,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW

tq;fhsj;jpy; gilapdh; gy
1857-
1857-k; Mz;L ngUk; fyfk; ,lq;fspy; fpsh;rr
; p nra;jdh;.
fhuzq;fs; vq;FNk nghJkf;fspd; MjuT

rk;gs xOq;fl P L
; Kiw fpilf;ftpy;iy.

ly;n`rp gpuGtpd; RtPfhuk;
,of;Fk; Nfhl;ghL tpisT:
tpisT:

ehLfis ,izj;jy;
INuhg;gpa giltPuh;fspd;

,d NtWghL vz;zpf;if cah;jj
; g;gl;lJ.
gPuq;fp gil INuhg;gpahpd; fPo;

epyr;rl;lq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

Mq;fpNyah;fs; rjp my;yJ
1858-k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjj;jpy;
cld;fl;il VWjy; vd;w tpf;Nlhhpa kfhuhzpahh;
gof;fj;jpw;F rl;l hPjpapy; jil gpufldgb ,e;jpah ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
nfhz;L te;J mk;Kiwia Neub Ml;rpapy; te;jJ vd
xopj;jdh;. mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

cldbf; fhuzk;: nfhOg;G
jltpa Jg;ghf;fpj; fhq;fpu]; kfhrig
Njhl;lf;fs;jhd;
hd. mikg;gpw;F Kd;G Njhd;wpa
mikg;Gfs;
fs
Gul;rpapd; Nghf;F:
tq;fhs epyr;Rthd;jhh;fs;

Nk 10 1857-k; Mz;L kPul;by; mikg;G
,Ue;j giltPuh;fs;
ntspg;gilahf fyfj;jpy; 1853-k; Mz;L etk;gh; 12k;
<Lgl;ldh;. Nk 11y; ,f;fhyg; ehs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gil jpBnud by;ypf;F tpiue;J ,jd; fpis ,yz;ldpy;
nrd;wJ. mq;F by;yp Jthufehj jh$hpdhy;
muz;kizia ifg;gw;wp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gfJ}h;~hit ,e;jpag; Nguuruhf
tq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jpa pa r%fk;
r%fk
gpufldk; nra;jdh;. gpd;G> [hd; 1843 Vg;uy; 20k; ehs;
epf;fy;rd; by;ypia jpUk;gTk; tq;fhs epyr;Rthd;jhh;fs;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;. mikg;NghL Nrh;eJ
;

gpd;G ,f;fyfk; fhd;G+h;> tq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jpa
mNahj;jp> Fthypah kw;Wk; r%fk; vd;w mikg;G
tlfpof;F ,e;jpah mjhtJ cUthdJ.
fy;fj;jh tiu nrd;wJ. ,e;j mikg;gpw;F [hh;[;
jhk;g]
; d; vd;w
fyfj;jpd; jd;ikAk; KbTk; Mq;fpNyah; jPtpukhf
gzpahw;wpdhh;.

1857-k; Mz;L fyfk;
gpd;G tq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jpa
Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkplg;gltpy;iy. r%fk; fp.gp.1851k; Mz;L

rpy ,lq;fis jtpu gphpl;b~; ,e;jpad; rq;fkhf
nghJkf;fspy; MjuT ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
fpilf;ftpy;iy.
rprph; Fkhh; Nfh~; vd;gth;

Mq;fpy muRf;F rpy tq;fhsj;jpy; 1875k; Mz;L
kd;dh;fis MjuT njhptpj;jdh;. brk;gh; 23k; ehs; ,e;jpah yPf; -

,J xU Njrpa ,af;fkhf I Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
guttpy;iy.
Rnue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p>

Mq;fpy murpd; mlf;FKiw Mde;Nkhfd;Ngh]; Kaw;rpahy;
Gul;rpia ntFthf ghjpj;jJ. 1876k; Mz;L [{iy 26k; ehs;
 2

fy;fj;jh My;gh;l; kz;lgj;jpy;
gk;gha; uh[jhdpf;fofk; 1885k;

,e;jpah fhd;gud;i] Mz;L [dthp 31k; ehs;
Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. ,e;jpa rptpy; gf;UjPdj; pahg;[p> ngNuh]; - ~h
gzpf;fhd Njh;T vOJk; taij Nkj;jh mth;fspd; Kaw;rpahy;
Fiwf;fTk; ,e;jpahtpy; Njh;it Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
elj;jTk; nghpJk; ghLgl;lJ.
nrd;id :
gk;gha;:
tq;fhs gphpl;b~;
,e;jpaf;fofj;jpd; fpisahf

gk;gha; fofk; 1852k; Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;l nrd;id thrpfs;
Mf];L 26k; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. rq;fk; 1852k; Mz;L gpg;uthp 26k;

,f;fofj;ij Kd;khjphpahf ehs; jdpr;rq;fkhf cjak;
nfhz;L G+dh rh;t[dpf;[dpf; rig Mapw;W.
ePjpgjp
pgjp uhdNl Kaw;rpahy;
nrd;id kfh[drig 1884 Nk
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 16k; ehs; Mh;.

jhjhgha; nesNuh[papd; nuq;ifahehALit jiytuhfTk;
Kaw;rpahy; ,yz;ldpy; vk;. tp[pauhfthr;rhhpAk;> gp.
fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk; fp.gp.1866k; Mde;jr;rhh;Yk; mjd;
Mz;L ,e;jpahit gw;wpa nrayh;fshth;fs;.
nra;jpia gphpl;b~; kf;fSf;F
mspg;gjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Mz;L ,lk; jiyik

1885 gk;gha; lgps;A+. rp. ghdh;[p
1886 fy;fj;jh jhjhgha; nesNuh[
1887 nrd;id gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p
1888 myfhghj; [hh;[; A+Ny
1889 fy;fj;jh jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
(%d;W Kiw fhq;fpuRf;F
jiyik nghWg;Ngw;wth;)
1906 #uj; (fhq;fpu]; gpsT) uh~;gpfhhp Nfh~;
1916 yfNdh mk;g
; pfh ruz; k[{k;jhh;
(kpjthjp-jPtputhjp
,izT)
1917 fy;fj;jh lhf;lh;.md;dpngrd;l;
Kjy; ngz; fhq;fpu]; jiytp
1922 fah rp.Mh;.jh];
(fhq;fpu]; gpsT-Rauh[;a
fl;rp Njhw;wk;)
1924 ngy;fhk; kfhj;kh fhe;jp
1938 `hpGuh Rgh]; re;jpuNgh];
1939 jphpGuh Rgh]; re;jpuNgh];
(fhe;jpapd; Mrpngw;w
gl;lhgp rPjj
; huhka;ah)
fhq;fpu]; jiyik Njh;jy;
Nghl;bapy; Njhy;tp
Rgh]; ntw;wpg;ngw;whh;.
1947 kPul; n[.gp. fpUghydp
1950 ehrpf; GUNrhj;jkd; jh]; lhd;ld;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 3

gpu/g;yy; hrhf;fp jd;idj;jhNd

Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Rl;Lf;nfhz;L ,we;jhh;.
gaq;futhj ,af;fk; Fh;jpuhk;Ngh]; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.

,e;J];jhd; FbauR rq;fk; 1924k;

Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l ,af;fj;jpy; Mz;L mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy;
gaq;futhj ,af;fq;fspd; gq;F Kjd; Kjypy; rr;rpd; re;ahy;
kpfTk; Kidg;Gld; n[fjp];re;jpu rl;lh;[pahy;
gzpahw;wpAs;sJ. ,e;j epWtg;gl;lJ.
mikg;Gfs; md;dpa Ml;rpia
,e;j mikg;igr; rhh;ej; th;fs;
KbTf;F nfhz;L tu kPJ ,uapy; nfhs;is tof;fhfpa
td;Kiwapd; kPJ ek;gpf;if fhf;Nfhhp rjp tof;F
nfhz;L nray;gl;ldh;. njhlug;gl;lJ. uhk;gpurhj; gp];kpy;
Nuh~d;yhy;> m~;tf;Fy;yh
kfhuh~;buj;jpy; ,ufrpa MfpNahh; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.
,af;fq;fs;
gpd;dh; 1928Mk; Mz;L ,e;j

1897Mk; Mz;L G+dhitr; rhh;ej ; mikg;ig re;jpuNrfu Mrhj;
jhNkhjh; rNgfh. ghyfpU~;z ,e;J];jhd; Nrh~ypr FbauR
rNgfh; Mfpa ,U rNfhjuh;fs; fofk; vd;W ngah; khw;wk;
nghJ kf;fspd; frg;Gf;Fs;shd nra;jhh;.
,U gphpl;b~; mjpfhhpfis
irkd; fkp~d; vjph;gG;
nfhd;wpUe;jdh;. Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhty;Jiwahy;

1899k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; jhf;fg;gl;L gQ;rhg; rpq;fk; yhyh
,ufrpa mikg;G kpj;uh Nksh y[gjpuha; ,we;J (1928 mf;Nlhgh;
rthh;fh; rNfhjuh;fshy; 30ehs;) Nghdhh;. mjw;F
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gopthq;Fk; tpjkhf ,e;j

1904k; Mz;L tp.b. rthh;fh; mikg;ig Nrh;ej ; gfj;rpq; Mrhj;>
ehrpf;fpy; mgpdt ghuj; vd;w uh[FU MfpNahh; jbabia
mikg;gpd; ,ufrpa fofk; elj;jpa fhty; mjpfhhpahd
mikj;jhh;. rTd;lh; vd;gtiu Rl;bf;

