fhw;W

2. Nfhilf;fhyk; - khh;r; Kjy; Nk tiu tPrj;njhlq;FtJ kiof; fhyj;jpd;

3. njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhyk; - [Pd; Kjy; njhlf;fj;ij Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,r;rkaj;jpy;

nrg;lk;gh; tiu G+kj;jpa Nuiff;F njw;fpy; kfuNuif

4. tlfpof;F gUtf; fhyk; my;yJ gFjpapy; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; mjpfkhf

gpd;dilAk; gUtf;fhyk; - mf;Nlhgh; cs;sJ. ,t;Tah; mOj;j kz;lyj;jpypU;eJ

Kjy; etk;gh; tiu tl,e;jpahtpy; cUthfpAs;s jPtpu jho;

Fsph;fhyk;: brk;gh; - gpg;uthp mOj;j kz;lyj;ij Nehf;fp fhw;W tPrj;

tlf;fpypUe;J njw;fhf nry;y nry;y njhlq;FfpwJ. kfuNuif gFjpapypUe;J

ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;fpwJ. tlNkw;fpy; Fiwe;j njd;fpof;F jpirapy; tPRk; fhw;W

ntg;gepiy 5 bfphp nrd;bfpNuL Nfhilapy; G+kj;jpaNuifia fle;Jk; g+kpapd; Row;rpapd;

ntg;gepiy 24 bfphp nrd;bfpNuL fhuzkhf jpir khwp njd;Nkw;F

Nfhilf;fhyk; khh;r; - Nk gUtf;fhw;whf ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ tPRfpwJ.

,e;jpahtpd; Nfhil ntg;gk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; ,g;gUt fhw;W ,e;jpa ngUq;flypypUe;J

Nfhil ntg;gj;ijtpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ. tPRk;NghJ ,J fpisfshf gphpfpwJ

,jw;F fhuzk; tl,e;jpah nghpa 1. mugpf;fly; fpis

epyg;gug;gpid MrpahTld; ,ize;Js;sJ. 2. tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis

NkYk; flw;fiuapypUe;J njhiytpy; 1. mugpf;fly; fpis

cs;sJ. xNu ml;rj;jpYs;s ehfGhp mugpf;fly; fpis Nfush Kjy; fhk;Ng

tisFlh tiu tPRfpwJ. ,f;fhw;W Nkw;Fj; Nehf;fp efh;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf ,Jtiu
njhlh;r;rp kiyfshy; jLf;fg;gl;L tPrpa njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;W rpwpJ rpwpjhf
NknyOk;GfpwJ. caNu nry;Yk; fhw;W gpd;thq;FfpwJ. ,jid tlfpof;F
Fsph;tjhy; ePuhtpia jhq;Fk; rf;jp gUtf;fhw;W my;yJ njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;wpd;
FiwfpwJ. vdNt mjpfg;gbahd ePuhtp gpd;dilT vd;W $wyhk;. ,f;fhw;W tq;fhs
kioahf nghopfpwJ. Mjyhy; Nkw;F tphpFlhit fle;J ePuhtpia Rke;J fpof;F
njhlh;r;rp kiyia fle;J. jf;fhz gPlG+kp flw;fiuapy; tPrp jkpo;ehl;bw;F kioia
kPJ ,f;fhw;W tPRfpd;w nghOJ mf;fhw;W nfhLf;fpwJ. ,Jjhd; jkpo;ehl;bw;F
twz;l fhw;whf tPRfpwJ. vdNt kiokiwT kiof;fhyk;. ,g;gUt fhyj;jpy; tq;fhs
gpuNjrkhd jf;fhz gPlG+kp ,f;fhw;why; kio tphpFlhtpd; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; Fiwe;J
ngWtjpy;iy #whtspAk; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,r;#whtspfs;
2. tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis ,e;jpahtpy; fpof;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s
jf;fhz gPlG+kp kPJ tPRk; twz;l fhw;W jkpo;ehL Me;jpuh> xhprh Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
tq;fhs gphpFlhit flf;Fk;NghJ kpFe;j flw;fiu gFjpfspy; kpFe;j kioiaAk;
ePuhtpia ngWfpd;wJ. tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ tPRk; Nrjj;ijak; nfhLf;fpwJ
,f;fhw;W m];]hk; Fd;Wfshy;  kpf mjpfkhf (200 nr.kP) kio ngwk;
jLf;fg;gLtjhy; mg;gFjpapy; mjpf kio gFjpfs;
nghopfpwJ. Nkfhyahtpy; cs;s rpuGQ;rp 1. m];]hk;
vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; mjpf kio nghopfpwJ. 2. tq;fhsk;
,f;fhw;W ,ka kiyfshy; jLf;fg;gLtjhy; 3. Nkw;F ,kakiy
jpir khwp fq;if rkntsp kPJ tlNkw;fhf 4. Nkfhyah
tPrj; njhlq;FfpwJ. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpypUe;J 5. Nkw;Fflw;fiuapd; rpygFjpfs;
Nkw;Nf nry;y nry;y fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk; 6. mUzhry gpuNjrk;
Fiwe;J tpLfpwJ. vdNt fq;if 7. rpf;fpk;
rkntspapypUe;J Nkw;Nf nry;y nry;y 8. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy
kioapd; msT Fiwe;J tpLfpwJ  200 nr.kP Nky;; kio ngWk; efuq;fs; -
,e;jpah ngUk; mstpy; njd;Nkw;F \py;yhq;> jpUtde;jGuk;> Kk;ig
gUtfhyj;jpy; kio ngWfpwJ  mjpfkhf (100-200 nr.kP) kio ngWk;
tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;Wf;fhyk; my;yJ gFjpfs;
gpd;dilAk; gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyk; 1. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
nrg;lk;gh; khj ,Wjpapy; #hpad; G+kj;jpa 2. gPfhh;
Nuifia fle;J njd; Nfhshh;j;jj;jpy; 3. cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; fpof;F gFjp
gpufhrpg;gjhy; jhop mOj;j kz;ly njw;F 4. kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpd; fpof;F gFjp
5. Nrho kz;ly flw;fiu nga;jJ. ,jw;F Kd;G Nkfhyahtpy;
6. Xhprh cs;s rpuGQ;rpapy; 83.82 nrd;b kPl;lh;
7. ,kakiyapd; mbthuk; mstpw;F 12.7.1910 Mz;L nga;jJ.
8. jkpofj;jpd; fpof;F flw;fiu gfjp #oy;
 kpjkhd kio (50-100 nr.kP) ngWk; gtoj; jpl;Lfs;
gFjpfs;  ,e;jpahtpy; ehd;F gtoj; jpl;Lfs;
1. fq;if rkntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit
2. kj;jpa ,e;jpah 1. kd;dhh; tisFlh
3. jf;fhz gPlG+kp 2. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;
4. F[uhj; 3. ,yl;rj; jPTfs;
5. cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;F gFjp 4. fl;r; tisFlh
 kpf Fiwthd kio ngWk; ,lq;fs; (50  Atoll – gtog; ghiwfshy; cUthd jPT
nr.kPf;fFk; fPo;) yl;rj;jPT - ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s gtoj;
1. ,uh[];jhd; jPT ,JNt MFk;
2. njd;Nkw;F gQ;rhg;  M];jpNuypah (Great Barrier Reef)tpy;
3. fl;r; cs;sit cyfpd; kpf;nghpa
4. jhh;ghiytdk; gtoj;jpl;Lfs; MFk;. ,it Fapd;yhz;l;
 jf;fhz gPlG+kp kio kiwT flw;fiuapy; cs;sJ
gpuNjrkhFk;  28° tlf;F Kjy; 20° njw;F ml;r
 kiog; nghopT 3 tifg;gLk;. mit: Nuifapy; ,J tsUk;
1. Frontal rainfall: Gay; Nghd;w ,aw;if  ePhpd; ntg;g epiy 20°rp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
khw;wj;jhy; Vw;gLfpwJ  fly; ePh; 180 mbf;F Nky; Mok; ,Uf;f
2. Orgraphic rainfall: kiyfshy; Ntz;Lk;
Vw;gLtJ. jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; ,t;tif  ePhpd; cthpg;Gj; jd;ik 27 Kjy; 35
kio Vw;gLfpwJ rjtPjk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. Conventional rainfall: fhw;W #lhfp  ,e;jpahtpy; Fringing reef kd;dhh;
mjdhy; Nkfq;fs; mq;F te;J Fsph;e;J tisFlh kw;Wk; ghf; ryre;jpapYk;
kio nghoptjhy; Vw;gLtJ Platform reef fl;r; tisFlh gFjpapYk;
 mjpf mstpy; kiog; nghopT 25 [Piy Atoll reef ,yl;rj; jPtpYk;
khjk; 2005Mk; Mz;L Kk;igapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
Vw;gl;lJ. 94.9 nrd;b kPl;lh; (37.1 ,d;r;)
fhLfs;
mstpw;F xNu ehspy; mjpf kio
 ,e;jpahtpy; fhLfspd; nkhj;jg;gug;G
 6>75>333 r.fp.kP [k;K & fh\;kPh:; 20>230 9.10% 2135
 nkhj;jg; gug;gstpy; ,J 20.64% rjtPjk; F[uhj; 18>962 9.67% 114
 ,e;jpa fhLfs; nfhs;ifg;gb 2012f;F kzpg;G+h;: 17>418 78.01% 923
33.3% fhLfs; ,uf;f eltbf;if cj;jpugpuNjrk;: 16>796 6.79% 1297
vLf;fg;gl;L tug;gLfpwJ kpNrhuk;: 16>717 79.30% 133
 mlh;j;jpahd fhLfs; - 1.56% Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 11>879 13.38% 2302
 Rkhuhd mlh;j;jpahd fhLfs; - 10.32% Nfush: 11>265 28.99% 1024
 jpwe;j fhLfs; - 7.95% Nkfhyah: 9>496 42.34% 338
 kuq;FNuht; fhLfs; - 0.15% ehfyhe;J: 9>222 55.62% 236
 Gjh; fhLfs; - 1.74% me;jkhd;: 7>171 86.93% 3359
 fhLfs; mjpfk; cs;s khepyk; kj;jpa gPfhh;: 6>473 6.87% 110
gpuNjrk; jphpGuh: 6>294 60.02% 61
 nkhj;jg;gug;gpy; 50 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; rpf;fpk; 5>841 82.31% 498
mjpfkhf fhLfs; cs;s khepyq;fs; - gQ;rhg; 3>084 6.12% -
mUzhry gpuNjrk;> Nkfhyah> kzpg;G+h; `hpahdh 1>559 3.53% -
kw;Wk; jphpGuh; Nfhth 1>224 33.06% 55
khepyk; fhLfs; gug;G rjtPjk; gug;G
nly;yp 85 5.73% -
r.fp.kP
rz;bfh;: 33 28.95% 1
kj;jpagpuNjrk;: 94>689 30.72% 4239
 tdkNfhj;rtk;: 1950y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;: 63>821 61.55% 130
mjpfkuq;fis el;L tsh;g;gNj ,jd;
kfhuh\;buh: 61>939 20.13% 8191
Nehf;fk; MFk;
rl;b];fh;: 59>722 44.21% 2256 National Forest Policy: 1988
xhprh: 58<136 37.34% 538 1. Afforestation and Development waste
mUzhry;: 51>540 23.20% 14411 lands
fh;ehlfh: 38>284 19.96% 464 2. Reforestation and Replantation in
,khr;ry;: 37>033 66.52% 1097 existing forests
cj;uhQ;ry;: 34>662 64.79% 4002 3. Encouraging the wood substitutes and
,uh[];jhd;: 32>488 9.30% 1446 supplying other types of fuel
mrhk;: 26>832 34.21% 1444 fhLfs; Ma;T epiyaq;fs;
[hh;fz;l;: 23>065 29.61% 2544  National Museum of Natural History –
jkpo;ehL: 22>877 17.59% 2650 New Delhi
 National Zoological Park – New Delhi  Himalaya Forest Research Institute –
 Central Pollution Control Board – Delhi Shimla
 Central Zoo Authority – New Delhi  Centre for Forest Productivity – Ranchi
 G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan  Institute of Social Forestry and
Environment and Development, Almora Ecorehabilitation – Allahabad
 Botanical Survey of India – 1890 –  Institute of Forestry Research and Human
nfhy;fj;jh Resource of Development – Chhindwara
 Zoological Survey of India – 1916 –  Advanced Centre for Bio-Technology and
nfhy;fj;jh Mangrove Forest – Hyderabad
 Forest Survey of India – 1981 – Nluh^d;  Indian Institute of Forest Management –
 Forest Research Institute – Dehradun Bhopal
 Directorate of Forest Education –  Centre for Social Forestry and
Dehradun Environment – Allahabad
 Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy –  CPR Environmental Education Centre –
Dehradun Chennai
 Arid Zone Forestry Research Institute –  Centre for Mining Environment –
Jodhpur Dhanbad
 Institute of Rain and Moist Deciduous  Centre for Environmental Educational
Forests – Jorhat Ahmedabad
 Institute of Wood Science and Technology  Tropical Botanical Garden and Research
– Bangalore Institute – Thiruvananthapuram
 Indian Plywood Industries Research and  Forest Research Institute – Dehra Dun
Training Institute – Bangalore ,k;gPhpay; td Muha;r;rp epiyak; vd
 Centre for Ecological Sciences – Bangalore 1906y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa
 Tropical Forestry Research Institute – fiyak;rj;Jld; rp. [p. Gsk;gPy;l;

Shimla vd;gtuhy; fl;lg;gl;l ,f; fl;blk; xU

National Heritage mFk;.
 Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree
,e;jpa tdr; rl;lk; 1927 Indian Forest
Beeding – Coimbatore
Act. 1927
 Temperature Forest Research Centre –
 ,e;jpa tdr; rl;lj;jpd; gb fhLfs; 3
Shimla
Mf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 1. xJf;fg;gl;l fhLfs; (Reserved Forest) ika murpd; khRf; fl;Lg;ghL thhpaj;jhy;
2. ghJfhf;fg;gl;l fhLfs; (Protected mjpfkhf khRg;gLj;jg;gl;l gFjp vd 15
Forest) gFjpfs; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
1. thgp - F[uhj;
3. fpuhkf; fhLfs; (Village Forest) National
2. rpq;nuhsp - cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Forest Commission - 2003
3. nfhh;gh - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
 Biosphere Reserves: Genetic Diversity
4. uhl;yhk; - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
fhf;Fk; nghUl;L ,e;jpahtpy; 14 Bioshre
5. ehf;lh - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
Reserves mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ 6. jpf;gha; - mrhk;
1. ePyfphp – jkpo;ehL 7. jhy;rh; - xhprh
2. ee;jh Njtp – cj;jpuhQ;ry; 8. gj;uhtjp - fh;ehlfk;
3. Nokrek – Nkfhyah 9. n`uh - Nkw;Ftq;fhsk;
4. nghpa epNfhghh; - me;jkhd; epNfhghh; 10. jhd;ghj; - gPfhh;
jPTfs; 11. ghyp - uh[];jhd;
5. kd;dhh; tisFlh – jkpo;ehL 12. N[hj;G+h; - uh[];jhd;
6. Manas – mrhk; 13. kzyp - jkpo;ehL
7. Re;jutsk; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 14. NtY}h; khtl;lk; - jkpo;ehL
8. rpkpypghy; - xhprh 15. tprhfg;gl;bdk; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
9. Dibru Saikhowa – mrhk; khq;FNuht; (m) rJg;G epyf;fhLfs;:

10. Dehang – Debang  flYk; MWk; NrUkplj;jpy; ,t;tif

11. Pachmarhi – mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; fhLfs; fhzg;gLk;

12. fQ;rd;[q;fh – rpf;fpk;  ,jw;F Re;jphp tif fhLfs; (m)

njuha;f; fhLfs; vd;W ngah;
13. Agasthya Malai – jkpo;ehL
14. Achnakmar - Amarkantak  fq;if> kfhejp> nly;lh gFjpfs;> Nkw;F
tq;fhsk;> jkpo;ehl;by; gpr;rhtuk; Mfpa
,tw;wpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs;
gFjpfspy; ,t;tif fhLfs; cs;sJ
1. To conserve diversity and integrity of
 ,e;jpahtpy; 6740 r.fp.kP tiu ,f;fhLfs;
plants animals and micro – organisms
cs;sJ
2. To promote research on ecological
 cyfj;jpd; nkhj;j khq;FNuht; fhLfspy;
conservation and other environmental
,J 7 tpOf;fhL MFk;
aspects and
 ,e;jpahtpy; 38 ,lq;fspy; rJg;G epyf;
3. To provide facilities for education,
fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
awareness training
 ,tw;wpy; gy;NtW tifahd jhtu>
 tpyq;fpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ Hanitat) gb <u epyq;fs; Fwpj;J
 Rhizophora anmmalayana vd;w jhtuk; tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpwJ
gpr;rhtuj;jpYk; kw;Wk; Heritiera  ,J Fwpj;J mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; xU
Kanikensis vd;w jhtuk; xhprhtpy; cs;s FO cs;sJ. mjd;gb 71 <uepyq;fs;
gpjhh; fdpfh vd;w gFjpapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 6 <uepyq;fs; cyf
fhzg;gLfpwJ mstpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sJ
 ,it Tropical kw;Wk; sub-tropical  fq;if> gpuk;kGj;jpuh> eh;kjh> jgjp>
gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ Nfhjhthp Mfpa ejpfs; ghAk; gFjpapy;

 ,jw;F Littoral my;yJ tidal fhLfs; ,e;j <u epyq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ

vd;Wk; ngah; cz;L gpw <uepyq;fs;

khq;FNuht; fhLfs; cs;s Kf;fpa ,lq;fs; Ntk;gehL Nfush

fhLfs; khepyq;fs; ml;lKb Nfush

1. tlf;F me;jkhd; kw;Wk; me;jkhd; (k) rh];jhf; Nfhl;il Nfush

epNfhghh; jPTfs; nfhy;Y}U Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

2. epNfhghh; jPTfs; fghh; gPfhh;

3. Re;jutdf;fhLfs; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; fpof;F fy;fj;jh Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

&ghh; gQ;rhg;
4. gplhh; fdpfh (Bhitarkanika) xhprh
fhQ;yp gQ;rhg;
5. fhh;dpfh (Corniga)
Ngh]; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
6. Nfhjhthp nly;lh
Rfhdh ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
bNrh Kuhhp - [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
7. fpU\;zhejp Kfj;Jthuk;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd MW Wet
8. kfhejp nly;lh – xhprh
Lands
9> 10 gpr;rhtuk; Kj;Jg;Ngl;il – jkpo;ehL
1. Keoladeo National Park
11. Nfhth Nfhth
2. ghuj;G+h; kw;Wk; rhk;ghh; (uh[];jhd;)
12. fl;r; kw;Wk; fhk;Ng tisFlh – F[uhj;
3. rpy;fh (xhprh)
13. Coondapur fh;ehlfk;
4. Nyhf;Nlf; (kzpg;G+h;)
14. mr;uh / uj;jpdfphp kfhuh\;buk;
5. cyhh; ([k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh);
15. Ntk;gehL Nfush
6. `hpf; (gQ;rhg;)
<uepyq;fs; (Wet Lands)
Kl;Gjh; fhLfs;
 Mz;L KOtJk; <uk; ,Uf;Fk; epyq;fs;
 tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ
<u epyq;fs; MFk;
 kio kpf Fiwthf nga;Ak; twz;l
 Ramsar Convention, (Waterfouwl
 gpuNjrj;jpy; tsUk; fhl;L tpis nghUl;fSk; mjd; gad;fSk;
 Ntykuk;> NghPr;ir> ghGy; Nghd;wit tpisnghUs; gad;fs;
tsUk; fw;G+uj;ijykuk; - jiytyp ijyk;
gRikapiyf;fhLfs; rpd;Nfhdh - nfha;dh kUe;J
 300 nr.kP mjpfkhf kio nga;Akplj;jpy; tpy;Nyh kuk; - fphpf;nfl; kl;il
tsUk; Njf;F> <l;b fg;gy; fl;Ljy;> nuapy;ngl;b

 m];]hk;> fpof;F ,akiyj;njhlh;> nra;jy;> ,Ug;Gg;ghij> tPL fl;Ljy;

Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; Nkw;F re;jd kuq;fs; - mofpa rpw;gq;fs;>

rhpTfspy; tsUk;. thridg;nghUl;fs;> Nrhg;Gfs;

muf;F - thh;dp\; ngapz;l; jahhpf;f
 Njf;F> Nuh];Tl;> vNghdp Nghd;w
NghPl;ir – czTg;nghUl;fs; kUe;J
cWjpahd kuq;fs; tsUk;
gUt fhw;Wf;fhLfs; %q;fpy; - Ngg;gh; jahhpf;f
tdtpyq;Ffs; Ma;T epiyaq;fs;
 jf;fhz gPlG+kpapd; Nkw;Fg;Gwk; cs;sJ
Wild Life Institute of India – Dhra Dun Salim Ali
 100 nr.kP – 200 nr.kP. tiu kio
Centre for Ornithology and Natural History –
nga;Ak; ,lj;jpy; tsUk;
Coimbatore
 ,it ,e;jpahtpy; ,iyAjph; fhLfs;
vdg;gLk; Wild Life Protection Act – 1972
Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs; - ruzhyaq;fs;
 Njf;F> rhy;> fUq;fhyp> <l;b> re;jdk;
Nghd;w nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;  ,e;jpahtpy; jw;NghJ 87 Njrpa

tha;e;j kuq;fs; tsUk; G+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; 480 tdtpyq;F

ruzhyaq;fs; cs;sJ
 re;jd kuk; ik#h; fhLfspy; mjpfkhf
tsUfpwJ  ,it Gtpapay; mikg;gpy; ,e;jpahtpd;

 ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; 4.66% gug;ig nfhz;lit

fhLfs; ,itNa  Project Tiger jpl;lk; 1972y; nfhz;L

kiyf;fhLfs; tug;gl;L 1.4.1973y; eilKiwg;
 ,it ,kakiy (m) My;igd; fhLfs; gLj;jg;gl;lJ
vdg;gLk;  Project Tiger jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;f;fz;l
 ,kakiy> jf;fhz gPlG+kp Mfpa 28 ,lq;fs; Gyp tsh;f;Fk; ,lq;fs; vd
caukhd ,lq;fspy; tsUk; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 37>761 r.fp.kP
gug;gstpy; Gypfs; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. 2008
 gph;> igd;> NjtjhU My;igd; kuq;fs;
Gypfs; fzf;nfLf;fpd;gb jw;NghJ
tsUk;
,e;jpahtpy; 1411 Gypfs; kl;LNk
 cs;sJ Bori – Satpura – Panchmari – Madhyra Pradesh
 Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; ,uh[pt; fhe;jp tdr; Pakhui Arunachal Pradesh
ruzhyak; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; cs;s kpf  caphpapay; G+q;fhf;fis Central Zoo
nghpa ,lkhFk;. 2007y; mjpf Gypfs; Authority vd;w mikg;G fz;fhzpf;fpwJ
cs;s ,lk; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s
 Project Elephant – 1992 y;
Re;ju tdf; fhLfs; MFk;
eilKiwf;F te;jJ
Corbett Uttarakhand
 jw;NghJ Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> mUzhryg;
Bandipur Nagarhole, Karnataka
gpuNjrk;> mrhk;> [hh;f;fz;l>; fh;ehlfk;>
Kanha Madhya Pradesh Nfush> Nkfhyah> ehfyhe;J> xhprh>
Manha Assam jkpo;ehL> cj;uhQ;ry;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Palamau Jharkhand kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Mfpa 13
Ranthambhore Rajasthan khepyq;fs; / A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy;
Similipal Orissa ,j;jpl;lk; cs;sJ
Sunderbans West Bengal Kf;fpa ruzhyaq;fs;
Melghat Maharashtra ruzhyak; khepyk; tpyq;fpdk;

Periyar Kerala 1. gz;bg;G+h; fh;ehlfk; ,e;jpaf;

fhl;nlUik> Gs;spkhd;
Sariska Rajasthan
2. nuq;fh jpl;L fh;ehlfk; gwitfs;
Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh
3. re;jpug;gpugh c.gp.
Indravati Chhatisgarh
4. fhh;nghl;> iedplhy; - c.gp. Gyp
Buxa West Bengal
5. fPh; F[uhj; ,e;jpa
Dudhwa – Katerniaghat – Uttar Pradesh
rpq;fq;fs;
Kalakad – Mundanthurai – Tamilnadu 6. j\pfk; fh\;kPh; fiykhd;
Valmiki Bihar 7. [lhguh Nk.t fhz;lhkpUfk;
Pench Madhya Pradesh 8. khd];ghh; Ngl;lh - Gyp
Bandhavgarth Madhya Pradesh 9. Ntle;jhq;fy; jkpo;ehL gytpj
Panna Madhya Pradesh gwitfs;> kpUfq;fs;
Dampha Mizoram 10. ee;jd; fz;zd; xhprh

Tadoba Andheri, Maharashtra 11. ,Lk;gpf;Fsk;> ,Lf;fp> ,uh[kiy–Nfush

Bhadra Karnataka 12. guk;gpf;Fsk;> ghyf;fhL Nfush

13. nghpahh; Nfush
Nameri Assam
14. KJkiy - jkpo;ehL – ePyfphp ahidfs;
Pench Maharastra
15. rpk;gypahy; Gypfs; xhprh F[uhj;
16. fhrpuq;fh Njrpa G+q;fh mrhk; - xw;iwf; 17. Gir National Park
nfhk;G cila fhz;lhkpUfk; 18. Marine National Park
17. kd;dh]; mrhk; 19. Vansda National Park
18. Re;jutd Gypf;fhLfs; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
20. Velavadhar National Park
19. ge;jt;fhh; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
[hfh;yhz;l;
20. mrhhpghf; gPfhh;
21. Palamau National Park
21. nfsjk Gj;jh; - gPfhh;
22. Hazaribagh National Park
22. fPh; F[uhj; Mrpa rpq;fq;fs;
fh;ehlfk;
Kf;fpa Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;
23. Anshi National Park
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
24. Bandipur National Park
1. Kasu Brahma Reddy National Park
25. Banner Ghata National Park
2. Mahavir Harina Vanastual National Park
26. Kudremukh National Park
3. Mrugavani National Park
27. Nagar Hole National Park
4. Sri Venkateswara National Park
Nfush
mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;
28. Priyar National Park
5. Monling National Park
29. Eravikulam National Park
6. Namdapha National Park
30. Silent Valley National Park
mrhk;
`hpahdh
7. Kazi Ranga Natinal Park – Golaghat
31. Sultanpur National Park
8. Manas National Park – Barpeta
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
9. Nameri National Park – Sonitpur
32. Great Himalayan National Park – Kullu
10. Dibru National park
33. Pinvalley National Park
11. Orang National Park
[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
gPfhh;
34. Dachigam National Park
12. Valmiki National Park - Pashchim
35. Hemis Leh National Park
rl;B];fh;
36. Kishtwar Doda National Park
13. Indravati National Park
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
14. Kangerghati National Park
37. Bhandhavgarh National Park – Umaira
15. Sanjay National Park
38. Fossil National Park
Nfhth
39. Khana National Park
16. Bhagawan Mahavir National Park
 40. Madhav National Park
41. Panna National Park
42. Priyadarshini National Park
43. Sanjay National Park
44. Satphra National Park
45. Van viher National Park
kfhuh\;buh
46. Sanjay Gandhi National Park
47. Gugamal National Park
48. Pench National Park
49. Naregaon National Park
50. Tadoba National Park
kzpg;G+h;
51. Keibul Hamjao National
(cyfj;jpd; xNu kpjf;Fk; G+q;fh)
52. Shiroi Hill National Park
Nkfhyah
53. Balphakram national park
54. Nokrek National Park
kpNrhuhk;
55. Murlen National Park
56. Phawngpui National Park
ehfyhe;J
57. Intanki National Park
xhprh
58. Bhitarkanika National Park
59. Simlipal National Park
gQ;rhg;
Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,y;yhj khepyk;
uh[];jhd;
60. Desert National Park
61. Keoladeo Ghana National Park
62. Ranthambhore National Park
rpf;fpk;
63. Kanchenjunga National Park
jkpo;ehL
64. Guindy National Park
65. Indira Gandhi National park
66. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve and
National Park
67. Mudumalai National Park
68. Mukurithi National Park
jphpGuh
Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,y;yhj khepyk;
Park cj;jpuhQ;ry;
69. Corbett National park – Nainital
70. Gangotri National Park
71. Govind National Park
72. Nanda Devi National Park
73. Rajaji National Park
74. Velley of Flowers National Park
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
75. Dudhwa National park
Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
76. Neora Valley National Park
77. Singalila National Park
78. Gorumar National Park
by;yp
Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,y;iy
me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;
79. Mahatona Gandhi Marine National Park
80. Jhansi Marine National Park
 81. Middle Button National Park 1. fhy;tha; mikg;gJ vspJ
82. Mount Harriet National Park 2. nryT FiwT
83. North Button National Park 3. ePh; rPuhf fpilf;Fk;

84. Saddle Peak National Park  ,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;L tifahd

85. South Button National Park fhy;tha;fs; cs;sd

1. nts;sg; ngUf;Ff; fhy;tha;
epf;Nfhhghh; jPTfs;
2. tw;whf; fhy;tha;
86. Campbell bay National Park
 ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa ghrd fhy;tha; -
87. Galathea National Park
,e;jpuhfhe;jp ghrd fhy;tha;
rz;bfh;> ghz;br;Nrhp> lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+>
nts;sg; ngUf;Ff; fhy;tha;
yl;rj;jPTfspd; Njrpa g+q;fhf;fs; ,y;iy
 ,f;fhy;tha;fspy; MWfspy; nts;sk;
ePh;g;ghrdk;
tUk; NghJ jz;zPh; ghAk;> gpw
 ,e;jpah xU Ntshz;ik ehlhFk;
rkaq;fspy; twz;bUf;Fk;
 ,e;jpah Nfhilf; fhyj;jpy; njd;
 gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpd; rl;ny[; Mw;Wg;
Nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;wpdhy; kio
gFjpapy; ,j;jifa fhy;tha;fs;
ngWfpwJ
cs;sd
 ,e;jpa Ntshz;ikia gUtf; fhw;wpd;
tw;whf;fhy;tha;
#jhl;lk; vd;W $Wth;
 ,f;fhy;tha;fspy; Mz;L KOtJk; ePh;
 ,e;jpa tptrhapfSf;F Njitg;gLk;
XLk;
nghOJ ePh; fpilg;gjpy;iy. NkYk;
 ,j;jifa fhy;tha;fs; fq;ifr;
Njitg;gLk; nghOJ kio
rkntspapYk; njd; ,e;jpahtpYk;>
nghoptjpy;iy
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,e;jpahtpd; %d;W tifahd ePh;g;ghrd
 gQ;rhgpy; gf;uh> eq;fy; fhy;tha;fSk;>
Kiwfs;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; Nky; fq;if
1. fhy;tha;g;ghrdk;
fhy;tha;> fPo;fq;if fhy;tha;> fpof;F
2. Vhpg;ghrdk;
aKidf; fhy;tha;> Mf;uh fhy;tha;>
3. fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;
rhujh fhy;tha;> Mfpait cs;sd
fhy;tha;g;ghrdk;
 jkpo;ehl;by; fhtphp nly;lh fhy;tha;fs;
 ,e;jpahtpd; epyg;gug;gpy; 50%
 Nkl;^h; fhy;tha;fs;> fPo;gthdpf;
epyg;gug;gpy; fhy;tha; ghrdk; %yk;
fhy;tha;fs; mkuhtjpf; fhy;tha;fs;
ghrd trjp ngWfpwJ
MfpadTk; cs;sd
 ,e;jpahtpy; fhy;tha; ghrdk;
Kf;fpakhdJ. fhuzq;fs;
Vhpg;ghrdk; jahhpg;G epiyak; cs;sJ
 jPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; (jf;fhz gPlg+kp)  jkpofj;jpy; mjpf Vhpfs; fhQ;rpGuk;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> ik#h;> xyprh khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jid Vhpfs;
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; Vhpg;ghrdk; khtl;lk; vd;gh;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ  jkpofj;jpy; Vhpg;ghrdk; mjpf mstpy;
 cyfj;jpd; caukhd Pangong TSO [k;K eilngWfpwJ
kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ fpzw;Wg;ghrdk;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa Vhpfs;  fpzWfs; %yk; epyj;jb ePh;g;
Vhp khepyk; Vhptif ghrdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; KiwNa
rpy;fh xhprh cg;GVhp fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;> epyj;jb ePh; kl;lj;ijg;
Gypf;fhl; jkpo;ehL cg;GVhp nghWj;Jf;fpzw;wpd; Mok; NtWgLfpd;wJ.
nfhy;NyW Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; cg;GVhp MWfs;> Vhpfs; ,y;yhj ,lq;fspYk;>
cNrd; rhfh; i`juhghj; Me;jpug; Nfhilapy; tw;Wk; MWfs; cs;s
gpuNjrk; ,lq;fspYk;> Nfhilapy; tw;Wk; MWfs;
ntk;gehL Nfush cs;s ,lq;fspYk;> ePh;j;Njf;fk; mikf;f
jhy; Vhp fh\;kPh; Kbahj ,lq;fspYk;> fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;
cyhh; Vhp fh\;kPh; Crator Lake Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;>
Ydhh; Vhp kfhuh\;buk; gQ;rhg;> jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuk;> fh;ehlfk;>
cjarhfh; ,uh[];jhd; kfhuh\;buk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>
n[a;rhy;khh; ,uh[];jhd; ,uh[];jhd; Mfpa khepyq;fspYk; kio
uh[h rhy;khh; ,uh[];jhd; Fiwthd gFjpfspYk;> fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;
G\;fhh; ,uh[];jhd; eilngWfpwJ
Deedwana ,uh[];jhd;  jkpo;ehL> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> `hpahdh>
Loonkaransa ,uh[];jhd; cg;GVhp gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Mfpa
gQ;r;ghj;uh ,uh[];jhd; cg;GVhp khepyq;fspy; Foha;f; fpzWfs;
Nyhf;lhf; kzpg;G+h; mikf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. kpFe;j
ehdpjhy; cj;uhQ;ry; Moj;jpy; cs;s epyePiuAk; Foha;f;
rfhdh rz;bfh; fpzWfs; %yk; ePh;g;ghrdj;jpw;Fg;
eprhk; rhfh; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; gad;gLj;j KbfpwJ. Foha;f; fpzWfs;
gPk;jhy; cj;uhQ;ry; %yk; ngWk; mstpy; epyePh; fpilg;gjhy;
rhk;ghh; ,uh[];jhd; mjpf epyg;gug;gpw;Fg; ghrd trjp
 rhk;ghh; Vhp - ,J ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; mspf;f Kbfpd;wJ
nghpa Vhp MFk;. ,q;F Nrhbak; ry;Ngl;  kpf vspikahd ePh;g;ghrd Kiwfspy;
 fpzw;Wg; ghrdk; xd;whFk; fhpry; kz;
 fhw;whb ,ae;jpuk;> ghurPfr; rf;fuk;>  ,J nufh; vdg;gLk;
gpf;Nfhl;lh> ftiy Vw;wk; Nghd;w gy  ,J yhth Fok;Gfspdhy; MdJ
Kiwfis gad;gLj;jp epy ePh;  gOg;G epwj;jpy; ,Ue;J fUik epwk;
Gtpg;gug;gpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gLfpwJ tiu fhzg;gLfpwJ
 jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpy; flw;fiur;  <ug; gjj;ij mjpf ehl;fs; jhq;Ftjhy;
rkntspfspy; fpzWfs; cs;sd gpRgpRg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt ,e;j
 jkpo;ehl;by; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp epyj;ij kiof; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G
khtl;lj;jpw;F tlf;fpYs;s gFjpfspYk;> cOtJ ey;yJ
NfhaKj;J}h;> kJiu> ,uhkehjGuk;  Rz;zhk;G> ,Uk;G> nghl;lhrpak;>
Mfpa khtl;lq;fspYk; fpzw;Wg; ghrdk; mYkpdpak;> fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;L>
eilngWfpwJ kf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;L kw;Wk;
 ,e;jpahtpy; ePh;g;ghrdk; ngWk; mYkpdarj;J FiwT
epyg;gug;gpy; Rkhh; 25 rjtPjk; epyg;gug;Gf;  gUj;jp> Gifapiy> kpsfha; Nghd;w
fpzw;Wg; ghrdk; %yk; gadilfpwJ gapUf;F Vw;wJ. fk;G> Nrhsk;> jpiz
kz;tiffs; Nghd;witfSf;F Vw;wJ
tz;ly; kz;  jf;fhz gpuNjrq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ
 MWfspdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ  khuh\;buh khepyj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp>
 goikahd tz;ly; kz; ghfh; kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjp>
 ,sikahd tz;ly; kz; fhjh; fh;ehlfk;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> F[uhj;
 nghl;lh\; kw;Wk; gh];gu]; rj;J mjpfk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; rpy gFjpfs;
 iel;u[d; FiwT jkpo;ehl;by; NfhaKj;J}h;> ,uhkehjGuk;>
 vy;yh gapUf;Fk; Vw;wJ jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;

 rkntspfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ fhpry; kz; fhzg;gLfpwJ

fspkz;
 tl,e;jpa rkntspfs;> eh;kjh> jgjp
Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk;> jPgfw;g  ,Uk;Gr; rj;J mjpfk;

,e;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; cs;s  Mkpyj; jd;ik cilaJ

MWfspy; nly;lhg; gFjpfspYk; (kfh  Rz;zhk;G rj;J ,y;iy
ejp> Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhNthp)  Nkw;Fkiyj; njhlh; kw;Wk; fpof;F
F[uhj;jpYk;> rl;b];fh; rkntspapYk; kiyj; njhlh; mbghfq;fspy;
tz;ly; kz; gbTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd fpilf;fpwJ
nrk;kz; mhpg;ig jLf;f Ntz;Lk;
 tz;ly; kz;zpw;Fk; kzYf;Fk; XLk; ePh;: XLk; ePuhy; kz; mhpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
,ilg;gl;l Jfs;fshy; cUthd kz;> ,jid jtph;f;f rhptpw;F FWf;fhf epyk;
Jfs;fSf;fpilNa XusT ,ilntsp cog;gl Ntz;Lk;. rhpTfspy; kuk;> nrb> nfhb
cz;L. ePiu cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikAilaJ. Nghd;wit tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;
<uj;ij Njf;fp itf;Fk; rf;jp FiwT fhw;W: fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; kz; mhpg;igj;
 gioa gbfg; ghiwfSk; jLf;f fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;F FWf;fhf
khw;WUg;ghiwfSk; rpijtiltjhy; kuq;fs; elNtz;Lk;.
nrk;kz; cUthfpd;wJ. jkpo;ehL> Nka;r;ry;: Nka;rr
; y; epyq;fis msTld;
fh;ehlfk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tskhd kz;iz
ngUk;gFjp> kfhuh\;buhtpd; njd;fpof;Fg; fl;blq;fs; fl;l gad;gLj;jf; RlhJ
gFjp> Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> xhprh Mfpa gaph; Row;rp Kiw: xNu tifahd jhtuj;ij
khepyq;fspy; fpof;Fg; gFjpfs;> Nrhl;l njhlh;r;rpahf gaphpl;L te;jhy; mj; jhtuk;
ehfGhp Mfpait nrk;kz; fhzg;gLk; mk; kz;zpy; jkf;F Njitahd rj;ij
Kf;fpakhd gFjpfshFk; kw;Wk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. vdNt mk;kz;zpy;

 fpuhidl; kw;Wk; gioa gbTg; Fwpg;gpl;l mr;rj;J kl;Lk; kpf Fiwe;J kz;

ghiwfspdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ tsk; Fiwfpd;wJ. vdNt kz;zpd; tsk;

ngUf gaph; Row;rp Kiwia gad;gLj;j
 ,Uk;G Mf;irL mjpfk; cs;sJ.
Ntz;Lk;.
gh];gu];> iel;u[d;> Rz;zhk;G rj;J
tbfhy;fs;: kz;zpd; cg;Gr; rj;J fiuahky;
Mfpait FiwT mkpyj; jd;ik mjpfk;
,Uf;f epyj;jpd; Nkw;Gwk; ePh; Njq;fhky;
 gaphpl fbdkhd kz; vdNt ePh;g;ghrd
,Uf;f tbfhy;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;
trjpAs;s ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk gaph;
 kz; mhpkhdj;jhy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;
nra;a KbAk;. gpd; nra; gaph;fshd
khepyk; - ehfyhe;J
mtiu> Jtiu Nghd;w gaW tiffs;>
fliy> Mkzf;F Nghd;w vz;nza;  jhtuq;fspy; nghl;lh\paj;ij

tpj;Jf;fs; ,jpy; gaph; nra;a Vw;wJ. gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

ghiy kz;  It regulates osmotic pressure in the plant

 ghiytdj;jpy; cs;s kzy; ghiy kz;.  It regulates more than 60 enzyme systems

 <uj;ij jhq;Fk; rf;jp fpilahJ in the plant

 jhh; ghiytdj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ  It favours stomatal regulation of water

kz; mhpg;G: kz; mhpg;gpdhy; kz; tsk;  It aids in photosynthesis
Fiwe;J tpisr;ry; Fiwfpd;wJ. vdNt kz;  It favours translocation of photosynthates
  It enhances N uptake and protein 1971
synthesis  Pilot Intensive Rural Employment – 1971
Ntshz;ik  Food for Work Programme – 1977
 ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j cs;s ehl;L  National Rural Employment Programme
cw;gj;jpapy; 22 rjtPjk; Ntshz;ik 1980
kw;Wk; mjidf; rhh;e;j nghUl;fs; %yk;
 Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
fpilf;fpd;wJ
Programme – 1983
 ,e;jpahtpd; Vwf;Fiwa nkhj;j gug;G
 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana – 1989
143 kpy;ypad; Vf;fh;> Ntshz;ik gug;G
 WDPSCA – Water Shed Development
Vwf;Fiwa 56 kpy;ypad; Vf;fh; (43%
Project in Shifting Cultivation Areas
rjtPjk;)
 NWDPRA – National Watersed
 Ntshz;ik ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpd;
Development Project in the rainfed areas
jpwTf;Nfhy;
1990-91
 ,e;jpahtpy; jdpegh;fs; czT
nghUl;fis ngWk; tpfpjk; 467 gms /  Farm centered Agriculture Resource

per day Management Programme – 1994

 IADP – Intensive Agricultural District  Farm Machinery Training and testing

Programme mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L Institutes

1960-61 Budni kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

 ,e;jpahtpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l gRikg; Hissar `hpahdh

Gul;rp vd;gJ NfhJikg; Gul;rp vd;gh; Garladinne Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
 ghrdf; FO mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1972 Biswanath Chariali mrhk;

 Ne\dy; fkp\d; Md; mf;hpfy;rh; 1976  tptrhapfspd; czT nghUs;fSf;F

 IAAP – Intensive Agricultural Area nfhs;Kjy; tpiyia eph;zapg;gJ

Programme mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L  Crop Agriculture Produce Loan – First

