I.

DIRECT METHODS

1.) 1 -2 1 x 0
2 1 -3 y 5
4 -7 1 z -1

a. CRAMER'S RULE b. MATRIX INVERSION

det(a)= -10

step 1. adjoint
0 -2 1
5 1 -3
-1 -7 1 -20 -5
x= adj(a)= -14 -3
-10 -18 -1

-30 step 2. determinant

x=
-10 det(a)= -10

x= 3 step 3. inverse

1 0 1 2 0.5
2 5 -3 [a]^(-1)= 1.4 0.3
4 -1 1 1.8 0.1
y=
-10 step 3. [x]=[a]^(-1)[b]

-20 x 2
y= y 1.4
-10 z 1.8

y= 2 x= 3
y= 2
z= 1
1 -2 0
2 1 5
4 -7 -1
z=
-10

-10
z=
-10

z= 1
2.) 3 1 -1 x 1
1 -1 1 y -3
2 1 1 z 0

a. CRAMER'S RULE b. MATRIX INVERSION

det(a)= -8 step 1. adjoint

1 1 -1 -2 -2
-3 -1 1 adj(a)= 1 5
0 1 1 3 -1
x=
-8 step 2. determinant

4 det(a)= -8
x=
-8 step 3.

x= - 1/2
0.25 0.25
[a]^(-1)= -0.125 -0.625
3 1 -1 -0.375 0.125
1 -3 1
2 0 1 step 3. [x]=[a]^(-1)[b]
y=
-8 x 0.25
y -0.125
-14 z -0.375
y=
 -8
x= -0.5
y= 1 3/4 y= 1.75
z= -0.75

3 1 1
1 -1 -3
2 1 0
z=
-8

6
z=
-8

z= - 3/4

3.) 2 1 -1 2 w 5
4 5 -3 6 x 9
-2 5 -2 6 y 4
4 11 -4 8 z 2

a. CRAMER'S RULE b. MATRIX INVERSION

det(a)= -12 step 1.

#NAME? #NAME?
5 1 -1 2 #NAME? #NAME?
9 5 -3 6 adj(a)= #NAME? #NAME?
4 5 -2 6 #NAME? #NAME?
w= 2 11 -4 8
step 2. determinant
-12
det(a)= -12
w= 1 step 3.

2 5 -1 2 2 1/6 -1 1/6
4 9 -3 6 2/3 - 2/3
-2 4 -2 6 [a]^(-1)= 13 -8
x= 4 2 -4 8 4 1/2 -2 1/2

-12 step 3. [x]=[a]^(-1)[b]

x= -2 w 2 1/6
x 2/3
y 13
z 4 1/2
2 1 5 2
4 5 9 6
-2 5 4 6 w= 1
y= 4 11 2 8 x= -2
y= 1
-12 z= 3

y= 1

2 1 -1 5
4 5 -3 9
-2 5 -2 4
4 11 -4 2
z=
-12

z= 3
 c. GAUSS ELIMINATION

step 1. forward elimination

1 -2 1 0 x
5 2 1 -3 5 y
5 4 -7 1 -1 z
5

R₂'= 0 -5 5 -5

R₃'= 0 -1 3 1

1 -2 1 0
0 -5 5 -5
-0.5 0 -1 3 1
-0.5
-0.5

R₃'= 0 0 2 2

0.5 -0.5 0 1 -2 1 0
0.3 -0.5 5 0 -5 5 -5
0.1 -0.5 -1 0 0 2 2

step 2. back substitution

*using algebra

at R3
z= 1

at R2
y= 2

at R1
x= 3
 c. GAUSS ELIMINATION

step 1. forward elimination

0 3 1 -1 1 x
-4 1 -1 1 -3 y
-4 2 1 1 0 z

R₂'= 0 4 -4 10

R₃'= 0 -0.5 -2.5 1

3 1 -1 1
0 4 -4 10
0 0 -0.5 -2.5 1
0.5
0.5 R₃'= 0 0 -3 2.25

3 1 -1 1
0 4 -4 10
0.25 0 1 0 0 -3 2.25
-0.625 0.5 -3
0.125 0.5 0 step 2. back substitution
*using algebra
 at R3
z= -0.75

at R2
y= 1.75

at R2
x= -0.5

#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
 0 1/3
0 1/3
1 2
1/2 1/2

-1 1/6 0 1/3 5
- 2/3 0 1/3 9
-8 1 2 4
-2 1/2 1/2 1/2 2
d. GAUSS-JORDAN ELIMINATION METHOD

1 -2 1 0 x
2 1 -3 5 y
4 -7 1 -1 z

step 1 1
0
0

R₂'= 0 -5 5 -5

R₃'= 0 -1 3 1

step 2 0
1
0

1 -2 1 0
0 -5 5 -5 /-5
0 -1 3 1

1 -2 1 0
0 1 -1 1
0 -1 3 1

R₁'= 1 0 -1 2

R₃'= 0 0 2 2

1 0 -1 2
0 1 -1 1
0 0 2 2 /2

1 0 -1 2
0 1 -1 1
 0 0 1 1

step 2 0
0
1

R₁'= 1 0 0 3

R₂'= 0 1 0 2

1 0 0 x 3
0 1 0 y 2
0 0 1 z 1

d. GAUSS-JORDAN ELIMINATION METHOD

3 1 -1 1 x /3
1 -1 1 -3 y
2 1 1 0 z

1 1/3 - 1/3 1/3

1 -1 1 -3
2 1 1 0

step 1 1
0
0

R₂'= 0 1 1/3 -1 1/3 3 1/3

R₃'= 0 - 1/3 -1 2/3 2/3

1 1/3 - 1/3 1/3

0 1 1/3 -1 1/3 3 1/3 *3/4
0 - 1/3 -1 2/3 2/3

step 1 0
1
 0

1 1/3 - 1/3 1/3

0 1 -1 2 1/2
0 - 1/3 -1 2/3 2/3

R₁'= 1 0 -2 1

R₃'= 0 0 -6 4 1/2

1 0 -2 1
0 1 -1 2 1/2
0 0 -6 4 1/2 /(-1/6)

step 1 0
0
1

1 0 -2 1
0 1 -1 2 1/2
-0 0 1 -0.75

R₁'= 1 0 0 -0.5

R₂'= 0 1 0 1.75

1 0 0 x -0.5
0 1 0 y 1.75
0 0 1 z -0.75