WWT Chapter 1,2,& 3

10/27/2023
WOLKITE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
WASTE WATER TREATMENT (CEng5182)
BY: Ejara . G
Email:-ejaragaradew@gmail.com
October, 2023 1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
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General About WWT

What is Wastewater?
Wastewater is used water!
Water that has been used and
contains domestic, industrial,
institutional and commercial waste
products is called wastewater.
What is wastewater treatment?

 Usually refer to sewage treatment,
or domestic wastewater
treatment
 Removing contaminants or
pollutants from wastewater.
Fig. 1.1. Improperly disposed ww.

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General About WWT

What are the contaminants in WW?
 Suspended solids: lead to the development of sludge
deposits and anaerobic conditions
 Biodegradable organics (proteins, carbohydrates and
fats)
 Pathogens: cause diseases
 Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)
 Refractory organics (phenols and
agricultural pesticides)
 Heavy metals :may have to be removed if the wastewater
is to be reused
 Dissolved inorganic solids (calcium, sodium, and
sulfate): may have to be removed if the wastewater is to
be reused 4
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General About WWT

Therefore, Wastewater should be collected and treated
before its ultimate disposal in order to :
 Reduce spread of communicable diseases
 Prevent surface and ground water pollution.
General About WWT

 The wastewater can be broadly divided into two
categories:
1. Biodegradable wastewater:
 The wastes in general have a predominance of biodegradable
organic matter
 The stabilization of organic matter is accomplished
biologically using a variety of microorganisms.
 Based on bacterial relationship to oxygen the micro-
organisms can be:
I. obligate aerobes: utilise oxygen
II. obligate anaerobes: without oxygen
III. facultative anaerobes: utilise oxygène if présent and not if
not present
IV. denitrifiers
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General About WWT

2. Non-biodegradable wastewater
 The wastewater are rich in non-biodegradable matter
consisting of solids and liquids in suspended or
dissolved form, including various inorganic and organic,
many of which may be highly toxic.
General About WWT

 WWT comprises of the following stages of treatment:
1. Conventional treatment
I. Preliminary treatment : Removal of floating materials,
heavy settleable inorganic solids and oils and greases
II.Primary treatment: removing large suspended organic
solids.
III.Secondary/biological:dissolved biological matter is
converted into a solid mass by using water-borne bacteria
2. Advanced/tertiary treatment:
 biological solids are neutralized then disposed, and
treated water may be disinfected chemically or
physically 8
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General About WWT
 Physical unit operations: application of physical

forces predominate
 Chemical unit processes: addition of chemicals or by

other chemical reaction
 Biological unit processes: biological activity
 WWT applies any of this operations, processes or
combination of both.
 WWT is the combination of physical, chemical and
biological processes.
Objectives of WWT
 Why treat wastewater?
 To remove pollutants from wastewater and

preservation of our natural resources for its
recycling.
 To promote health concern and public hygiene.
 To preserve aquatic life and wildlife habitat.
 To promote recreation and quality of life.
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CHAPTER TWO
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
WASTE WATER
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Waste water sources and quantity

Where does the wastewater come from?
Two main categories:
1. Sanitary Wastewater
Wastewater from
 Domestic sewage consists of liquid wastes originating from:
◦ urinals
of the residential,
◦ latrines commercial or
◦ bath-rooms institutional buildings
◦ kitchen sinks
◦ wash basins, etc
 This sewage is generally extremely foul, because of the
presence of human excreta in it.
 Industrial sewage consists of liquid wastes originating from:
◦ the industrial processes of various industries, such as dyeing,
paper making, brewing, etc.
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2. Storm water Runoff
Wastewater resulting from rainfall running off
streets,roofs, and other impervious surfaces.
The run-off resulting from the rain storms was
used to be called storm sewage, modern approach
storm drainage.