1964-65 Launched by Corporation Bank with effect

 CAD – Command Area Development from 1-4-2005

 DDP – Desert Development Programme  mjpfkhf Waste Land cs;s khepyk;

 DPAP – Drought Prone Area Programme F[uhj;

 Target Group Approach – 1971  Agricultural Prices Commission ,J jw;NghJ

 Cash Schemes for Rural Employment – Commission for Agricultural Costs and
 Price vd eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ czTg;gaph;fs; cw;gj;jp 210.01
 Food Corporaiton of India - 1965 kpy;ypad; ld;fs; mFk;

 kj;jpa muR kjpa czT jpl;lj;ij  6.7 gpy;ypad; lhyh; czTg;nghUl;fs;

Jtf;fpa Mz;L 15.8.1995 Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ

 LAMPS – Large Sized Multipurpose  3.6 gpy;ypad; lhyh; ,e;jpahtpd; Food

Socieites Basket of the country and granary of India

 FSS – Farmer Service Socieites vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gQ;rhg; khepyk;

gaph;r; rhFgb mlh;j;jp 186 rjtPjk;
 PACS – Primary Agricultural Co-operative
MFk;. ,JNt ,e;jpahtpy; kpf cah;e;j
Socieites
gaph;r; rhFgb mlh;j;jp MFk;.
 Ntshz;ik re;ijfis gw;wp jfty;fs;
 Cental Agricultural Research Institute,
mspg;gJ National Council for Applied
Port Blair
Economic Research
 Aarid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur,
 ,e;jpahtpd; new;fsQ;rpak; - gQ;rhg;
Rajasthan
 jkpofj;jpy; new;fsQ;rpak; - jQ;ir
 Central Inland Fisheries Research
 mrhkpy; Jhum vd;w Kiwapy;
Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
 Central Institute for Cotton Research,
 ,jpy; Slash and Burn vd;w Kiw
Nagpur, Maharashtra
gad;gLfpwJ.
 Central Institute for Research on goats,
 ,jpy; kz;tsk; Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy;
Farah, UP
mope;JtpLk;
 ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; Rkhh; 64%  Central Institute for Arid Hortinculture,

tptrhaj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh; Bikaner, Rajasthan

 ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; tptrhaj;ijr;  Central Institute for Research on

rhh;e;Js;sJ Buffaloes, Hissar, Haryana
 ,e;jpahtpy; 52% epyg;gug;gpy; tptrhak;  Central Institute for Fisheries Education,
eilngWfpwJ Mumbai, Maharashtra
 gzg;gaph;fistpl> czTg; gaph;fs;  Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla,
mjpf mstpy; gapuhfpwJ HP
 nkhj;j tptrhag; gug;gpy; Vwj;jho 75%  Central Research Institute for Dryland
gug;gpy; czTg; gaph;fs; gapuhfpd;wd Agriculture, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
 ,e;jpahtpd; 2005-2006 Mz;L  Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack,
 Orissa  NRC for Onion & Garlic, Rajgurunagar,
 Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra
Karnal, Haryana  NRC for Banana. Trichi, Tamilnadu
 Central Tuber Crops Research Institute,  NRC on Seed Spieces, Tabiji, Ajmer,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Rajasthan
 Indian Agricultural Research Institute,  ,e;jpa tptrhaj;jpy; cs;s gpur;rpidfs;
New Delhi 1. epiyaw;w kiog;nghopT
 ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela Old,  ,e;jpa tptrhak; ngUk;ghYk; gUt
Goa kioiaNa ek;gp ,uf;fpwJ. gUt

 Indian Insitute of Spieces Research kioFwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; nga;tjpy;iy.

vdNt tptrhak; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Calicut, Kerala
2. Fiwe;j kz; tk;
 Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research
 gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ,iltplhJ
Lucknow, UP
gaph;njhopy; nra;ag;gl;L tUtjhy; kz;
 Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,
tsk; kpfTk; Fiwe;Js;sJ. jhtuq;fis
Varanasi, UP mopg;gjhYk; kz;tsk; mhpf;fg;gl;L
 National Research Centre on Camel, kz;tsk; Fiwe;J tpisr;ry; FiwfpwJ
Bikaner, Rajasthan 3. cuk;
 National Research Centre for Medicinal  tsk; Fd;wpa epyj;jpw;F ,urhad
and Aromatic Plants, Boriavi, Gujarat cuq;fspd; tpiy mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
 National Research Centre for Soybean, MP rpwpa tptrhapfs; mtw;iw gad;gLj;j

 National Research Centre for Yak, Dirang, Kbtjpy;iy

4. juk; Fiwe;j tpij
Arunchal Pradesh
 tptrhapfs; tpijfisAk;> cah;e;j uf
 NRC for Citrus, Nagpur, Maharashtra
tpijfisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy
 NRC for Mushroom, Solan, Himachal
 jq;fs; epyq;fspy; tpisAk; gapdh;fspy;
Pradesh
,Ue;J xU gFjpia tpijf;nfd xJf;fp
 NRC for Oilpalm, Pedavegi, Andhra
itf;fpd;wdh;. mtw;iw ghJfhg;ghd
Pradesh
Kiwapy; itg;gjw;fhd trjp
 NRC for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy; tptrhak; nghpJk;
 NRC for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ
Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat 5. epyTlik
 guk;giu guk;giuahf gps;isfSf;F tiffs; kw;Wk; kpsF Mfpa
,ilNa epyq;fs; gq;fplg;gLtjhy; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.
tptrhapfs; ,lj;jpy; cs;s epyq;fspd; Nth;f;fliy> NfhJik> fha;fwpfs;>
gug;G kpf kpf FiwT rh;f;fiu kw;Wk; kPd; cw;gj;jpapy;
6. gaph; ghJfhg;G cyfpd; ,uz;hltJ ,lj;ijAk;>
 gaph;fis jhf;fp mopf;Fk; G+r;rpfis %d;whtJ cw;gj;jpapy; Gifapiy
mopf;f G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfis thq;Ftjw;F kw;Wk; mhprp cw;gj;jpiaAk;
nghUshjhu trjp ,y;iy tfpf;fpd;wJ. fhhpg; gaph;fs; my;yJ
gpw fhuzq;fs; Nfhilf; fhyg; gaph;fs; (Khariff)
1. tptrhapfs; fy;tpawpT mw;wth;fs;. ney;> Nrhsk;> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> rzy;>
tPhpa tpijfs; gw;wpAk; G+r;rp nfhy;yp fk;G> gUj;jp> fUk;G> epyf;fliy
gw;wpAk; gaph; nra;Ak; Gjpa Kiw epyj;ij gz;gLj;Jk; fhyk; - Vg;uy;> Nk
gw;wpAk; mth;fshy; rhptu Ghpe;J kio – njd;Nkw;F gUt fhw;wpy;
nfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy nga;Gk; kio
2. epyTilik rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjhy; tpijf;fg;gLk; fhyk; - [Pd; khjk;
,ae;jpuq;fis gad;gLj;j Kbtjpy;iy mWtilf;fhyk; - etk;gh;
3. rpwpa tptrhapfs; jdpegh;fsplk; uhfp gaph;fs; my;yJ Fsph; fhy gaph;fs;
fld;gl;L nghpJk; ghjpf;gg;Lfpd;wdh; NfhJik> Gifapiy> gUg;G tiffs;>
4. Njitahd fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g ePh;ghrd vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; Kjypad
trjpfs; ,y;iy  tpijf;fg;gLk; fhyk; - mf;Nlhgh; khj
5. nts;sf; fhyq;fspy; rhpahd gaph; ,Wjpapy; my;yJ etk;gh; njhlf;fj;jpy;
ghJfhg;G VJkpy;iy  mWtilf;F tUk; fhyk; - khh;r; khjk;
6. tpise;j nghUis Nrkpf;fTk;> mjid MFk;
mq;fhbapy; rhpahd tpiyf;F tpw;Fk;  ,e;jpahtpy; gapuhFk; Kf;fpag; gaph;tif
cs;fl;likg;G trjpfs; VJk; ,y;iy. ,Utifg;gLk; mit
vdNt ,ilj; jufh;fs; mjpf yhgk; 1. czTg; gaph;fs; 2. gzg; gaph;fs;
ngWfpd;wdh;.
 ney;> NfhJik> ghh;yp> fk;G> Nrhsk;>
7. ,aw;if cuq;fis vhpnghUshf
Nfo;tuF
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
gUg;G tiffs;
 2003-2004 Mk; Mz;bd; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb
 Jtiu> cSe;J> gr;irg; gapW>
cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ghy;>
jl;ilg;gapW> fliyg;gUg;G> nfhs;S
goq;fs;> Ke;jphp> Njq;fha;> ,Q;rp>
eWkzg; nghUs;fs;
kQ;rs;> thiog;gok;> rg;Nghl;lh> gUg;G
kpsF> Vyf;fha;> kQ;rs;> ,Q;rp
czTg; gaph;fs; - gzg;gaph;fs;  mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; khepyk; Nkw;F
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; tq;fhsk;> ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;
 epyf;fliy> vs;> fLF> Mkzf;F> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> %d;whtJ ,lk;
Njq;fha;> Msptpij gQ;rhg;.
,iog;gaph;fs;  ,e;jpahtpy; 400 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh;
 gUj;jp> rzy; epyg;gug;gpy; (mjpf epyg;gug;gpy;) ney;
Njhl;lg;gaph;fs; gaphplg;gLfpwJ
 Njapiy> fhg;gp> ug;gh;> ,Q;rp> kQ;rs;>  ,e;jpahtpy; Njapiyf;F mLj;jgbahf
Njq;fha;> kpsfha; Vw;WkjpahFk; czTg; nghUs; mhprp
epue;jug; gaph;fs; MFk;.
 Mg;gps;> fUk;G> fhgp> NfhNfh Mfpait  mjpfkhf tpisr;ry; (Average yield per
epue;jug; gaph;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wJ acre) Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; (1210 lbs)
kw;wgaph;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 fUk;G> Gifapiy> ney;  jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfk; ney;
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa gaph; ney; MFk;. tpisAk; khepyk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk; MFk;
,g;gaph; mjpfg; gug;gpy; gapuhfpwJ.  jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lj;jpy; ney;Yf;fhd tl;l
Mz;Lr; ruhrhp ntg;gepiy 24 bfphp Muha;r;rp epiyak; MLJiwapy; cs;sJ
nr.kPAk; kioasT 150 nr.kP cs;s NfhJik
gFjpfspy; mjpfkhf ney; gapuhfpwJ.  NfhJik xU kpj ntg;gkz;ly gaph;
Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> xhprh> Me;jpuh>  nkhj;jk; 13 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh;fspy;
jkpo;ehL> Nfush> fh;ehlfk; Mfpa NfhJikg; gaphplg;gLfpwJ
khepyq;fspy; ney; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
 NfhJik mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
nrOikahd fspkz; fye;j
khepyk; cj;jpugpuNjrk;
tz;ly;kz;Zk; ePh; Njq;fp epw;f
 mjpfkhd tpisr;ry; (Yield per acre)
rkepyKk; mjpfg;gbahd ePUk; ney;
,uh[];jhdpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
gapuhtjw;F mtrpak;. rkntspg; gFjp
 ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy; 1/5
nly;lhg;gFjp Mw;W tbfhy; gpuNjrq;fs;
ghfk; NfhJik gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ney; gapuhfpd;wJ
,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ. vdNt
 ,e;jpahtpd; 29 rjtPjk; epyg;gug;gpy;
,g;gFjpapid ,e;jpahtpd; NfhJikf;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
fsQ;rpak; vd;W miog;gh;
 cyfpy; cw;gj;jp 13 ghfk; ,e;jpahtpy;
 Fsph;r;rpahd <ukpf;f fhy epiyapy;
cw;gj;jp
NfhJik gapuhfpwJ.
 NfhJik 35° Kjy; 55° jPh;f;fNuifapy; gUg;G tiffs;
NfhJik tpisfpd;wJ  gUg;G cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah cyfpd;
 NfhJik tpia 10° nr. Kjy; 20° nr Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. cyf
tiu ntg;gKk; 50 nr. kP Kjy; 100 nr. cw;gj;jpapy; 28% ,e;jpah cw;gj;jp
kP tiu kioAk; Njit nra;fpd;wJ. Rkhh; 12-15 kpy;ypad; ld;
 kf;Nuhdp tif NfhJik kj;jpa gUg;G tiffis ,e;jpah cw;gj;jp
,e;jpahtpy; fhpry; kz;zpy; ed;F nra;fpd;wJ.
tpisfpd;wJ  Jtiu> mtiu> fliy> cSe;J>
 NfhJikapd; tpisr;ry; fhyk; 5 Kjy; nfhs;S> gUg;G tiffs; Gd;nra;
5 ½ khjq;fs; gaph;fs; MFk;. cw;gj;jpapy; Kjy; ,lk;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;
 NfhJik tpijf;fg;gLk; fhyk; -
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> %d;whtJ ,lk;
mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; etk;gh; khjq;fs;
,uh[];jhd;
 fjph; Kw;Wk;NghJ kio $lhJ. XusT
fspkz fye;j tz;ly; kz;  gQ;rhg;> gP`hh;> kfhuh\;buk;> fh;ehlfk;>

tpisr;rYf;F Vw;wJ. gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL Mfpa

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; khepyq;fspy; epH;ghrd ,lq;fspy; gapuhfpwJ.

trjpfSlDk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>  Indian Institute of Pulses Research

kfhuh\;buk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fhd;G+hpy;
khdhthhpahfTk; NfhJik gapuhfpwJ mike;Js;sJ
kf;fhr;Nrhsk; eWkzg; nghUl;fs;

 Nrhsk;: 27 bfphp nr. Kjy; 32 bfphp nr.  eWkzg; nghUl;fs; Nfushtpy; mjpfk;
tiu ntg;gKk; 30 nr. kP Kjy; 100 tpisfpd;wJ
nr.kP tiu kioak; Njit  Fq;Fkg; G+ mjpfkhf tpisAk; khepyk;
 fk;G: cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> uh[];jhd;> [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; MFk;
`hpahdh> jkpo;ehL. kfhuh\;buk; kpsF
Kjypa khepyq;fspy; gapuhfpwJ  ,J Nfusj;jpy; mjpfkhf tpisfpwJ.
 Nfo;tuF: ,J cw;gj;jpahFk; nkhj;j cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;.
epyg;gug;gpy; ghjpf;F Nky; fh;ehlfk;> fh;ehlfk; kw;Wk; Nfushtpy;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL Mfpa tpisfpd;wJ. md;dpa nryhtzp <l;bf;
,lq;fspy; cs;sJ. 50 nr.kP. Kjy; 100 nfhLg;gjpy; kpsF %d;whtJ ,lj;ij
nr. kP tiu kio ngWk; gFjpfspy; tfpf;fpd;wJ
Nfo;tuF gapuhfpwJ Vyf;fha;
 ,jd; cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kjyplj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp gzg;gaph;fs;
kiyg; gFjpfs;> Nrh;tuhad; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
kiyg;gFjpfs;> Nghbehaf;fd; gFjpfspy;  cyfpy; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
gapuhfpwJ. Nfushtpd; ,Lf;fp khtl;lk; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kjyplk;
Gfo;ngw;wJ tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j tptrha
kQ;rs; gug;gpy; 10 rjtPjk; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
 ,J Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLfpwJ
tpisfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by; <NuhL  ,e;jpahtpy; 2004-2005 Mk; Mz;L 26.1
khtl;lj;jpy; mjpfk; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. nkl;hpf; ld;fs; vz;nza; cw;gj;jpj
rhak;> kUe;J> czT nghUshf nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
gad;gLfpwJ  twz;l #o;epiyapYk; tsuf; $ba gaph;
,Q;rp vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; MFk;
 ,Q;rp Nfusj;jpy; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp  vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; mjpfkhf tpisAk;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gFjp jf;fhz gPlg+kpahFk;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfhtpy;  The Technology Mission on Oilseeds –
gaph; nra;ag;gLfpwJ 1986
kpsfha;
 mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
 Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> kfhuh\;buh vz;nza; tpj;J
kw;Wk; fh;ehlfj;jpy; mjpfk;
1. NrhahgPd;]; (27%) 2. epyf;fliy (26%)
tpisfpd;wJ. Fz;^h; kpsfha;
NrhahgPd;];
Gfo;ngw;wJ. eWkz nghUl;fspy; mjpf
 mjpf Gujr;rj;J cilaJ
md;dpa nryhtzpia kpsfha;
 kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp
(,uz;lhtJ ,lk;) <l;bf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
nra;ag;gLfpwJ
nkhj;j kpsfha; cw;gj;jpapy; 60 rjtPjk;
epyf;fliy
Me;jpuhtpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ
 ,J xU ntg;gkz;lyg; gaph;
ghf;F
 ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 86.72 ,yl;rk;
 Mjpfkhf tpisAk; ,lk; Nfush MFk;.
n`f;Nlhpy; ,g;gaph; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
fh;ehlfk;> mrhk;> kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk;
jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; fhpry; kz;> nrk;kz;
jkpofj;jpy; mjpfk; tpisfpd;wJ
cs;s gFjpfspy; epyf;fliy gaphpl
Gjpdh (kpd;l);
kpfTk; Vw;wjhf cs;sJ. Me;jpuhtpy;
 md;dpa nryhtzp mjpfkhf <l;bj;
mjpf epyg; gpug;gpy; ,g;gaph;
jUk; thridj; jputpaq;fspy; kpd;l;
 gaphplg;gLfpwJ. F[uhj;jpy; ngUksT Mkzf;F
tpisfpwJ  jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; mjpfkhf
 Rkhh; 50 nr. kP Kjy; 70 nr. kP tiu gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cyf cw;gj;jpapy;
kio Njit. jkpo;ehl;by; rdthp Kjy; gpNurpYf;F mLj;jjhf ,e;jpah ,uz;lhk;
Nk tiu tpijf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vg;uy; Kjy; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. Mkzf;F vz;nza;
Nk tiu mWtil nra;ag;gLfpwJ rpwe;j cah;T nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
 jkpo;ehL> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; mjpf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
F[uhj; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; nkhj;jk; khepyk;
80% epyf;fliy cw;gj;jp Njq;fha;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. nkhj;j vz;nza;  cah;e;j ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjk;> mjpf
cw;gj;jpapy; ,J 25 rjtPjk; MFk;. jio nghopT> tbfhy; trjpAs;s kz;
 F[uhj; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. Mfpait Njitg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpd;
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij jkpo;ehL my;yJ Njq;fha; cw;gj;jpapy; 70 rjtPjk;
Me;jpu gpuNjrk; tfpf;fpd;wJ NfushtpypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ.

 ey;y #oypy; jw;NghJ epyf;fliy Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk;> kfhuh\;buh>

cw;gj;jp Rkhh; 8 kpy;ypad; ld;fs; xhprh> jkpo;ehl;by; mjpfk; tpisfpd;wJ

MFk;. jkpo;ehlb;y; 1 kpy;ypad; ld; Msptpij

epyf;fliy tpisfpd;wJ. Kf;fpa  cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> gP`hh;>

Vw;Wkjp ehL nrdfy; kw;Wk; uh[];jhd;> kfhuh\;buk;> Mfpa
mh;n[d;ildh MFk;. khepyq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpd; cw;gj;jpapy;
vs; 90 rjtPjk; fpilf;fpwJ.

 jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; mjpfkhf Ke;jphp

gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;  Nfushtpy; mjpfk; tpisfpd;wJ

mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; khepyk; MFk; ghh;yp
fLF  Mhprp kw;Wk; NfhJik tpisahj
 fLF gaphpl twz;l Fsph;fhyKk; ,lj;jpy; ghh;yp gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
tskhd tz;ly; kz;Zk; mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; khepyk; -
Njitg;gLfpwJ. rl;ny[;> fq;if Mw;Wg; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
gs;sj;jhf;Ffspy; fLF mjpfkhf ,iog;gaph;fs;
gapuhfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; cw;gj;jpapy; gUj;jp
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ  ekJ ehl;L thzpfg; gaph;fSs; Kjyplk;
tfpf;fpwJ. ,J tsu fhpry; kz;
my;yJ fUQ;rptg;G kz; Njit
 ntg;gkz;lyj;jpYk; kpj ntg;g gpuNjrj;jpy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ
kz;lyj;jpYk; gUj;jp ed;F tpisAk;.  njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gUj;jpapd; gaph;f;fhyk;
,jw;F 75 nr.kP Kjy; 100 nr.kP kio Nk Kjy; brk;gh; tiu MFk;
Njit. ,g;gaph; tpisa 200 gdpaw;w  ,e;jpah nel;ilapiog; gUj;jpia
ehl;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jf;fhz vfpg;J> mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkhjp
gPlG+kpapd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy; ed;F nra;ag;gLfpwJ
tpisfpwJ. jf;fhz gPlG+kpapd;  gUj;jp tiffs; - Mcu – 5> R[hjh>
kfhuh\;buk;> F[uhj;> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;> tunyl;Rkp
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk; Mfpa  2007-2008 Mz;L cw;gj;jp 310 ,yl;rk;
gFjpfs; ,e;jpahtpd; gUj;jp gpuNjrk; Ngy;fs; MFk;. xU Ngy; vd;gJ 170
vd;gh; fpNyh MFk;
 mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; ,lk;: kfhuh\;buh  jkpo;ehl;by; ,j;d cw;gj;jp kpff;
 mjpfkhf cw;gj;jpnra;agLk; ,lk;: FiwT. Mdhy; njhopw;rhiyfspy;
F[uhj; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjyplk;
 mjpfkhf Yield per hectare F[uhj; jkpo;ehL MFk; 2007-2008
 ,J xU ,aw;ifahd ehh;g;gaph; khepyk; gug;G cw;gj;jp kf#y;
 cyfpy; gUj;jp mjpfkhf mnkhpf;fhtpy; F[uhj; 25.16 110.00 743
jahh; nra;ag;gLfpwJ kfhuh\;buh 31.91 60.00 320
 ,e;jpah cyf gUj;jp cw;gj;jpapy; 14% Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 10.96 43.00 667
rjtPjk; cw;gj;jp nra;aJ %d;whtJ gQ;rhg; 6.48 24.00 630
,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ kj;jpa gpuNjrk; 6.62 21.00 539
`hpahdh 4.78 16.00 569
 gUj;jp gaphpl Muk;gj;jpy; cah;e;j ntg;g
,uh[];jhd; 3.68 9.00 416
epiyAk; gUj;jp fha; Kw;Wk; fhyj;jpy;
fh;ehlfh 3.71 8.00 367
mjpf twl;rpAk; Njit
jkpo;ehL 1.23 5.00 691
 gUj;jp ntg;g kz;lj;jpYk;> kpj ntg;g
nkhj;jk; 310.00
kz;lyj;jpy; ed;F tpisAk;.
 Central Institute for Cotton Research –
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fl;ilapiog; gUj;jp
Nagpur 1976
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
kz;ly epiyaq;fs; 1. Coimbatore 2. Sirsa
 cah;e;j uf nel;biog; gUj;jp
rzy;
 tl ,e;jpahtpy; Mf];l; - khh;r; tiu
gUj;jp gaphplg;gLfpwJ  Rzy; xU kypthd ,iog;gaph;. ,J
ntg;g kz;lyg; gaph;. Rzy; gaphpl 28
 ,e;jpahtpy; gUj;jp 75% jf;fhz (yhth)
 nrd;bfpNul; ntg;gKk; 200 nr.kP kioak; kiwKfkhfTk; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;.
Njit. GJ tz;ly; kz; rkntspfspy;  rzy; cw;gj;jpapy; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
rzy; ed;F tpisAk;. ,e;jpahtpy; rzy; KjyplKk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij gPfhUk;
gaphplg;gLk; epyg;gug;gpy; 55% epyg;gug;G %d;whtJ ,lj;ij m];]hKk;
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;sJ. ehd;fhtJ ,lj;ij Me;jpu gpuNjrKk;
cyfpNyNa rzy; ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf tfpf;fpd;wd.
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
Rkhh; 971>000 Vf;fh; epyg;gug;gpy; rzy; Njapiy
gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;  Njapiyapd; gpwg;gplk; rPdh MFk;
gphptpidapy; rzy; cw;gj;jp  tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG fhyj;jpy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ Njapiy tzpf gapuhf gaphplg;gl;lJ
 Rzy; khh;r; Kjy; Nk khjk; tiu  cyfpNyNa mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
tpijf;ggLfpwJ. Vg;uy; Kjy; [Pd; tiu ehL ,e;jpah
gaph;fs; mjpfkhf tsUk;. gaph;fhyk; 5 mjpfkhf Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehLfs;
khjq;fs;. mWtil fhyk; [Piy Kjy;  ,yq;if> rPdh kw;Wk; ,e;jpah MFk;.
mf;Nlhgh; tiu. cyf cw;gj;jpapy; Njapiy Vw;Wkjp jw;NghJ Fiwe;J
,e;jpah tq;fhsNjrk; 96% nfhz;L tug;gLfpwJ
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp  Mjpfkhf Njapiyia gad;gLj;Jk; ehL
MFk; rzypd; msT 10940>000 Ngy;fs; ,e;jpah MFk;
MFk;.
 cyf cw;gj;jpapy; 28 rjtPjKk; cyf
 Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; njd;gFjpfspy; Vw;Wkjpapy; 16 rjtPjKk; gq;F
Fwpg;ghf n`suh> `{f;sp> ghh;j;Jthd;> tfpf;fpd;wd
gh;fhdhf;fs;> kpl;dhG+h;> ehbah Mfpa
 ,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLk; gug;G
khtl;lq;fspy; rzy; mjpfkhfg;
435 ,yl;rk; n`f;Nlh; MFk;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 77
 2000-01y; ,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy cw;gj;jp
rzy; kpy;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; 60
8.05 ,yl;rk; ld;fs; mFk;
kpy;fs; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpYk; Me;jpug;
 Njapiy xU ngUe;Njhl;l Ntshz;ik
gpuNjrj;jpy; 7> gPfhhpy; 3 c.gpapy; 3
MFk;
mrhk; khepyj;jpy; xd;Wk;
 ,J xU ntg;g kz;ly kiof;fhl;L>
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rzy; jz;by; ,Ue;J
ntg;ge;jho;e;j <uf;fhy epiyAs;s
rziy gphpj;jnjLf;Fk; Kiwf;F nul;bq;
gpuhe;jpa gapuhFk;. ,jw;F mjpf msT
vd;W ngah;. Rkhh; 90>000 Ngh;
ntg;gk; Njit
NehpilahfTk; Rkhh; 1.50 ,yl;rk; Ngh;
  ,jw;F 250 nrkP kio Njit. Nthpy; ePh;  Nkw;F tq;fj;jpy; (Darjeeling, Teria,
jq;fhky; tope;J Xlf; $ba 300 Kjy; Dooars) lhh[pypq;> [hy;gha;Fhp kw;Wk;
1800 kPl;lh; tiu cauKs;s kiy $r;gPfhh; khtl;lq;fspy; Njapiy
rhpTfspy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cjphpahd> gaphplg;gLfpwJ
jz;zPh; Njq;fhj kzw;ghq;fhd tz;ly;  Darjeeling Tea Research and Development
kz; Njapiy cw;gj;jpf;F rpwe;jjhFk;. Centre Kurseong
Njapiy gaphpLk; ehLfs; midj;Jk;
njd;dpe;jpa gFjp
tlf;fpy; 35 bfphpf;Fk; njw;fpy; 30
 njd;dpe;jpahtpy; jkpo;ehL> Nfush Mfpa
bfphpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ml;rq;fspy;
khepyq;fspYs;s Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp
mike;Js;sd
kiyr; rhpTfspy; Njapiy
 Pruning Kiw Njapiy cw;gj;jpapy;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. njd;dpe;jpa Njapiy
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ cw;gj;jpapy; ghjpf;F Nky; jkpofj;jpy;
,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLk; gFjpfis ,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ
2 gphpTfshf gphpf;fyhk;
 jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphp> Nfhit> kJiu>
1. tlfpof;F 2. njd;dpe;jpa gFjp
jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; fd;dpahFkhp
tlfpof;F gFjp
khtl;lq;fspy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLfpwJ
 m];]hkpy; gpuk;kGj;jpuh #h;kh Mfpa
 Nfushtpy; ,Lf;fp> taehL> Nfhl;lak;>
MwWg;gs;sj;jhf;Fg; gFjpapYk;
jpUtde;jGuk;> jpUr;#h; Nfhopf;NfhL>
gpuk;kGj;jpuh Mw;Wf;F tlf;fpy; fhk&g;>
ghyf;fhL> fz;Z}h; kw;Wk; nfha;yhd;
jhuq;> yf;fpk;g+h;> rhbah Mfpa
Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ
khtl;lq;fspYk;> njw;fpy; rpg;rhfh;>
 fh;ehlfhtpy; rpf;kq;fSh;> `rd;> $h;f;
et;fhq; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspYk; #h;kh
khtl;lq;fspy; gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ
gs;sj;jhf;fpYs;s fhrh;f; Fd;WfspYk;
 ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 980 kpy;ypad; fpNyh
Njapiy mjpfkhfg; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
Njapiy cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy mjpfkhfg;
jkpo;ehl;by; 163656>000 fpNyhf;fs; 2006y;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ
gaphplg;gLk; epyg;gug;gpy; 52% m];]hkpy;
 Tea Board of India : 1.1.1954
cs;sJ
mrhkpy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLk; ,lq;fs;:  jiyikaplk;: Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy;
fy;fj;jh> kz;ly mYtyfq;fs;:
 Darrang, Goalpara, Kamrup, Lakhimpur,
Fd;D}h;> nfs`hj;jp> GJ jpy;yp> rpy;Fhp>
Dibrugarh, Sibsagar, Nowgong, Cachar,
Kk;ig> nfhr;rpd;> nrd;id> rpy;rhh;>
Karbi Anlong, North Cachar
Nfhl;lak;> mfh;jyh> N[hul;> Nj];G+h;>
 Fhprpahq; kw;Wk; gsk;G+h;  jkpofj;jpy; fhg;gp 5.6 rjtPjk;
fhgp gaphplg;gLfpwJ. jkpofj;jpy; fhg;gp godp
 fhgp tzpf Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf 1820 Kjy; kiyapy; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp
,e;jpahtpy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ nra;ag;gLfpwJ
 ,e;jpahtpy; gaphplg;gLk; Nuhg];lh kw;Wk;  cyf fhg;gp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpd;>
mugpfh ufq;fs; cyf juk; tha;e;j fhgp gq;F 4% MFk;. 2008-2009 Mk; Mz;L
MFk; jkpo;ehl;bd; fhg;gp cw;gj;jp 16>625
 ePhpy; mjpfk; jq;ff; $lhJ. 600 kPl;lh; nkl;hpf; ld; vd vjph;ghh;ffg;gLfpwJ.
Kjy; 1200 kPl;lh; cauKs;s kiyr; jkpo;ehl;by; Pulneys gFjp mjpf fhg;gp
rhpTfspy; gapuhfpwJ. 20 bfphp nr. Kjy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gFjpahFk;.
25 bfphp nr. tiu ntg;gk; Njit. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf fhg;gp cw;gj;jp
Njapiyiaf; fhl;bYk; Fiwthd nra;Ak; gFjp FlF kiy MFk;.
ntg;gk; NghJk;. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kio ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; fhg;gp
kpFe;j Nkw;Fj; njhlh;rr
; p kiyfspy; ,j;jhyp ehl;bw;F mjpfk; Vw;Wkjp
Nkw;F rhpTfspy; NjapiyAk; fpof;F nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
rhpTfspy; fhgpAk; gapuhfpwJ. ,g; gaph; ug;gh;
xU epoy; tpUk;Gk; jhtuk; MFk;.  ug;gh; Njhl;lq;fs; Nfus khepyj;jpYk;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fhgp Njhl;lq;fspy; (85%) jkpo;ehl;bYk; 4% cs;sd
ghjpf;F Nky; fh;ehlfh khepyj;jpy;
 jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphp> kJiu> fd;dpahFkhp
cs;sJ. fLh;> rpNkhfh> Mrd;> FlF
khtl;lq;fspy; ug;gh; gaphplg;gLfpwJ
kiy Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; jkpo;ehl;by;
 jpUtde;jGuk; kw;Wk; kyghh; gFjpapy;
Nrh;tuhad; kiy> Mizkiy> ePyfphp
1880 Kjy; ug;gh; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
kiy Kjypa gFjpfspYk; fhgp
,Ug;gpDk; tzpf Nehf;fkhf 1902 Kjy;
Njhl;lq;fs; cs;sd
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
 Nfushtpy; fhg;gp ,Lf;fp> Nfhl;lak;>
 ug;gh; kuq;fs; 300 nr. kP mjpfkhf kio
ghyf;fhL Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
nga;Ak; ,lq;fspy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
NkYk; ,jw;F 25 Kjy; 35 bfphp nrz;b
 ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 354840 Vf;fh;
fpNuL ntg;gk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
epyg;gug;gpy; fhg;gp gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
300 Kjy; 450 kPl;lh; fly; kl;lj;jpy;
,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gp cw;gj;jpapy; 70% ,Ue;J cauk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 700
fh;ehlfj;jpYk; 23.6% NfushtpYk; fhg;gp kPl;lUf;F Nky; cauk; ,Uf;ff;%lhJ
tpisfpwJ.  cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; gq;F 8
 rjtPjkhFk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; (38.57%) 2. kfhuh\;buh
 400>000 n`f;Nlh; epyg;gug;gpy; 630>000 (17.76%) 3. fh;ehlfh (12.20%)
ld;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ  2008-2009Mk; Mz;L fzf;fpd;gb
kw;w gaph;fs; mjpfkhf rh;f;fiu jahhpf;Fk; khepyk;: 1.
fUk;G cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 2. kfhuh\;buh 3.
 ,J xU ntg;g kz;lyg; gaph;. 24 nr. kP fh;ehlfh 4. jkpo;ehL 5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Kjy; 30 nr. kP ntg;gKk; Njit. (Kd;G Kjyplk; kfhuh\;buh)
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gP`hh;> gQ;rhg; Mfpad  rh;f;fiu ePh; fopT nkhyhr]; vdg;gLk;.
fUk;G gaphpLk; Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fs; ,jpy; ,Ue;J vhp rhuhak;
 2004-2005 Mk; Mz;L fUk;G cw;gj;jp jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
23.23 Nfhb ld;fs;  ,J Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiy khRgl
 cyfj;jpd; rh;ff
; iu fpz;zk; fpA+gh nra;tjhy; ,jid ,Uk;G njhl;bapy;
 ,e;jpahtpd; rh;f;fiu fpz;zk; Njf;fpitf;f Ntz;Lk;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;  ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; fUk;gpy;
 fUk;G kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapy; ngUk;gFjp fz;lrhhp rh;f;fiu nra;a
cyfj;jpy; ,e;jpah ,uz;lhtJ ,lk; gad;gLfpwJ
ngWfpwJ. Kjyplk; gpNurpy; MFk;  fh;ehlfj;jpy; fUk;G mjpfkhf tpisAk;
 rh;f;fiu gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpah Kjy; khtl;lk; khz;bah MFk;
,lk; ngWfpwJ Gifapiy
 ,J %q;fpy; FLk;gj;ij rhh;e;jJ  ,J xU ntg;g kz;lyg; gaph;. Fspkz;
 fUk;gpd; tpisr;ry; fhyk;: 12 khjq;fs; my;yJ Rz;zhk;G fye;j nrk;kz;
MFk;. ney; tpisAk; gFjpfspy; ,jw;F Njit
tpisAk; gaph; fUk;G MFk;  cyf cw;gj;jp nkhj;jk; 6137 Mapuk;
 tl ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fUk;gpidf; ld;fs; MFk;. ,jpy; rPdh 2299 Mapuk;
fhl;bYk; njd; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ld;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;J cyfpd;
fUk;gpy; rh;f;fiu mjpfk; cs;sJ Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ
 fUk;gpd; rf;if Bagasse vdg;gLk; ,lj;ij gpNurpy;> ,e;jpah 595.4 Mapuk;
ld;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;J cyf
 ,J fhfpj njhopw;rhiyf;F
cw;gj;jpapy; 8 tpOf;fhL ngw;W
gad;gLfpwJ. ,t;tif fhfpjq;fs;
%d;whtJ ,lj;ijAk; tfpf;fpd;wJ
GfSh; njhopw;rhiyapy;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ  Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; (0.16 kpy;ypad; ld;)>
F[uhj; (0.15 kpy;ypad; ld;)> kw;Wk;
 mjpfkhf gaphpLk; khepyk;: 1.
 fh;ehlfk; (0.03 kpy;ypad; ld;) Mfpait khepyq;fspy; tpisfpwJ
Gifapiy Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; czTg; gaph;fs;
tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ czTg;gaph;fs; mjpfk; tpisAk;
 Gifapiyia 1508y; ,e;jpahtpw;F khepyq;fs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;fs; Nghh;rR
; fPrpah;fs;. 1. mhprp Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
Gifapiyapy; epNfhbd; vd;w er;Rg; 2. ghh;yp cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
nghUs; cs;sJ 3. Nrhsk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
 Gifapiy thhpak; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; 4. fLF cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
cs;s Fz;^hpy; nray;gLfpwJ 5. gl;L fh;ehlfh
goj;Njhl;lq;fs; 6. Fq;Fkg;G+ [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;

 ,e;jpah 43 kpy;ypad; ld; goq;fisAk; - 7. Ke;jphp Nfush

86 kpy;ypad; ld; fha;fwpfisAk; 8. Njapiy mrhk;

cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ 9. NfhJik cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

10. gUj;jp kfhuh\;buh
 goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; cw;gj;jpapy;
11. re;jdk; fh;ehlfk;
cyfpy; ,uz;lhtJ ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ
12. fUk;G cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
 cyf khk;gok; cw;gj;jpapy; 65
13. ug;gh; Nfush
rjtPjKk; thiog;gok; cw;gj;jpapy; 11
14. Vyk; Nfush
rjtPjKk; ,e;jpahtpy; tpisfpd;wJ
15. Gifapiy Me;jpuh
 khk;gok; kw;W; thiog;gok; cw;gj;jpapy;
16. fpuhk;G Nfush
cyfpy; Kjyplk;
17. epyf;fliy F[uhj;
 Viofspd; Mg;gps; - nfha;ahg;gok;
18. fhg;gp Nfush
 thiog;gok; - tpisAk; khepyq;fs; - 19. kQ;rs; Nfush
jkpo;ehL> kfhuh\;buh> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> 20. ,Q;rp fh;ehlfk;
Nfush> F[uhj; 21. Njq;fha; Nfush
 jpuhl;ir – tpisAk; ,lq;fs; - 22. tpsf;nfz;nza; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
fh;ehlfj;jpy; - $h;f;> Nfushtpy; taehL Shifting Cultivation
jkpofj;jpy; - ePyfphp kw;Wk; ,khr;ry
 fhLfis mopj;J rpy ,lq;fspy;
gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; Nkfhyah Mfpa
tptrhak; eilngWfpwJ. ,jid
,lq;fs;
Shifting Cultivation vd;W $Wth;. ,J
 khk;gok; - cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; mjpf
gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; ntt;NtW
cw;gj;jp gPfhh;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> Nkw;F
ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
tq;fk;> xhprh> jkpo;ehL Mfpa
[Pk; mrhk;
 NghL Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;  gz;izj; njhopypy; ,e;jpahtpy;
Nghzk; Nfush Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; khepyk;
fhy;eilfs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
 cyfpNyNa fhy;eilfs; mjpfk; cs;s  fhy;eilfSf;fhd fhg;gl
P ;Lj; jpl;lk;
ehL ,e;jpah Insurance Scheme 21.2.2006 Kjy;
 Kjy; fhy;eilfis fzf;nfLg;G 1919- Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
1920 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ  Nfushtpy; mjpfkhf kPd;gpbj;jy;
 16tJ fhy;eilfs; fzf;nfLg;G 1997 eilngWfpwJ
Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ  kd;dhh; tisFlh> fhk;Ng tisFlh
 17tJ fhy;eilfs; fzf;nfLg;G 2003 Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Kj;J Fspj;jy;
Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ eilngWfpwJ. fhy;eilfs; jhf;Fk;
17tJ fhy;eilfs; fzf;nfLg;G 2003 Neha;
 ghy; cw;gj;jp 88.81 kpy;ypad; ld;fs; vy;dh fhy;eilfs; - Me;j;uf;]; khLfs;
 Kl;il cw;gj;jp 34 gpy;ypad; fhy; kw;Wk; tha; Neha;
 fk;gsp cw;gj;jp 53 kpy;ypad; fpNyh [hd; Neha; Nfhopfs; - khh;f Neha;

 nkhj;j fhy;eil 185181 (000) uhzpfz;l;

