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REVISIONS
IT: ISSUE A - PRELIMINARY C - FOR INFORMATION E - FOR CONSTRUCTION G - AS BUILT
TYPE B - FOR APPROVAL D - FOR QUOTATION F - AS PURCHASED H - CANCELED

Rev. IT Description By Ckd. Appr. Auth. Date

FIRST ISSUE. CANCELS AND
0 C JCC LMM MB GJ 02/25/14
SUPERSEDES CP-B-507.
ITEMS 3.0, 4.0, 8.2, 10.0 &
ATTACHMENT E REVISED.
1 C ATTACHMENT F REMOVED. RPS LMM MB GCC 09/13/17
INFORMATION CLASSIFICATION
ADDED.

This document is designed to advise and define guidelines for the development of Vale’s Projects. Its application and adequacy is under the
responsibility of the Project Team. Principles of safety and value maximization for Vale shall be taken into account.
Alternative solutions, that may be proposed by the contracted designers, should be directed to Vale's Project Team with the justification for
approval.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ITEM DESCRIPTION PAGE

1.0 PURPOSE 3
2.0 APPLICATION 3
3.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 3
4.0 CODES AND STANDARDS 3
5.0 DEFINITIONS 4
6.0 SCOPE 4
7.0 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 4
8.0 SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS 5
8.1 DEFINITION OF SOIL LOADS 5
8.2 DEFINITION OF WORKLOADS DUE TO OVERLOADING 14
8.3 DEFINITION OF FACTOR OF EQUIVALENCES 22
8.4 DEFINITION OF THE PIPE CLASS 27
9.0 HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS 28
ATTACHMENTS 29
ATTACHMENT A - SOIL LOADS – INSTALLATION ON CHANNELS 29
ATTACHMENT B - SOIL LOADS – INSTALLATION ON POSITIVE PROJECTION
LANDFILL 29
ATTACHMENT C - SOIL LOADS – INSTALLATION ON NEGATIVE PROJECTION
LANDFILL 29
ATTACHMENT D - SOIL LOADS – INSTALLATION ON INDUCED CHANNELS 29
ATTACHMENT E - ROAD OVERLOADS 29

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1.0 PURPOSE

This document determines, based on workloads to which they will be subjected, the classes
of concrete pipe to be applied in Vale projects’ roads and railroads.

2.0 APPLICATION

This specification applies to all Vale project development and implementation areas.

3.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

Documents listed below have been used in developing this document or include instructions
and procedures applicable to it. They shall be used in their latest revision.

CP-N-501E Environment Criteria for Engineering Designs

CP-R-501E Health and Safety Criteria for the Development of Engineering
Designs
GU-E-400E Glossary of Terms and Acronyms Used in Project Implementation

4.0 CODES AND STANDARDS

Codes and/or standards listed below have been used in developing this document or include
instructions and procedures applicable to it. They shall be used in their latest revision.

 ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (Brazilian Association for

Technical Standards)

NBR 7188 Carga móvel rodoviária e de pedestres em pontes, viadutos,

passarelas e outras estruturas (Road and pedestrian live load on
bridges, viaducts, footbridges and other structures)
NBR 8890 Tubo de concreto de seção circular para águas pluviais e esgotos
sanitários - Requisitos e métodos de ensaios (Precast circular
concrete pipe for pluvial and sanitary drain - Requirements and
test methods)

 IBTS – Instituto Brasileiro de Telas Soldadas (Brazilian Institute for Welded

Screens)

Projeto Estrutural de Tubos Circulares de Concreto Armado

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 ATHA – Asociácion Española de Fabricantes de Tubos de Hórmigon

(Spanish Association for Reinforced Concrete Pipe Manufacturers)

Manual de Cálculo, Diseño e Instalación de Tubos de Hormigón

Armado

Vale requires full compliance with regulatory standards issued by the Ministério do Trabalho
e Emprego (Brazilian Department of Labor and Employment), as per ordinance 3214, from
June 8th 1978, and its updates, as well as full compliance with effective local legislation
health and safety requirements.

