Three Phases System

Chapter 6
Three-Phase System
Wan Khairunizam
Sem 1 2021/2022
Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

1
AICOS Research Group, School of Mechatronic
Contents:
1) single-phase generator
2) two-phase generator
3) Three-phase generator
4) Power in three phase circuit, power measurement and
Wye-Delta connection

2
Electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed in
the form of 3-phase power.
Why 3-phase power is preferred:

3
1) 3-phase motors, generators and transformer are
simpler, cheaper and more efficient
2) 3-phase transmission lines can deliver more power for
a given weight and cost
3) the voltage regulation of 3-phase transmission line is
inherently better.

4
Single-phase generator
Consider a permanent magnet NS revolving at constant

speed inside the stationary iron ring. The magnet is driven
by an external mechanical source, such as turbine. A multi
turn rectangular coil having terminals a, 1 is mounted inside
the ring but insulated from it.

5
Permanent magnet
When the magnet turns, it is sweep across the conductor,

inducing a voltage :
Ea1 = Blv
Ea1 : instantaneous voltage induced in the coil [V]
B : instantaneous flux density cutting across conductor [ T ]
l: length of the conductor
v: peripheral speed of the revolving poles [m/s]
6
(a)
Voltage induced in a winding A
(b)
The sum of the voltage induced in all the conductors appears

across the terminal. The terminal voltage Ea1 is maximum
when the poles are in the position (a). The voltage is zero when
the poles are in the position (b). The alternating voltage has a
peak value of 20. Machines that produce such voltage are
called alternating current generator or synchronous generator.
7
Power output of a single-phase generator
Resistor is connected across terminals a,1, and a current will

flow and the resister will heat up.

8
The current Ia is in phase with the voltage and, the
instantaneous power is composed of a series of positive
pulses. The electrical power is derived from the
mechanical power provided by the turbine driving the
generator.

9
Two-phase generator
A single generator is wound a second winding on the

stator, identical to winding A. As the magnet rotates,
sinusoidal voltages are induced in each winding. The
signals have the same magnitude and frequency, but do
not reach the maximum value at the same time. Voltage
Ea1 passes through its maximum positive value, whereas
Eb2 is zero. After a rotor has made one quarter turn (90o),
voltage Ea1 becomes zero and Eb2 attains its maximum
positive value. This is called two-phase generator.
10
Example 1
The generator shown in Figure rotates at 6000 r/min and

generates an effective voltage of 170 V per winding.
Determine,
1) Peak value across each phase
2) Output frequency
3) Time interval corresponding to a phase angle of 90o

11
Solution 1

12
Power output of a two-phase generator
Two identical resistive loads are connected to phase A & B.

Current Ia and Ib will flow in each resistor. Ia and Ib are in
phase with Ea1 and Eb2, respectively. The currents are 90o out
of phase with each other. The generator now produce a 2-
phase power output.

13
The generator produces two power waves from each resistor.
When the power of phase A is maximum, and phase B is
zero, and vice versa. The resultant power is constant and
equal to the peak power Pm of one phase. A 2-phase
generator does not vibrate and less noisy.
14
Three phase generator
A 3-phase generator has 3 identical winding, which are a-

1, b-2 and c-3. The winding are placed 120o each other.
When the magnet rotates at constant speed, the voltage
induced in the three winding have the same effective
values, but the peak occur at different time. At the moment
the magnet as in fig., the only Ea1 is at its maximum
positive value. Voltage Eb2 will reach its positively peak
after the rotor has turned through an angle 120o.

15
Power output of a three-phase generator
The generator has 3 identical resistors. The arrangement

requires six wires to deliver power to the individual single
loads. The resulting currents Ia, Ib and Ic are in phase with the
voltage Ea1, Eb2 and Ec3. Because the loads are identical, the
current have the same effective values, but are out of phase
by 120o. The power peak in the 3 resistors do not occur at the
same time, due to the phase angle between the voltage.