 Net quantity of Sanitary Wastewater
Key concept:
 Per capital water consumption per day
 Per capital waste production per day assume (75-80)%
 Population forecasting , adapt suitable method for the period in
Consideration
 The quantity of sewage that is likely to pass through a sewer (Q')
at the end of the design period, can be easily computed by
multiplying the per capita production of sewage (q') by the
expected population at the end of the design period
The net quantity of sewage production can be estimated by
considering the addition and subtraction
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 Estimating the peak drainage discharge
 Factors mainly affecting the quantity of storm
sewage.
◦ Characteristics of catchment area (slope, permeability,
vegetation cover …)
◦ Intensity of rainfall
◦ Duration of storm
◦ Atmospheric temperature, wind and humidity
 Methods used to estimate the peak run-off
◦ Rational formula 𝑸=
𝑪𝑰𝑨
𝟑𝟔𝟎
◦ Empirical formulas
Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological

Characteristic of Wastewater
Wastewater Characteristics
 Wastewater contains many different substances
that can be used to characterize it.
Wastewater is characterized in terms of its Physical
Chemical and Biological
Wastewater Quality Parameters
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological
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Physical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Physical Parameters
Characteristics of wastewater that respond to the
sense of sight, touch, or smell
Turbidity
Color
 Odor
Temperature

Turbidity
 is a measure of resistance of
water to the passage of light
through it.
 is caused due to presence of
suspended and colloidal
solids.
 Sewage is normally turbid.
 turbidity increases as sewage
becomes stronger.
 measured and tested by
turbidity rods or by turbid meters
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Color
 Fresh wastewater is usually a light brownish-gray
color.
 Typical wastewater is gray and has a cloudy
appearance.
 The color of the wastewater will change
significantly if allowed to go septic .
 Typical septic wastewater will have a black color.

Odor
 Odors in domestic wastewater usually are caused by:
 gases produced by the decomposition of organic
matter
 other substances added to the wastewater
 Fresh domestic wastewater has a musty odor.
 If the wastewater is allowed to go septic, this odor
will significantly change to a rotten egg odor.
 associated with the production of H2S
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Temperature
 The temperature of wastewater is commonly higher
than that of the water supply.
 significant amounts of infiltration or storm water flow
can cause major temperature fluctuations.
 Effect (s):
i. disturb biological activities of bacteria present in sewage
ii. has pronounced effect on the solubility of gases (DO)
iii. the viscosity of sewage, which, in turn, affects the
sedimentation process in its treatment
 The ideal temp. of sewage for the biological activities is
20°c
Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Parameters
 Solids (organic, inorganic, suspended, and dissolved)
 Alkalinity
 Biological oxygen demand – BOD
 Chemical oxygen demand – COD
 Dissolved gases
 Nitrogen compounds
 pH
 Phosphorus
 Chloride
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Total Solids
 Most pollutants found in wastewater can be
classified as solids.
 Wastewater treatment is generally designed to
remove solids or to convert solids to a form that is
more stable or can be removed.
 Sewage normally contains very small amount of
solids in relation to the huge quantity of water
(99.9%).

Total Solids
 Forms of solids present in sewage:
Suspended remain floating in
solids sewage
Dissolved remain dissolved in

Solids solids sewage
remaining either in
Colloidal
solution or in
solids suspension
settles out, if sewage is
Settleable allowed to remain
solids undisturbed for a
period of 2 hours
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Total Solids Minerals and salts:
sand, gravel, debris,
Inorganic
dissolved salts,
solids
chlorides, sulphates,
etc.
solids
Carbohydrates
Fats and oils
Organic solids
Nitrogenous
compounds
 As a general rule, the presence of inorganic solids in

sewage is not harmful
 Suspended and dissolved organic solids are responsible
for creating nuisance, if disposed of, untreated

Total Solids
 Suspended solids (filterable solids) are those solids which
are retained by a filter of 1µm pores.
 SS can be determined by passing a known volume of sewage
sample through a glass-fiber filter apparatus, and weighing
the dry residue left.
 The mass of the residue divided by the volume of sample
filtered will represent the SS in mg/l.
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Total Solids
The quantity of dissolved & colloidal solids
is determined by:
 evaporating the filtered wastewater obtained from
the suspended solid test and weighing the residue.
The total solids in a water sample can be
directly determined by:
 evaporating the water and weighing the residue

Total Solids
Total suspended solids = volatile + fixed
 to determine their proportion, the filtered dry residue is
burnt and ignited at about 550°c in an electric muffle
furnace for about 15 to 20 minutes.
 Loss of weight due to ignition will represent the volatile
solids.
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Alkalinity
 The quantity of ions in wastewater to neutralize acid.
 A measure of wastewater strength to neutralize acid.
Main constituents are:
 carbonate (CO32-)
 bicarbonate (HCO3-))
 hydroxide (OH-)
 Essential to buffer (hold the neutral pH) the
wastewater during the biological treatment processes.