Legal requirements shall always prevail over the requirements herein, except for the cases in
which the latter are more stringent.

5.0 DEFINITIONS

General definitions, common to the universe of project implementation, may be found on

GU-E-400E.

6.0 SCOPE

The scope hereof is the supply and application of concrete pipes in accordance with the
technical characteristics, guidelines, procedures and executive methodology described in the
design, in this specification and in the technical requisition.

7.0 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

The aspects that shall influence the workloads in the pipelines shall be:

 Features of the soils used in landfills and backfills;

 Types of pipe installation;
 Foundation soil;
 Actuating overloads;
 System laying basis (bedding).

The classes of concrete pipes to be used shall be determined by the pressure of the soils on
the underground piping, and shall take as basis the Marston-Spangler method.

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The preparation of this general specification was guided by the publications “Projeto
Estrutural de Tubos Circulares de Concreto Armado”, of Instituto Brasileiro de Telas
Soldadas (IBTS), and “Manual de Cálculo Diseño e Instalación de Tubos de Hormigón
Armado”, of Asociácion Española de Fabricantes de Tubos de Hórmigon (ATHA).

8.0 SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS

8.1 DEFINITION OF SOIL LOADS

8.1.1 Soil characteristics

In order to define the soil loads on pipes, it is required to know:

  specific gravity of the soil;

  internal angle of friction of the soil;
 µ coefficient of friction of the soil (µ = tg );
 ’ angle of friction of the soil against the ditch walls;
 µ’ coefficient of friction of the soil against the ditch walls (µ’ = tg ’);
 k coefficient of thrust of the soil (active thrust), or the coefficient of
Rankine, obtained as a function of the angle of friction underground -
k = tg2 (45° -  /2);
 kµ product of the coefficient of thrust of the soil times the coefficient of
friction of the soil;
 kµ’ product of the coefficient of thrust of the soil times the coefficient of
friction of the soil against the ditch walls.

The table below shows the indications for designs in relation to some types of soils.

Table 8.1 – Characteristics of the types of soils used in the backfill

TYPE  (degrees) kµ = kµ’  (kN/m3)
Non-cohesive material 30.0 0.192 19.0
Sand and pebbles 16.5 0.165 17.6
Saturated soil 13.5 0.150 19.2
Clay 10.5 0.130 19.2
Saturated clay 8.5 0.110 21.0

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8.1.2 Types of piping installation

 Channel installation: the pipes are installed on open channels over natural
ground, which shall later be backfilled up to the original level;
 Installation on landfill with positive projection: the pipes are installed on the
natural ground so that the upper generatrix is located above the original level,
being later backfilled till the elevation defined in the design;
 Installation on landfill with negative projection: the pipes are installed on open
channels over the natural ground, later backfilled to the original level, and
subsequently landfilled till the elevation defined in the design;
 Installation on induced channels: the pipes are installed first as a positive
projection. After a partial execution of the landfill, a channel is excavated with
the same width as the external diameter of the pipes, which shall be filled
with compressible material, with the purpose of deviating the loads on the
pipeline to the sides. This system allows a reduction of the pressures on the
pipeline, and is usually reserved for cases where the pipes are installed
under high landfill volumes.

Figure 8.1 – Pipe installation on channels (a), on landfills with positive projection (b), on landfills with
negative projection (c).

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Figure 8.2 – Pipe installation on induced channels

For cases in which the landfill will be partially executed, allowing a later opening of the
channel for later system execution, the installation on landfill with negative projection may be
considered, also allowing the installation by induced channel process.

8.1.3 Loads produced by the soil over pipes in accordance with installation type

For load definition purposes, the cohesion shall usually be neglected, as the beneficial effects
caused by it shall be effective after a certain period of time as of the landfill construction.

In certain transitional or construction situations, it may be necessary to consider the actions

arising from the compaction equipment. In these cases, the type of machinery to be used
(static or vibrating) shall also be determined, in order to evaluate their size in specific
conditions near the sides and covering layer of the pipes.