16
Example 2
The phase generator is connected to 20 Ω load resistor. If

the effective voltage induced is 120 V determine;
1) Power dissipated in each resistor
2) Power dissipated in the 3-phase load
3) Peak power dissipated in each resistor Pm
4) The total 3 phase power compared to the peak power
Pm

17
Solution 2

18
Wye Connection
1) Independent 3 single phase circuit.

2) Connect three return conductor to become a single return
conductor
3) This reduce the no. of transmission line from 6 to 4.
4) Return conductor is called neutral conductor and carries Ia + Ib +Ic.

1) The sum of three return current is zero at any instant.
2) Example at 240o, Ic = Imax, Ib =Ia=-0.5Imax. Thus Ia + Ib +Ic=0
3) No current flow in the middle, and the neutral line could be
removed. But the load must be identical.
4) The transmission line could be reduced from 4 to 3 (3 phase 3
wire system).

20
3 phase 4 wire system
3 phase 3 wire system

21
Voltage relationship in Wye
connection
1) Voltage relation between line to neutral and line to line voltage.

2) To express in mathematical expression
3) Condition: The load and line current is identical.

22
Eab
Generator winding Voltage phasor diagram

1) The induced voltage in each generator winding are Ean, Ebn & Ecn.
2) Or line to neutral voltage.
3) What are the value of line-to-line voltage Eab, Ebc and E ca.
4) Refer the above figure,
Eab = Ean + Enb = Ean – Ebn
Ebc = Ebn + Enc = Ebn – Ecn Line to Line voltage
Eca = Ecn + Ena = Ecn – Ean

23
Eab = Ean + Enb = Ean – Ebn = Ean + (-Ebn)
Length EL of the phasor Eab = 2 x ELN x cos 30o
= 2 x ELN x 3 /2
EL = 3 ELN
Line-to-Line voltage is 3 times Line-to-Neutral voltage.
EL = effective value of the line-to-line voltage [V]
ELN = effective value of the line to neutral voltage [V]
24
Example,
1) The line to neutral voltage are 100 V for the winding Ea1, E b2 &
Ec3.
2) The EL , line-to-line voltage is 173 V.
EL , Line-to-Line voltage is 3 times Line-to-Neutral voltage.

25
Example 3
A 3-phase, wye-connected generator induces 2400 V in each of

each winding. Determine the EL , line-to-line voltage.

26
Solution 3,

27
Example 4
A 3-phase, 60 Hz generator connected in Wye generates

a line (line-to-line) voltage of 239000 V. Determine;
a. The line-to-neutral voltage
b. The voltage induced in the individual winding
c. The time interval between the positive peak voltage of
phase A and the positive peak of phase B.
d. The peak value of the line voltage.

28
Solution 4,
a. EL = √3 ELN
ELN = EL / √3 = 23900 / √3 = 13 800 V.
b. The voltage induced in the individual winding is line-to-
neutral voltage which is 13 800 V.
c. One cycle 360o correspondence to 1/60 s.
Consequently, 120o correspond to an interval of T,
T = (120/360) x (1/60) = 1/180 s = 5.55 ms.
d. Em = √3 x 23 900 = 1.414 x 23 900 = 33 800 V.

29
Example 5
The voltage between a-b-c of the below figure is 620 V.

Determine:
a) The voltage across each resistor
b) The current in each line, If R = 15 Ω.
c) The power supply to the 3-phase load.

30
Solution 5,

31
Delta Connection
To generator
1) The line voltage are produced by the generator.

2) Resistor currents I1, I2 & I3 are in phase with line voltage Eab, Ebc &
Eac.
3) According to kirchhoff’s law,
Ia = I1 – I3
Ib = I2 – I1
Ic = I3 – I2

32
1) Ia lead I1 by 30o.
2) The line current IL and the branch current Iz.
IL = 2 x Iz x cos 30o
= 2 x Iz x √3/2
IL = √3Iz
IL ,the line current is √3 times greater than the current in each
branch for delta connection.
Example 6
Three identical impedances are connected in delta across a 3-

phase, 550 V line as shown in Fig. below. If the line current is
10 A, determine;
1) The current in each impedance
2) The value of each impedance

34
Solution 6,
a) The current in each branch

Iz = 10 / √3 = 5. 77 A.
b) The value of impedance in each branch
The voltage across impedance is 550 V

Z = E / Iz =550 V / 5.77
= 95 Ω.