,e;j mikg;gpd; cWg;gpdh; nfhd;wdh;.
kjd;thy; bq;fuh. ,th; ,e;jpa
gfj;rpq;> gp.Nf. lj; Mfpa
muR mjpfhhpahd fh;rd; tpy;yp ,UtUk; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
vd;gtiu ,q;fpyhe;jpy; 1909Mk; ghh;itahsh; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J
Mz;L [{iy 1k; ehs; ,uz;L ntbFz;il tPrpdh;.
Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;. mth;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
1931Mk; Mz;L khh;r; 23k;
tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ufrpa gfj;rpq;> Rf;Njt; uh[FUTk;
,af;fq;fs;: J}f;fpy; ,lg;gl;ldh;.

mDrPyd; rkpjp fy;fj;jhtpy;
,ufrpaf; ifjpfis
gpNue;jpuFkhh; Nfh~;> khpahijahf elj;Jk; nghUl;Lk;>
[bd;ej ; puehj; ghdh;[p>p> gpuNkhj rpiwapd; epiyia Nkk;gLj;jTk;
kpj;uh MfpNahuhy; 1902Mk; [l;bd;jh]; vd;gth; 63 ehl;fs;
Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. cz;zhtpukpUe;J caph;ej P j; hh;.

fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; lhf;fh
tq;fhsj;jpy; #hpahrd; vd;gth;
mDrPyd; rkpjp Gype;
Gype;jh]; rpl;l
; fhq; MAj fplq;fpy; 1930k;
vd;gtuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; GFe;J

mDrPyd; rkpjiar; Nrh;ej; MAjq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L
Fh;jpuhk; Ngh]; kw;Wk; gpu/g;yy ; h kPjpia mopf;fTk; nra;jhh;.
rhf;fpAk; Krhg;G+h; Mq;fpy
k[p];lN ; ul; fpq;]N; ghh;L ntspehl;by; gaq;futhjk;
vd;gtUf;F gjpyhf nfd;db
vd;gtiu Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 4

1905 ,yz;ldpy; rahk;[p
te;Nj khjuk; Nklk; fhkh>

fpU~;zth;kh ,e;jpa ghhp];
khzth;fSf;fhf ,e;jpah ,y;yk;
jy;thh; - tPue;jpuehj;
njhlq;fpdhh;. ,e;jpad; rl;Nlhgj;aha;> ngh;ypd;
r%ftpayh; vd;w ,jioAk;
fhjh; - fhjh; ,af;fk;>
elj;jpaJ. 1907 Mk; Mz;L rhd;gpuhrp];Nfh
,e;jpah,y;yk; tp.b. rh;thh;fuhy;
,e;J];jhd; tpLjiy
nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L jhuhfehj; jh];> ntd;Fah;
elj;jg;gl;lJ.

ghhp]py; Nklk; fhkhTk; fhq;fpu]pd; Muk;g
ngh;ypdpy; tPue;jpuehj;
rl;Nlhg;ahah ,ufrpa fofk; fhyfl;lk; (1885-
(1885-1905)
mikj;J ,af;fpdhh;.

1913Mk; Mz;L fhjh; ,af;fk; kpjthjpfs; fhyfl;lk;
Nrhfd;rpq; ghf;uhTk;> yhyh
`h;jahs;k; MfpNahuhy; A.v];.v.
Mq;fpNya muRf;Fk;
kw;Wk; fdlhtpy; grpgpf; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; Fe;jfk; Vw;glhky;
fiuNahukhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah;fspd; gpul;ridfis
ngUk;ghd;ikNahh; rPff ; pa Njhl;l jPhf
; f
; Tk;> epthuzq;fisg;
njhopyhsh;fshthh;fs;. ngwTk;> mjid Fwpj;J tpthjk;

fhjh; vd;w thuhe;jphpia cUJ> nra;J mikjpahd topapy;
kw;Wk; FUKfp nkhopapYk; ngWk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;Nlhh;fs;.;
Kjypy; ntspapl;ldh;. jPhk
; hdq;fSk; tpz;zg;gq;fSk;>

fhkhfhlkhU fg;gy; jhafk; rl;lhPjpahd topKiwfSk;
jpUk;gpNahh; gpur;rid fhjh; mth;fspd; toptifahf ,Ue;jJ.
fl;rpAld; njhlh;GilaJ.
kpjthj jiyth;fs; s;
gaq;futhj ,af;fj; fj;jpdhpd;
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p> vk;.[p.
Kf;fpa nray;fs; uhdNl> RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p>

1907Mk; Mz;L tq;fhsj;jpy; /g;nuhrh Nkj;jh> gf;UjPdj; pahg;[p
Jiz epiy MSeh; /g;y;yiu [p.Nf. NfhFNy> b. lgps;A+>
nfhy;y Kaw;rp nra;J ghr;rh> Mde;jNkhfd; Ngh];>
Njhy;tpaile;jhh;. uh~;gpfhh; Nfh~; MfpNahh;

jiyefiu nly;ypf;F khw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd jiyth;fshthh;fs;.
epfo;rr
; papy; 1912Mk; Mz;L
brk;gh; 23k; ehs; ele;jJ. md;W rhjidfs;
uh~;gpfhhpNgh]; ,e;jpa fth;dh;
kf;fsplk; Njrpa czh;it
n[duy; `hh;be; gpuGtpd; kPJ tsh;jJ ; murpay; fy;tpia
nly;yp Eiothapypy; Gfl;bdh;.
ntbFz;il tPrpdhh;.
[dehafk;> Njrpak; fUj;Jf;fis

[f;rd; ehrpf; Fw;wtpay; eLth; kf;fspilNa gpugyg;gLj;jpdhh;.
rhthh;ff ; iu jz;bj;jjhy; 1909
gphpl;b~pd; nghUshjhu
Mk; Mz;L Rl;Lf; Ruz;lhy;fis kf;fSf;F
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. njhpag;gLj;jpdh;.

nghJthd murpay;> nghUshjhu
Kf;fpa jPtputhj ,jo;fs; gpur;ridia itj;J kf;fis

Afd;jhh; ghpe;jpuFkhh; Nfh~; $l;b murpay; Nghuhl;lk; elj;j
ghpe;jpuFkhh; lj; 1906y; gapw;rp mspj;jdh;.
tq;fhsj;jpy; epWtpdh;.

re;jah 1906y; gpuNkhge;jg; jPtputhj fhyfl;lk; (1906-
(1906-18)
cgj;ah tq;fhsk;
kpjthjpfspd; nray;Kiwfspy;

fy; - kfhuhl;buh ek;gpf;if ,oe;J gphpl;b~; murpd;

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 5

mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs;> tq;fg;gphptpid (1905)

rPhn
; fl;l eph;thfKiw kw;Wk;
fh;rDf;F Kd;G tq;fg;
nghUshjhu Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhf gphptpidiag; gw;wpa jpl;lj;ij
jPtpukhf murpd; Nghf;if vjph;ff
; Kd;nkhope;jth; mrhk; jiyik
Kide;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;. Mz;ah; tpy;ypak; thh;l;
vd;gtuhthh;. 1874k; Mz;L
gphpl;b~; mlf;FKiwfs;: tq;fshj;jpypUe;J mrhik gphpf;f

murpw;F vjpuhd gpur;rhu MNyhrid toq;fpdhh;.
jilr;rl;lk; (1898)
tq;fhs uh[jhdpia jpwikahf

,e;jpa mYty; ,ufrpar; rl;lk; eph;tfpf;f Kbahj msTf;F
(1904) gj;jphpf;iffis nghpjhf ,Ue;jJ.
fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ.
fpof;F tq;fhsk; tsh;rr ; p Fd;wpa

muRf;F vjpuhf kf;fis epiyia Nghf;fp mjd;
J}z;bajhf jpy;fiu (1897) ifJ tsh;rr; pia Jhpjg;gLj;Jjy;.
nra;jJ.
cz;ikahd fhuzk; tsh;eJ ;

tprhuizapd;wp ehL fplj;jpaJ. tUk; Njrpa vOr;rpf;F tq;fhsk;
(1897) Kf;fpa Mjhukhf tpsq;fpaJ.

nfhLk; gQ;rj;jpw;Fk;> gpNsf; mij jil nra;tjw;F
Neha;fF; k; rhpahd epthuzk; tq;fg;gphptpidia muR nra;jJ.
toq;fhik
gphptpid jpl;lk; 1905Mk; Mz;L

fy;fj;jh gy;fiyfofr; rl;lk; mf;Nlhgh; 16Mk; ehs; mKYf;F
(1904) te;jJ.

fh;rd; gpuGtpd; tq;fg; gphptpid
(1905) gphptpid vjph;gG
; Nghuhl;lk;
k;

jPtputhjpfspd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;
gphptpid vjph;gG
; ,af;fk;
G+uz Rauh[;[pak; ngWtNj 1905Mk; Mz;L Mf];L 7k; ehs;
MFk;. fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s lTd;
`hypy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
jPtputhjpfspd; topKiwfs:;
1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16 gphptpidia

vjph;gG
; Kiwfs;: mKy; nra;j md;W Njrpa Jf;f
v.fh.xj;Jioahik> md;dpag; jpakhf mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
nghUl;fs; gfp~;fhpg;G
muRg;gzpfs; ePjpkd;wk;> gs;sp> RNjrp ,af;fk;
fy;Y}hpfs; Gwf;fzpg;G
tq;fhsj;jpy; jPtpukhf RNjrp