8.1.3.1 Installation on channels

Loads produced by the soil over pipes in channels installation:

q  Cv    bv2

And:

1  e  'v
Cv 
'

 '  2k '

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hs
v 
bv

Where:

 specific gravity of the landfill soil;

hs height of landfill over the top of the pipes;
bv width of the channel.

In the case of channels with variable width and slope excavation, for calculation purposes, bv
shall be a distance in the horizontal plan that goes through the top of the pipes.

Figure 8.3 – Width of the channel as a function of the type of excavation

Attachment A hereof is a series of tables showing the loads of soils where pipes may be
installed, regarding installation in channels. In order to prepare the tables, the backfill was
considered using sand and pebbles, clay, saturated clay, non-cohesive material, and
saturated soil for heights of up to 6.0 m and width of the ditch ranging from 1.0 m to 5.0 m.
The characteristics of the soils are those presented in Table 8.1.

8.1.3.2 Installation on landfill with positive projection

Loads produced by the soil over pipes in landfill with positive projection installation:

q  C p    de2

For (hs  he)

es  1
Cp 


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For (hs > he)

 ee  1 
C p     s  e   ee
  

And:

  2k
s  hs d e
e  he de
  ha d e

rp 
sa  sn   st  de 
sa

ee    e       rp   1

In which:

 specific gravity of the landfill soil;

de external diameter of the pipes;
hs height of the finished landfill on the top of the pipeline;
he height of the landfill over the pipes up to the even settlement level;
ha difference in elevation between the level of the natural terrain and the elevation of
the top of the pipeline;
sa upsetting of the landfill with height ha, adjacent to that of the pipes;
sn upsetting of the natural terrain adjacent to the pipes;
sf upsetting of the pipes’ foundation neat the lower generatrix;
∆de diameter variation of the pipe in vertical direction.

In order to define the maximum load over the pipes, the value of ρ shall be considered as 1.

The upsetting ratio (rp), for practical reasons, may be considered as an empirical factor,
taking field data as a basis, whose values are as follows.

Table 8.2 – Ration of the upsetting as a function of the type of soil of the foundation
FOUNDATION SOIL RANGE OF VALUES (rp) RECOMMENDED (rp)

Rigid base – rock or soil with low deformation rate + 1.0 + 1.0

Base of the current type – common natural soil + 0.5 to + 0.8 + 0.5

Base on deformable soil 0 to + 0.5 + 0.3

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The recommended values are presented by Asosiación Española de Fabricantes de Tubos

de Hormigón Armado and were used to prepare this general specification.

Since the recommended values are all positive, the result of the loads over the pipes shall
exceed the weight of the earth prism on top of it. In case of doubt, use a higher value for the
upsetting ratio, a more rigid foundation base, implying the use of data that will allow more
safety.

Figure 8.4 – Forces actuating on the pipes installation on positive projection

Attachment B hereof comprises tables showing the loads of the soils the pipes shall be
subject to for piping facilities on landfill with positive projection. In order to prepare the tables,
the landfill building was considered using sand and pebbles, clay, saturated clay, non-
cohesive material and saturated soil for conditions of the system’s foundation on deformable
soil, common soil and rock. The characteristics of the soils are those presented in Table 8.1.
The internal diameter of the pipes varies from 0.60 m to 1.50 m and the height of the landfill
over the pipelines reaches values of up to 20.0 m.

8.1.3.3 Installation on landfill with negative projection

Loads produced by the soil over pipes in landfill with negative projection installation:

q  C n    bv2

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For (hs  he)

e s  1
Cn 


For (hs > he)

 e e  1 
Cn     s  e   e e
  

Where:

  2k
s  hs bv
e  he bv
  ha bv
sa  sn  st  d e 
rn 
sa
e e     e       rp  1

Where:

 specific gravity of the landfill soil;

de external diameter of the pipes;
hs height of the finished landfill over the top of the pipe;
he height of the landfill over the top of the pipe to the plan of equal upsetting;
ha difference in elevation between the level of the natural terrain and the elevation of
the top of the pipe;
sa upsetting of the landfill with a height of ha adjacent to that of the pipe;
sn upsetting of the natural terrain adjacent to the pipe;
sf upsetting of the foundation of the pipe near the lower generatrix;
∆de variation of pipe’s diameter in the vertical direction.