pH
 A method of expressing the acid condition of the
wastewater.
 For proper treatment, wastewater pH should normally
be in the range of 6.5 to 9.0.
 Efficiency of certain treatment methods depends upon
the availability of a suitable pH value.
 Fresh sewage is generally alkaline in nature (with pH
more than 7).
 As time passes, its pH tends to fall due to production
of acids by bacterial action in anaerobic or nitrification
processes.
 The pH, however, rises upon treatment of sewage.
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Chloride
 Sources of chlorides in municipal sewage are
derived from:
 kitchen wastes
 human feces
 urinary discharges
 The normal chloride content of domestic sewage is
120mg/l.
 Large amounts of chlorides may enter from
industries like:
 ice cream plants
 meat salting

Nitrogen
 The presence of nitrogen compounds in wastewaters
usually indicates presence of organic matter.
 Forms of nitrogen present in sewage :
a. Organic – nitrogen: in the form of protein, amino acids
and urea
b. Ammonia–nitrogen (Free ammonia): nitrogen as
ammonium salts. eg. (NH4).CO3
c. Nitrite- nitrogen: an intermediate oxidation stage. Not
normally present in large quantity.
d. Nitrate- nitrogen: final oxidation product of nitrogen.
 Most of the nitrogen in untreated wastewater will be in
the forms of organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen.
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Nitrogen
 Free ammonia indicates the very first stage of
decomposition of organic.
 Organic nitrogen indicates quantity of nitrogen present in
sewage before the decomposition of OM is started
 Nitrites indicate the presence of partly decomposed (not
fully oxidized) organic matter;
 indicate the intermediate stage of conversion of organic
matter
of sewage into stable forms.
 Nitrates indicate the presence of fully oxidized organic
matter.
 indicate the most stable form of nitrogenous matter
contained
in sewage.

Phosphorus
 Essential element to biological activity and must be
present in at least minimum quantities
 Excessive amounts can cause stream damage and
excessive algal growth.
 Phosphorus will normally be in the range of 6 to
20mg/L.
 The removal of phosphate compounds from
detergents has had a significant impact on the
amounts of phosphorus in wastewater.
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Fats, Oils and Greases
 Derived in sewage from:
 the discharges of animals and vegetable matter,
the industries like garages, kitchens of hotels and
restaurants, etc.
Form scum on the top of the sedimentation tanks
and clog the voids of the filtering media.
 Interfere with the normal treatment methods, and
hence need proper detection and removal.

Organic Matter
 Largest component group in most ww: 75 % of
TSS, 40% of TDS (domestic ww)
 Composition highly industry dependent
 Types:
 carbohydrates
 proteins
 oil & grease
 organic toxins (priority pollutants, eg.
pesticides)
 others eg. surfactants, dyes etc.
 Mostly biodegradable, some very slowly
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Dissolved oxygen (DO)
 What is Dissolved Oxygen?
 DO refers to the level of free, non-compound oxygen
present in water.
 Non-compound oxygen, or free oxygen (O2), is oxygen
that is not bonded to any other element.
 DO is the presence of these free O2
molecules within water.
 The bonded oxygen molecule in
water (H2O) is in a compound and
does not count toward dissolved
oxygen levels.
 Typical domestic wastewater contains oxygen in relatively low
concentrations

 The determination of dissolved oxygen present in
sewage is very important.
 DO in treated sewage to be discharged into river
stream:
 should be at least 4ppm
 < 4 ppm …. fish are likely to be killed and creating
nuisance near the vicinity of disposal.
 To ensure this, DO tests are performed during
sewage
disposal.
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 TheDO test performed on sewage before treatment
helps in indicating the condition of sewage.
 Only very fresh sewage contains some dissolved
oxygen, which is soon depleted by aerobic
decomposition.
 The dissolved oxygen in fresh sewage depends
upon temperature.
 Ifthe temperature of sewage is more, the DO content will be
less.
 The solubility of oxygen in sewage is 95% of that in
distilled water.