RNjrp ,af;fk; elj;Jjy; ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jdh;. gy

Gjpa Njrpa fy;tp Kiwia RNjrp nethiyfs; tq;fpfs;
gpd;gw;Wjy; MfpadthFk;. jpwf;fg;gl;ld. gp.rp. uha;

jpyfh; rka tpohf;fs; %yk; nghq;fy; nfkpf;fy; RNjrp
(tpehafh; tpoh (1893) rpth[p ];Nlhh; njhlq;fpdhh;.
tpoh (1895)) Njrpa
Gwf;fzpg;G ,af;fk;
xw;WikiaAk; kf;fspd; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ ntspehl;L
gq;Nfw;igAk;> murpay; nghUl;fs;> rh;ff ; iu> kUe;Jfs;>
fy;tpiaAk; ,jd; %yk; Jzpfs; Nghd;witfis
GFj;jpdh;. gad;gLj;jhky; jtph;gg ; J kl;Lk;

jkpo;ehl;by; t.c. rpjk;guk; my;yhky; vhpf;fTk; nra;jdh;.
gps;is mth;fs; RNjrp ];Bk;
ehL KOtJk; njhlh;eJ;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghuhl;lq;fshy;
NetpNfrd; fk;ngdp vd;w fg;gy; Nkw;F kw;Wk; fpof;F tq;fhsk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J epWtdj;ij 1911k; Mz;Lk; kPzL; k;
J}j;Jf;Fbapy; njhlq;fpdhh;. ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

Kjd;Kiwahf xU nghJ
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf kf;fs; jq;fs;

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 6

Nfhhpf;ifia epiwNtw;Wk;
fhty;Jiw eph;thfj;ij

Nehf;NfhL Nghuhbdhh;. Njrpa Nkk;gLj;j 1902y; fhty; FO
,af;fk; kf;fs; ,af;fkhf gpNurh; vd;gthpd; fPo;
cUntLj;jJ. mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

tq;fhsk; ,izf;fg;gl;l mNj
njhy;nghUs; Jiwia
rkak; gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhprh vd;w Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy;
,U Gjpa khepyq;fs; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. mjd; jiytuhf
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. rh;.[hd; khh;ry; vd;gtiu
epakpj;jhh;.

1904Mk; Mz;L Guhjdr;
fh;rd; gpuGtpd; eph;thfr; rpd;dq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk;
rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

gQ;rj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fis
,e;jpa ehzar; rl;lk; 1899Mk;
MAs; nra;a rh;. me;Njhzp Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb
kf;Nlhdy; vd;gth; jiyikapy; ,e;jpa &ghapd; kjpg;G jq;f
gQ;rk; gw;wpa FO mikj;jhh;. mstPlL ; Kiwf;F khw;wk;
me;j FO 1901y; mwpf;ifia nra;ag;gl;lJ.
rkh;gpj;jJ.
1904Mk; Mz;L $l;LwT fld;

1905y; gPfhhpy; cs;s G+rh rq;fq;fspd; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
vd;Dkplj;jpy; tptrha Muha;rr ; p
fofj;jpw;F mbf;fy; ehl;bdhh;. fhq;fpu]; #uj; gpsTk; - yf;Ndh

ghrd trjpia ngUf;fTk; ,izTk;
mjw;fhd rhj;jaf;$Wfis
1907Mk; Mz;L $l;lk; ehfGhpapy;
MuhaTk; rh;.Nthg;gpd; ];fhh;l; eilngWtjhf ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh;
khd;fphpg; vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; jPtputhjpfspd; nry;thf;F kpf;f
1901y; ghrd trjpf;FO ,lk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; $l;lj;jpd;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,lk; #uj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

thzpgk; kw;Wk; njhopy; Jiwia
1907y; brk;gh; 26> 27 Mfpa
1905y; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ,uz;L ehl;fspYk; $l;lq;fspy;

uapy;Nt eph;thfj;ij rPhg
; Lj;j Fog;gk; eilngw;wJ. brk;gh;
,uapy;Nt FOit rh;jhk]; 28Mk; ehs; lhf;lh;. uh~;gpfhhp
,uhgh;rr; d; vd;gth; jiyikapy; Nfh~pd; jiyikapy;
epakpj;jhh;. kpjthjpfSk;> mutpe;jNfh~pd;

fy;tpj;Jiwapd; FiwghLfis jiyikapy; jPtputhjpfSk;
fisa fy;tpf;FO xd;iw rh; jdpj;jdpNa $bdhh;. ,JNt #uj;
jhk]; ,uhNg vd;gthpd; gpsT vdg;gLfpwJ.
jiyikapy; 1901y; ghrd
trjpf;FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. yf;Ndh
Ndh ,izT

thzpgk; kw;Wk; njhopy; Jiwia
#uj; gpsTf;F gpd;G fhq;fpu];
1905y; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. nray;ghL Fd;wpaJ. jpyfh;

uapy;Nt eph;thfj;ij rPhg
; Lj;j rpiwapypUe;j NghJ jPtputhjpfs;
,uapy;Nt fy;tpf;FO xd;iw rh; nraypoe;J epd;whh;.
jhk]; ,uhNg vd;gthpd; fPo; xU
jpyfUk;> NfhFNyAk; Nkw;nfhz;l
FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,izg;G Kaw;rp

mf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb /g;Nuh~hNkj;jhtpd; vjph;gg
; hy;
1904Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpag; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; rl;lk;
1916k; Mz;L yf;Ndhtpy; $ba
cUthapw;W. fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; kpjthjpfSk;

fhty;Jiw eph;thfj;ij jPtputhjpfSk; ,ize;jdh;.
Nkk;gLj;j 1902y; fhty; FO ,jw;F jpyfUk;> md;dpngrd;lL ; k;
gpNurh; vd;gthpd; fPo; ngUk; gq;fhw;wpdh;.
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 7

K];yk P ; yPff; pd; Njhw;wk; gPuhh; gFjpfspy; nray;gl;L 14>000

tq;fhs ehthg; rypKy;yhf;fhd; cWg;gpdh;fis ngw;wJ.
,e;jpa K];yk P ; kf;fSf;fhd
md;dpngrd;l; jpyfhpd; gFjp
mikg;G mikf;Fk; Nahridia ePqf; yhf kw;w midj;J ,e;jpag;
ntspapl;lhh;. mjd;gb 1906Mk; gFjpfspYk; nray;gl;lJ. 27>000
Mz;L brk;gh; 30Mk; ehs; mfpy cWg;gpdh;fis ngw;wJ.
,e;jpa K];yk P ; yPf;
nrd;bd; jd;dhl;rp fofj;jpw;F
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; epue;jpu lgps;A+.gp thbahTk; mUz;NlYk;
jiytuhf Mfhfhd; nghpJk; ghLgl;ldh;.
Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
ntyd;ild; rpNuhy; vd;gth;
jpyfiu gw;wp vOjpa ghjh; Mg;

kpd;Nlh khh;yp rPhj
; pUj;jk; ,e;jpd; md;nu];l; ; Gj;jfj;i
; j

1909k; Mz;L ,e;jpa tptfhur; vjph;jJ; tof;F njhlu jpyfh;
nrayh; khh;yp gpuG ,e;jpa ,yz;ld; nrd;wjhy; jpyfhpd;
rl;lkd;wq;fspy; rPhj
; pUj;jk; ,af;fk; jiyik ,y;yhky;
nra;ag; Nghtjhf mwptpj;jhh;. nraypoe;jJ.

mur jPtputhjpfisAk;>
gaq;futhjpfisAk; mlf;fpaJ. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd;
kpjthjpfis Mjhpj;J ghpR Muk;gfhy fl;lk;
toq;fpaNj ,e;j rPhj ; pUj;jk;.

fhe;jpapd; tsh;rr; pf;F fhuzq;fs;

l njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; 1893-1914
r tiu mth; ngw;w mDgtk;.

fhe;jp 1916Mk; Mz;L
mfkjhghj;jpy; rgh;kjp
yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; 1916 Mrpukj;ij epWtpdhh;: mjd;%yk;
mjd; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F

1916y; yf;Ndh khehl;bd; NghJ cz;ikiaAk; kw;Wk;
fhq;fpu]{k; - K];yk P ; yPfF
; k; mfpk;iriaAk; gapw;Wtpj;jhh;.
xg;ge;jk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
nghJf;fUj;Jld; murpay; rk;gpuhd; rj;jpahfpufk:
pahfpufk:;
rPhj
; pUj;jj;ij ngw Kay;tJk;
gpujpepjpj;Jt murhq;fj;ij
,e;jpahtpd; fhe;jpapd; Kjy;
kj;jpapYk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. murpay; Nrhjid Nghuhl;lkhf
Nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;f mike;jJ.
Ntz;Lk; vd;W NfhhpaJ.