In that condition, the measures read for the upsetting ratio (rn) accrue values between -0.3
and -0.5, indicating the workload over the pipe shall be lower than that represented by the
prism of soil above it.

In practice, the usually adopted upsetting ratio is a value that depends on the ratio between
the height of the landfill of the top of the pipe to the natural terrain (ha) and the width of the
channel (bv), in accordance with the table 8.3.

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Table 8.3 – Upsetting ratio as a function of the ratio between the height
of the backfill to the natural terrain and the width of the channel
RATIO ρ = ha/bv UPSETTING RATIO (rn)
0.5 0.1
1.0 0.3
1.5 0.5
2.0 1.0

Figure 8.5 – Installation elements in negative projection

Attachment C hereof comprises tables presenting the loads of the soils the pipes will be
subject to for cases of pipes installed on landfill with negative projection. In order to prepare
the tables, the construction of backfill/landfill was considered using sand and pebbles, clay,
saturated clay, non-cohesive material and saturated soil, and the ration between the height of
the backfill and the width of the channel varying from 0.50 to 2.0. The characteristics of the
soils are those presented in table 8.1. The width of the channel varies from 1.0 m to 5.0 m,
and the height of the landfill over the piping reaches a value of up to 20.0 m.

8.1.3.4 Installation on induced channels

The installation on induced channels shall be a procedure to be adopted on high landfill to

reduce the load over the piping. That condition shall be generated by the artificial inversion of
the sense of cutback, making the portion of soil located over the pipe, compactable soil,
reduce more than the external soil, generating friction forces upward. These forces shall
balance part of the weight of the soil over the pipes, relieving the load thereon. In comparison
with the situation of negative projection, the even settlement level will displace towards the

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top of the landfill, creating a larger surface for the friction forces to act upon, allowing more
load relief.

The width adopted for the definition of strains depends on them method used to open the
channel. The methods adopted may be:

 Execution of the system with later landfill, followed by an excavation and

replacement of the soil with a compactable soil layer, with the same width s
the diameter of the pipe;
 Execution of the landfill with posterior opening of the channel and
construction of the system, followed by a backfill with compressible material.

In the first case, the width to be used to define the ratio ρ shall be the external diameter of the
system (de), whereas in the second case, the dimension to be applied is that required to
execute the bedding (bv). The actual induced channel is the one that relates to the first
construction method.

In both cases, the method to calculate the strains shall be the one used to the installation on
landfill with negative projection, using the upsetting ratio shown below.

Table 8.4 – Upsetting ratio as a function of the relation between the height of induction
over the system and the width of the channel or external diameter of the pipes
RATIO ρ = ha/bv UPSETTING RATIO (ri)
0.5 0.5
1.0 0.7
1.5 1.0
2.0 2.0

While building the first stage of the earthworks, the minimum recommended thickness to
apply in the induction (placement of compressible material over the top of the pipeline) shall
equal the diameter of the pipes.

Attachment D hereof comprises tables presenting the loads of soils the pipes will be subject
to for the case of facilities in induced channels. In order to prepare these tables, the
construction of backfill/landfill was considered with the use of sand and pebbles, clay,
saturated clay, non-cohesive material, and saturated soil, and the ratio between the height of
the backfill and the width of the channel varying from 0.50 to 2.0. The characteristics of the
soils are those presented in table 8.1. The width of the channel varies from 1.0 m to 5.0 m,
and the height of the landfill over the pipes reaches the value of up to 20.0 m.

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8.2 DEFINITION OF WORKLOADS DUE TO OVERLOADING

The effect generated by the loads applied to the surface over the pipelines are more
significant to situations where the landfill height is relatively low, once the transmission of the
applied force shall undergo a reduction as depth increases.

These loads are usually represented by the current traffic on the surface and depend on the
type and class of transportation modal. The type of paving will also affect the load distribution
methods.

