Newton’s Laws

Lecture 6 I. If no net force acts on a body, then the body’s

velocity cannot change.
Forces & three Newton’s Laws II. The net force on a body is equal to the product
of the body’s mass and acceleration.
Friction Force, Centripetal Force. III. When two bodies interact, the force on the
bodies from each other are always equal in
Problem-Solving Tactics magnitude and opposite in direction.

http://web.njit.edu/~sirenko/

Physics 105; Fall 2009

Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 1 Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 2

Forces: Net Force (or Total Force)

¾ Gravitational Force: Fg = mg down to the ground

Tension Force:
¾ T along the string

Normal Force:
¾ N perpendicular to the support

Friction Force
¾

¾ Static; maximum value fs = µstN

opposite to the component of other forces parallel to the support
¾ Kinetic; value fk = µkinN
opposite to the velocity, parallel to the support
µst > µkin

Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 3 Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 4

 Static and Kinetic Friction Kinetic Friction Force
Static frictional force

Skid marks are 290 m long!

Kinetic frictional force µk = 0.6 and a = const. How
fast was the car going when
the wheels became locked?

Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 5 Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 6

Kinetic Friction

Skid marks are 290 m long! Gravitational Force

µk = 0.6 and a = const. How mg
fast was the car going when
the wheels became locked?
FBD
v2 = v02+2a(x-x0)
-fk = ma
g = 9.8 m/s2
a = F/m=-µmg/m = -µg
v0 =(2µg(x-x0))½ ; v = 58 m/s = 210 km/h= 130 ml/h BUM !!!
Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 7 Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 8
 Uniform Circular Motion
Drag Force and Terminal Speed Centripetal Force
Centripetal acceleration Top view:
Drag force

Period
Terminal speed

Centripetal force : F = ma
Drag coefficient C, air density
ρ, and effective cross-section A.
Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 9 Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 10

EXAMPLES of Free Body Diagrams

Problem-Solving Tactics :
Picture of Situation FBD
m=5kg, Fpull=50N, µ=0.4 ¾ Identify the body / bodies
Examples: block, puck, sphere, knot, pulley, penguin, etc.
¾ Identify the masses of the bodies: m1 = 5 kg, m2 = 10 kg, etc

¾ Make a sketch to visualize the Problem

¾ Make a choice for the coordinate system (x-y)

Recommended:
X: - N *µ +Fpull*cos300 = max
x – horizontal
Y: N-mg+Fpull*sin300 = may =0
mg y – vertical, or

N-5*9.8+50*0.5=0; N=25[N]
x – along the plane of support and
-25[N]*0.4+50*0.86=ma =33[N]; a=33[N]/5kg=6.6 m/s^2 y – perpendicular to the plane of support
Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 11 Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 12
 Problem-Solving Tactics (cont.): Problem-Solving Tactics (cont.):
¾ Identify the conditions of the body (moving or at rest) ¾ Identify all Forces and their directions:
at rest means Fnet = 0 mg down to the ground (always)
T along the string (if any)
N perpendicular to the support (if any)
fs = µstN (only for the max value of the force)
friction force (if any)
¾Static Friction; maximum value Ffr = µstN
if moving, then opposite to the component of other forces parallel to the support
¾ moving with a constant velocity Fnet = 0
¾ Kinetic Friction; value Ffr = µkinN

opposite to the velocity, parallel to the support

¾ accelerating Fnet ≠ 0 Fnet = ma

Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 13 Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 14

Problem-Solving Tactics (cont.): Problem-Solving Tactics (cont.):

¾ Do the calculations using FBD ¾ Plug the numbers in the formulas:
N N
a N
T N a T
mg sin θ mg sin θ mg sin θ mg sin θ

mg cos θ mg cos θ mg cos θ mg cos θ

θ θ mg θ mg θ
mg mg For X: Fnet = mg sin θ; a = g sin θ For X: Fnet = mg sin θ - T = 0
For Y: Fnet = N - mg cos θ = 0 For Y: Fnet = N - mg cos θ = 0
For X: Fnet = mg sin θ; a = g sin θ For X: Fnet = mg sin θ - T = 0 a = g sin θ ma = 0;
For Y: Fnet = N - mg cos θ = 0 For Y: Fnet = N - mg cos θ = 0 For θ = 30o, a = 9.8/2 m/s2 = 4.9 m/s2 N = mg cos θ ; T = mg sin θ
a = g sin θ ma = 0
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 Case 4: At the critical angle
Case 1 Case 2
N N a f st
v N
f st = mg ⋅ sin θ max =
fk = mg ⋅ cos θ max ⋅ µ st
mg ⋅ sin θ θ
fk = µ k ⋅ N µ s = tan θ max
mg mg mg
f st = mg ⋅ sin θ = 0 fk = mg ⋅ cos θ ⋅ µk = mg µk
Case 5
N = mg ⋅ cos θ Case 6
Case 3: below the critical angle
f st ma = mg ⋅ sin θ
N N
N
N = mg ⋅ cos θ T N = mg ⋅ cos θ
v=0
f st = mg ⋅ sin θ a a = g ⋅ sin θ
mg ⋅ sin θ T = mg ⋅ sin θ
θ θ
θ
f =0
Lecture 6 mg
Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 17 Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT mg 18