ML> khLfs; - hpz;ld;ng];l;
cattle 38.2%
 nts;isg;Gul;rp – ghy; cw;gj;jp
buffaloes 20.2%
sheep 12.7%  nts;spg;Gul;rp – Kl;il cw;gj;jp

goats 25.6%  jqfg; Gul;rp – goq;fs; cw;gj;jp

pigs 2.8%  kQ;rs; Gul;rp – vz;nza;tpj;jf;fs;

cw;gj;jp
other animals are less than 0.50%
 gpuTd; Gul;rp – Njhy; / Non
 cyfpd; nkhj;j khLfspy; 57 rjtPjKk;
MLfspy; 14 rjtPjKk; ,e;jpahtpy; Conventional cw;gj;jp

cs;sJ  gRikg; Gul;rp – Ntshz;ik cw;gj;jp

 cyfpd; nkhj;j fhy;eilfspy; 19  fpNu Gul;rp – cuq;fs; cw;gj;jp
rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ  gpq;f; Gul;rp – kUe;J cw;gj;jp
 ,e;jpahtpd; Ntshz;ikapy; fpilf;Fk;  rptg;Gg; Gul;rp – khkprk; kw;Wk; jf;fhsp
cw;gj;jpapy; 37 rjtPjKk; (nkhj;j cw;gj;jp
DPapy; 5.30 rjtPjk;) fhy;eilfs; %yk;  tl;lg; Gul;rp – cUisf;fpoq;F cw;gj;jp
fpilf;fpd;wJ.  ,it midj;Jk; xUq;fpize;J
 nray;gLj;JtJ thdtpy; Gul;rp ghy; gz;izAk; Kf;fpakhf ghy;
vdg;gLk;. gz;izfshFk;
Ntz;ikg;Gul;rp - ,e;jpahtpy; ntz;ik  ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kjy; ,lk;
Gul;rp Vw;gl fhuzkhdth; lhf;lh; th;fP]; tfpf;fpwJ
#hpad;. ghy; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpNa  ghy; gz;izj; njhopiy ngUf;fk;
ntz;ik Gul;rp Kjy; ntz;ikg; Gul;rp nra;a ngq;fSh;> fh;D}y;> F[uhj;>
eilngw;w Mz;L – 1970 – 81 kfuh\;buk; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; gapw;rp
 ,uz;lhtJ ntz;ikg; Gul;rp eilngw;w epiyaq;fs; cs;sJ
Mz;L 1981-85  ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpa mstpy;
 gRikg; Gul;rp – Kjy; gRikg; Gul;rp cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Kjy; ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ
Vw;gl;l Mz;L 1967 – 68  fk;gsp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpa mstpy;
 gad; mile;j khepyq;fs; - gQ;rhg;> ,uh[];jhd; Kjy; ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ
mhpahdh kw;Wk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; Nfhopg;gz;iz
Nkw;F gFjp  Kf;fpa ,dq;fs; xapl; ny`hd; gpshf;
 ,uz;lhtJ gRikg; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l ikdhh;f;fh> Nuhl; Iyz;l
Mz;L – 1983 – 84  Nfhop tsh;g;G gz;izfs; jkpo;ehL>
 gad; mile;j khepyq;fs; - Nkw;F Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> m];]hk;>
tq;fhsk;> xhprh> gPfhh;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; kfhuh\;buk;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk; Mfpa
kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sd

 gRikg; Gul;rp Vw;gl fhuzkhdth; -  Kl;il cw;gj;jpapy; 5tJ ,lj;jpy;

lhf;lh; vk;.v];. Rthkpehjd; kw;Wk; rp. ,e;jpah cs;sJ
Rg;gpukzpad;  45 kpy;ypad; Kl;ilfs; cw;gj;jp nra;J
 gpuTd; Gul;rp – NfhJik cw;gj;jpNa cyfpd; 6 ehLfspy; xd;whf
gpuTd; Gul;rp MFk;. (gioa jpfo;fpd;wJ.
Gj;jfq;fspy;) Kl;il Gul;rp
ghy; gz;izj; njhopy;  cyf Kl;il cw;jg;jpapy; ,e;jpah
 ,e;jpah 91 kpy;ypad; ld; ghy; cw;gj;jp jw;NghJ 3tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
nra;J cyfpd; Kz;zdp ehlhf Kjyplj;jpy; rPdh cs;sJ
jpfo;fpd;wJ.  ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; mnkhpf;fh cs;sJ.
 kfhuh\;buhtpYs;s MNuh ghy; ,e;jpahtpy; Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; mjpf
gz;izAk;> nrd;idapYs;s khjtuk; Kl;il cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mjpf
ghy; gz;izAk;> F[uhj;jpYs;s> Mde;;j; Kl;il nryT nra;tjpy; kfhuh\;buh
 khepyk; Kjyplk; MFk; khepyq;fspy; Fjpiufs;
khLfs; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd
 cyfpy; khLfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; xl;lfq;fs;
,e;jpah Kjyplk; ngWfpwJ. fhq;Nfak;>  ghiytdf; fg;gy; vd miof;fg;gLk;
Xq;Nfhy;> rpe;jp Nkthjp Mfpad rpy xl;lfq;fs; gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> Nkw;F
Kf;fpa khLfspd; ,dq;fshFk;. uh[];jhd; Mfpa gFjpfspy;
`hpahdh> gQ;rhg;> uh[];jhd;> F[uhj;> tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd
kfuh\;buk;> jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfk;> thj;J
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;  thj;Jf;fs; cyfpd; nkhj;j
khLfspd; juk; mjpfk; cs;sJ vz;zpf;ifapy; Vwj;jho 20 rjtPjk;
MLfs; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ. jkpo;ehL Me;jpuk;>
 ,e;jpahtpy; 61.47 kpy;ypad; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
nrk;kwpahLfSk; 124.36 kpy;ypad; thj;Jf;fs; mjpfk;
MLfSk; cs;sd. ,J cyfj;jpy; 3tJ kPd; gpbf;Fk; njhopy;
epiyahFk;.  cyf kPd; cw;gj;jpapy; rPdh
 Rkhh; 45 kpy;ypad; fpNyh fk;gsp Kjyplj;ijAk;> [g;ghd; ,uz;lhtJ
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,J cyf ,lj;ijAk; ,e;jpah %d;whtJ
cw;gj;jpapy; 3.1 rjtPjkhFk; ,lj;ijAk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; nrk;kwpahLfspd;  cs;ehl;L kPd; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah
vz;zpf;ifapy; Rkhh; 40rjtPjk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ
uh[];jhd;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa  cs;ehl;L kPd; gpbg;gjpy; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
khepyq;fspy; cs;sJ. jf;fhzj;jpy; njhlh;e;J Kd;dpiyapy; cs;sJ.
mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehL> ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij Me;jpu gpuNjrKk;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buk;> F[uhj;> tfpf;fpd;wJ.
[k;K> fh\;kPh>; gPfhh;> gQ;rhg; `hpahdh kPd; gpbf;Fk; ,lj;ij
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; nrk;kwpahLfs; 1. Mo;fly; kPd;gpbg;G
tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. Vio kf;fspd; gR 2. flNyhu kPd;gpbg;G
vd MLfs; fUjg;gLfpd;wd 3. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbg;G vd %d;W
16tJ fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,uh[];jhd; tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;
17tJ fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 1. Mo;fly; kPd;gpbg;G
Fjpiufs;  ,e;j kPd;gpbg;G eilngWk; ,lq;fs;
 cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> nfhq;fzf; flw;fiu> Nfusf; flw;fiu>
F[uhj;> kfhuh\;buk; Mfpa Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiu MfpaitahFk;
2. flNyhu kPd;gpbg;G jhJg;nghUl;fs;
 F[uhj;> fh;ehlfk;> kyghh; flw;fiu  ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf epyf;fhp cs;sJ
Xuq;fspYk; kd;dhh; tisFlhtpYk;>  ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk; fyit
jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuk; Mfpa khepyq;fspd;> jhJf;fs;: khq;fdPR> FNuhikl;>
flw;fiu Xuq;fspYk;> xhprh> Nkw;F ill;lhdpak;
tq;fhsk; Mfpa khepyq;fspYs;s  ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk; Flux
cg;gq;fopfspYk; flNyhu kPd;gpbg;G jhJf;fs; Rz;zhk;G> [pg;rk;> Nlhyikl;
eilngWfpwJ  ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk;
3. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbg;G
Refractorses jhJf;fs;: khf;idl;>
 Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh> fhtphp> fq;if> rpypkidl; kw;Wk; ifidl;
gpuk;kGj;jpuh> kfhejp Kjypa
 ,e;jpahtpy; Njitf;Fk; Fiwthf cs;s
MWfspYk; mtw;wpd; FWf;Nf
,Uk;gw;w (Non Ferrous) jhJf;fs;:
fl;lg;gl;Ls;s mizf;fl;LfspYk;
nrk;G> Jj;jehfk;> lq;];ld;> fpuhigl;
fhy;tha;fspYk; ePh;tif kPd;fs;
kw;Wk; ghjurk;
gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd
 cuj; jahhpg;gpw;F Njitg;gLk;
Ma;T epWtdq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;fhj jhJf;fs;: fhg;gh;>
 Central Institute of Brackishwater
nghl;lh\;> kw;Wk; gh];Ngl;
Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamilnadu
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fiwthf fpilf;Fk; fdpk
 Central Inland Fishereis Research
Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; rikay; fhp kw;Wk;
Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal ngl;Nuhypak;.
 Central Institute of Freshwater  jhJg;nghUl;fis fz;lwpAk; gzpapy;
Aquaculture, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa cs;s epWtdq;fs;
 Central Marine Fisheries Research 1. Geological Survey of India
Institute, Kochi, Kerala 2. Mineral Ex;oration Corporation Limited
 Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, 3. Indian Bureau of Mines
Kochi, Kerala  2000-2001 Mk; Mz;L 480.17 gpy;ypad;
 National Bureaue of Fish Genetic kjpg;Gs;s jhJg; nghUl;fs; ntl;b
Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1950-95y; 892 kpy;ypad;
 National Research Centre on Coldwater kjpg;Gs;s jhJg;nghUl;fNs
vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jw;NghJ cs;sJ
Fisheries, Bhimtal, Uttaranchal
Nghy; 538 klq;F MFk;
cw;gj;jp tpfpjq;fs;: (2000-2001) nts;sp> nrk;G> <ak; kw;Wk; Jj;jehfk;
vhpnghUs;: 88.87 rjtPjk; Nghd;wit ,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;fpd;wJ
cNyhfq;fs;: 7.26 rjtPjk;  ,Jjtpu gpuk;kGj;jpuh rkntspapy;
mNyhfq;fs;: 3.86 rjtPjk; ngl;NuhypaKk; Nfush flw;fiuapy; fd
 ,e;jpahtpy; ntl;b vLf;fg;gLk; nkhj;j cNyhfkhd ,y;kidl; Nghd;witAk;
jhJg;nghUl;fs; Rkhh; 68 MFk;. fpilf;fpd;wd
mtw;wpy; 1 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhdit  jhJg;nghUl;fSk; mit ,e;jpahtpy;
fhp: 41.11 rjtPjk; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fSk;
ngl;Nuhypak; 30.69 rjtPjk; 1. Mz;bkzp – gQ;rhg;> xhprh> jkpo;ehL
,aw;if vhpthA 14.88 rjtPjk; 2. mYkpdpak; - gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
,Uk;G 4 rjtPjk; 3. FNuhikl; - gPfhh;> xhprh> kfhuh\;buk;
Rz;zhk;G 2.60 rjtPjk; 4. m];ng];lh]; - Me;jpukhepyk;>
ypf;idl; 2.19 rjtPjk; fh;ehlfk;> uh[];jhd;
 fdpk tsk; njhlh;ghf ,e;jpahit 3 5. ,UkGj;jhJ – gPfhh;> xhprh> jkpo;ehL>
ngUk; gFjpahf gphpf;fyhk; Nkw;Ftq;fhsk;
mit 6. mgpufk; (ikf;fh) – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
1. tlfpof;Fg; gFjp: (`rhhpghg;> fah)
 ,tw;wpy; Nrhl;lhehfGhp> xhprh kw;Wk; 7. ,k;kidl; - Nfush
fpof;F Me;jpuh mlq;Fk; 8. <ak; - uh[];jhd;> Me;jpuh> xhprh
 ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fdpk tsk; 9. epyf;fhp – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;>
fpilf;Fk; gFjp ,JNt MFk; Me;jpuh> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> m];]hk;>
 ,Uk;G> khq;fdPR> ikf;fh> ghf;irl;> jkpo;ehL
Rz;zhk;G> Nlhyikl;> Njhhpak;> 10. fy;ehh; - fh;ehlfk;> uh[];jhd;>
A+Nuhdpak;> FNuhkpak;> rpykidl;> m];]hk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
gh];Ngl; Kjypad jhJf;fs; 11. fhh;Nghuz;lk; - jkpo;ehL> fh\;kPh;
,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;fpd;wd 12. fpuhigl; - uh[];jhd;> Me;jpuh>
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gFjpapy; epyf;fhp kpFjpahf fpilg;gjhy; 13. FNuhikl; - gPfhh;> fh;ehlfk;> xhprh>
,g;gFjpapy; Vuhskhd ,Uk;G> kfhuh\;buk;
mYkpdpak; Nghd;w njhopw;rhiyfs; 14. ryitf; fw;fs; - uh[];jhd;
cs;sJ 15. rpfg;Gf;fy; - gPfhh;> jkpo;ehL> xhprh
 ngl;Nuhypak;> vhpthA Nghd;wit 16. nrk;G – Me;jpuh> fh;ehlfk;
,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; 17. lq;];ld; - gPfhh;
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19. Jj;jehfk; - uh[];jhd;> xhprh ghiwfspy; cs;sd
20. Rz;zhk;G – gPfhh;> jkpo;ehL  ,e;jpahtpy; epyf;fhp Rkhh; 1200 kPl;lh;
21. irdhf;fspkz; - gPfhh;> uh[];jhd; Moj;jpy; fpilf;fpd;wJ
22. Njhhpak; - Nfush> jkpo;ehL  2001Mk; Mz;L Geological Survey of
23. ngl;Nuhy; - m];]hk;> F[uhj; Indiatpd; fzf;Fg;gb 2>13>905.51
24. Nghpak;ry;Ngl; - jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuh>
kpy;ypad; ld; epyf;fhp cs;sJ
Nfhth
 ,J cyf epyf;fhp ,Ug;Gfspy; 1
25. ikfh – gPfhh;> Me;jpuh> uh[];jhd;
rjtPjk; MFk;
26. ANudpak; - gPfhh;> Nfush
 ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s epyf;fhp ngUk;ghYk;
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28. nts;sp – fh;ehlfk;> gPfhh;
Fiwe;j rhk;giy mjpfk; juf;$ba
29. [pg;rk; - uh[];jhd;> jkpo;ehL> F[uhj;
epyf;fhp tay;fNs ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ
30. ghf;irl; - gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
 ,e;epyf;fhp tay;fs; ejpr; rkntsp
31. khq;fdP]; - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> xhprh>
kl;Lk; fpof;F jPgfw;gj;jpYk;
kfhuh\;buh
mike;Js;sJ.
nts;is ryitf;fy;
 vdNt ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
njhopyfq;fspy; epyf;fhp gw;whf;Fiw
uh[];jhd; kuf;fhdh
cs;sJ
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fpuidl;
msT epyf;fhp gad;gLfpwJ
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Me;jpuh ney;Y}h; nghUl;fs;

ANudpak; 1. jhh;> 2. Nfhf;> 3. ry;gpA+hpf; mkpyk;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk; epyf;fhp fpilf;Fkplq;fs;

gPfhh; rLFlh  ,e;jpahtpy; epyf;fhp fpilf;Fk;

Jj;jehfk; ,lq;fis ,U gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk; 1. fhz;Lthdh epyf;fhp tay;fs;
uh[];jhd; [hh;thh; Fd;Wfs; 2. nlh;\pahp epyf;fhp tay;fs;
epyf;fhp fhz;Lthdh epyf;fhp tay;fs;

 ,jid fUg;G jq;fk; vd;gh;  ,e;jpahtpy; epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; 97

 Mother of Industry vd;Wk; $Wth; rjtPjk; fhz;Lthd epyf;fhp

 tay;fspypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ  ,it 50 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; goik
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tha;e;jJ  Nkfhyah: jhud;[php> rpuGQ;rp> Langrin,
 fhz;Lthd epyf;fhp tay;fis ehd;F Laitryngew kw;Wk; kht;yhq;
ngUk; gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;  mrhk;: khFk;> n[a;G+h; kw;Wk; erphpah
1. jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F : [fhh;yhz;l;  mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;: ek;rpf; kw;Wk;
kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; mlq;fpaJ. ek;Gf;
2. Nrhd; gs;sj;jhf;F: kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>
 [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh:; fyhfhl;
rl;B];fh; kw;Wk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
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mlq;fpaJ
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3. kfhejp gs;sj;jhf;F: rl;B];fh; kw;Wk;
msT fhh;gDk; cilaJ
xhprh mlq;fpaJ
 jkpo;ehL : nea;Ntyp
4. thh;jh – Nfhjhthp gs;sj;jhf;F:
 ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk;
epyf;fhp Ruq;fk; - uhzpfQ;r;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
[hh;fz;l;:  ,e;jpahpty; mjpfkhf epyf;fhp
fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F
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gFjp Mfpa epyf;fhp tay;fs; ,k; kw;Wk; rgh;fhe;jh
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ 3. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; - [gy;G+h;> nua;fhh;>
ikf;fhy; kiyj;njhlh; kw;Wk; mkh;fz;l;
 epyf;fhp ,Uk;G Kjy; 4 khepyq;fs;
gPlG+kp
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4. fh;ehlfk; - ngy;fhk;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
kfhuh\;buh 5. jkpo;ehL – Nryk;> jpUney;Ntyp>

re;j – te;jh> fhk;b kw;Wk; ge;jh; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> kJiu

6. kfhuh\;buh – nfhyhgh kw;Wk; uj;jpdfphp
 cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;: rpq;fNuzpapd; xU gFjp
7. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; - ghz;lh
nlh;\pahp epyf;fhp tay;fs;
[pg;rk;
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 ,e;jpahtpd; [pg;rk; cw;gj;jpapy; gjpf;Fk;
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1. ,uh[];jhd; N[hj;G+hp> n[a;rhy;kh; khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
2. jkpo;ehL jpUr;rp kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; ghyfhl;
3. fh\;kPh; gpuKy;yh> A+hp ,uh[];jhd; Nfj;jphp> cjaG+h;>
4. F[uhj; ghth efh; gpy;thuh
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1. Nfush jpUtde;jGuk; flw;fiu kzy; gPfhh; `rhhpghf;> fah
2. Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiu gpuNjrk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; fhh;thy;
[Ph;fhd; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; lhh;[pypq;
 kyghh; kw;Wk; Nfhukz;ly; flw;fiuapy; fh;ehlfh rpl;lJh;fh> `rhd;
fpilf;fpd;wJ  nrk;G mjpf gad;ghL ,Ug;gjhy;
ngl;Nuhypak; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk; nts;sp
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Kk;gha; - ghk;Ng i` fh;ehlfk; Nfhlh Fd;Wfs;
jkpo;ehL – fhtphp nly;lh gFjp [hh;fz;l; jhd;ghj;
 ghdpgl; vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak;  ,e;jpahtpy; nts;sp Fiwe;j mstpy;
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ISO 9002 kw;Wk; ISO fpilf;fpd;wJ. nts;sp cw;gj;jp mjpfk;
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 m];]hk; ehfh;fhbah> `Pf;hpad;> khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

];thyKfp uh[];jhd; - n[a;rhy;khh; fh;ehlfk; Nfhyhh;> `l;b

nua;r;#h;> jhh;thh;> `hrd;
 1270 fp. kP ePsKs;s cyfj;jpd;
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kpfg;nghpa Pipeline – [hk; efh; - Nyhzp
Kolar Gold Fields (KGF):
LPG Pipeline MFk;.
 cyfj;jpy; cs;s Mokhd Ruq;fq;fspy;
 HBJ – Pipeline `rhpah – gp[g;G+h; -
nfhyhh; Ruq;fKk; xd;W . ,J 1871y;
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fplq;F F[uhj; khepyk; Dahej vd;w
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ
 Hutti Gold Mines Limited (HGML): khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
 jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fk; cw;gj;jp gPfhh; fah> `rhpghf;> gfy;G+h;
nra;Ak; xNu Ruq;fk; ,JNt MFk;. [hh;fz;l; nfhlh;kh
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,lq;fspy; ,e;j epWtdj;jhy; jq;fk; uh[];jhd; gpy;thuh> cja;G+h;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. cyf jq;f khq;fdpR
fTd;rpy; Kjy; ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh; ,e;j  khq;fdPR cw;gj;jpapy; xhprh Kjyplk;
epWtdk; MFk;. ngw;wJ
Deccan Gold Mines:  cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah %d;whtJ
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jdpahh; jq;fr; ,lk; mFk;
Ruq;fk; ,JNt MFk;. fh;ehlf khepyk; khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
jhh;thhpy; ,e;j epWtdk; jq;fk; xhprh – fpNahQ;rhh;> Re;jh;fhh;> nfhuGl;>
,Ug;gij fz;lwpe;Js;sJ rhk;gyG+h;
jfuk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; - ghyfhl; kw;Wk; rpe;j;tuh
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk; kfhuh\;buh - ,uj;jpdfphp> ehf;G+h;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Nuth [hh;fz;l - rpq;G+k; khtl;lk;
Njhhpak; fh;ehlfk; - ngy;yhhp> rpj;ju Jh;fh>
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk; \pNkhfh
Nfush nfha;yhd; M];ng];lh];
ituk;  ,J xU fibre mineral MFk;.
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk; vz;nza;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; gd;dh> jpNahNghf;  ,jid Liquid Gold vd;gh;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; uhknfy;yh  rh;kh gs;sj;jhf;fpy; fpilf;fpwJ
ikf;fh
 ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa vz;nza;
 cyfpd; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; Rkhh; 70 Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak; nfhahyp
rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC)
 ,e;jpahtpy; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; Rkhh;
 ,jd; jiyikafk; Nluh^d; MFk;
75 rjtPjk; gPfhhpypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ
khepy fpilf;Fkplk;
 ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ikf;fh m];]hk; - jpnfhgha;> ed;kjp> Nkhud;>
(Muscovite Sheet Mica vdg;gLk; efunal;gh> yhfpk;G+h;> nghq;iffhd;> rpg; rhfh;
Pottassium Mica) &gp ikf;fh MFk; F[uhj; - Uj;jpurhfh;> mq;fNy\;th;
ghk;Ngi`> fhk;Ng tisFlh (my;yJ) Lunej
Field kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhnfkpf;fy; ypkpnll;
gQ;rhg; [PthyhKfp (MRPL) kq;fSh;
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Nrhokz;ly flw;fiu mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; thfdq;fspy;
kfhuh\;buh – ghk;Ng i`> ghrpd; vhpnghUshf ngl;Nuhypaj;jpw;F khw;Wk;
mikg;Gfs; nghUs; fz;Lgpbf;f Ma;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;L
 ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; goikahd vz;nza; tUfpwJ
fpzW jpNfhgha; Kf;fpa njhopy;fs;

 vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyaq;fs;  Indian Institute of Entreprenuer