The chart below represents the evolution of the effect of the loads conveyed by the soil and
by the overloads in relation to depth, individually and jointly.

Figure 8.6 – Variation of static loads and overloads as a function of the depth

In order to define the strains, the forces applied to the surface shall propagate in accordance
with an angle  with the vertical line. That angle varies from 30o to 45o, ad an angle of 35o is
adopted here (see figure 8.7).

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Figure 8.7 – Distribution of strains on the contact surface

Considering hs as the height of the soil between the top of the pipes and the final earthworks
surface or runway lane, the force Q acting in rectangle shape, with dimensions a/b, shall be
distributed onto an area with larger dimensions, as seen in figure 8.8.

Figure 8.8 – Area of actuation of the overload on the pipeline

The calculation reference for the pipe shall be the base. For mobile loads (action with traffic),
the dynamic effect shall be considered, using the coefficient of impact (ω).

Considering the distribution of the resultant of pressure to a distance of ¾ de below the top of
the pipes in similar conditions to what happens towards the top, the result will be:

  Q  de
qm 
b  1.4hs  a  1.4hs  1.05d e 

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Figure 8.9 – Actuation of the overloads on the piping

In cases where the pipes’ covering layer (hs) is equal to or shorter than the external diameter
of the pipes, the effect of the overloads act on the entire surface of the pipes, and the
resultant shall then be:

 Q
qm 
a  1.4hs  1.05d e 

Figure 8.10 – Overload acting upon the pipe with a short covering layer

In a situation of overriding the effects of two forces, the virtual application of a 2Q force shall
be considered on a surface with an area of a x b’. In that case, a resultant over the pipe per
unit of length, for the condition (hs > hc) shall be:

For (de < t’)

  2Q  d e
qm 
2b  c  1.4hs   a  1.4hs  1.05d e 

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For (de < t)

  2Q
qm 
a  1.4hs  1.05d e 

Figure 8.11 – Overriding forces over the pipes

In order to prevent sever located effects, the minimum height of the covering layer shall be
that of 1.00 m. In situations of heavy traffic, that limit shall comply with specific
recommendations. If the limit is not complied with, a specific analysis shall be carried out.

In a situation where the height of the covering layer is shorter, critical requirements may
occur in the dishing zone of the pipeline, diverging from the foregoing expected situations,
where the critical points are located on the pipe bases.

8.2.1 Road overloading

The standard NBR 7188 defines the TB-450 standard road mobile load of a 450 kN type
vehicle. For municipal local roads and particular works, a minimum mobile load equal to type
TB-240 can be adopted. In both cases the reference shall be the total weight of the vehicle
type, represented by a set of three axles with two wheels each, resulting in six wheels with
the same load, with an area of occupation of 18.0 m², surrounded by a uniformly distributed
load.

For road ring works and works with a distance of less than 100 km on highways for access to
port terminals, the mobile load of TB-450 shall be adopted, which may be increased by 10%,
with the authorization of the competent authority or the project team.

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Figure 8.12 – Layout of static loads (NBR 7188 standard)

Table 8.5 – Overloading of load models TB-405 and TB-240

Item Unit TB-450 TB-240
Quantity of axles Axle 3 3
Total weight of the vehicle kN 450 240
Weight of each wheel kN 75 40
Wheels’ area of contact m2 0,20 x 0,50 0,20 x 0,50
Distance between axles m 1,50 1,50
Distance between wheel centers on each axle m 2,00 2,00
Uniformly distributed load kN/m² 5,0 4,0

The most critical case for overload definition shall be that where the vehicle is running in the
same direction as the system’s axis.

Using this condition and the effect generated by the three wheels aligned, the overriding of
strains towards the pipeline axis shall occur as of the depth defined in the equation below.

ea
hcl 
1.4

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Where:

e distance between axles;

a dimension of the wheel’s area of contact in a parallel direction with the direction of
the traffic (0.20 m).

The overriding in the perpendicular direction of the piping axis, and consequently toward the
direction of the traffic, shall occur as of the depth calculated by the equation below:

c
hct 
1 .4

Where c is the distance between the internal faces of the wheels located on a same axle.

