CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES
• SIMPLEST OF ALL THE BIOMOLECULES
• C-H-O
• CarbOHydrates – bonded to the -OH group.
 CARBOHYDRATES
• MOST ABUNDANT BIOCHEMICAL IN THE WORLD.
• HAS THE GENERAL FORMULA CN(H2O)N AND
APPROXIMATELY A RATIO OF 1:2:1 – CHO -
CARBOHYDRATES - FUNCTION
• BODY’S PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY
• ENERGY STORAGE
• STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
CARBOHYDRATES are categorized according to the
complexity of their constituents:

MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES
 MONOSACCHARIDES
• Mono – Sacchar
• the SIMPLEST unit of carbohydrates.
• They are in ring structure or chain formation.
 MONOSACCHARIDES - FUNCTION
• MAJOR CELLULAR NUTRIENT
• INCORPORATED INTO MORE COMPLEX
CARBOHYDRATES
 MONOSACCHARIDES - STRUCTURE
• contains a carbonyl group
(C=O) and may be
classified as an aldose or
ketose depending on the
position
 MONOSACCHARIDES - STRUCTURE
• May have
three to seven
carbons.
 MONOSACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE
RIBOSE
5C aldose that
forms part of the
backbone of
nucleic acids.
 MONOSACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE

GLUCOSE
6C aldose that is
the product of
photosynthesis.
 MONOSACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE
FRUCTOSE
a 6C ketose that is
found in many
plants and is often
bonded to
glucose.
 MONOSACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE

Glyceraldehyde Deoxyribose Galactose

3C 5C 6C
 DISACCHARIDES
• Simply combinations of monosaccharides linked
together by their fused -OH compounds, forming the
glycosidic linkage.
DISACCHARIDES - FUNCTIONS
• It serves as an energy source and
sweetener and dietary component
DISACCHARIDES - STRUCTURE
• forms when a glycosidic
linkage forms between
two monosaccharides
 DISACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE

MALTOSE
glucose + glucose)
—malt sugar often
found in sprouting
grains, malt-based
energy drinks, or beer
DISACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE
GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE

MALTOSE
 DISACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE
LACTOSE
(glucose + galactose)—
milk sugar that is a source
of energy for infants; an
enzyme called lactase is
required to digest this. Many
adult Filipinos have low
levels of this enzyme
leading to a condition
called lactose intolerance.
DISACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE
GALACTOSE
GLUCOSE

LACTOSE
 DISACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE
SUCROSE
(glucose +
fructose)—found in
table sugar
processed from sugar
cane, sweet fruits,
and storage roots like
carrots
DISACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE
FRUCTOSE
GLUCOSE

SUCROSE
 POLYSACCHARIDES
• are simply chains of
disaccharides.
POLYSACCHARIDES - FUNCTION
• Storage material for important
monosaccharides
• Structural material for the cell or
the entire organism
POLYSACCHARIDES - STRUCTURE
• Forms when hundreds to
thousands of monosaccharides
are joined by glycosidic
linkages.
 POLYSACCHARIDES - STARCH
Amylase is unbranched
starch forming a helical
structure while
amylopectin is
branched starch, these
are present in plant
parts like potato tubers,
corn, and rice and serve
as major sources of
energy.
POLYSACCHARIDES - GLYCOGEN
found in
animals and
fungi; often
found in liver
cells and
muscle cells
(30000 G-U)
POLYSACCHARIDES - CELLULOSE
tough sheet-like structures
that make up plant and
algal cell walls that may
be processed to form
paper and paper-based
products; humans lack
the enzymes to digest β
1,4 linkages so is passed
out of the digestive tract
and aids in regular bowel
movement
 POLYSACCHARIDES - CHITIN
used for
structural
support in
the walls of
fungi and in
external
skeletons of
arthropods
 POLYSACCHARIDES - CHITIN
used for
structural
support in
the walls of
fungi and in
external
skeletons of
arthropods
 POLYSACCHARIDES - PEPTIDOGLYCAN

used for
structural
support
in
bacterial
cell walls