JiwKfq;fis xl;bNa mikfpd;wd Development Ahmedabad
Kf;fpa Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak; khepyk;  mjpf njhopy; tsh;r;rpAw;w khepyk; -
`hy;bah Nkw;F tq;fk; kfhuh\;buh
nrd;id jkpo;ehL  jhNkhjh; ejp gs;sj;jhf;F – Rurh Basin
tprhfg;gl;bdk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; of India
epNfhgha;> nfsfhj;jp mrhk;
 Gjpa njhopw;nfhs;if – 24.7.1991
Ez;kjp mrhk;
 mjpf msT Ntshz;ikia
nfhr;rpd; Nfush
mbg;gilahfj; njhopw;rhiyfs; cs;s
buhk;Ng kfhuh\;buk;
khepyk; - cj;jpugpuNjrk;
g;nusdp gPfhh;
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kJuh mrhk;
Industrial India vdg;gLk;.
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,e;jpa njhopy; kz;lyq;fs;
1. Kk;ig 2. tprhfg;gl;bdk;
1. `_f;sp kz;lyk;
,e;jpad; ngl;Nuhnfkpf;fy; fhh;g;gNu\d;
2. Kk;ig – G+dh kz;lyk;
ypkpnll; (PCL)
3. mfkjhghj; - #uj; kz;lyk;
2. Vadodara 2. Nagothane (near Mumbai)
4. Nrhlh – ehfG+hp kz;lyk;
3. Dahej (Narmada estuary in bay Khambat)
5. kJiu kz;lyk;
Rabale, Navi Mumbai
nerTj; njhopy;
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 nerTj; njhopw;rhiyfs; - kfhuh\;buh>
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F[uhj;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL
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 ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; vd; Kk;ig
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miof;fg;gLfpwJ
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njhopy; nerTj; njhopy; Kk;ig> cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; fhd;G+h;>
nerTj; njhopy; eilngWk; ehd;F Kf;fpa Mf;uh> kph;rhG+h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
gphpTfs; fk;gspj; njhopy;fs; mjpfk;
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fhw;Wj; Njit. ntg;gj;jpy; ,iofs; rzy; njhopy;
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2. Nfhit – Nryk; - kJIu Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
3. fhd;g+h; - Fthypah; - jpy;yp kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; Mfpait
4. Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; xU rpy gFjpfs; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; khepyq;fs;
1. kfhuh\;buh – Kk;ig> Nrhyhg;G+h;> mFk;
G+Nd> F[uhj; - mkfjhghj; > tNjhuh>  Rje;jpuk; mile;jnghOJ mjpfkhf
uh[;fhl;> #uj;> ghth efh; ghjpf;fg;gl;l njhopy;
 mjpf mstpy; mfkjhghj;jpy; nerTj; fhfpj njhopw;rhiy
njhopw;rhiyfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ  Kjy; fhfpjnjhopw;rhiy Nkw;F
gl;L cw;gj;jp tq;fhsj;jpy; rPuk;G+hpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah 18 gpd; 1870 Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; ghypfQ;r;
rjtPjj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;J cyfpd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.  kj;jpa gpuNjrk; - Negh efh; gj;jphpf;if
 ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf msT ky;nghp> Eri, fhfpjk; - The National Newsprint and

Tasar, and Muga gl;L tiffs; cw;gj;jp Paper Mills Ltd., ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. kpfg;nghpa fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy MFk;.

 mjpf mstpy; gl;L njhopy;  fh;ehlfk; - Mysor Paper Mills

fh;ehlfj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ  ITC Bhadrachalam: Sarapaka, Andhra
 Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh; Mfpait gl;L Pradesh
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; kf;fpa khepyq;fs;  Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers
MFk; Limited: Kagithapuram in Karur District
 Pudumjee Pulp & Paper Mills: Pune –
 Maharashtra  Fertilizers & Chemicals Travancore Ltd.,
 The West Coast Paper Mills: Dandeli, (FACT) cj;jpNahfkz;ly;> nfhr;rp>
Karnataka Nfush
 The Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills:  Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited
Rajahmundry (RCF)
 JK Paper : Jaykaypur, Rayagada, Orissa  Madras Fertilizers Limited: kzyp>
 Star Paper: Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh nrd;id

 Titagarh Paper Mills: Titagarh and  Paradeep Phosphates Limited (PPL)

Kakinara Jagatsinghpur

 Sirpur: Kaghaznagar, Andhra Pradesh  Pyrites, Phosphates & Chemicals Lted.,

 Sir Krishna Paper Mills: Bahadurgarh,  Rohtas, Bihar Saladipura, Rajasthan

Delhi  Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited

 Vikarabad Pulp and Paper Mills: (HFC) Durgapur – West Bengal Barauni –

Vikarabad, Rangareddy, AP Bihar Haldia – West Bengal

Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy  Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer

 ,e;J];jhd; Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy Corporation Limited Namrup – mrhk;
cjfkz;lyk; (jkpo;ehL)  The Fertilizer Corporation of India
,urhad cu cw;gj;jp njhopy; Limited (FCIL) Sindri – [hh;f;fz;l>;
 ik#hpy; ngsFyhtpy; mk;Nkhdpaj; Ramagundam – Andrapradesh. Talcher –
njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ xhprh> Gorakhpur – cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
 Nfushtpy; My;thapy; ,urhad  Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL) Nfj;hp>
njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ ,uh[];jhd;
 gpk;ghpapy; ngd;ry
P pd; njhopw;rhiy  FCI Aravli Gypum And Minerals India
cs;sJ Limited Namrup – mrhk;
 gPfhhpy; rpe;jphpapy; mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl;
 Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited
jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
(KRIBHCO) Hazira – F[uhj;
 jkpofj;jpy; nea;Ntypapy; A+hpah
 Gujarat State Fertilizer and Chemical
jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
Limited Fertilizer nagar (Vadodara),
 National Fertilizers Limited: Vijaipur,
Kosamba (Surat), Sikka (Jamnagar),
Guna, Madhyra Pradesh, Panipat, Haryana,
Nandesari (Vadodara)
Bathinda, Punjab, Ropar. Punjab
 Coromandel Fertilizers Limited khepyk; njhopw;rhiy
Vishakhapatnam Ennore, Ranipet, Navi kfhuh\;buh buk;Ng

Mumbai gQ;rhg; eq;fs;

jkpo;ehL vz;Z}h;> nea;Ntyp
 Sriram Fertilizers and Chemicals, Kota,
Nfush My;tha;> nfhr;rp
Rajasthan
Xhprh &h;Nfyh
 Zurai Industries Limited – Fertilizer
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Jh;f;fhG+h;
Limited, Goa
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; tprhfg;gl;bdk;
 Southern Petrochemicals Inds. Corpn. Ltd., cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; fhd;G+h; (ghd;fp)> thudhrp>
Tuticorin nfhuf;G+h;
 Duncans Industries Limited, Kanpur kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; nfhh;gh
 Mangaore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited, mrhk; ehk;&g;
Panambur, Mangalore F[uhj; fz;l;yh

 Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizer Co. Ltd., Central Fertilizar Quality Control at Training

Bharuch, Gujarat Institute - Faridabad

rh;f;fiuj;njhopy;
 Deepak Fertilizers & Petrochemicals Ltd.,
 fUk;G cw;gj;jpapy; cyfj;jpy; ,e;jpah
Taloja – Maharashtra
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ
 Indo – Gulf Fertilizers & Chemicals
 rh;f;fiuj; njhopy; mjpfk; cs;s
Corporation Limited – Jagdishpur – Uttar
khepyq;fs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;
Pradesh
MFk;
 Godavari Fertilizer & Chemicals Limited –
 ,g;gFjpfis ,e;jpahtpd; rh;f;fiu
Kaminda Nagarjuna Fertilizers &
kz;lyk; vd;W $Wth;
Cehmicals Limited – Kakinada Indian
 ,e;jpah rh;f;fiuj; njhopy; El;g
Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited – Muha;r;rpf; fofk; fhd;G+hpy; cs;sJ
IFFCO 1967y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ  fUk;G Muh;a;r;rp epiyak; Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy;
 Kalol, Gujarat A+hpah cs;sJ
 Kandla, Gujarat NPK/DAP  rh;f;fiu mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
 Phulpur, Aonal – Uttar Pradesh – khepyq;fs; - kfhuh\;buk;>
mk;Nkhdpah kw;Wk; A+hpah cw;gj;jp kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk;> jkpo;ehL>
,urhad njhopw;rhiy cs;s ,lq;fs; gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> uh[];jhd;
mYkpdpak; cUf;Fjy; njhopy;  G\;gf;> fpUTf; vd;w rpwpa tpkhdq;fSk;>
 mYkpdpak; fpilf;Fkplk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lj; JizAld;
kpd;rhuk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; ehl;tpkhdq;fSk;> mNyhal; vd;w
nfhz;L mYkpdpa cUf;Fjy; n`hpfhg;lh;fSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
njhopw;rhiyfs; mikfpwJ fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy;
 xhprhtpy; `uhFl;> nfhuhGl;  ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd; Kjypy;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; NuZFl;> tprhfg;gl;bdj;jpy; rpe;jpah ];Bk;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; nfh;gh> NerpNf\d; fk;ngdpahy; epWtg;gl;lJ
kfhuh\;buhtpy; mYkpdpa cUf;Fjy;  1952Mk; Mz;L muRj;Jiw ,jid
njhopw;rhiyfs; eilngWfpd;wJ Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ
jhkpu cUf;F njhopy; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fg;gy; fl;Lk; Jiwfs;
 ,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy; Nfj;jphp> mit:
My;thh;> [Pd;[PFD> [hh;fz;l; 1. tprhfg;gl;bdk;
khepyj;jpy; rpq;G+k; Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; 2. fy;fj;jh
mf;dpFlyh Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sJ 3. gk;gha;f;F mUfpYs;s krfhd;
ghJfhg;Gj;Jiwj; njhopy; 4. nfhr;rpapYs;s fg;gy;fl;Lk; Jiw
 kfhuh\;buhtpy; cs;s mk;gh;ehj;jpy; tprhfg;gl;bdk;
Aj;j jsthlq;fs; nra;ag;gLfpwJ  Hindustan Shipping Yard ,q;Fjhd;
 ePyfphpapy; cs;s mutq;fhl;by; cs;sJ
ntbkUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ  ,q;F gazpfs; kw;Wk; tzpf fg;gy;fs;
 jpUr;rpapy; rpWtif Nghh;f;fUtpfs; jahh; nra;ag;gLfpwJ
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ  ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa fg;gy; fl;Lk;
 nrd;id Mtbapy; lhq;fpfs; njhopyfk;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ  ,J Mo;fly; gFjpapy; cs;s ,aw;ifj;
 fy;fj;jhtpy; fhh;ld;hPr; gzp kidapy; JiwKfk;. ,q;F fl;lg;gLk;
Nghh;f;fg;gy;fs; fl;lg;gLfpwJ fg;gy;fisf; flypy; nrYj;j trjp
 Kk;gha; nkrfhd; fg;gy; jsk; cs;sJ cs;sJ. lhy;gpd; Kid kw;Wk; fiuapd;

 ngq;fShpy; cs;s ,e;J];jhd; tpkhdj; mikg;G Mfpatw;why; ,j;Jiw

njhopw;rhiyapy; ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gilf;F ngUk;Gay;fspy; ,Ue;J

Njitahd #gh;rhdpf; n[l; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ

tpkhdq;fisAk; Ntk;gah; n[Nghh;  fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; nrd;idf;Fk;

tpkhdq;fisAk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd fy;fj;jhtpw;Fk; ,ilNa ,Ug;G ghij
 topapy; mike;Js;sJ ,e;jpa ,Uk;G v/F fofk; 1889y;
 jhNkhjh; ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpd; Njhd;wpaJ
epyf;fhpAk;> lhlh efhpd; v/Fj;  1907y; lhlh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy
jfLfSk;> Nrhl;lh ehfGhpf; fhLfspy; [hk;n\l;G+hpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
kuq;fSk; ,j;Jiwapy; fg;gy; fl;lg; lhlh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy - TISCO
nghpJk; gad;gLfpwJ  jw;NghJ [hh;fz;l; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.
fy;fj;jh  ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ,Uk;G v/F
 fy;fj;jh lf;];-ruf;if Vw;wpr;nry;y njhopw;rhiy %yg;nghUl;fs;
ghh;[]; bnul;n[]; vd;w rpW fpilf;Fkplq;fs;: rpq;G+h;> xhprhtpy;
fg;gy;fisAk;> thzpff; fg;gy;fisAk; kA+h;gQ;r; - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ
cUthf;FfpwJ. Garden Reach Workshop  gPfhhpy; [hhpah> fpUjp – epyf;fhp
,q;F cs;sJ  khy;lh – khq;fdPR
k];fhd; fg;gy; fl;Lk; Jiw – Kk;ig
 rpq;Gk; - Rz;zhk;G> lhyikl;
 ,e;jpa fg;gw;gilf;F Njitahd
 Rth;z Nufh fhh;if – jz;zPh;
Nghh;f;fg;gy;fs; kw;Wk; gazpfs;
 gPfhh;> tq;fhsk;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; -
nghUl;fis Vw;wpr; nry;yf;$ba
Ntiyf;F Ml;fs;
fg;gy;fis jahhpf;fpwJ
 fy;fj;jh – JiwKfk;
nfhr;rpd;
&h;Nfyh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy
 nfhr;rpd; \pg;gp]; ahh;L ,q;F cs;sJ.
 ,J xhprhtpy; cs;sJ
gj;uhtjp ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiyapy;
 ,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpy;
,Ue;J ,Uk;G> N[hf; ePh;tPo;rr
; papy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
,Ue;J ePh;kpd; rf;jpAk;> gh;khtpy; ,Ue;J
Njf;Fk; fpilg;gjhy; ,q;F fg;gy;  Nkw;F n[h;kdp cjtpAld; epWtg;gl;lJ

njhopy; ed;F tpsq;Ffpd;wJ %yg;nghUl;fs;

Nfhth  [hhpah> Nfhh;gh – epyf;fhp

 Nfhth \pg;gpq ahh;L ,q;F cs;sJ.  `uhFl; jpl;lk; - kpd;rhuk;

,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopy;  kfhejp – jz;zPh;
 ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,Uk;G v/F tp];Nt];tua;ah ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy
njhopw;rhiy 1874y; tq;fhsj;jpy;  1923y; gj;uhtjpapy; ,J epWtg;gl;lJ
guhf;fh; vd;Dkplj;jpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.  1962y; muR Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ
gpwF ghd;G+h; vd;Dkplj;jpy; cs;s  ,J fh;ehlfj;jpy; cs;s gj;uh
kw;nwhU njhopw;rhiyAld; ,ize;J Mw;wq;fiu kPJ cs;sJ
%yg;nghUl;fs; tprhfg;gl;bdk; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy
ghGjhd; kiy - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ  Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;sJ
\pNkhfh> rpf;kq;fSh; - tpwF nghfhNuh ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy
ee;jp nfhz;lh – khq;fdPR> Rz;zhk;G  ,J [hh;fz;l; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
gj;uhtjp – jz;zPh;  Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; cjtpAld;
gpyha; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
 ,J rl;B];fh; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ  ,J jhNkhjh; ejpf;fiuapd; Nky;
 Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; xj;Jiog;Gld; mike;Js;sJ
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ  [hh;fz;l; khepyj;jpy; cs;s kw;nwhU
 ,uz;lhtJ 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy –
Jtf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ lhlhefh;
%yg;nghUl;fs; %yg;nghUl;fs;
Jh;f; ,Uk;G fphpGU> nghidfhh; - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ
Nfhh;gh epyf;fhp [hhpah – epyf;fhp
ee;jpdp Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; jhNkhjh; MW – jz;zPh;
ghyf;fhL khq;fdPR fz;zhbj; njhopy;
Nfhh;gh mdy; kpd; epiyak; - kpd;rhuk;
 ngNuhrghj; tisay;fSf;F Gfo;ngw;wJ
khejp jz;zPh;
 mjpfkhf eilngWk; khepyq;fs; kw;Wk;
Jh;f;fhG+h; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy
,lq;fs;
 ,J Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;sJ
khepyq;fs; ,lq;fs;
 ,J ,q;fpyhe;J cjtpAld; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; - ngNuhrghj;> ghythyp
epWtg;ngw;wJ kw;Wk; rpf;fh;ghj;
 ,uz;lhtJ 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpy; kfhuh\;buh – Kk;ig> Nfhyhg;G+h;> G+dh
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ Nkw;F tq;fhsk; - fy;fj;jh> uhzp Q;r;
 kw;nwhU nghpa njhopw;rhiy ghh;d;G+hpy; mrzhy; kw;Wk; 24 gh;fdh khtl;lk;
cs;sJ gQ;rhg; - Yjpahdh
%yg;nghUl;fs; nraw;if fw;fs; njhopy;
rpq;Gk;> rpNahQ;rhh; - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ  mnkhpf;fd; ituk; vdg;gLk; nraw;iff;
jhNkhjh; - jz;zPh; fw;fis ntl;b mjid nkUNfw;wp
[hhpah – epyf;fhp tpw;gid nra;Ak; njhopypy; ,e;jpah
ghh;d;G+h; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;js;sJ
 Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;sJ  Rkhh; 90 rjtPj fw;fs; mnkhpf;fh>
 `hq;fhq;> ngy;[pak;> [g;ghd; kw;Wk; khepyk; fh;ehlfk;
jha;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp thfd njhopw;rhiyfs;
Mfpd;wJ  $h;fhd; - khUjp fhh;
 jkpo;ehl;by; jpUr;rp ,j;njhopYf;F Gfo;  nrd;id - `Pz;lha;> Nghh;L> b.tp.v];
ngw;wJ  ,e;jpahtpd; nll;uha;L vd;W
 xspUk; nraw;iff; fw;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLk; miof;fg;Lk; khepyk; jkpo;ehL MFk;
njhopw;$lk; jkpo;ehl;by; vq;Fs;sJ?  mk;ghrplh; fhh; jahhpg;G njhopw;rhiy
m. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp M. NtY}h; fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;sJ
,. Nkl;Lg;ghisak; <. Nryk; irf;fps; njhopw;rhiyfs;
kz;ghz;l njhopy;  Nrhdpgl; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ
 fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; ngq;fSh; Gfo; fduf njhopw;rhiyfs;
ngw;wit BHEL – ghuj kpFkpd; epiyak;
 rikay; ghz;lq;fs; - nly;yp> Kk;ig>  etuj;jpdq;fspy; xd;W
ngq;fSh;
 Nghghy;> `hpj;Jthh;> jpUr;rp>
 igg;Gfs; - &gehuhazG+h; kw;Wk; [gy;G+h; i`juhghj;> ngq;fSH> ,uhzpg;Ngl;il>
Njhy; njhopy; rfjP\;G+h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sJ
 Nkw;F tq;fk;> kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; HMT - ,e;J];jhd; kp\pd; ^y;];
jkpofk; Mfpatw;wpy; eilngWfpwJ
 ngq;fSh;> i`juhghj;> =efh;> gpQ;#h;
 Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s ghl;lh efh; kw;Wk; fskNrhp Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
\_ jahhpg;gpw;F Gfo; ngw;wJ cs;sJ
 Kjy; njhopyfk; - fhd;G+h; - 1860 Nghf;Ftuj;J
 jkpofj;jpy; NtY}h;> jpz;Lf;fy; Mfpa  mjpf ePsKs;s rhiy cs;s
khtl;lq;fs; khepyq;fs;
 Gfo; ngw;w ,lq;fs; - fhd;G+h;> fy;fj;jh> 1. kfhuh\;buh (3>61>983 fp.kP)
Kk;ig> Mf;uh> n[a;g+h; 2. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; (2>55>467 fp.kP)
kpd;dZ njhopy; 3. jkpo;ehL (2>06>503 fp.kP)
 Electronic City of India vd ngq;fSh;  ,yl;rj;jPtpy; cs;s rhiyapd; ePsk; 1
miof;fg;gLfpwJ fp. kP
 irgh; rpl;b efuk; i`juhghj;  rhiyfspd; tpfpjk; Nfushtpy; mjpfkhf
 illy; ghh;f; cs;s ,lk; nrd;id cs;sJ 100 rjU fp. kPl;lh; gug;gpw;F
 1991 – 2000 Mz;Lfspy; mjpf mstpy; 365 fp. kP J}uk; cs;sJ
nkd;nghUs; (software) Vw;Wkjp nra;j  jkpofj;jpy; 100 rJu fp. kP gug;gpw;F 140
 fp.kP. J}uk; rhiyfs; cs;sJ - mkph;jru];
 neLQ;rhiyfs; mjpfk; cs;s 1. jpy;yp – kJuh – Mf;uh – fhd;G+h; -
khepyq;fs; 1. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 2. myfhghj; - thudhrp – fy;fj;jh
kfhuh\;buh 2. Mf;uh – Fthypah; - ehrpf; - Kk;ig
 jq;f ehw;fu jpl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; jpy;yp – 3. jhNd – G+dh – ngy;fhk; - nrd;id
Kk;ig – nrd;id – fy;fj;jh Mfpa 4. fy;fj;jh – nrd;id
ehd;F ngU efuq;fis neLQ;rhiy 5. fy;fj;jh – uha;G+h; - ehf;G+h; - jy;
topNa ,izf;Fk; jpl;lk; 6. thudhrp – [gy;G+h; - ehf;G+h; -
 NADP – National Highways Development i`juhghj; - ngq;fSh; - fd;dpahFkhp
Project - 1988 7. nly;yp – n[a;g;G+h; - mfkjhghj; -
 cyfj;jpd; caukhd rhiy: rz;bfh; - Kk;ig
kzhyp – Ny (ylhf;) rhiy MFk; 22 mk;ghyh – fy;fh – rpk;yh –
rhiy topfs; uhk;G+h;
 cyfpNyNa ,e;jpa rhiy topfs; 33 24 jpy;yp – ngNuhyp – yf;Ndh
yl;rk; fp.kP ePsKila rhiyfis  ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa Njrpa
nfhz;l kpfg;nghpa njhFg;ghf neLQ;rhiyfspd; nkhj;j ePsk; - 58.112
tpsq;FfpwJ. ,e;jpa rhiyfis 1. fp.kP
Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; 2. khepy khepy neLQ;rhiyfs;
rhiyfs; 3. khtl;l rhiyfs; 4. Fpuhk  khepy jiyfiu khtl;l jiyefUld;
rhiyfs; vd ehd;F rhiyfshf ,izf;Fk; ,iy Njrpa
gphpf;fyhk; neLQ;rhiyfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; ,it mbj;js rhiyfs; vdg;gLk;
 nkhj;j rhiyfspy; Rkhh; 1.8% Njrpa khtl;l rhiyfs;
neLQ;rhiyfs; MFk;  khtl;l jiyefuq;fis khtl;lj;jpy;
 ika murpd; guhkhpg;gpy; cs;sit. kw;w efuq;fSld; ,izf;Fk; rhiyfs;
vy;iyg;Gwk;> khepy jiyefuq;fs; fpuhkr; rhiyfs;:
JiwKfq;fs;> Kf;fpa efuq;fis  fpuhkq;fisAk; mUfpYs;s khtl;l
,izf;Fk; rhiyfs;> uhZt rhiyfs; rhiyfisAk; ,izf;Fk;
Mfpatw;iw ika muR guhkhpf;fpwJ uapy;
Kf;fpa Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs;  uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J ly;n`srp fhyj;jpy;
Njrpa vz; jlq;fs; 16 Vg;uy; 1853y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
 vd;. vr;. 1 jpy;yp – mk;ghyh – [ye;jh;  Kjy; Nghf;Ftuj;J gk;gha; Kjy; jhdh
 tiu njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; J}uk; 34 fp. ,k;rhfh; tpiuT tz;b nry;fpwJ. ,JNt
kP. ePz;l J}uk; gazk; nra;Ak; tz;bahFk;
 Mrpahtpd; Kjy; nghpa uapy;Nt  fhuf;G+h; kpf ePskhd uapy;Nt gpshl;ghuk;
,e;jpad; uapy;Nt. nkhj;j ePsk; 63.140 cs;s ,lkhFk;
fp.kP  cyfpd; Kjy; kUj;Jtkid ,uapy;
 cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa uapy;Nt: mnkhpf;fh (16.7.1991) [Ptd; Nufh (m) iyg; iyd;
 jpdrhp 11>000 ,uapy;fs; ,af;fg; vf;];gpu];
gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; 7>000 ,uapy;fs;  ,uapy;Nt Njh;thizak; - myfhghj;
Nghf;Ftuj;J ,uapy;fs; MFk;.  ,uapy;Nt gzpahsh; fy;Y}hp – tNlhuh
 Mapuk; rJu fpNyh kPl;lUf;F 19 fp.kP  ,uapy;Nt mUq;fhl;rpafk; - by;yp
vd;w tpfjj;jpy; ,uapy;Nt Nghf;Ftuj;J  Kjy; Ruq;fg;ghij ,uapy; epiyak; -
cs;sJ fy;fj;jh
 mjpf tpfpjk; - gQ;rhg;  National Rail Vikas Yojana nghpa efh;fs;
 1853y; gk;gha; - jhdh kw;Wk; nghpa JiwKfq;fis
 1854y; nrd;id – uhzpfQ;r; ,izf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.
 1856y; nrd;id – muf;Nfhzk;  Deccan Odyssey Nfhthtpw;F nry;Yk;
 1947y; jdpahh; ,uapy; epiyaq;fs; xd;W nrhFR ,uapy;
Nrh;j;jy; (gz;bj; `hpNlh ehj; FQ;RU)  ghijfs; jz;lthsj;jpd; ,ilj;J}uk;
 jw;NghJs;s nkhj;j ,uapy; epiyaq;fs; mfyg;ghij 1>676 kPl;lh; J}uk;
7068 kPl;lh; ghij 1>000 kPl;lh; J}uk;
 nkhj;j ,uapy;fs; 7>525 FWfpa ghij 0.762 kPl;lh; J}uk; Kjy;