In the case of load models of NBR 7188 standard, the overriding of loads in the longitudinal
direction shall occur when the height of the covering layer (hs) exceeds 0.93 m. In the
transversal direction, the situation shall occur as of 1.07 m.

The effective length in meters to be considered for the forces towards the pipes shall be that
obtained by the following expression.

le  a  1.4hs  1.05d e
le'  le  2e

Figure 8.13 – Highway overloading in positional longitudinal to the pipeline

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Hence, four situations may occur:

 If (hs < hct) and (hs < hcl) – the effect shall be generated by force Qr related to
the weight of 1 wheel;
 If (hs < hct) and (hs > hcl) – the effect shall be generated by force 3Qr related to
the weight of 3 wheels;
 If (hs > hct) and (hs > hcl) – the effect shall be generated by force 6Qr related to
the weight of 6 wheels;
 If (hs > hct) and (hs < hcl) – the effect shall be generated by force 2Qr related to
the weight of 2 wheels.

Considering the dimensions set forth by NBR 7188 standard for load models, the last
situation shall not be possible.

Hence, regarding the foregoing assertions:

For (hs < hcl)

  Qr  d e
qm 
t  le

For (hcl < hs < hct)

  3Qr  d e
qm 
t  l 'e

For (hs > hct)

  6Qr  d e
qm 
t 'l 'e

Where:

t  1.4hs  b
t '  1.4hs  2b  c
b dimension of the wheel’s contact area in the perpendicular to the direction of the
traffic;
c distance between the internal face of the wheels in a same axle.

The coefficient of impact for road traffic (ω) varies according to the height of the pipeline’s
covering layer and, in accordance with the indications of the ACPA (American Concrete Pipe
Association), shall assume the values below.
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Table 8.6 – Coefficient of impact of road traffic as a function of the height

of the pipeline’s covering layer
Height of covering layer hs (m) ω
≤ 0.30 1.3
≤ 0.60 1.2
≤ 0.90 1.1
> 0.90 1.0

Attachment E hereof comprises tables presenting road overloads due to the TB-450 to witch
the pipes will be subject. The internal diameter of the pipes varies from 0.60 m to 1.50 m, and
the height of the covering layer of the system reaches a value of up to 10.0 m.

8.2.2 Railroad overloading

For the calculation of the railway overloads to which the pipeline will be subject, the same
train type considered in the railroad design shall be adopted or, in the absence thereof, a
study should be made to define the train type that attends the loading of the train composition
used on the road.

Overloads shall be considered as uniformly distributed, taking the railway’s base as

reference, to a distance of 0.50 m below the level of the top of the rails. The load of the
locomotives and railcars for broad gauge rails is then distributed onto a 3.0 m wide stretch.
For the metric gauge, the width of the track to be considered is that of 2.4 m.

Figure 8.14 – Width of railway distributed load

In the case of a culvert across the railway in a single track, the calculation of the effect of the
overload uses the following expression.

 Q  qb  d
qm      q   e
 b  1.4hs  le

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le  a  1.4hs  1.05d e

Where:

ω coefficient of impact;
Q weight of the locomotive (kN);
q loaded railcar distributed forces (kN/m);
b length of the locomotive;
de external diameter of the pipe;
hs height of covering layer.

The value of the coefficient of impact to be adopted is calculated by the expression below,
equal to or greater than 1.0.

  1.4  0.1hs  0.50

Where hs is in meters.

In the case of double tracks, the overriding effects over the pipeline shall be verified. In case
of overlapping, the definition of the loads shall use the formula related to the load model, and
the result obtained is multiplied by the number of lines whose effects override the pipeline, as
a function of the depth of the facility.

For a inter-track strip of 5.0 m and broad gauge, the override occurs as of a height of 1.40 m
below the point considered as the application of the distributed load (0.50 m from the top of
the rail), which may be referenced as the sub-ballast. In the case of metric gauge and the
same inter-track strip, the override occurs for covering layers of more than 1.85 m.