 The DO content of sewage is generally determined
by:
 Winkler's method
 an oxidation-reduction process carried out
chemically to liberate iodine in amount equivalent to
the quantity of dissolved oxygen originally present.
 DO meter
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Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 used as a measure of the quantity of oxygen required for
oxidation of biodegradable organic matter by aerobic
biochemical action at specified temperature within specified
time. (20°C and 5 day)
 The rate of oxygen consumption in a wastewater is
affected by:
 temperature
 pH
 presence of certain kinds of microorganisms
 type of organic and inorganic material in the wastewater
 BOD directly affects the amount of DO within the
wastewater.

Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted
in the water body, leaving less oxygen available to higher
forms of aquatic life.
 The consequences of high BOD:
 aquatic organisms become stressed, suffocate, and die
 BOD is one of the most important and useful
parameters indicating the organic strength of a WW.
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Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
 COD measures the total quantity of oxygen
required for oxidation of organics into CO2 and
H2O.
 If the chemical formulas and the concentrations of
the chemical compounds present in water are
known:
 the theoretical oxygen demand of each of the
compounds can be easily calculated.
(Glucose)

Total Organic Carbon
 Expressing organic matter is in terms of its carbon
content.
 Carbon is the primary constituent of organic matter.
 the chemical formula of every organic compound will
reflect the extent of carbon present in that compound.
 Known concentrations of chemical compounds enable
us to theoretically calculate the carbon present in that
wastewater per liter of solution.
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Biological Characteristics Of Wastewater

 Bacteria
 Algae
 Fungi
 Protozoa
 Most of the vast number of bacteria present in sewage

is harmless.
 They are useful and helpful in bringing oxidation and
decomposition of sewage.
 A little number of bacteria, however, is disease
producing pathogens.
the real danger to the health of the public
Measurement of Concentration of Contaminants in

Wastewater
 Contaminants in wastewaters are usually a complex
mixture of organic and inorganic compounds.
 It is impractical to obtain complete chemical
analysis of most wastewaters.
 It is comparatively easy to measure the amount of
oxygen used by the bacteria as they oxidize the
wastewater.
 Concentration of organic matter in the wastewater
can be expressed in terms of the amount of oxygen
required for its oxidation.
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Measurement of Concentration of
Contaminants in Wastewater
 The most important standard methods for analysis
of organic contaminants/oxygen demand are:
1. Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
2. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
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2. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
 is determined by performing a lab. test with a strong oxidant
like dichromate solution.
 In order to perform this test, a known quantity of WW is mixed
with a known quantity of standard solution of potassium
dichromate, and the mixture is heated.
 The organic matter is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 (in the presence of
H2SO4 (helps to digest/break down the complex molecules).
 COD used more of to measure non-biodegradable matter.
 The advantage of COD measurements is that they are obtained
very quickly (within 3 hours)
 the disadvantages, they do not give any information on the
proportion of the WW that can be oxidized by bacteria.
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3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 Measures oxygen required for biological oxidation of
organics .
 Oxygen demand of WW is exerted by three classes of
materials:
1. Carbonaceous organic materials usable as a source of
food by aerobic organisms
2. oxidizable nitrogen derived from nitrite, ammonia, and
organic nitrogen compounds which serve as food for
specific bacteria (e.g., Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter).
3. Chemical reducing compounds, e.g., ferrous ion (Fe2+),
sulfites (SO32-), and sulfide (S2-) which are oxidized by
dissolved oxygen.
For domestic sewage, nearly all oxygen demand is due to
carbonaceous organic materials.
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 The carbonaceous BOD is the amount of oxygen
required-by microorganisms to decompose
carbonaceous material that are subject to microbial
decomposition.
 This is the first stage of oxidation and the corresponding
BOD is known as the first stage demand.
In the 2nd stage, nitrogenous

matter oxidized, and the
corresponding BOD is called
second stage BOD or nitrifying
demand.
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
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Measurement of Concentration of Contaminants

in Wastewater
 When the dilution water is not seeded:
Where, DO1 – dissolved oxygen of the diluted sample