 1925 Kjy; ,uapy;Nt epjpepiy mwpf;if 0.610 kPl;lh; J}uk; tiu

FWfpa ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J eilngWk;
 Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; gk;gha; - tNuhyp
,lq;fs;
 1905 Kjy; ,uapy;Nt Nghh;L
1. rpk;yh 2. lhh;[pypq; 3. Cl;b
 Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; nlf;fhd; Fapd;
,uapy;Nt nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs;
 Ntfkhf uapy; Nghghy; rjhg;jp
 fd;nla;dh; fhh;g;gNu\d; Mg; ,e;jpah -
vf;];gpu]; (1989) NeU E}w;whz;L tpoh
CONCOR
 Nrhd; Mw;wpd; Nky; cs;s NeU NrJ
 nrd;lh; ghh; ,uapy;Nt ,d;gh;Nk\d;
,uapy;Nt ghyk; ,e;jpahtpd; kpf
rp];lk; - CRIS
ePskhd uapy;Nt ghykhFk;
 ,e;jpad; ,uapy;Nt fd;];bud; fk;ngdp
 fd;dpahFkhp Kjy; [k;Kjhtp tiu
ypkpnll; - IRCON
 ,e;jpad; ,uapy;Nt igdhd;]; rh];jphp ,uapy;Nt mikr;rh;. ,q;F
fhh;g;gNu\d; ypkpnll; - IRFC ,uapy; ngl;bfs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd

 ; Nu\;d – KRC
nfhq;fd; ,uapy;Nt fhh;gg 4. Rail Wheel Factory (Wheel and Axle Plant)

 ,uapy;Nt ,e;jpa nlf;dpf;fy; md;l;  1983 – Vyf;fhdh rf;fuk; kw;Wk;

vf;dhkpf;]; rh;tP]]; ypkpnll; - RITES Mr;rpy;fs; (fh;ehlfh)

1964- thuhdhrp Bry; vQ;rpd;fs;>
 ,e;jpad; ,uapy;Nt Nfl;lhpq; md;l;
\d;gh];
^hprk; fhh;g;gNu\d; ypkpnll; - IRCTC
1985– fG+h;jyh cjphp ghfq;fs;
 Kk;ig ,uapy;Nt tpfh]; fhh;g;gNu\d;
ghl;bahyh cjphp ghfq;fs;
(12.7.1999y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ) – MRVC
Nghghy; kpd;rhu uapy;
jahhpg;G njhopw;rhiyfs;
[hk;n\l;G+h; - kPl;lh; Nf[; uapy;
1. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works:
,d;[pd;fs;
 1950y; Gfo; ngw;w Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l nfhq;fd; ,uapy;Nt
jiyth; rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; ngahpy;
 J}uk; 760 fp.kP gk;gha; (Nuhfh) Kjy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
kq;fSh; tiu MFk;. ,J kfhuh\;buh>
 cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa jahhpg;G epiyak; Nfhth kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh topNa
MFk; nry;fpwJ. ,j;d jiyikaplk; Kk;ig
 ,j; njhopw;rhiyapy; electric MFk;.
locomotives, AC & DC Traction motors,  gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; kfhuh\;buh>
Switch gears / Control gears Mfpa Nfhth> fh;ehlfh> Nfush
jahhpg;Gg; gzpfSk; Bogies cast & ,e;jpa ,uapy;Ntapd; kz;lyq;fs;
fabricated, Wheel sets & Steel casting kz;lyq;fs;
Mfpa ,izg;Gg; gzpfSk; jiyikaplk;
eilngWfpd;wd 1. njw;F ,uapy;Nt nrd;;id
2. Diesel Electric Locomotives Works - 2. Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt Kk;ig(rh;rN
; fl;)

Varanaso 3. fpof;F ,uapy;Nt fy;fj;jh

4. tlf;F ,uapy;Nt jpy;yp
 1961y; mnkhpf;fh cjtpAld;
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt Kk;ig (tpb)
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
(rpth[p nlh;kpdh;)
 1964y; ehl;bw;F mh;gzpf;fg;gl;lJ
6. tlfpof;F ,uapy;Nt Nky;fhd; Nfhuf;G+h;
3. The Integral Coach Factory - Perambur
7. tlfpof;F vy;iyg;gFjp – nfs`hj;jp
 2.10.1955 ghujg; gpujkh; [t`h;yhy;
8. tlkj;jpa ,uapy;Nt – myfhghj;
NeUthy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. yhy; gfJ}h;
9. tlNkw;F ,uapy;Nt – n[a;G+h;
10. njd;kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt – nrfe;jpuhghj;  ,J `_f;sp ejpapd; Nky; mike;j ejpj;
11. njd;fpof;F ,uapy;Nt – fy;fj;jh JiwKfk; MFk;
12. njd;Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt - `{g;sp (ngq;fSh;)  Tidal Port ,J vdg;gLk;
13. kj;jpa fpof;F ,uapy;Nt - `hrpG+h;  `_f;sp epjpapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT ePh;
14. fpof;F flw;fiu ,uapy;Nt – GtNd\;th; kl;lk; ,Ue;jhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy;
15. kj;jpa Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt – [gy;G+h; guhf;fh fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J ePh;
16. njd; fpof;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt – mDg;gg;gLfpwJ
gpyh];G+h;  ,J ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa
 thpir vz;fs; 6> 9> 12> 13> 14. 15 JiwKfkhFk;. fg;gy;fs; cs;ehl;bw;Fr;
Mfpa ,uapy;Nt kz;lyq;fs; 1996Mk; nry;y KbahJ. vdNt `hy;bah vd;w
Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ ,lj;jpy; xU Jiz JiwKfk;
,e;jpa JiwKfq;fs; fl;lg;gLfpwJ. fy;fj;jh JiwKfj;jpd;
 ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nghpa JiwKfq;fs; gpd;dpyk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Kjy;
- 12: rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; - 184 m];]hk; tiu gutpAs;sJ. Njapiy

 nghpa JiwKfq;fs; ika murpd; kw;Wk; rzy; Vw;Wkjpf;F ,J Kf;fpa

fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; JiwKfkhFk;.

khepy murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; cs;sJ.  [g;ghd; kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fh Mfpa

rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; nghJg; gl;baypy; ehLfSf;F nry;Yk; topahf
cs;sJ ,j;JiwKfk; cs;sJ

 Major Port Trusts Act 1963 2. guhjPg;

 jw;NghJ 300 kpy;ypad; ld;Df;F Nky;  xhprh khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.

ruf;Ffis ,e;jpa JiwKfq;fs; ,Uk;Gj;jhJit [g;ghd; ehl;bw;F

ifahSfpd;wd Vw;Wkjp nra;a ,j;JiwKfk;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;dpyq;fs;:
 Mz;bw;F 15000f;F Nkw;gl;l ruf;F
xhprh> gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>
thfdq;fs; nghpa JiwKfj;jpy;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
tUfpd;wJ
3. tprhfg;gl;bdk;
fpof;F flw;fiu JiwKfq;fs; - 6
 lhy;gpd; Neh]; vd;w ghiw flypDs;
 tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;fpy; cs;s
nrd;wpUg;gjhy; Xh; ,aw;ifj;
JiwKfq;fs; fy;fj;jh> ghujPg;>
JiwKfkhf ,J tpsq;FfpwJ
tprhfg;gl;bdk;> nrd;id J}j;Jf;Fb
1. fy;fj;jh  epyj;jhy; #og;gl;l ghJfhf;fg;gl;l
JiwKfk;
 ,J ilkz;l; JiwKfk; vdg;gLk;
gpd;dpyk;: 2. Kk;ig
 Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> xhprh> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>  ,J xU ey;y ,aw;if JiwKfkhFk;.
jkpo;ehl;bd; epy gFjpfs; ,J xU jPtpy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. fly;
 Mjpf mstpy; ,Uk;Gj; jhJ Vw;Wkjp mikjpahf ,Ug;gjhy; fg;gy;fs;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ jq;FtJ vspjhf cs;sJ
4. nrd;id:  #a]; fhy;tha; topahf tUk; fg;gy;fs;
 ,J xU nraw;ifj; JiwKfkhFk;. gk;ghapy; jq;fpg; gpd;dh; nry;fpd;wd.
gpd;dpyk;: Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> Nkw;F INuhg;gpa – Mg;gphpf;f ehLfis
fh;ehlfhtpd; rpy gFjpfs; Nehf;fpapUf;Fk; ,j;Jiwia ,e;jpahtpd;
 mf;Nlhgh; - etk;gh; khjq;fspy; tPRk; Nkw;F thapy; vd;fpNwhk;
#whtspfshy; fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J  ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa JiwKfk; kw;Wk;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; JiwKfk; ,JNt
5. J}j;Jf;Fb MFk;.
 ,J jkpofj;jpd; njw;F Kidapy; cs;s gpd;dpyk;:
JiwKfk; MFk;  Nkw;F ,e;jpahTk; jf;fhzKk;
6. vz;Z}h; Kk;igf;Fg; gpd;dpyq;fshf
 nrd;idapy; ,Ue;J 25 fpNyh kPl;lh; tpsq;Ffpd;wd
njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ. The Ennore 3. [t`h;yhy; NeU JiwKfk;

Port Company Limited vd;w Nkw;F  etNrth vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,J

flw;fiu JiwKfq;fs; - 6 fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kk;ig JiwKfj;jpd;

; h – TIDAL – Free Trade Zone

1. fhz;ly nehpriy jtph;f;f fl;lg;gl;Ls;s etPd
JiwKfk;. etNrth JiwKfk; MFk;
 ,J F[uhj;jpYs;sJ
4. kh;kNfhth
 fuhr;rpj; JiwKfk; ghfp];jhDld;
 1963f;F Kd;G Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaj;
,ize;j gpwF fhz;ly
; h
JiwKfkhf ,Ue;j kh;k Nfhth xU
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;L cs;ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;
Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa ,aw;if
gl;bUf;fpwJ
JiwKfkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
 ,j;JiwKfk; fl;R tisf;Flhtpd;
Vw;WkjpahFk; ,Uk;Gj; jhJtpy; Rkhh; 60
Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.
rjtPjk; ,j;JiwKfj;jpd; topahf
gpd;dpyk;: F[uhj;> uh[];jhd;> gQ;rhg;>
Vw;Wkjpahfpd;wJ. kfhuh\;buk;> ik#h;>
fh\;kPh>; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpad mjd;
 ,j;JiwKfk; #a]; fhy;tha; topapy;
gpd;dpyq;fshf cs;sd
cs;sJ
 Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s gpw Kf;fpa
5. Gjpa kq;fSh; JiwKfk; JiwKfq;fs;
 fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.  xfh> Nghh;ge;jh;> Nth;th jiyr;Nrhp
FjpNuKf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;s cs;ehl;L ePh; topfs;
,Uk;Gj;jhJ Vw;Wkjp nra;a ,j;  ,e;jpahtpy; epH; topfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J
JiwKfk; gad;gLfpwJ. ,Uk;Gj;jhJ 14>500 fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;. ,jpy; 5200
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gad;gLfpwJ fpNyh kPl;lh; J}uk; Mw;wpd; topahfTk;
6. nfhr;rpd; 4000 fp.kP fhy;tha; topahfTk;
 [g;ghdpah;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gld; ,J Nghf;Ftuj;J eilngWfpd;wJ
epWtg;gl;lJ  cyfj;jpy; cs;ehl;L ePh; topfs;
 ,J Kj;Jj; JiwKfkhFk;. ,J Nkw;Ff; Nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfk; mnkhpf;fhtpy;
flw;fiuapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. Xh; mofhd eilngWfpd;wJ
,aw;if JiwKfkhFk;.  cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;ehl;L ePh;topfs;
 M];jpNuypah kw;Wk; J}uf;fpof;F kpf mjpf J}uk; cs;sJ
ehLfSf;Fr; nry;y ,j; JiwKfk;  ,e;jpahtpy; cs; ehl;L ePh;top
gad;gLfpwJ Nghf;Ftuj;J Waterways Authority of
,jd; gpd;dpyq;fs;: India fz;fhzpg;G nra;fpd;wJ
1) Nfush 2) njd; fh;ehlfh kw;Wk; Kf;fpa ePh;topfs;
njd;Nkw;F jkpo;ehL Mfpait MFk;. 1. fq;if fhy;tha;
jpUg;G+h;> NfhaKj;J}h;> kJiu> Nryk;> 2. Nfhth fhy;tha;
f&h; kw;Wk; ngq;fSh; Mfpait ,jpy; 3. rhhpe;j fhy;tha;
mlq;Fk; 4. Nkw;F tq;fhs fhy;tha;
rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; mjpfk; cs;s 5. gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;tha;
khepyq;fs;:
 Njrpa ePh; top 1: `_f;sp ejpapy;
1. kfhuh\;buh – 53 `hy;bah Kjy; myfhghj; tiu
2. F[uhj; - 40
 Njrpa ePh; top 2: gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejpapy;
3. me;jkhd; epNfhghh; jPTfs; - 23
cs;s Nghf;Ftuj;J
4. jkpo;ehL – 15
 Njrpa ePh; top 3: Nfushtpy; Nkw;F
 fpof;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s gpw Kf;fpa flw;fiu fztha; nfhy;yk; Nfhl;lGuk;
JiwKfq;fs; top
 ehfg;gl;bdk;> ghz;br;Nrhp> k#ypg;gl;bdk;> gd;dhl;L ePh;topfs;:
fhf;fpehlh
1. #a]; fhy;tha;
 2. ed;dk;gpf;if Kid ,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh> mh;n[d;bdh>
tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J: ghfp];jhd;> M];jpNuypah
 Father of civil aviation: J R D Tata 3. gUj;jpj; Jzpfs; - ,yq;if>

 Vh; ,e;jpah epWtdk; JRD lhlh njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfs;> ,q;fpyhe;J

mth;fshy; 1932y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 4. gUj;jp - ,q;fpyhe;J> ghfp];jhd;>

15.10.1932 md;W lhlh fuhr;rpapy; ,Ue;J [g;ghd;

Kk;igf;F mfkjhghj; topahf tpkhdk; 5. vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;> vz;nza; -

%yk; te;jhh;. ,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh> fdlh>

M];jpNuypah
 1970y; Vh; ,e;jpah tpkhdj;ij ee;jh
6. Njhy;> Njhy; nghUl;fs; - ghfp];jhd;>
Njtp vd;w Nghapq; 707 tpkhdj;ij
,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh
thq;fpaJ
 kq;fdPR> mgpufk;> ,Uk;Gj;jhJ>
 midj;J tpkhdq;fSk; Nghapq; vd;w
Gifapiy> fhg;gp> gGy;fs;> rh;f;fiu
epiyia 1962y; mile;j cyfpd; Kjy;
Nghd;w nghUl;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J
ehL ,e;jpah MFk;
kw;w ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp MfpwJ
 jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; 11 gd;dhl;L tpkhd
 vd;l;hpNghl; thzpfk; vd;gJ kW –
epiyaq;fs; cs;sJ
Vw;Wkjp thzpfk; MFk;
 tpkhd epiyaq;fs; 4 tifahf
Rw;Wyh:
gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 cyfj;jpd; Rw;Wyh th;j;jfj;jpd;
1. gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
,e;jpahtpd; gq;F 1 rjtPjk; MFk;
2. Kf;fpa (Major) tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
kf;fs; njhif
3. eLj;ju (Medium) tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
 rPdhtpw;F mLj;jgbahf kf;fs;
4. rpwpa (Minor) tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
njhifapy; ,e;jpah cyf ehLfspilNa
IAAI – International Airport Authority of
,uz;lhtJ ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ
India 1972
 rPdhit ,e;jpah 2050 Mk; Mz;L
 tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J kioapdhy; kf;fs; njhifapy; kpQ;rptpLk; vd;
ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; fLk; gdp fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ
fhuzkhf tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
 cyf kf;fs; njhifapy; jw;NghJ 16
ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ
rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sdh;
Vw;Wkjp
 kf;fs; njhif kpf mjpfkhf
1. Njapiy – mnkhpf;fh> u\;ah> fdlh>
ngUFtjw;Ff; fhuzq;fs;
,q;fpyhe;J
1. nfhba njhw;W Neha;fshd fhyuh>
2. Rzy; kw;Wk; rzy; nghUs;fs; -
nghpak;ik Nghd;w Neha;fs;
 jLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld Nrhl;lh ehfGhpg; gPlG+kp> juha; rJg;G
2. kUj;Jt trjp ngUfptpl;ljhy; epyk;> Re;jutdf; fhLfs;> jhh;
Foe;ijfs; gpwe;jTlNdAk;> gpwe;j ghiytdk;> uh[hGjd Nkl;L epyk;
Kjyhz;bYk;> Foe;ij gUtj;jpYk; Mfpatw;wpy; kf;fs; neUf;fk; Fiwthf
,wg;gJ kpfTk; Fiwe;Js;sJ cs;sJ
3. kf;fspd; MAl;fhyk; ePz;Ls;sJ  cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; kpf mjpf kf;fs;
4. MWfs; FWf;Nf mizfs; fl;b njhif cs;s khepyk; MFk;
nts;sg;ngUf;Fj; jLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ljhy;  ePh; mspg;gpw;F mUfhikapy;
nts;sj;jhy; kf;fs; Nrjk; miktplj;ijg; ngw;w FbapUg;GfSf;F
ePf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ ePh; ehba FbapUg;G vd;W ngah;
5. gQ;rk;> gl;bdp Nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLk;  kf;fs; njhif mjpfk; cs;s efuq;fs;
,wg;G jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
1. Greater Mumbai 16>368>084
6. ehl;bd; gof;ftof;fq;fs; %lek;gpf;if
2. fy;fj;jh 13>216>546
cilajhf cs;sJ
3. nly;yp 1>791>458
 kf;fs; njhif neUf;fk; gpd;tUk; 4. nrd;id 6>424>624
Gtpapay; fhuzpfisg; nghWj;J 5. ngq;fSh; 5>686>844
mikfpwJ 6. i`juhghj; 5>533>640
1. jl;gntg;gepiy 2. kz;tsk; 3. 7. mfkjhghj; 4>519>278
,aw;ifr; nry;tq;fs; 4. epyj;jpd; 8. G+dh 3>755>525
mikg;G 5. kio 6. ePh;g;ghrd trjpfs; 9. #uj; 2>811>466
7. Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp 8. njhopy; 10. fhd;G+h; 2>690>486
tsh;rr
; p 9. ehl;bd; mikjp 11. n[a;g;G+h; 2>324>319
kf;fs; neUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;s gFjpfs;: 12. yf;Ndh 2>266>933
 Nky;fq;ifr; rkntsp> fPo;fq;ifr; 13. ehf;G+h; 2>266>933
rkntsp> Nkw;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp> 14. ghl;dh 1>707>429
fpof;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp kf;fs; 15. ,e;J}h; 1>639>044
neUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ 16. tNjhjuh 1>492>398
 ,g;gFjpapy; mlq;Fk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> 17. Nghghy; 1>454>830
gPfhh;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> F[uhj;> 18. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 1>446>034
kfhuh\;buk;> fh;ehlfk;> Nfusk;> 19. Yjpahdh 1>395>053
jkpo;ehL> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> xhprh 20. nfhr;rp 1>355>406
khepyq;fspy; kf;fs; neUf;fk; mjpfk; 21. tprhfg;gl;bdk; 1>329>472
 ,kakiyg; gpuNjrk;> khstgPlG+kp> 22. Mf;uh 1>321>410
 23. thuzhrp 1>211>749 30. mUzhr;rygpuNjrk; 227>881
24. kJiu 1>194>665 31. me;jkhd; kw;Wk;
25. kPul; 1>167>399 epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs; 116>198
,e;jpahtpd; efh; Gw kf;fs; njhif: 32. rpf;fpk; 59>870
1. kfhuh\;buh 41>100>980 33. lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ 57>348
2. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 34>539>582 34. jjuh kw;Wk; ehfh; `Ntyp 50>463
3. jkpo;ehL 27>483>998 35. yl;rj;jPTfs; 26>967
4. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 22>427>251 ,e;jpahtpd; mjpf goq;Fb kf;fs; - re;jy;
5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 20>808>940 gFjpfs; thOk; kiytho; kf;fs;
6. F[uhj; 18>930>250 me;jkhd; jPTfs; Onga
7. fh;ehlfh 17>961>529 ePyfphp Njhlh;fs;
8. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 15>967>145 2001 kf;fs; njhif (1-3-2001)
9. uh[];jhd; 13>214>375 fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb kf;fs; njhif:
10. by;yp 12>905>708  ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif nfhs;if:
11. gPfhh; 8>681>800 2000
12. Nfush 8>266>925  ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif 1 gpy;ypaid
13. gQ;rhg; 8>262>511 11.5.2000 md;W jhz;baJ
14. `hpahdh 6>115>304
 ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif 1.2 gpy;ypad;
15. [hh;fz;l; 5>993>741
MFk;
16. Xhprh 5>517>238
 nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif – 1>027>015>247
17. rl;B];fh; 4>185>747
Mz;fs; - 531>277>078
18. mrhk; 3>439>240
ngz;fs; - 495>738>169
19. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 2>516>638
 ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; jkpof kf;fs;
20. cj;ufhz;l; 2>179>074
njhifapd; gq;F – 6.04%
21. rz;bfh; 808>515
22. Nfhth 670>577  ,e;jpahtpd; filrp kf;fs; njhif

23. ghz;br;Nrhp 648>619 fzf;nfLg;G 2001Mk; Mz;L

24. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 595>581 eilngw;wJ

25. kzpg;g+h; 575>968  ,e;jpahtpy; mLj;j kf;fs; njhif

26. jphpGuh 545>750 fzf;nfLg;G 2011 jw;NghJ eilngw;W
27. Nkfhyah 454>111 tUfpd;wJ
28. kpNrhuhk; 441>006  kf;fs; njhif thpirapy; jkpo;ehL 6tJ
29. ehfhyhe;J 342<787 ,lk;:
 1. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 166>197>921 lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ 158>204
2. kfhuh\;buh 96>878>627 ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 60>650
3. gPfhh; 82>998>509 gpwg;G tpfpjk; - 21.24 1991 – 2001
4. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 80>176>179 Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; - 1000:933
5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 76>210>007 gbj;jth;fs; - 64.84 rjtPjk;
6. jkpo;ehL 62>405>679 Mz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; - 64.84 rjtPjk;
7. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 60>348>023 ngz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; - 53.67 rjtPjk;
8. uh[];jhd; 56>507>188 khepyk; gbj;jth; Mz; ngz;
9. fh;ehlfh 52>850>562 1. Nfush 90.92 94.20 87.86
10. F[uhj; 50>671>017 2. kpNrhuhk; 88.49 90.69 86.13
11. Xhprh 36>804>660 3. Nfhth 82.32 88.88 75.51
12. Nfush 31>841>374 4. kfhuh\;buh 77.27 86.27 67.51
13. [hh;fz;l; 26>945>829 5. ,khr;ry; 77.13 86.02 68.08
14. mrhk; 26>655>528 6. jphpGuh 73.66 81.47 65.41
15. gQ;rhg; 24>358>999 7. jkpo;ehL 73.47 82.33 64.55
16. `hpahdh 21>144>564 8. cj;jpuhQ;ry; 72.28 84.01 60.26
17. rl;B];fh; 20>833>803 9. F[uhj; 69.97 80.50 58.60
18. nly;yp 13>850>507 10. gQ;rhg; 69.95; 75.63 63.55
19. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 10>143>700 11. rpf;fpk; 69.68 76.73 61.46
20. cj;jpufhz;l; 8>489>349 12. Nk. t 69.22 77.58 60.22
21. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 6>077>900 13. kzpg;G+h; 68.87 77.87 59.70
22. jphpGuh 3>199>203 14. `hpahdh 68.59 79.25 56.31
23. kzpg;G+h; 2>166>788 15. ehfhye;J 67.11 71.77 61.92
24. Nkfhyah 2>318>822 16. fh;ehlfh 67.04 76.29 57.45
25. ehfhye;J 1>999>036 17. rl;B];fh; 65.18 77.86 52.40
26. Nfhth 1>347>688 18. mrhk; 64.28 71.93 56.03
27. mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 1>097>968 19. kj;jpa gp 64.11 76.80 50.28
28. ghz;br;Nrhp 974>345 20. xhprh 63.61 75.95 50.97
29. rz;bfh; 900>635 21. Nkfhyah 63.31 66.14 60.41
30. kpNrhuhk; 888>573 22. Me;jpu gp 61.11 70.85 51.17
31. rpf;fpk; 540>851 23. uh[];jhd; 61.03 76.46 44.34
me;jkhd; kw;Wk; epf;Nfhgh; jPTfs; 356>152 24. c. gp. 57.36 70.23 42.98
jjuh kw;wk; ehfh; `Ntyp 220>490 25. mUzhr;ry; 54.74 64.07 44.24
26. fh\;kPh; 54.46 65.75 41.82 gPfhh; 921
27. [hh;fz;l; 54.13 67.94 39.38 F[uhj; 921
28. gPfhh; 47.53 60.32 33.57 kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 920
29. ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 87.52 93.15 81.56 ehfhye;J 909
30. nly;yp 81.82 87.37 75.00 mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 901
31. rz;bfh; 81.76 85.65 76.65 [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 900
32. ghz;br;Nrhp 81.49 88.89 74.13 cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 898
33. me;jkhd; 81.18 86.07 75.29 rpf;fpk; 875
34. lhkd; (k) ilA+ 81.90 88.40 70.37 gQ;rhg; 874
35. jjuh ehfh; 60.03 73.32 42.99 `hpahdh 861
Mz;-ngz; tpfpjk; (Females Per 1000 males) me;jkhd; epNfhghh; 946
khepyk; tpfpjk; nly;yp 821
,e;jpah 933 jjuh ehfh; 811
Nfush 1058 rz;bfh; 773
ghz;br;Nrhp 1001 lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ 709
rl;B];fh; 990  Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; Nfushtpy;
jkpo;ehL 986 1000:1058 vd mjpfk; cs;sJ
kzpg;G+h; 978  Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; jkpofj;jpy;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 978 1000:986 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; cs;sJ
Nkfhyah 975  gbj;jth;fs; mjpfk; cs;s khepyk;
Xhprh 972 Nfush – 90.86%
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 970
 gbj;jth;fs; Fiwthf cs;s khepyk;
cj;juhQ;ry; 964
gPfhh; - 47.00 rjtPjk;
fh;ehlfh 964
 Mz;fs; - Fiwthf gbj;jth;fs; cs;s
Nfhth 960
khepyk; - gPfhh; - 59.68 rjtPjk;
jphpGuh 950
 ngz;fs; - Fiwthf gbj;jth;fs; cs;s
,yl;rj;jPTfs; 947
khepyk; - Nfush – 87.86 rjtPjk;
[hh;fz;l; 941
kpNrhuhk; 938  ngz;fs; - Fiwthf gbj;jth;fs; cs;s

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 934 khepyk; - gPfhh; - 33.17 rjtPjk;

mrhk; 932  jkpofj;jpy; gbj;jth;fs; tpfpjk; - 73.47

,uh[];jhd; 922 rjtPjk;
kfhuh\;buh 922  Mz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; tpfpjk; - 82.33 %
  ngz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; tpfpjk; - 64.55% 2. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 904
 gbj;jth;fs; mjpfk; cs;s A+dpad; 3. gPfhh; 880
gpuNjrk; - yl;rj;jPTfs; 4. Nfush 819
gbj;jth;fs; mjpfk; cs;s khtl;lq;fs; 5. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 689

1. Aizwal (kpNrhuk;) 2. Serchhip (kpNrhuk;) 6. gQ;rhg; 482

3. Nfhl;lak; (Nfush) 7. jkpo;ehL 478

gbj;jth;fs; Fiwthf cs;s khtl;lq;fs; 8. `hpahzh 477

9. Nfhth 363
1. Dantewada (rl;b];fh;)
10. mrhk; 340
2. Pakaur ([hh;fz;l;)
11. [hh;fz;l; 338
Njrpa ruhrhp (64.80%) tpl Fiwthd
12. kfhuh\;buh 314
khepyq;fs;
13. jphpGuh 304
1. gPfhh; 2) [hfh;yhz;l; 3) [k;K kw;Wk;
14. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 275
fh\;kPh;
15. fh;ehlfh 275
 2001 Mz;L kf;fs; njhif
16. F[uhj; 258
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb 7 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l
17. Xhprh 236
vOj kw;Wk; gbf;f njhpe;jth;fs;
18. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 196
fy;tpawpT cilath;fs; vd
19. uh[];jhd; 165
fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ
20. cj;jpuhQ;ry; 159
mlh;j;jp:
21. rl;B];fh; 154
 ,e;jpahtpd; mlh;j;jp – 324 Ngh; / r.fp.kP
22. ehfhye;J 120
 jkpo;ehl;bd; mlh;jjp – 478 / r.fp.kP 23. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 109
 mjpf mlh;j;jp cs;s khepyk; - Nkw;F 24. kzpg;G+h; 107
tq;fhsk; 903 25. Nkfhyah 103
 mjpf mlh;j;jp cs;s A+dpad; gFjp 26. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 99
9340 (jpy;yp) 27. rpf;fpk; 76
 mlh;j;jp Fiwthf cs;s khepyk; - 28. kpNrhuk; 42
mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; 13 29. mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 13
 mlh;j;jp Fiwthf cs;s A+dpad; gFjp 30. nly;yp 9294
(43) MFk; 31. rz;bfh; 7903
Population Density (per Square Km) 32. ghz;br;Nrhp 2029

2001 33. ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 1894

1. ,e;jpah 324 34. lhkd; ilA 1411

 35. jjuh ehfh; 44 21. Nfush 38>863
36. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; 43 22. Nkfhyah 22>429
(16.7 tpOf;fhL) 23. kzpg;G+h; 22>327
gug;gsT: 24. kpNrhuhk; 21>081
 Gjpa khepyq;fs; gphpg;gjw;F Kd; nghpa 25. ehfhyhe;J 16>579
khepyk; - kj;jpa gpuNjrk; 26. jphpGuh 10>492
 Gjpa khepyq;fs; gphpf;fg;gl;lgpd; 27. me;jkhd; & epNfhghh; jPTfs;-8>249
gug;gstpy; nghpa 28. rpf;fpk; 7>096
Kjy; khepyk; uh[];jhd; 29. Nfhth 3>702
,uz;lhtJ khepyk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 30. jpy;yp 1>483
%d;whtJ khepyk; kfhuh\;buh 31. ghz;br;Nrhp 492
ehd;fhtJ khepyk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 32. jjuh ehfh; `Ntyp 491
thpir khepyk; gug;gsT (r.fp.kP) 33. rz;bfh; 144
1. ,uh[];jhd; 342>236 34. lhkd; ilA+ 122
2. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 308>144 35. ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 32
3. kfhuh\;buh 307>713  Kjyplk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; - 166>052>859 –
4. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 275>068 16.17 tpOf;fhL
5. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 238>566  ,uz;lhtJ ,lk; kfhuh\;buh –
6. [k;K & fh\;kPh; 222>236 96>752>247 - 9.42 tpOf;fhL
7. F[uhj; 196>024 kf;fs; njhif Fiwthf cs;s khepyk;:
8. fh;ehlfk; 191>791  rpf;fpk; (5>40>493)
9. xhprh 155>707 gpwg;G ,wg;G tpfpjk;:
10. rl;B];fh; 135>194  ,e;jpahtpd; gpwg;G tpfpjk; : 24.8
11. jkpo;ehL 130>058
 ,e;jpahtpd; ,wg;G tpfpjk; : 8.9
12. gPfhh; 94>164
 jkpo;ehl;bd; gpwg;G tpfpjk;: 11.19
13. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 88>752
 Fiwe;j gpwg;G tpfpjk; (Kjy;) Nfush –
14. mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 83>743
9.42
15. [hh;fz;l; 79>700
 mjpf gpwg;G tpfpjk; (ehfhye;J) – 64.41
16. mrhk; 78>483
17. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 55>673  jkpofk; Fiwe;j gpwg;G – tpfpjj;jpy;

18. cj;jpuhQ;ry; 53>566 ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ

19. gQ;rhg; 50>362 efh;gG

; wk;

20. `hpahzh 44>212  efuj;jpy; thOk; kf;fs; - 72 Nfhb>

 fpuhkj;jpy; thOk; kf;fs; - 27.78 Nfhb by;yp 51
 efh;Gw tsh;rr
; p tpfpjk; - 2.1% Nkfhyah 52
 ; p – Kjyplk;
tpiuthd efh;Gw tsh;rr rpf;fpk; 53

kpNrhuk; - 49.5% jkpo;ehL – 43.9% Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 53

gQ;rhg; 54
 ,uz;lhtJ – Nfhth – 49.4%
fh;ehlfh 58
 %d;whtJ – jkpo;ehL - 44%
jjuh ehfh; `Ntyp 61
 ,e;jpahtpy; ngz;fs; jpUkzj;jpd; %yk;
F[uhj; 64
Xh; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 64
FbGFfpd;wdh;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 66
 jkpofj;jpd; efh;Gw kf;fs; njhif – gPfhh; 67
2.70 Nfhb `hpahdh 69
efuq;fspd; Kf;fpa tiffs; mrhk; 78
Nfhl;il efuk; - jpUr;rp uh[];jhd; 83
Nfhtpy; efuk; - kJiu cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 85
kiy thr];jyk; - Cl;b> nfhilf;fhdy;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 97
rpk;yh xhprh 98
fyhr;rhu efuk; - jQ;rhT+h; ehfhye;J NA
Rw;Wyh efuk; - kfhgypGuk;
lhkd; ilA+ NA
Foe;ij ,wg;G tpfpjk;:
taJ
,e;jpah 71
 Mz;fspd; taJ fhyk; 62.3%
Nfush 16
 ngz;fspd; taJ fhyk; - 65.27%
ghz;br;Nrhp 21
kpNrhuk; 23  KjpNahh; ngz;fspd; gbg;gwpT tpfpjk; -

kzpg;G+h; 25 43.5

me;jkhd; epNfhhgh; jPTfs; 30  ,Uk;Gr;rj;J Fiwthf cs;s NgWfhy

,yl;rj;jPTfs; 30 ngz;fs; - 88%
rz;bfh; 32  ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; cs;s ngz;fs;
Nfhth 36 tpfpjk; 8.9%
mUzhryg;gpuNjrk; 44  mjpf goq;Fbfs; cs;s khepyk; -
[k;K & fh\;kPh; 45 kj;jpa gpuNjrk; (khepyk; gphpg;gjw;F
kfhuh\;buh 49 Kd;)
jphpGuh 49  jw;NghJ gQ;rhg; 28.85 rjtPj
 jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; trpf;fpd;wdh;  Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; - Chenchus, Konda,
kf;fs; gphpTfs; 2001 Khonds
 ,e;Jf;fs; 80.5% (827 kpy;ypad;)  mrhk; - Chakma, Garoshamr, Kanchani,
 K];yPk;fs; 13.4% (138 kpy;ypad;) Khasiskuki, Lalung, Mikir
 fpwp];jth;fs; 2.33% (24 kpy;ypad;)  gPfhh; - Chend, Ho, Oraon, Santhalstharu
 rPf;fpah;fs; 1.84% (19 kpy;ypad;)  F[uhj; - Bhil, Koli
 Gj;jkjk; 0.76% (7.9 kpy;ypad;)  ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; - Gaddo, Gujar,
 rkz kjk; 0.4% (4.2 kpy;ypad;) Kinnara, Adivasis, Bhot
 kw;wth;fs; 0.64% (6.6 kpy;ypad;)  kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; - Baiga, Bhills, Birhos<
gbj;jth;fs;: Gond, Kol, Korker
 rkzh;fs; 94.1%  kzpg;G+h; - Anami, Mizo, Sema, Kuki
 fpUj;Jth;fs; 80.3%  Nkfhyah – Garos, Lakahes, Khasiskuki,
 Gj;jkjj;jpdh; 72.7% Mizo, Jaintias, Khasi
 rPf;fpah;fs; 69.4%  kpNrhuk; - Garo, Hmar, Khasi, Kulki
 ,e;Jf;fs; 65.1%  ehfhye;J – Baige, Birhar, Kol, Munda,
 ,Ryhkpah;fs; 59.1% Santhals
 ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,Ryhkpah;fspy;  ,uh[];jhd; - Bhils, Gurassa, Mine
gbj;j ngz;fs; Fiwthf cs;sdh;  rpf;fpk; - Bjatia, Lepchas
 rkzh;fspd; gpwg;G tpfpjk; mjpfkhf  jkpo;ehL – Badagar, Toda, Kota
cs;sJ
 cj;juhQ;ry; - Bhotia
 Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; rPf;fpah;fspilNa
 jphpGuh – Chakma
Fiwthf cs;sJ
 xhprh – Chenchus, Santhals, Mundas
 ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghd;ik nkhop
 me;jkhd; kw;Wk; epNfhghh; - Sentinelese,
NgRgth;fs; ,e;Njh Mrpah;fs; vdg;gLk;
Shompern, Onge, Jarawas
tFg;igr; rhh;e;jth;fSk; jpuhtpl
,dj;ijr; rhh;ej;th;fSk; trpf;fpd;wdh;.  kfhuh\;buh – Warlis

rpwpa mstpy; Austro – Asiatic and Tibeto  Nfush – Utalis

– Burman nkhop NgRgth;fs; cs;sdh;  M];bf; nkhopthhpahd ,d kf;fs; gPfhh;>
 ,e;jpahtpy; thOk; goq;Fbapdh; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; xhprh gFjpapy;

Arunachal Pradesh – Abors, Aptanis, Aka, fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;

Dafla, Kampti  fl;Lkhdq;fSk; NritfSk;

 Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; nrwpe;J Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
fhzg;gLk; gFjp rkntspg; gFjpahFk;  ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf ePh;kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp
 Mrpahtpy; kpf mlh;j;jpahd nra;fpd;wJ
Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpapdiuf; nfhz;Ls;s  ,uhkFz;lk; - cw;gj;jp njhopw;rhiy
ehL ,e;jpah  tprhfg;gl;bdk; - ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy>
 jkpo;ehL muR Vio kw;Wk; thhpak; fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopw;rhiy> fg;gy; fl;Lk;
%yk; tPLfis fl;bj; jUfpd;wJ njhopy; (,e;J];jhd; \pg;ahh;L) kw;Wk;
 ,e;jpahtpy; thd; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J ghuj; n`tp gpNsl; kw;Wk; ntry;];
1930y; Jtf;fg;ngw;wJ  Nghr;rk;ghb – miz
 1994 Kjy; ,uapy;Ntapy; fhg;gPl;Lr;  Fz;^h;: Gifapiy njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk;
rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ nthp[pdpah Gifapiyf;F Gfo;ngw;wJ.
 1991y; Fiwe;j gl;r fy;tp vd;w `hpahdh:
Kiwia cUthf;fpath; Nguhrphpah;  kfhghujg; Nghh; eilngw;w FUN\j;jpuk;
jhNt Mthh; ,k; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
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vd;gJ jhd; vd cyf Rfhjhu ikak; khepyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
njhptpj;Js;sJ  National Dairy Research Institute – Karnal
 Nghf;Ftuj;J> fy;tp> ey tho;T>  Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes
tPl;Ltrjp Mfpait Nritfs;
– Hisar
tifiar; rhh;e;jJ
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 ikf;fhy; kiyj;njhlh; kf;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J ,Ug;Gg;ghij
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rzy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ fhzg;gLfpwJ
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 kuG rhuh vhp rf;jpapd; Kf;fpa $W: njhopw;rhiy gNuypapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ
#hpad; mFk;  ,e;jpahtpy; gioikahd fhy;tha;
 Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Geo-Thermal ghrdk; fhtphpnly;lh gFjpapy; cs;sJ
Energy Solar Energy. Gobar Gas Energy  Nghh;rR
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kio nga;aTk; Ntz;Lk;
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,e;jpah ngw;Ws;sJ.