8.3 DEFINITION OF FACTOR OF EQUIVALENCES

The factor of equivalences corresponds to the ratio between the maximum bending moment
in the base of the pipe and that obtained in the diametrical compression test. Thus, by
dividing the resultant of the vertical loads by the factor of equivalence will be obtained the
value of the test force so that the pipe supports the stresses to witch it will be subject.

8.3.1 Installation on channels

Under this construction condition, the factor of equivalence depends on the type of bedding
employed in the pipeline installation. The bases shall be classified as flat sub-grade, or class
D; shaped sub-grade or granular foundation, or class C; shaped or unshaped granular
foundation, or class B; and concrete cradle, or class A.

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Table 8.8 – Factors of equivalence as a function of the concrete bedding for channels
Class of Pipes Factor of Equivalence
Concrete cradle or Class A 2.25 to 3.40
Shaped or unshaped granular foundation or class B 1.90
Shaped sub-grade or granular foundation or Class C 1.50
Flat sub-grade or Class D 1.10

Figure 8.15 – Types of bedding for pipe bedding

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Figure 8.16 – Types of concrete bedding

In the case of concrete bedding, the factor of equivalence depends on the dimensions of the
bedding and of the compaction of the filling material used in the channel’s backfill.

For drainage systems built under Vale’s railways, the dimensions of the concrete beds and
the backfill requirements for channels lead to a factor of equivalence of 2.8, to be used for
piping installation on channels.

In cases where the height of the landfill over the pipeline implies loads above those
supported by the pipe class PA-4, the use of concrete bedding may be considered where the
counter-bedding reaches the equivalent to one half the diameter, raising the factor of
equivalence to 4, and keeping the same requirements for channel compaction aspects. This
action allows the same class of pipe to resist to loads of up to 40% above the standard limit.

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8.3.2 Installation on landfill with positive projection

For pipes laid on landfill with positive projection, the factor of equivalence depends on the
conditions of the base and of the compaction of the soil on the pipeline’s sides. The system’s
installation beddings shall also be classified into categories (flat sub-grade, or class D;
shaped sub-grade or granular foundation, or class C; shaped or unshaped granular
foundation, or class B; and concrete cradle, or class A).

Flat sub-grade or class D

Shaped sub-grade or granular foundation, or class C

Shaped or unshaped granular foundation, or class B

Concrete cradle, or class A

Figure 8.17 – Models of concrete beddings

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Table 8.9 – Factor η as a function of the class of the base

Class of Bedding A B C D
 0.505 0.707 0.840 1.310

In order to define this criterion, with circular pipes and cradle bedding bases, the factor of
equivalence shall use the following formula:

1.431
f eq 
0.505    X

  k  hs 
   
Cp  de 2 

Where:

X parameter bound to the side pressure actuating area, as a function of the rate of
projection ρ and of the type of bedding;
k coefficient of thrust of the soil, considered as 0.33 in current cases;
Cp coefficient for installation on landfill with positive projection;
hs height of the landfill over the top of the pipe;
de external diameter of the pipe.

The values to be used to calculate the factor of equivalence are shown in Table 8.10.

Table 8.10 – Definition of pressure as a function of the class of bedding and ρ

Values of X as a function of the types of beddings
ρ
Concrete cradle Other types of beddings
(Class A) (Classes B, C and D)
0 0.150 0
0.3 0.743 0.217
0.5 0.856 0.423
0.7 0.811 0.594
0.9 0.678 0.655
1.0 0.638 0.638

8.3.3 Installation on landfill with negative projection

The factors of equivalence for pipes installed on landfill with negative projection shall be
considered as those for piping in channels, with the same conditions applicable thereto.

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8.4 DEFINITION OF THE PIPE CLASS

Once the result of vertical loads of the soils and the overloads arising from the traffic and the
factor of equivalence all in hand, the force the pipes will be subject to shall be determined
with a diametrical compression test, using the following expression.

f ens 
q  qm 
f eq

Where:

q resultant of the vertical loads of the soil;

qm resultant of the overloads arising from the traffic;
feq factor of equivalence;
γ coefficient of safety.