immediately after preparation, mg/l
DO2 – dissolved oxygen of the diluted sample after 5 day
incubation at 20ºc, mg/l DOS1 – dissolved oxygen of seed
control before incubation, mg/l
DOS1 – dissolved oxygen of seed control after incubation, mg/l
f – fraction of seeded dilution water volume in sample to
volume of seeded dilution water in seed control
P – fraction of wastewater sample volume to total combined
volume
Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve
The rate of oxygen utilization, at a given

incubation time decreases as
concentration of organic matter
remaining un-oxidized becomes
gradually smaller.
Fig. First stage BOD curve 54
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KD value
The value of KD determines the
speed of the BOD reaction,
without influencing the ultimate
BOD
Fig. of BOD exertion as a function of KD
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Table: Sewage type depending on

BOD value
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4. The following information is available for a seeded 5-day BOD test conducted on a
wastewater sample. Fifteen mL of the waste sample was added directly into a 300-mL BOD
incubation bottle. The initial DO of the diluted sample was 8.8 mg/L and the final DO after 5
days was 1.9 mg/L. the corresponding initial and final DO of the seeded dilution water was
9.1 and 7.9 respectively. What is the 5-day BOD (BOD5) of the wastewater sample?
 Solution
i. Determine the 5-day BOD
DO DO (DO DO )ƒ
BOD5, mg/L =
 ƒ= [(300-15)/300] = 0.95
 P = 15/300 = 0.05
. . . . .
 BOD5, mg/L = = 115.2 mg/L
.
Wastewater Treatment Standard

 Environmental standards are developed to ensure
that the impacts of treated wastewater
discharges into ambient waters are acceptable.
Effluents from different establishments should be:
1. Free from materials and heat in quantities,
concentrations or combinations which are toxic or
harmful to human, animal, aquatic life.
2. Free from anything that will settle in receiving
waters forming putrescence or that will
adversely affect aquatic life.
3. Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other
materials
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Wastewater Treatment Standard

4. Free from materials and heat that produce color,
turbidity, taste or odor in sufficient
concentration to create a nuisance or adversely
affect aquatic life in receiving waters;
5. Free from nutrients in concentrations that create
nuisance growths of aquatic weeds or algae in
the receiving waters.
Flow Sheets for WWT Systems

 The term "flow sheet" is used to describe a
particular combination of unit operations and
processes used to achieve a specific treatment
objective.
 Is the combination preliminary treatment
primary
secondary
tertiary treatment system
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Flow Sheets for WWT Systems
CHAPTER THREE
PRELIMINARY AND PRIMARY
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
METHODS
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Preliminary Treatment
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 consists solely in separating the floating materials and
heavy settleable inorganic solids.
 It also helps in removing the oils and greases, etc.
 It reduces the BOD of the WW, by about 15 to 30%.
• The processes used are:

1. Screening
2. communitors
3. Grit chambers or
Detritus tanks
4. Skimming tanks
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1) Screening
 remove the floating matter, such as pieces of cloth, paper,
wood, cork, hair, fiber, kitchen refuse, fecal solids, etc.
 What if floating materials not removed?
 will choke the pipes, or adversely affect the working of the sewage
pumps.
Depending upon the size of

the openings, screens may be
classified as
 coarse screens,
 medium screens, and
 fine screens.
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 Coarse screens (Racks): the spacing between the bars
(i.e. opening size) is about 50 mm or more.
 These screens help in removing large floating objects.
 collects about 6 liters of solids per million liter of WW
Fig. Fixed bar type fine screen 74
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Grit chamber
Gate
Screening
Medium screens: the spacing b/n bars is about 6 to
40 mm.
 These screens will ordinarily collect 30 to 90 liters
of material per million liter of sewage.
 The screenings usually contain some quantity of
organic material, which may putrefy and become
offensive,
Fine Screens: have perforations of 1.5 mm to 3 mm
in size.
 The installation of these screens proves very
effective, and remove 20% of the suspended solids.
 get clogged very often, and need frequent cleaning.
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Disposal of Screenings
 screenings is material separated by screens.
 It contains 85 to 90% of moisture and other floating
matter.
 It may also contain some organic load which may
putrefy, causing bad smells and nuisance.
 To avoid such possibilities, the screenings are
disposed of either by:
 burning,
 burial, or
 dumping.
 The dumping is avoided when screenings are from
medium and fine screens,
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2. Comminutors/shredder
• are the patented devices, which
break the larger sewage solids
to about 6mm in size,
Figure of Comminutor and shredder