35
Summary 3 Phase system

36
Power transmitted by a 3-phase line
Wye Connection
1) The apparent power for each branch
2) The apparent power supplied to all branches
S = total apparent power delivered by a 3-phase line [VA]

E = effective line-to-line voltage [V]
I = effective line current [A]
= a constant [1.73]
37
Delta Connection
1) The apparent power for each branch
2) The apparent power supplied to all branches
S = total apparent power delivered by a 3-phase line [VA]

E = effective line voltage [V]
I = effective line current [A]
= a constant [1.73]

38
Example 7
Three resistor are connected in delta. If the line voltage is 13.2

kV and the line current is 1202 A, determine;
1) The current in each resistor
2) The voltage across each resistor
3) The power supplied to each resistor
4) The power supplied to the 3-phase load
5) The resistance of each resistor.

39
Solution 7,

40
Example 7
A 3 phase motor connected to a 600 V line draws a line current

of 25 A. Calculate the apparent power supply to the motor.

41
42
Active, reactive and apparent
power in 3 phase circuit
S =√(𝑃2 + 𝑄2)
cos Ɵ = PIS
S = total 3 phase apparent power[VA]
P = total 3 phase active power[W]
Q = total 3 phase reactive power[var]
cos Ɵ = power factor of 3 phase load
Ɵ = phase angle between the line current and the line to neutral
voltage [o]

43
Phase sequence
Phase sequence analogy
§ Suppose the letters a, b and c are printed 120o interval
and a slowly revolving.
§ If the disc turns counterclockwise, the letter appear in the
sequence a-b-c-a-b-c
§ User define and here as a positive sequence
§ Sequence abc, bca and cab.

Phase sequence analogy
§ Suppose the letters a, b and c are printed 120o interval
and a slowly revolving.
§ If the disc turns clockwise, the letter appear in the
sequence a-c-b-a-c-b
§ User define and here as a negative sequence
§ Sequence acb, cba and bac.

45

Three Phases System

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Chapter 6

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Why 3-phase power is preferred:

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Consider a permanent magnet NS revolving at constant

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

When the magnet turns, it is sweep across the conductor,

Voltage induced in a winding A

The sum of the voltage induced in all the conductors appears

Resistor is connected across terminals a,1, and a current will

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

A single generator is wound a second winding on the

The generator shown in Figure rotates at 6000 r/min and

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Two identical resistive loads are connected to phase A & B.

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

A 3-phase generator has 3 identical winding, which are a-

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

The generator has 3 identical resistors. The arrangement

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

The phase generator is connected to 20 Ω load resistor. If

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

1) Independent 3 single phase circuit.

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

3 phase 3 wire system

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

1) Voltage relation between line to neutral and line to line voltage.

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Generator winding Voltage phasor diagram

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

EL , Line-to-Line voltage is 3 times Line-to-Neutral voltage.

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

A 3-phase, wye-connected generator induces 2400 V in each of

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

A 3-phase, 60 Hz generator connected in Wye generates

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

The voltage between a-b-c of the below figure is 620 V.

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

1) The line voltage are produced by the generator.

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Three identical impedances are connected in delta across a 3-

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

a) The current in each branch

b) The value of impedance in each branch

The voltage across impedance is 550 V

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group

1) The apparent power for each branch

2) The apparent power supplied to all branches

S = total apparent power delivered by a 3-phase line [VA]

1) The apparent power for each branch

2) The apparent power supplied to all branches

S = total apparent power delivered by a 3-phase line [VA]

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research Group