20Mk; E}w;whz;by; rpd;jl;bf;
rhak; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpwF
,z;bNfh mjd; re;ij kjpg;ig
,oe;jJ. Mdhy; Njhl;l
mjpgh;fs; ,z;bNfh tptrhapfis
tpLtpf;fhky; epyFj;jifia
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; 1916 mjpfhpj;Jk; NkYk; rl;lG+h;tkw;w
topapy; tpLtpf;f fl;lzk;

jpyfh; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij t#ypj;jdh;.
1916k; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk;
,jid vjph;jJ; ,uh[;Fkhh;
njhlq;fpdhh;. md;dpngrd;l; Rf;yhTk; ~k;ghP ; KfkJTk;
1916Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; khjk; fhe;jpa mioj;jdh;.
njhlq;fpdhh;.
fhe;jp vjph;jJ; ,uh[;Fkhh;

jpyfhpd; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; Rf;yhTk; ~k;ghP ; KfkJTk;
kfhuh~;buk; (gk;gha; ePqf ; yhf) fhe;jpia mioj;jdh;.
fh;ehlfk;> kj;jpa khepyk; kw;Wk;

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 8

fhe;jp rk;guhDf;F gPfhh;> kj;jpa khfhzk;> m];]hk;

,uhN[e;jpugpurhj;> kh];`h; - cy;; Mfpa vl;L khepyq;fspy;
- `{f; fpUghyhdp kw;Wk; ,ul;ilahl;rp mKy;
kfhNjt; Njrha; cld; nrd;W nra;ag;gl;lJ.
tprhuhiz nra;jhh;. Muk;gj;jpy;
kj;jpapy; ,uz;L mitfs;
muR fhe;jpia vjph;jj ; J. gpd;dh; cila rl;lrig
mtiuNa tprhuiz FOtpw;F cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. khepyq;fs;
cWg;gpduhf epakpj;jJ. mit> kj;jpa rl;lkpaw;Wk; rig.

jPdf
; hj;jpfh Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
,yz;ldpy; Gjpjhf ,e;jpa cah;
tptrhapfsplk; Kiwaw;W t#y; Mizah; gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
nra;ag;gl;l njhifapy; 35%
Cjpa cah;it mspf;f
Kd;te;jdh;. fhe;jpapd; jPtpu nray;ghLfs;

Nfjh rj;jpafpufk; 1918: nusyl; rl;lKk; [hypad;

Nfjh khtl;lj;jpy; (F[uhj;) thyhghf; gLnfhiyAk;
gLnfhiyAk
Vw;gl;l twl;rpapd; fhuzkhf
cyfg;Nghh; Kbe;jTld;
tptrhapfs; thpjs;Sgbia gaq;futhjj;ij mlf;Fk;
murplk; Ntz;bdh;. Mdhy; muR Kaw;rpapy; ePjpgjp rpl;dp nusyl;
thpia js;Sgb nra;ahky; jiyikapy; 1917 brk;gh; 10k;
thpt#y; nra;a gyhj;fhuj;ij ehs; xU FO mike;jJ. me;j
gad;gLj;jpaJ. FO 1918 Vg;uy; 15Mk; ehs;

fhe;jp tptrhapfsplk; thpnfhLf;f mwpf;ifia rkh;gpj;jJ.
Ntz;lhk; vd;W miog;G
mjd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb 1919 khh;r;
tpLj;jjhy; Mq;fpy muR gyj;ij 18Mk; ehs; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
gad;gLj;jp gpd;dh; thp t#iy mr;rl;lj;jpd;gb>
epWj;jp itf;f ,ufrpa
rpwg;G ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gLk;.
Mizia gpwg;gpj;jJ. Mifahy;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,ufrpa tprhuiz
F[uhj; tptrhapfsplk; fhe;jpapd; elj;jg;gLk;.
Gfo; ngUfpaJ.
tprhuizapd;wp xUtiu ,uz;L

,;ej; %d;W Nghul;lq;fSf;F Mz;L fhyk; rpiwapy;
fhe;jpf;F ntw;wpia itf;fyhk;.
Njbf;nfhLj;jjhy; mth; mfpy
eph;thf mjpfhhpfs; vtiuAk;
,e;jpa jiyth; epiyia re;Njfj;jpd; Nghpy; ifJ
mile;jhh;. midtuhYk; nra;ayhk;.
Vw;W
; f;nfhs;sg;gl;lhh;.
nusyl; rl;lj;ij fUg;G kNrhjh
vd;W mioj;jdh;.
khz;NlF nrk;]N ; ghh;l;
,e;j rl;lj;ij fhe;jpabfs;
rPhj
; pUj;jk; vjph;jJ
; rhj;tfP g; Nghul;lj;ij

vl;tpd; khz;NlF vd;W Gjpa njhlq;fpdhh;.
,e;jpa tptfhuj;Jiw nrayh;
1919k; Mz;L khh;r; 30k; ehs;
,e;jpa Njrpathjpfis rj;jpahfpuf ehshf ehnlq;Fk;
mikjpgLj;j 1917Mk; Mz;L mDrhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Mf];l; 20Mk; ehs; murpd; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;. gpd;dh;
eph;thff; nfhs;ifia (Mf];L nrd;idapy; itj;J rj;jpahfpuf
mwpf;if) mwptpj;jhh;. ehis Vg;uy; 6f;F js;sp

1919Mk; Mz;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;gb itj;jhh;.
khepyq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

1921Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; Kjy;
nusyl; rl;lj;jpid vjph;jJ
;
ehspypUe;J nrd;id> tq;fhsk;> ele;j rj;jpahfpufj;ij xl;b
gk;gha;> If;fpa khfhzk;> gQ;rhg;> gQ;rhg;gpd; Gfo;kpf;f

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 9

jiyth;fshfpa lhf;lh; irGjPd;
Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;F Kd;G

fpl;RYTk; lhf;lh; rj;jpa ghYk; ,Ue;j epiyapNyNa JUf;fpapy;
ehLflj;jg;gl;ldh;. Nguurpd; vy;iyfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl

,jid fz;bj;J kf;fs; Ntz;Lk;.
Nghul;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. muR
JUf;fp Ry;jhdpd; rkaj;jiyik
fLikahd mlf;FKiwia Ml;rp mjpfhuk; ,uz;Lk;
ifahz;lNjhL> kdpj chpikfs; Kd;gpUe;jgbNa cWjpnra;ag;gl
kpf nfhba Kiwapy; kPwg;gl;lJ. Ntz;Lk;.

murpd; fPoj; j
; ukhd
fpyhgj; khehL 1919 nrg;lk;gh;
mlf;FKiwfis fz;bj;J 21Mk; ehs; yf;Ndhtpy;
1919Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 13k; ehs; eilngw;wJ. myp rNfhjh;fSk;
igrhfp jpdj;jd;W [hypad; KfkJ myp> ~Tf;fj; myp
thyhghf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; %d;W nksyhdh mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;Jk;
gf;fk; Kba xU G+q;fhtpy; nghJ mk;khehl;bd; Kf;fpa
$l;lk; ele;jJ. jiyth;fshth;.

nghJf;$l;lk; eilngw;W
1919Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 17k;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ n[duy; ehs; fpyhgj; jpdkhf ehL
lah; ve;j xU Kd;dwptpg;Gk; KOtJk; miog;G
,d;wp Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl tpLtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
cj;jutpl;lhh;. murpd;
,uz;lhtJ fpyhgj; khehL
mwpf;ifapd;gb 379Ngh; ,we;jdh;. nly;ypapy; 1919Mk; Mz;L
Mdhy; 1000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhh; etk;gh; 23> 24Mk; ehs;
,we;jdh;. eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; fhe;jpabfs;

,e;jpah KOtjpYk; ,e;j $l;lj; jiytuhf Njh;eJ
;
nfh^ur;nray; fz;bf;fg;gl;lJ. vLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,utpue;jpu ehj; jh$h; iel;`l P ;
gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhh;. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (1919-
(1919-1922)

,g;gLnfhiy gw;wp tprhuiz
nra;a xOq;fpd;ik tprhuiz
fhe;jpapd; mwpf;ifapd;gb fpyhgj;
FOit ePjpgjp `z;lh; gpuGtpd; khehL epakpj;j FO
jiyikapy; mikj;jJ. FOtpd; xj;Jioahik jpl;lj;ij gw;wpa
7 cWg;gpdh;fspy; %th; mwpf;ifia rkh;gpj;jJ.
,e;jpah;fshth;fs;.
me;j mwpf;ifapd;gb

7.fhq;fpu]{k; tprhuiz FOit eltbf;ifia vLf;f
epakpj;jJ. Nkhjpyy; NeU> rp.Mh;. fy;fj;jhtpy; yhyh y[gjpuha;
jh];> kfhj;kh fhe;jp mjd; jiyikapy; 1920Mk; Mz;L
cWg;gpdh;fshthh;fs;. nrg;lk;gh; 4Mk; ehs; rpwg;Gf;$lk;
$l;lg;gl;lJ xj;Jioahik
jPhk
; hdk; epiwNtwg;gl;lJ.
fpyhgj; ,af;fk; (1919) xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpw;fhd

nrt;u~; cld;gbf;if JUf;fpia fhuzk;
fhuzk;
J}z;bajhy; ,e;jpa K];yk P f
; s;
[hypad; thyghf; gLnfhiyAk;
gphpl;b~; Nguurpd; kPJ NfhgKk;> mJgw;wp tprhuiz nra;j
ntWg;Gk; nfhz;ldh;. mjd; `z;lh; FOtpd; Nkk;Nghf;fhd
tpisNt fpyhgj; ,af;fkhFk;. mwpf;ifAk;.

fpyhgj; gpur;rid Rauh[;[pa
Nehf;fk;
k; Nfhhpf;ifiaAk; Nrh;jJ;

fpyhgj; ,af;fk; ,uz;L xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ijAk;
mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fis gphpl;b~; muRf;F vjpuhf
nfhz;lJ. Muk;gpj;jhh;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 10

jpl;lk;
1923k; Mz;L 1k; ehspy;