• Eliminate the problem of disposal of screenings, by reducing the
solids to a size which can be processed elsewhere in the plant.
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3) Grit Removal Basins (grit chamber, detritus
tank,..)
o are the sedimentation basins placed in front of the
wastewater treatment plant.
o The grit chamber remove the inorganic particles (specific
gravity about 2.65 and nominal diameter of 0.15 to 0.20mm
or larger) such as sand, gravel, egg shells, bones, and other
non-putresible materials
o Grit may clog channels or damage pumps due to abrasion,
and to prevent their accumulation in sludge digesters.
o These inorganic materials is removed by the process of
sedimentation due to gravitational forces.
o What is sedimentation process?
o The organic material is not allowed to settle in this process,
as they cause septicity of sewage.
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Constant Velocity Horizontal Flow Grit Chambers
 is an enlarged channel or a long basin, in which the
cross-section is increased, so as to reduce the flow
velocity of sewage.
 why flow velocity reduction is required?
to cause the settlement of the entire silt and
grit present in sewage.
 The important point in the design of the grit basins
is that the flow velocity should neither be too low
nor should it be so high. Why?
 if too slow lighter organic matter will settle down,
septicity!!
 if too high, even silt and grit not settle down.
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Grit chamber
Gate
Screening
 Such a critical scouring velocity is, infact, given by the
modified Shield's formula, which states that
 Critical scour velocity
 = V = 3 to 4.5 gd(G − 1)
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 two to three separate chambers in

parallel should provided.
 One for low flow, other for
peak flow
 in manual cleaning as one
unit can work, the other is
shut down for cleaning.
The grit chambers can be cleaned

periodically at about 3 weeks
interval, either manually,
mechanically or hydraulically.
proportional flow weir is provided

for controlling velocity of flow.
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2. Design a suitable grit chamber cum Detritus tank for
a sewage treatment plant getting a dry weather flow
from a separate sewerage system @4001/s. Assume
the flow velocity through the tank as 0.2m/sec and
detention period of 2 minutes. The maximum flow
may be assumed to be 3 times of dry weather flow.
Solution
Detritus tanks are nothing but rectangular grit chambers,
designed to flow with a smaller flow velocity (of about
0.09m/sec) and longer detention periods (3 to 4 minutes)
The length of the tank
= Velocity ∗ Detention time = 0.2 ∗ (2 ∗ 60) = 24m
The discharge passing through each tank
= 400l/s = 0.4m3/sec
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The tank will be 1.7m wide

up to 1.5m depth, and
then the sides will slope
down to form an
elongated trough of 24m
length and 0.8m width at
the bottom with rounded
corners, as shown in
figure
89
4) Skimming Tanks
 employed for removing oils and grease and placed
before the sedimentation-tanks.
 These materials may enter into the sewage from the
kitchens of restaurants and, houses, from motor
garages, oil refineries, soap and candle factories,
etc.
 They are, thus, normally present in large amounts
in the industrial wastewaters.
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 If such greasy and oily matter is not removed from the
sewage before it enters further treatment units, it may
form unsightly and odorous scums on the surface
of the settling tanks, or interfere with the
activated sludge treatment process, and inhibit
biological growth on the trickling filters.
 These oil and greasy materials may be removed in a
skimming tank, in which
air is blown by an aerating device through the bottom.
The rising air tends to coagulate and congeal (solidify)
the grease, and cause it to rise to the surface from where
it is removed.
 A detention period of about 3 - 5 min. is sufficient
 It is removed (i.e. skimmed off either by hand or by
some mechanical equipment.
 It may then be disposed of either by burning or burial.
 the amount of compressed air required is about 300
to 6000m3 per million liters of sewage.
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Figure of Skimming tank
93
Primary Wastewater Treatment

 consists in removing large suspended organic
solids.
 This is usually accomplished by sedimentation in
settling basins.
 The liquid effluent from primary treatment, often
contains a large amount of suspended organic
material, and has a high BOD (about 60% of
original).
 What is sedimentation?
94
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Sedimentation
 is the physical separation of suspended material
from water or wastewater by the action of gravity.
 SSs are separated by settling to the bottom of
sedimentation tanks by gravitational force.
 Sedimentation tanks are tank designed to remove
this organic matter from the sewage effluent coming
out from the grit chambers.
95