The values of the coefficients of safety (γ) to be used are:

 For fissure loads (cracks) – 1.0;

 For rupture loads – 1.5.

Based on the results, the pipe class shall be specified referring to the following table,
compiled from the NBR 8890 standard.

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Table 8.11 – Pipe Class x Loads - NBR 8890 standard

Stormwater Sanitary Sewerage
DN (di) Minimum fissure load Minimum rupture load Minimum fissure Minimum rupture
(kN/m) (kN/m) load(kN/m) load (kN/m)
Class PA1 PA2 PA3 PA4 PA1 PA2 PA3 PA4 EA2 EA3 EA4 EA2 PA3 PA4
300 12 18 27 36 18 27 41 54 18 27 36 27 41 54
400 16 24 36 48 24 36 54 72 24 36 48 36 54 72
500 20 30 45 60 30 45 68 90 30 45 60 45 68 90
600 24 36 54 72 36 54 81 108 36 54 72 54 81 108
700 28 42 63 84 42 63 95 126 42 63 84 63 95 126
800 32 48 72 96 48 72 108 144 48 72 96 72 108 144
900 36 54 81 108 54 81 122 162 54 81 108 81 122 162
1000 40 60 90 120 60 90 135 180 60 90 120 90 135 180
1100 44 66 99 132 66 99 149 198 66 99 132 99 149 198
1200 48 72 108 144 72 108 162 216 72 108 144 108 162 216
1500 60 90 135 180 90 135 203 270 90 135 180 135 203 270
1750 70 105 158 210 105 158 237 315 105 158 210 158 237 315
2000 80 120 180 240 120 180 270 360 120 180 240 180 270 360
Diametrical Load - Fissure or Rupture (kN/m)
Qd 40 60 90 120 60 90 135 180 60 90 120 90 135 180

Notes:

1. Diametrical fissure load (cracks) or rupture loads are the ratio between the fissure load
or rupture load and the rated diameter of the pipes.

2. Other classes may be admited upon an agreement between the manufacturer and the
client, as long as the conditions set forth in the NBR 8890 standard for regular class
pipes are complied with. For reinforced pipes, the minimum rupture load shall
correspond to 1.5 times the minimum fissure load.

9.0 HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

A risk analysis shall be performed for each situation and design in order to identify, not only
the risks associated to the equipment itself, but also those resulting from its interfaces with
other system equipment, as well as from the environment in which it is installed.

Health and safety requirements set forth in CP-R-501E and the environment requirements
set forth in CP-N-501E shall be complied with.

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ATTACHMENTS

ATTACHMENT A - SOIL LOADS –

INSTALLATION ON CHANNELS
ATTACHMENT A - Format: PDF
SOIL LOADS – INSTALLATION ON CHANNELS.pdf
(07 pages)

ATTACHMENT B - SOIL LOADS –

INSTALLATION ON POSITIVE PROJECTION
ATTACHMENT B -
LANDFILL
Format:
SOIL LOADS – INSTALLATION PDF
ON POSITIVE PROJECTION LANDFILL.pdf
(17 pages)
ATTACHMENT C - SOIL LOADS –
INSTALLATION ON NEGATIVE PROJECTION
ATTACHMENT C -
LANDFILL
Format:
SOIL LOADS – INSTALLATION PDFPROJECTION LANDFILL.pdf
ON NEGATIVE
(22 pages)

ATTACHMENT D - SOIL LOADS –

INSTALLATION ON INDUCED CHANNELS
ATTACHMENT D - Format: PDF
SOIL LOADS – INSTALLATION ON INDUCED CHANNELS.pdf
(22 pages)

ATTACHMENT E - ROAD OVERLOADS

ATTACHMENT E -
Format: PDF
ROAD OVERLOADS.pdf (02 pages)

QUESTIONS, COMMENTS OR SUGGESTIONS

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Responde, available on the Project Portal, or contact us via email at spe@vale.com.

Your participation is essential for the SPE collection improvement and maintenance processes.

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