Problem #1 Problem #1
two masses are at equilibrium ( no acceleration, no friction) two masses are at equilibrium ( no acceleration, no friction)
m1 = 5 kg, m2 = 7 kg; θ2 = 30o θ1 = ??? m1 = 5 kg, m2 = 7 kg; θ2 = 30o θ1 = ???

pulley
N2
T2
m1 = 5 kg
m2 = 7 kg N1 T1
m2 = 7 kg

θ2 = 30o m1 = 5 kg
θ1
θ1 θ2 = 30o

m1g m2g
Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 19 Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 20
 Problem #1 Problem #1

L1 = h / sin θ1
L2
L1 L2 = h / sin θ2
h

For X1: Fnet = -m1g sin θ1 + T1 = 0 For X2: Fnet = m2g sin θ2 - T2 = 0
For Y1: Fnet = N1 – m1g cos θ1 = 0 For Y2: Fnet = N2 - m2g cos θ2 = 0 m1/m2 = sin θ2 / sin θ1 = (h / sin θ2) / (h / sin θ1 )
m1/m2 = L1 / L2
m1a = 0; m2a = 0;
N1 = m1g cos θ1 ; T1 = m1g sin θ1 N2 = m2g cos θ2 ; T2 = m2g sin θ2

T1 = T2 ⇒ m1g sin θ1 = m2g sin θ2

m1/m2 = sin θ2 / sin θ1 Is the chain going to
sin θ1 = m2sin θ2 / m1 = 7 kg * sin(30o)/5 kg =0.7; move ???
θ1 = 44o mg
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Sample Problem
Sample Problem
A coin of mass m rests on a
book that has been tilted at For X: Fnet = 0 = -mg sin θ + fs
an angle θ with the For Y: Fnet = 0 = N - mg cos θ
N = mg cos θ ;
horizontal. When θ is
increased to 13°, the coin is ma = 0 along X direction:
on the verge of sliding down
the book. What is the 0 = -g (sin θ - µs cos θ )
coefficient of static friction sin θ - µs cos θ = 0
µs between the coin and the tan θ = µs
µs = tan (13 ° ) = 0.23
book?

Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 23 Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 24

 Sample Problem (cont.) Sample Problem (cont.)
θ is increased to 20°
20° (the max angle is 13°
13° ), θ is decreased to stop the coin.
the coefficient of static friction µs = 0.23
the coefficient of kinetic friction µk = 0.15
At what angle it will move with a constant speed ?
What is the coin acceleration ? the coefficient of static friction µs = 0.23

ma ≠ 0 : the coefficient of kinetic friction µk = 0.15

For X: Fnet = ma = -mg sin θ + fk
For Y: Fnet = N - mg cos θ = 0 ma = 0 :
a = -g (sin θ - µk cos θ )
N = mg cos θ ; sin θ - µk cos θ = 0
ma = - mg sin θ + fk = - mg sin θ + µk N = tan θ = µk
= - mg sin θ + µk mg cos θ = θ = tan –1 ( µk ) = tan –1 ( 0.15 ) = 8.5°
= - mg (sin θ - µk cos θ );
a = -g (sin θ - µk cos θ );
Note the difference:
a = -9.8*(sin 20°
20° - 0.15* cos 20°
20° ) m/s2 =
13° and 8.5°
= -9.8*(0.34
(0.34--0.14) m/s = -2 m/s2
2

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This angle is not 90° !!!

QZ #6

m1/m2 = sin θ2 / sin θ1

m2 = 7 kg; θ2 = 30o and we can vary m1 and θ1; Neglect friction

1. What is the smallest mass m1 which can balance
m2 = 7 kg; θ2 = 30o m1 = ???
2. At what angle the smallest mass m1 can balance
m2 = 7 kg; θ2 = 30o θ1 = ???
3. If we cut the string, which object (#1 with the mass m1 at the angle
θ1 or object #2 with m2 = 7 kg; θ2 = 30o ) will have a bigger
magnitude of acceleration ??? (note that a = g sin θ ),
4. Make a sketch and show the direction of a1 and a2

Lecture 6 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 27