The principle behind sedimentation.
The very fundamental principle underlying the process of
sedimentation is that the organic matter present in sewage is
having specific gravity greater than that of water (i.e. 1.0).
 In still sewage, these particles will, tend to settle down by
gravity;
 in flowing sewage, particles are kept in suspension, because of
the turbulence in water.
 Hence, as soon as the turbulence is retarded by offering storage
to sewage, these impurities tend to settle down at the bottom of
the tank offering such storage.
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Types of Settling
Depending on the particles concentration and the
interaction between particles, 4 types of settling can
occur: Discrete (type I), Flocculent (type II), Hindered
(type III), Compression (type IV)
1. Discrete particle settling: The particles settle
without interaction and occur under low solids
concentration.
2. Flocculent settling: particles initially settle
independently, but flocculate in the depth of the
clarification unit.
◦ The velocity of settling particles is usually increasing
as the particles aggregates.
97
hindered
3. Hindered/zone settling : Inter-particle forces are

sufficient to hinder the settling of neighboring particles.
The particles tend to remain in fixed positions with respect
to each others. 98
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4. Compression settling: occurs when the particle
concentration is so high that so that particles at
one level are mechanically influenced by particles
on lower levels. The settling velocity then
drastically reduces.
99
100
50
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 Vs = velocity of settlement of particle (assumed
to be spherical) in m/sec
 d = diameter of the particle in m
 G = sp. gravity of the particle
  = kinematic viscosity of water in m2/sec, and
is equal to
 Where, µ = absolute or dynamic viscosity of
water in kg.sec/m2
 w = density of water
Particle
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103
104
52
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105
106
53
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Sedimentation Tanks
 are designed for effecting settlement of particles by

reducing the flow velocity or by detaining the sewage
in them.
 They are generally made of reinforced concrete and

may be rectangular or circular in plan.
 Long narrow rectangular tanks with horizontal flow

are generally preferred to the circular tanks with
radial or spiral flow
107

Sedimentation basin has four district zones: inlet, settling,
outlet and sludge zone
Settling zone
Outlet
Outflow
zone
zone
Inlet
Inflow
Sludge zone
Scraper blade
Sludge
Fig. of rectangular sedimentation tank
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o Sedimentation tanks may function either intermittently

or continuously.
o The Intermittent settling tanks are simple settling
tanks which store sewage for a certain period and keep
it in complete rest.
o In a continuous flow the flow velocity is only reduced,
and the sewage is not brought to complete rest, as is
done in an intermittent type.
109
110
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Fig. of vertical cross-section of the tank

111
112
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113
114
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Table. Design criteria for primary sedimentation tank
parameter value
range typical
Detention time, hr 1.5-2.5 2
Overflow rate,m3/m2/d
Average flow 32-48
Peak flow 80-120 100
Weir loading, m3/m/d 125-500 250
Dimensions, m
Rectangular
Depth 3-5 3.6
Length 15-90 25-40
Width* 3-24 6-10
Sludge scrapper speed, m/min 0.6-1.4 1
Circular
Depth 3-5 4.5
Diameter 3.6-60 12-45
Bottom slope, mm/m 60-160 80
Sludge scrapper speed, m/min 0.02-0.05 0.03
*must divide into bays of not greater than 6m wide
Source: Howard S. Peavy 115

Constructional Details of the Sedimentation Tanks
a. Inlet and Outlet Arrangement
 In order to reduce short circuiting and to distribute the
flow uniformly proper arrangement must be made for
smooth entry of water.
 A most suitable type of an inlet for a rectangular
settling tank is in the form of a channel extending to
full width of the tank, with a submerged weir type baffle
wall.
 A similar type of outlet arrangement is also used these
days. It consists of an outlet channel extending for full
width of the tank
116
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Figure of Weir
Fig. Section of a submerged
type outlet
type or a weir type inlet
117

b. Baffles
 Baffles are required to distribute the sewage uniformly
through the cross-section of the tank, and thus to avoid
short circuiting.
 Both inlets and outlets are, therefore, protected by
hanging baffles,
c. Skimming Troughs
 When the amount of oils and greasy matter is small, a

skim trough is generally provided in the sedimentation
tank itself, near its outlet end,
118
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d. Cleaning and Sludge Removal
 the deposited sludge should have to removed before it
becomes stale and septic.
 It also reduces the capacity of the tank and its
detention period,
 it leads to the evolution of foul gases formed due to the
anaerobic decomposition.
 Modern sedimentation tanks, however, are generally
provided with mechanical cleaning devices (scraped by
scrapers ).
119