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; Neh;kiw fhq;fpu]; - fpyhgj;
kw;Wk; vjph;kiw jpl;lk; Rauh[;[paf;fl;rp rp.Mh;.jhi]
,uz;ilAk; nfhz;lJ. jiytuhfTk;> Nkhjpyhy; NeUit

Neh;kiwj;jpl;lj;jpy; RNjrp> fjh; nrayhshuhfTk; nfhz;L
E}w;wy;> nea;jy; Cf;Ftpj;jy;> Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
jPzl ; hik ePff; k; %yk; rKjhar;
1923k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 14k; ehs;
rkj;Jtk;> ,e;J K];yk P ; xw;Wik Njh;jy; mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ.
Mfpait mlq;Fk;. Njh;jypy; tq;fhsk;> gk;gha;>

vjph;kiw jpl;lj;jpy; rl;lkd;w gPfhh;> If;fpa khfhzj;jpYk;
ePjpkd;w> fy;tpepiya NghyP]>; kpfnghpa ntw;wpia ngw;wJ.
,uhZtg; Gwf;fzpg;G> tpNjrpa gQ;rhg;> xhp]h> nrd;id
nghUs; tpyf;fk;> thpnfhlhik khepyq;fspy; kl;LNk
Mfpait mlq;Fk;. ngUk;ghd;ik ngwtpy;iy.

etk;gh; 1921- gpg;uthp 1922
jkpofj;jpy; v];.rj;jpa%h;jj ; papd;

fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; G+uz jiyikapy; fhq;fpu]; fpyhgj;
Rauh[;[paj;ijf; Nfhhpdh;. fhe;jp Rauh[;[pafl;rp mWjpg;
thpnfhlhik ,af;fj;ij ngUk;ghd;ikia nrd;idapy;
gh;Njhypapy;> Muk;gpf;f miog;G ngw;wJ.
tpLj;jhh;.
1925 y; rp.Mh;.jh]; ,we;j gpd;G
Rauh[;[pafl;rp mjd;
xj;Jioahikia ,af;fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,oe;jJ.
tpyf;fp nfhs;sg;gly;
ly;
Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpapdNu

1922 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp 5k; ehs; Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;jpa murpay;
nrshp nrsuh vd;w ,lj;jpy; mikg;G mikf;f tl;lNki[
tpNjrp nghUl;fs; Gwf;fzpg;G khehl;il $l;lNtz;Lnkd xU
Nghuhl;lj;ij xl;b vOe;j jPhk; hdj;jpd; %yk;
td;Kiwapy; 22 fhtyh;fSk;> Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ldh;.
fhty;epiyaKk; jPff
; piuf;F
,th;fspd; Ntz;Ljypd; Nghpy;
cs;shdJ. mij njhlh;eJ; khz;NlF nrk;]N ; ghh;L
fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik rPhj
; j; pUj;jjpd; eilKiw
,af;fj;ij epWj;jpdhh;. nray;ghLfis Muha ,q;fpyhe;J

gh;Njhypapy; 1922k; Mz;L gpg;uthp mnyf;rhz;lh; Kl;bkd;
12k; ehs; $ba fhq;fpu]; jiyikapy; xU FOit
nraw;FO fhe;jpapd; mDg;gpitj;jJ.
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij
,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1919Mk;
epWj;jaij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. Mz;L nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J gphpT
84d; gb 10 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J
(1929) xU rl;lFO mikj;J
papdh;
Rauh[;[pa fl;rpapdh; rl;lj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;Jk;
Rahl;rp mikf;f ,Uf;Fk;

rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Eiotjw;F rp.Mh;. rhj;jpa $Wfs; gw;wp Ma;T
jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU> tpj;jy;gha; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
gl;Nly; Nghd;Nwhh;fs; MjuT Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fUj;ijf; nfhz;ldh;.
mjd;gbNa Mdhy; ,uz;L

1922k; Mz;L fhahtpy; $ba Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng Ma;T
fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; mjd; nra;a VO cWg;gpdh;fis
jiytuhd rp.Mh;. jh]; nfhz;l gphpl;b~; ghuhSkd;w
(rpj;juQ;rd; jh];) rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fis rh; [hd; irkd;
EioT gw;wpa jPhk
; hdj;ij (ypguy;fl;rp) jiyikapy; 1927k;
nfhzh;ej ; hh;. Mdhy; jPhk
; hdk; Mz;L etk;gh; 26k; ehs;
Njhy;tpaile;jJ. mike;jJ.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 11

Mdhy; K];yk P ; yPfF

; ld; fUj;J
irkd; vjph;gG; f;F fhuzk; NtWghL Vw;gl;lJ. ,dr;rpf;fy;

FOtpy; xUth; $l ,e;jpah; gw;wpa tp~aNk MFk;.
,y;iy.

FOtpd; mikg;G ,e;jpah;fSf;F G+uz Rauh[;[paj; jPhk
; hdk;
hdk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;ig gw;wpa
1929k; Mz;L yh$hpy; $ba
Kbtpy; fye;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhq;fpu]; khehl;bw;F [t`h;yhy;
chpikia kiwKfkhf NeU jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.
kWf;fpwJ vd;Wk; Fw;wk;
1929k; Mz;L brk;gh; 31k; ehs;
rhl;bdhh;fs;. eLeprp Ntisapy; ,uhtp
vjph;gG
; Mw;wq;fiuapy; %tz;z

1927k; Mz;L brk;ghpy; Njrpaf;nfhbia [th;`h;yhy;
nrd;idapy; md;rhhp jiyikapy; NeU Vw;wpdhh;.
fhq;fpu]; $baJ.
1930Mk; Mz;L [dthp 26k; ehs;

irkid jpUk;gpNgh vd;w g+uz Rje;jpu jpdkhf mwptpj;J
Nfh~kpl;L fUg;G nfhbia g+uz Rje;jpu gpufldj;ij
fhl;bdh;. ntspapl;lhh;.

yh$hpy; yhyhy[gjpuha;
jiyikapy; eilngw;w k;
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;
Mh;ghl;lj;jpy; fhty; mjpfhhp
1930 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthpapy;
rhz;lh;]; jiyikapy; fhtyh;fs; rgh;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; $ba
jbab elj;jpdhh;. mjpy; fhq;fpu]pd; nraw;FO Gjpa fl;l
yhyhy[gjpuha; jiyapYk; rl;lkWg;G Nghul;lj;ij fhe;jpia
fLk;fhak; Vw;gl;lJ. mjd; jiyikNaw;W ele;j midj;J
fhuzkhf mth; jd; ,d;Dapiu mjpfhuj;ijAk; toq;fpaJ.
ePjj
; hh;.

irkd;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia jz;bahj;jpiu
1930Mk; Mz;L Nk 27k; ehs;
1930Mk; Mz;L khh;r; 12k; ehs;
rkh;gpj;jJ. mjd; 78 Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l Mrpukr;
mbg;gilapNyNa ,q;fpyhe;jpy; rPlh;fSld; rgh;kjpapypUe;J
%d;W tl;lNkir khehL 385fp.kP njhiytpy; jz;bf;F ghj
eilngw;wJ. ahj;jpiuahfg; Gwg;gl;lhh;.

24ehl;fs; eilg;gazj;Jf;F
NeU mwpf;if gpd;dh; Vg;uy; 5k; ehs; fhiy

irkd;FOtpd; tUiff;F fhe;jpabfs; jz;bia mile;jhh;.
,e;jpah;fspd; vjph;gi ; g njhlh;eJ; mLj;jehs; mjhtJ Vg;uy; 6k;
mg;NghJ ,e;jpa nrayuhf ehs; fhiy fhe;jpabfs;
,Ue;j gph;fd; n`l; gpuG vd;gth; jz;bia mile;jdh;. mLj;jehs;
,e;jpahtpy; vy;yhj; mjhtJ Vg;uy; 6k; ehs;
jug;gpduhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sfpw fhiyapy; cg;ig ms;sp cg;Gr;
tifapy; Xh; murpaiyg;gpid rl;lj;ij kPwp rj;jpahfpufj;ijj;
,e;jpah; jahhpj;J fhl;ll;LNk Jtq;fpdhh;.
ghh;ff; yhk; vd;W rthy; tpl;lhh;.
jkpo;ehl;by;rp. uh[Nfhghyr;rhhpah;

kPzL ; k; 1928Mk; Mz;L Nk 19k; E}W njhz;lh;fSld; jpUr;rpapy;
ehs; gk;ghapy; $ba ,Ue;J Ntjhuz;aj;jpw;F nrd;W
gpujpepjpfspd; $l;lk; murpay; cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwpdhh;.
mikg;gpid cUthf;f Nkhjpyhy;
b. gpufhrKk;> Nf. ehNf];tuhTk;
NeU jiyikapy; xU FOtpid nkhpdh flw;fiuapy; cg;G
mikj;jJ. mjpy; xd;gJ rj;jpahfpufk; nra;jdh;.
cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.
1930Mk; Mz;L Nk 4k; ehs;
fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Vuthlh
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 12

mjd; gpd;G rNuh[pehAL iftpl;lhh;. mlf;FKiwia

jiyikNaw;W mtUk; jh;rdh ifahz;lhh;.
cg;Gkz;b Kw;Wifapy; ifJ
thpnfhlhf; fpsh;rr ; papy; <Lgl;l
nra;ag;gl;lhh;. NeU> n~h;thdp> Nghd;NwhUk;>
tq;fhsj;jpy; Rgh];re;jpuNghRk;
Kjy; tl;lNkir khehL (1930) muRf;nfjpuhd

Kjy; tl;l Nkir khehL eltbf;iffSf;fhf ifJ
,yz;ldpy; njhlq;fpaJ. nra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;.
fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy.
,itahTk; fhe;jp yz;ldpy;

1930 etk;gh; 12 Kjy; 1931 ,Ue;jNghJ eilngw;witahFk;.
[dthp 19 tiu Kjy; tl;l fhe;jp ,e;jpah jpUk;gpaTld;
Nkir khehL eilngw;wJ. it];uhia re;jpf;f Nkw;nfhz;l

89 gpujpepjpfs; fye;Jf;nfhz;ldh; Kaw;rpafs; gyd; mspf;ftpy;iy.
gphpl;b~; gpujkh; uhk;Nr kf; Mifahy; fhe;jp kPzL; k;
nlhdhy;L jiyik jhq;fpdhh;. rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij 1932k;
Mz;L [dthp 3k; ehs;
fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; cld;gbf;if (1931) Jtq;fpdhh;.

,e;jpahtpy; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;
fhe;jp Vuthlh rpiwapy;
jPtpukile;jjhy; it];uha; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,h;tdP ; fhe;jpiaAk; gpw
nraw;FO cWg;gpdh;fisAk; tFg;G thhpj; jPhT
;
tpLjiy nra;jhh;.
,uz;lhk; tl;l khehl;by; tFg;G

rhg;U> nraf;fh; rPdpthr rh];jphp thhpj; jPhT ; Fwpj;J cld;ghL
mth;fspd; Kaw;rpahy; fhe;jp Vw;glhjjhy; gphpl;b~; gpujkh;
,h;tdP ; gpuGit re;jpf;f kfnlhdhy;L jdJ tFg;G thhpj;
rk;kjpj;jhh;. mjd; fhuzkhf jPhi
; t Mf];l; 17k; ehs;
fhe;jp ,h;td P ; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. mwptpj;jhh;.

mjw;nfjpuhf fhe;jpabfs; rhFk;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; rhuhk;rk; cz;zhtpujj;ij 1932k; Mz;L

gfj;rpq; kw;Wk; mtuJ nrg;lk;gh; 20Mk; ehs; Jtq;fpdhh;.
$l;lhspfs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l
kuz jz;lizia Fiwf;f dhxg;ge;jk;
,e;e xg;ge;jk; tifnra;atpy;iy
,e;j cld;ghL 1932 nrg;lk;gh;
vd;Wk; Nghul;lj;jpd; NghJ ele;j 26k; ehs; nly;ypapYk;
Nghhpy;> ,uhZt mj;JkPwy;fs; ,yz;ldpYk; murhy; Vw;fg;gl;L
gw;wp vJTk; $whjjhy; xg;ge;jk; xNu rkaj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
gw;wp kf;fspilNaAk;
jiyth;fsplKk; vjph;gG ; ,Ue;jJ. %d;whtJ tl;lNkir khehL

1932k; Mz;L etk;gh; 17Kjy;
,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehL brk;gh; 24tiu eilngw;wJ.
(1931)
fhq;fpu]; mjpy;

,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehL fye;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
,yz;ldpy; 1931k; Mz;L
%d;W tl;lNkir khehL gw;wpa
nrg;lk;gh; 7Kjy; brk;gh; 1k; Njjp nts;is mwpf;ifia 1933 khh;r;
tiu eilngw;wJ. khjk; gphpl;b~; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy; mjd; xNu rkh;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
gpujpepjpahf fhe;jpabfs; fye;J mbg;gilapNyNa 1935k; Mz;L
nfhz;lhh;. ,e;jpa murhq;fr;rl;lk;
kPzL; k; Nghuhl;lk; (1932 [dthp3) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

,h;tdP ; gpuGTf;F gpd;G
fhe;jp 1934 Nk 20k; ehs; rl;l
itu];uhahf te;j nty;ypq;ld; kWg;G ,af;fj;ij epue;jukhf
gpuG fhe;jp - ,h;td P ; xg;ge;jj;ij epWj;jptpl;lhh;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 13

,e;jpa it];uha; ypd;ypj; gpuG

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; mjd; khepy ,e;jpa jiyth;fis fye;J
murhq;fq;fSk; Sk; MNyhrid nra;ahky;

1935k; Mz;L rl;lj;ij fhq;fpu]; ,e;jpahit Nghhpy; <LgLj;jpdhh;.
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shtpl;lhYk; Njh;jypy;
,e;j nts;is mwpf;ifapy;
Nghl;bapl KbT nra;jJ. jpUg;jpailahky; fhq;fpu];

1937k; Mz;L eilngw;w Njh;jypy; Ml;rpnra;j midj;J
fhq;fpu]; If;fpa khfhzk;> khepyq;fspYk; gjtp tpyfpaJ.
kj;jpa khfhzk;> nrd;id> gPfhh;> NkYk; Nghh; eltbf;iffis
xhp];]h Mfpa 5 khepyq;fspy; vjph;j
; j
; J.
mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;wJ.
fhq;fpu]; muR gjtp tpyfpa

gk;gha;> m];]hk;> tlNkw;F jpdj;jpid K];yk P ; yPf; tpbT
vy;iy khfhzk; Mfpa ehs; Mf nfhz;lhbaJ.
khepyq;fspy; jdpg;ngUk;
fl;rpahf ntw;wpg;ngw;wJ. Mf];L nfhil

gQ;rhg;gpy; A+dpadp];L fl;rp
ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG 1940 Mk; Mz;L
ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;ijg; ngw;wJ. 8k; ehs; xU mwptpg;ig

tq;fhsj;jpy; K];yk P ; gpu[hfl;rp ntspapl;lhh;. ,JNt Mf];L
(41,lq;fs;) K];yk P ; yPf; (40) nfhil vdg;gl;lJ.
Nrh;eJ; K];yk P ; Ml;rpia
Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l jiyth;fSk;>
epWtpdh;. jpahfpfs; kl;LNk jdpg;gl;l

fhq;fpu]; 7 khepyq;fspy; Kiwapy; rl;lkwpay; ,af;fj;jpy;
Ml;rpia epWtpaJ. nkhj;jk; 11 <Lgl mDkjpf;fg;ngw;wdh;.
khepyq;fspy; 4 khepyq;fspy; gpw ,JNt jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk;
fl;rpapdh; Ml;rpia mikj;jhh;. vdg;gl;lJ.

rpe;Jtpy; kl;LNk K];yk P ; yPf;
1940k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 17k; ehs;
fl;rp Ml;rp mikj;jJ. jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufg;
m];]hkpy; K];yk P ; $l;lzp muR Nghuhl;lj;ij fhe;jp
epWtg;gl;lJ. njhlq;fpitj;jhh;.

khey fhq;fpu]; muRfis
Kjy; jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufpahf
xUq;fpizj;J jiyikaplj;jpd; tpNdhghtpw;Fk; mtiu njhlh;eJ ;
fl;Lf;Fs; itf;fTk; xUkpj;j [t`h;yhy;NeU> ty;ygha;
Ml;rp vy;yh khepy gl;NlYf;Fk; jdpegh;
muRf;fSf;fpilNa Vw;glTk; rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
1937k; Mz;L khh;r; xU
ghuhSkd;wj;Jizf; FOit fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO 1942k; Mz;L

,e;j FOit fhq;fpu]; Nkyplk; khh;r; 22k; ehs; ,e;jpah te;J
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; Nrh;ej; J.
,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; nksyhdh nts;isaNd ntspNaW
nts; ntspNaW
Mrhj;> ty;ygha; gl;Nly; ,af;fk;
MfpNahh; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fs;.
Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; [g;ghd;

Rahl;rg;ngw;w khepy muRfs;> MjuthsuhfTk;> [t`h;yhy;
epyr;rPhj
; j
; pUj;jk;> kJtpyf;F> NeU gphpl;lDld; rkur Ngr;R
fy;tp> mhp[d eyd; Kd;Ndw;wk; thh;ji; jia Jtf;fTk; ,uh[h[p
vd;W gy jpl;lq;fis Njrpa murhq;fj;ij mikf;fTk;
nray;gLj;jpdhh;. typAWj;jpdh;.

fhe;jp jdJ jhf;fkhd Kbit
,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk; fhq;fpu]; Kbiy mhp[d; gj;jphpf;ifapy;
fl;rpAk;
pAk; vOjpdhh;. gphpl;ld; ,e;jpahit

1939k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; Kjy;ehs; tpl;L ntspNawpdhy; [g;ghd;>
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; %z;lJ. ,e;jpahit jhf;Ftjw;fhd

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 14

Kfhe;jpuk; vJTk; ,Uf;fhJ
,jd; mbg;gilapy; mikr;ruit

vd;gij vOjp gphpl;ld; ntspNaw J}Jf;FOit ,e;jpa
Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij tptfhuj;Jiw nrayh; ngjpf;
tpsf;fpdhh;. yhuz;]; gpuG th;jj ; f mikr;rh;

mj;jhP k
; hdk; xU rpy rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;]; flw;gil
khw;wq;fSld; gk;ghapy; $ba mikr;rh; V.tp. mnyf;rhz;lh;
mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b MfpNahUk; ,e;jpa it];uha;
Mf];l; 7-8 (1942)k; ehs; Ntty; gpuGTk; ,;lk; ngw;wdh;.
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

mj;jhP k
; hdk; epiwNtwpa ,uT ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk;
my;yJ mjw;F kWehs;
mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOtpd;
mjpfhiyapy; fhe;jp ifJ ghpe;Jiuapd;gb ,ilf;fhy muR
nra;ag;gl;lhh;. vd;fpw FWfpa fhyj;jpl;lj;jpid
nray;gLj;jp Ntty;
,uh[h[p jpl;lk; (1944) eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

Nghh;ff
; hyj;jpy; fhq;fpu];
gpd;dh; Ntty; xU jpl;lj;jpid
,ilf;fhy Njrpa muir 1964y; [{d; 16y; ntspapl;L
mikg;gjw;F K];yk
P ; yPf; mjd;gb murikf;fg;gLk; vd;whh;.
xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk;. fhq;fpu]; ,jid vjph;jj
; J.

[pd;dh ,e;j jpl;lj;ij gpd;dh; mikr;riuit
epuhfhpj;jhh;. J}Jf;FOtpd; ePz;lfhyj;
jpl;lj;jpid Vw;W ,ilf;fhy
[pd;dh fhe;jp re;jpg;G murpy; gq;Nfw;f rk;kjpj;jJ.

1944k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 9Kjy;
1946k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 2k; ehs;
27k; Njjptiu eilngw;wJ. K];yk P ; yPf; ,y;yhky; fhq;fpu];

[pd;dh fhe;jpia Kjd; ,ilf;fhy muir mikj;jJ.
Kiwahf kfhj;kh vd;W
1946y; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 25k;
mioj;jhh;. fhe;jp [pd;dhit ehs; K];yk P ; yPf; ,ilf;fhy
fha;Nj m]hk; vd;whh;. murpy; Nrh;ej ; J.

[pd;dh jdJ ,Uehl;L
nfhs;ifapy; tplhg;gpbahf
,Ue;jhh;.

Ntty; jpl;lk; (1945) Neub eltbf;if ehs; (16

Mf];l; 1946)

gphpl;b~; gpujkh; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
tptfhur; nrayUld; ,e;jpa
,ilf;fhy murpy; NrukWj;j yPf;
murpay; epiyg;gw;wp tpthjpj;J 1946k; Mz;L Mf];;l; 16k; ehs; -
xU jpl;lj;ij 1945 [{iy 14y; I Neub eiltbf;if ehshf
thndhyp ciuapy; ntspapl;ldh;. kw;Wk; fUg;G jpdkhf nfhz;lhl
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. Mq;fpy
rpk;yh khehL (1945 [{d; 25) muRf;nfjpuhf njhLf;fg;gl;l
eltbf;if ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhf

Ntty; gpuG 1945 [{d; 25k; ehs; Gdpj Nghuhf khwpaJ.
rpk;yhtpy; Ntty; jpl;lj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa ,ilf;fhy muR kw;Wk; Neub
jiyth;fspd; kehl;il $l;bdhh;. eltbf;if ehs;
ehs;

1946k; Mz;L Ntty; gpuG
mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO (1946)
NeUtpd; jiyikapy;

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Kbe;j mikr;ruit (,ilf;fhy muR)
gpd;G ele;j Njh;jypy; njhopyhsh; mikf;FkhW miog;G
fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;W fpnsnkd;l; tpLj;jjpd;Nghpy; ke;jphp rig
ml;yp gpujkuhdhh;. mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 15

,e;j ,ilf;fhy muir vjph;jJ ; nfhz;l kTz;l; Ngl;ld;

K];yk P ; yPf; [pd;dhtpd; ,e;jpahit ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;
jiyikapy; Mf];L 16k; ehis vd gphpg;gJ. tq;fhsk;> gQ;rhg;>
Neub eltbf;if ehs; vd ehL Nghd;w vy;iyfis eph;zapj;jy;
KOtJk; fpsh;rr ; p nra;jJ. Nghd;wit njhlh;ghf 1947 [{d;

,jdhy; ,e;J K];yk P ; fytuk; 3k; ehs; jd; jpl;lj;ij
Vw;gl;lJ. ntspapl;lhh;.

jiyth;fs; ,e;jpahitg;
,J kTz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lkhFk;.
gphpg;gJjhd; xU top vd KbT
fhe;jpabfs; ,jid Vw;Wf;
vLj;jdh;. nfhs;stpy;iy.

gphpl;b~; ghuhSkd;wk; ,jid
gk;gha; fytuk; [{iy 18> 1947 md;W

1946y; gk;gha; flw;gilapy; epiwNtw;wpaJ.
fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ.
,jd;gb Rje;jpuk; vd
kTd;lN ; gl;ld; jpl;lk; eph;zapf;fg;gl;L Rje;jpuk;

,e;J K];yk P ; xw;Wik Vw;gl toq;fg;gl;lJ.
topapy;iy vd;gij Ghpe;J
,ilf;fhy ,e;jpahtpd; mikr;ruit
uit

[th;fh;yhy; NeU gpujk mikr;rh;> ntsp tptfhuk; kw;Wk; fh;kd;

nty;j; ehLfspd; cwTfs; kw;Wk; mwptpay;-Ma;T
rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; cs;Jiw> nra;jp kw;Wk; xspgug;G kw;Wk;
khepyq;fs;

lhf;lh; ,uhNre;jpu czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik

gpurhj;
nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; fy;tp
Mrhj;
lhf;lh; [hd; kj;jha; ,uapy;Nt kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
rh;jhh; gy;Njt; rpq; uhZtk;
rfrPtd;uhk; njhopy;
rp.vr;. ghgh tzpfk;
ugp mfkJ fpj;tha; njhlh;Gfs;
uh[;Fkhhp mkphpj; fTy; Rfhjhuk;
lhf;lh; gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fhh; rl;lk;
Mh;.Nf.rz;Kfk; epjp
nrl;bahh;
lhf;lh; rpahk; gpurhj; njhopy; kw;Wk; tpepNahfk;
Kfh;[p
vd;.tp. fhl;fpy; Ruq;fk; kw;Wk; rf;jp

,e;jpahtpy; 565RNjr muRfs; ,Ue;jd

mj;jifa muRfis ,e;jpahTld; ,izf;Fk; gzpia rh;jhh; ty;ygha;
gl;Nly; epiwNtw;wpdhh;.

rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;NlYf;F ,Uk;G kdpjh; vd;W ngah;.

rh;jhh; Kaw;rpahy; 552 rk];jhdq;fs; ,ize;jd.

jhkhf Kd;te;J ,e;jpahTld; ,iza njhptpj;j muRfs; ghl;bahyh>
Fthypah;> gNuhlh.

,e;jpahTld; ,iza kWj;j rk];jhdq;fs; - i`juhghj;> [Pdhfhj;> fh~;khP ;>
jpUtpuhq;$h; ,itfis ,izj;j ngUik gNliyr; rhUk;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

 16

[Pdhfhj; vd;W rpw;wuR kd;dh; ,e;jpahTld; Nru kWj;jhh;. Mdhy; kf;fs;

,e;jpahTld; Nru fpsh;rr ; p nra;jdh;. vdNt 1948y; thf;F fzpg;G elj;jp
Nrh;ff
; g;gl;lJ.

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jiyikapy; xU gilia gNly; mDg;gpdhh;. 3 ehl;fspy; ep[hk; fhrpk; u];tp
gzpe;jhh;. 1948 nrg;lk;ghpy; ,uhZt eltbf;if %yk; ,e;jpa A+dpaDld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

fh~;khP ; - fh~;ki
P u ghfp];jhd; jd; trg;gLj;j tpUk;gpaJ. Mdhy; fh~;khP ;
kd;dh; ,e;jpahTld; ,iza tpUk;gpdhh;. mjd; gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
(ghfp];jhd; trKs;sJ Mrhj; fh~;khP ; vdg;gLfpwJ)

fhiuf;fhy;> ghz;br;Nrhp> kh`p> Vdhk;> re;jpueh$h; Nghd;w gFjpfspy;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; trkpUe;jd. ,g;gFjpfs; 1954 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
a+dpaDld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.

Nfhth> ilA+> lhkd; Mfpa gFjpfs; Nghh;jJ ; fPrpah; trkpUe;j ehLfshFk;.

gpuhd;R muirg; Nghd;W Nghh;j;JfPrpa ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa gil
,g;gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpaJ.

rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; ,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f; vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;.

MODERN INDIA

BOOKS, JOURNALS & NEWS PAPERS

 Annie Beasant New India and Commonweal
 Bipin Chndra Pal New India
 Bankim Chandra Chatterji Annanda Math
 Dange The Socialist, Gandhi versus Lenin
 Dadabhai Naoroji Poverty and Un British Rule in India
 Din Bhandhu Mitra Neel Darpan
 Evr Naicker Periyar Kudi Arasu
 Jawahar Lal Nehru Soviet Russia, Wheither India, Discovery of India
 Jyotibhai Phule Ghulam Gri
 J.P. Narayan To all Fighters of freedom, why Socialism
 Khan Abdul Gafar Khan Pakhtun
 K Ramakrishna Pillai Swadeshabhimani
 Lala harkrishna Lal Traibune.
 Lala Lajpat Rai The People, The Punjabi, Bande Mataram, Young India, Unhappy
India
 Gandhi Hind Swaraj, My Experiments with Truth. The Harijan
 G.G. Agarkar Co edited with Tilak the Kesary and Maratha, and Edit Sudharak
 Gulam Husain Inquilab
 Hunter Indian Mussalmaris
 M.N.Roy & Ambani Mukharjee India Transition
 Madame Cama Bande Matharam (Paris)
 Rabindra Nath Tagore Gare, Ghari Baire letters from Russia
 R.C Dutta Peasantry of Bengal, Economic History of India
 R.P. Dutta India Today
 Sachin Sanyal Bandi Jiban

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 Surendra Nath Banerji Bengali

 Shyamji Krishna Verma Indian Socialogist.
 Subhas Chandra Bose The Indian Struggle
 Sigaravelu Labour Kisan Gazetter
 Vivekananda Karamyoga, Rajyoga, Bhakti Yoga
 W.C.Banerjee Indian Politics.
BOOK/JOURNAL AND THEIR AUTHORS
 Hindi Swaraj (Mahathma Gandhi)
 My Experience with Truth (Mahathma Gandhi)
 Discovery of India (J.L. Nehru)
 Gulam Giri (Jotiba Phule)
 Poverty and Un British rule in India (Dadabhai Nauroji)
 Ganadevata (Tarashankar Bandhopadgya)
 Neel Darpan (Din Bandhu Mitra)
 India Wins Freedom (Maulana Azad)
 Anand Math (Bankim Chandra Chatterjee)
 Patha Panchali (Bibhuti bhushan Bandopadhay)
 A night of eternal gloom of India (Nabin Chandra Sen)
 Som Prakash (Ishwar Chandra vidhya Sagar)
 Tazib Al akhlaq (Sayyid Ahmad Khan)
 Indian Unrest (Valientine Chirol)
 Ghare Bhaire(Rabindra Nath Tagore)
 Kudi Arasu (E.V.R. Naicker)
 The Indian Struggle (Subhas Chandra Bose)
 Saraswathi Chandra (Goverthan Rani)
 Why I am an Athiest (Bhagata Singh)
 Indu Lekha (Chander Monon)
 Tamil chatholicism (Viraghavacharya)
 Indian National Evolution (Ambika Charan Majumdar)
 Bandi Jivan (Saraswati Chandra)
 Vanguard of Indian Independence (M.N. Roy)
 Goverdan Ram (Saraswati Chandra)
 Henry Cotton (New India)
ONGRESS PRESIDENTS
 1885- Bombay W.C.Bannerji
 1886- Culcatta Dadabhai Naoroji (first parsi)
 1887-Madras-Syed Badruddin Tyabji (hrst muslim)
 1888-Allahabad-George Yule (first Europian)
 1889-Bombay Sri William Weduerburn
 1890- Culcatta Sir Phirozedshah Metta
 1891- Nagpu Ananda Chrlu
 1892-Allahabad-W.C.Banerji
 1893-Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji
 1894-Madras A. Webb

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 1895-Poona Surrederanath Banerji

 1896-Calcatta M. Rahimtullah Sayani
 1897-Amroati-G.Sankaran Nair
 1898-Madras-Ananda Mohan Bose
 1899-Lacknow-Ramachandra Dutt
 1900-Lahore- N.G.Chandravarkar
 1901-Calcatta E.D.Wacha
 1902-Ahmedabad-Surendaranath Bannerji
 1903-Madras Lalmohan Bose
 1904-Bombay Sir Henry Cotton
 1905-Benares G.K.Gokhale
 1906-Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji
 1907-Surat-Rashbehari Ghosh (broken up)
 1916-Lucknow A.C.Majumdar
 1917-Calcutta Mrs.Annie Besant
 1920-Calcutta(Special)- Lala Lajpati Rai
 1924-Belgaon M.K.Gandhi
 1925-Kanpur-Mrs.Sarojini Naidu
 1927-Madras M.A. Ansari
 1933-Calcutta Mrs. Nellie Sengupta
 1936-Lucknow Pt.Jawaharlrl Nehru
 1937-Faizpur-Pt. Jawaharlrl Nehru
 1938-Hari Pura Subhash Chandra Bose
 1939-Tripuri Subhash Chandra Bose
 1947-Kiripalani

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
 Regulating Act (1773):
Subjected the Companys actions to the supervision of the British Governments
of Bengal to be carried on by a Governor General (President) and his council
(4members); establishment of a Supreme Court at Culcutta.

 Pitts India Act (1784)

A Board of Control, including two Cabinet Ministers, to guide and supervise
the affairs of the Company of India; three members in Governor Generals
Council; Madras and Bombay were Subordinated to the Governor General
and his council of Bengal in matters of diplpmacy were and revenue;
commander in chief as one of the three members of the council.

 Charter Act of 1813

Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade
monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China; a sum of Rs. 1 lakh
annually for education.

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 Charter Act of 1833

End of Company monopoly on China Trade and tea trade Governor General
of Bengal of Governor-General of India; Governments of Madras and Bombay
deprived of legislative powers; a fourth member (Law Member) added to the
Council; a law commission constitued.

 Charter Act of 1853

Service were thrown open to competitive examinations, a commission under
Macaulay appointed to enforce this; Legislative and Executive councils
separated; Law Member made a full members and 6 new members added for
legislative purpose.

 Government of India Act, 1858:

Goverment of India passed from the Company to the Crown and Governed
through Secretary of State of India and a Council of 15 members; Governor
General received the title of Viceroy.

 Indian Councils Act. 1861

A fifth member added to the Viceroys Executive Council; portfolio system
introduced by Lord Canning; for legislation 6 to 12 additional members to be
added to the Executive Council by Viceroy; legislative powers of Madras and
Bombay restored by Governor Generals assent and made compulsory;
Governor General empowered to issue ordinances to be in force for not more
than 6 months.

 Indian Council Act, 1892:

The Act exclusively dealt with the Legislative Councils in India; additional
members in Central Legislature to be from 10 to 16; two fifth of total
members to be non-official; council to have right to discuss budget and ask
questions on matters of public importance; some members to be elected
directly; Indian leaders like G.K.Gokhale, Asutosh mukherjee, Rash Behari
Ghosh and S.N. Bannerjee found their way in Legislative Council.

 Indian Councils Act, 1919 (Montague-Chemsford Reforms)

Number of Indians in Governor Generals Executive Council raised to 3 in a
council of 8; division of subjects into central and Provincial lists, bicamercial
legislature at the centre the council of state (Upper House) and Central
Legislative Assembly (Lower House); members enjoyed freedom of speech;
diarchy in provines subjects to be dealt with the Provincial government were
divided into was heads; Reserved and Transferred; reserved subjects to be
administered by Governor with Executive Council; transferred subjects to be

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administered by Governor with ministers; at least 70% of the members of

Provincial Councils to be directly elected; under the Meston Award, the
Provincial Governments were required tomake certain contributions to be
Government of India; first election under new Act in 1920; dyarchy continued
from April 1921 to April 1937.

 Government of India Act, 1935:

Provided for an All India Federation comprising provisions and those Indian
which might accede; diarchy for the Federal Executive; Federal Legislative to
have two chambers Council of State and Federal Assembly; Coucil of State to
be permanent body; provision of a Federal court; British Government to be sole
authority to amend the Constitution; diarchy in the provinces abolihsed; the
Federation as visualized in the Act never came into being; after the election of
1937 under this Act; Congress formed Government in 7 provinces.

 IMPORTANT COMMISSION /COMMITTEES

 Charles wood Despatch (1854) Education
 Hunter Commission (1882) Education
 Raleigh Commission Education
 Sadler Commission (1917) Education
 Hartog Commission (1929) Education
 Sargeant Plan (1944) Education

 Cockerell (1866) Famine

 Statchey (1880) Famine
 Lyall (1896) Famine
 Mac Donell Famine

 Atchison Public Services

 Islignto Public Services
 Lee Commission Public Services
 Hunter Commission (1919) Punjab Disturbances
 Rowlatt Commission (1909) Sedition
 Fraser Commission (1902) Police
 Peel Commission Federal Structure
 Linlithgow Commission (1928) Agriculture
 Whitely Commission (1929) Labour
 Sapru Commission (1935) Delimination
 Butler Commission (1927) Indian States
 Flood Commission (1940) Tenancy of Bengal
 Webley Commission Interrogated Dadabhai
EUROPEAN TRADING COMPANY

Chronological order of Europians coming to India

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 Portuguese
 Dutch
 English
 Danes
 French
PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENTS
 Cochin 1501
 Cannanore 1502
 Goa 1510
 Diu & Daman 1534
 Hugly (lost in 1632)
 Bombay (give to English 1662)

DUTCH SETTLEMENTS

 Musolipatnam (1605)
 Pulicat (1610)

ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS
 Surat (1608)
 Musolipatnam (1611)
 Pulicat (1620)
 Madras (1639)
 Sultanati, Calicut, Govindpur (1698)

FRENCH SETTLEMENTS
 Surat (1668)
 Musolipatnam (1689)
 Pondichery (1673)
IMPORTANT ORGANISATION & PARTIES

Parties & Organisations Founders, Year & Place

 Muslim League
 Lok Seva Mandal
 Independent Congress Party
 Hindu Association
 Hindu Mahasabha
Agr Khan, the Nawab of Dacca and mohsin u
Mulk (1906-Dacca)
Lala Lajpat Rai, Punjab,
Madan Mohan Malviya (1926)
Annie Besant
Founded in 1917, Revived by Madan Jana Singh
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.

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