Sedimentation Aided with Coagulation
What is Coagulation?
 Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids (very fine SS) by
addition of chemicals that neutralize the negative charges
 Colloids have a net negative surface charge
 The chemicals are known as
coagulants, usually higher valence
cationic salts (Al3+, Fe3+ etc.)
-- - --
 Coagulation is essentially a
-
-- - - -- --
chemical processes
- -- --
-
-- - - -- --
120
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 Then, the destabilized particles agglomerate into a large size
particles known as flocs which can be effectively removed by
sedimentation or flotation.
 The process of forming flocs is called flocculation.
Fig. of sedimentation by coagulation

121

Why coagulation and flocculation? GravIty settlIng
Colloids – so small: gravity settling not possible

122
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Table of Properties of the important coagulants used in sewage treatment
B.O.D.
SS removed pH value
removed Dosage
S. Name of as %age required
as %age of required Remarks
No. coagulant of total for proper
total in ppm
Present functioning
present
This coagulant is widely used for
Ferric
l. 80 - 90 90 - 95 25 - 35 5.5 to 7.0 sewage treatment, wherever,
chloride
coagulation is adopted.
Ferric sulphate has been found to be
more effective than chlorinated
Ferric
copperas, if used in conjunction with
2. sulphate 60 80 35 - 40 8.0 to 8.5
lime. Hence ferric chloride and ferric
with lime
sulphate are mainly used, as
coagulants in sewage.
It is generally not used in sewage
3. Alum 60 80 40 - 90 6 to 8.5 although used for treating water
supplies on a large scale.
5.5 to 7.0 This coagulant is effective for
Chlorinated
4. 70 - 80 80 - 90 35 - 80 and producing sludge for activated sludge
copperas 123
9.0 to 9.5 process.


124
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125
126
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127
128
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1. A city must treat about 15,000m3/d of water.

Flocculating particles are produced by
coagulation and column analysis indicates that an
overflow rate of 20m/d will produce satisfactory
removal at a depth of 3.5m. Determine the size of
the required settling tank. And check detention
time, check horizontal velocity.
Take length to width ratio as 3/1.
129
130
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131
34m 11m
3.5m
3.5m 3.5m
132
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Problems
1. Design a suitable rectangular sedimentation tank (provided with
mechanical cleaning equipment) for treating the sewage from a city
provided with an assured public water supply system, with a
maximum daily demand of 12 million liters per day. Assume
suitable values of detention period and velocity of flow in the tank.
Make any other assumptions, wherever needed.
Take detention period 2.5 hrs.
133
67

WWT Chapter 1,2,& 3

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10/27/2023

WASTE WATER TREATMENT (CEng5182)

General About WWT

What is wastewater treatment?

Fig. 1.1. Improperly disposed ww.

General About WWT

General About WWT

General About WWT

General About WWT

General About WWT

General About WWT

 Physical unit operations: application of physical

 Chemical unit processes: addition of chemicals or by

 To remove pollutants from wastewater and

Waste water sources and quantity

Waste water sources and quantity

Waste water sources and quantity

Waste water sources and quantity

Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological

Physical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Physical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Physical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Physical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Physical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Dissolved remain dissolved in

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

 As a general rule, the presence of inorganic solids in

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Chemical Characteristics Of Wastewater

Biological Characteristics Of Wastewater

 Most of the vast number of bacteria present in sewage

Measurement of Concentration of Contaminants in

In the 2nd stage, nitrogenous

Measurement of Concentration of Contaminants

Where, DO1 – dissolved oxygen of the diluted sample

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve

The rate of oxygen utilization, at a given

Fig. First stage BOD curve 54

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve