1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS-I|

INTRODUCTION

Communication is something we all do on a daily basis without paying much attention.

It started hundreds of years ago and has evolved into Writing, Listening, Speaking and
Reading as the four key components.

Body Language: We use non-verbal signals to communicate with each other. It

includes hand movement, posture and facial expressions.
JARGON
BUSTER

Types of Communication
Communication can be any form of signal or message. It could be in anyformat. Let
us take a simple example: When a baby cries, it sends a message to the parents that
it needs attention. This is also a form of communication. Isn't it? This is a form of non
verbal communication. When we start to speak, it is known as verbal communication.
When we start going to school, we start doing written communication. Even when
we enter our professional careers, written and verbal communication remain the most
important aspects of our daily lives.

Types of Communication
Based on Communication Channels Based on Style and Purpose

Non-verbal Verbal
Face-to-face
Formal Informal
Oral
Written Distance

Advantages of non-verbal communication

1. Supports the main message: Non-verbal cues can add weight and supplement the
main message or idea.
2. Visual appeal: Information can be visualized in a simple manner which is easily
understood.
3. Substitute for verbal communication: In case of barriers such as noise or distance,
we can use gestures to communicate such as nodding instead of a yes.
4. Faster communication: Signs and gestures can communicate much faster than verbal
communication.

Disadvantages or limitations of non-verbal communication

There are some limitations too of non-verbal communication:
1. Non-specificity: Non-verbal communication can sometimes be broad in its message
and perceived differently bydifferent people. Its meaning varies in various cultures
and demographics.
2. Continuity: It is difficult to carry out a long conversation through only non-verbal
communication.

3. Distracting: It maybe distracting to view multiple gestures and understand them at

the same time. In case someone is communicating non-verbally as well as through
verbal communication, it gets a little complicated.
4. Cultural variations: Gestures can mean different things in different countries. For
example, waving inthe air may be consideredfriendly in one culture but rude in another.
Verbal Non-verbal
Communication Communication

Oral Spoken Language Laughing, Crying,

Coughing, etc...

Non-oral Written Language/ Gestures, Body

Sign Language Language, etc...

BODY LANGUAGE

Body language is an important aspect of non-verbal communication where physical

behaviour is used to convey a message or information.
Body language includes:
Facial expressions Posture
Hand gestures Touch
Use of space Eye movement
"kinesics"/kinaesthetics.
It is also known as
 Do's and Don'ts of non-verbal messages and body language
Do's Don'ts
" Make eye contact but don't stare
"Avoid touching your face
"Have a firm handshake but no hand-crushing "No leaning back or sitting casually
" Have a calm behaviour
"Do not sit in crosS-armed position
" Be natural with your gestures and posture " Do not avoid maing eye contact
"Smile and act natural " Hand movements/gestures are a n0-no
" Listen intently

DID YOU KNOW ?

65 per cent of the communication happens through non-verbal methods.

Formal and Non-formalCommunication

Aformal letter or email has a specific body, structure, tone and no personal information.
You may use it with your teachers in, school or in government organizations.
Non-formal communication is when you talk to your friends and family. You may use
slangs and informal words to communicate.
Let us see the difference between formal and informal style of writing.

Writinga Letter or an Email

Salutation Formal Informal
" Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms Hello/Hi +first name
" Dear Madam/Sir " Dear + first name
" Hithere
Sign-off
|Closing|Opening
Line Howare things with you? What's up?
"Thank you for yourletter/emaildated .. " Guess what?
" | am writing with reference to ... " lam writing totell you about..
Line " Hope to hear from you soon!
" | look forward to hearing from you
at the earliest.
" Best wishes
" Yourssincerely
"Regards/Best regards/Kind regards " Love/Hugs/XOX0

ES.3
The Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication is a theory of communication
published in 1948. It consists of six key concepts:
1. Sender: The person who starts the communication process by choosing a message to
send, someone to send the message to, and a channel/medium to send the message.
2. Encoder: The sender is also the encoder who transforms a thought or idea into words
or body language to communicate to the receiver.
3. Channel: The medium through which information from the sender and encoder goes
through to the decoder and the receiver. It could be oral, written or visual.
4. Noise:There could be potential interruption to a message on the way from the sender
to the receiver. This is known as Noise.

" Internal noise: When the sender uses a different tempo or slangs and the receiver
is not able to understand the words.
" External noise: When the noise is due to an external or uncontrollable reason such
as talking in a crowded place.
5. Decoder: The content of the message being understood by the person at the other
end of the communication.
6. Receiver: The person who gets the sender's message.
Another concept (feedback') was later added to this theory.
Feedback: When the receiver responds to the sender togive feedback on whether
the message sent by the sender was understood in its entirety and intent.
Types of Feedback
Descriptive feedback: Specific information in the form of written comments or verbal
communication that helps the listener understand what they need to do in order to
improve is described as descriptive feedback.
Further, depending on the tone and tenor, we may classify feedback as:
Positive: Appreciation or encouraging words. But this can be even more powerful when
the one giving the feedback highlights specific points,e.g., the second paragraph of your
poem really touched my heart.
Constructive: Highlights how a person could do better next time. The choice of words
is important and the feedback must be delivered with sensitivity, e.g., Iliked the theme
of your poem but Isuggest you use less complicated words.
Negative: This type of feedback points out a perceived negative behaviour, without
proposing a resolution. This can result in destruction of the relationship, e.g., Ifound
your poem to be childish and boring.
CoMMUNICATION SKILLS-I| ES.5
Let us try to first understand the yarious barriers to communicatíon:
Differences in language is the first major barrier. Imagine you are anative Hindi
speaker and you meet a Spaniard; how difficult it would be for the two of you to
communicate If you don't understand the other person's language.
Physical barriers to non-verbal communication - In an unusual situation like a
pandemic, we are not able to see the no-verbal cues and gestures of others in
person. This creates physical barriers to communication.
Psychological barriers - Many atime when we are disturbed, it is diffícult to think
clearly and communicate properly.We may say something but mean sormething else.
It happens to all of us, right?
Emotional barriers - Sometimes it is difficult to express opinions on certaín topÍcs
such as politics, religion, culture or gender.
Jargon or slangs or short forms can sometimes be confusing as well. Some cultures
have default slangs for certain expressions such as in the West, where people denote
the time 3:15 pm as quarter past 3. This could be confusing for someone.
Lack of attention and distractions can affect the lístener. Let us say you are on
the phone with your headphones on and your mom is trying to tell you something.
Would yoube able to understand?
Physical disadvantages such as hearing or speech problems can also sometimes make
communication difficult.
Culturaldifferences in different countries and demographics can vary. The way people
greet or even interpret words is very different in different cultures.
Measures to Overcome Barriers
There are various ways to overcome barriers to communication. It is important to address
them depending on the person you are communicating with. For example, you will not
use the same approach with your parents as you would with your friends, right?
Some useful tips include:
" Always ask the other person if it is the right time and place to talk. Also, check if they are in
the right frame of mind to talk.
Use a language and style/tone which the other person understands. Don't use slangs.
Focus on one key idea in one sentence; don't mix too many conversations. It just confuses
the other person.
We should always respect the other person if they are not in a mood to talk.
Always check with the other person if they have really understood your message.
Check for body language and non-verbal cues.
" Communicate with the other person in a location that is free from distractions.
" Active listening is an important skill to make sure you are listening to understand and respond
rather than react.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS-|I ES.7

 PRINCIPLES
As
OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
we have seen, it is of communicationto
very
make sure the message isimportant
deliveredintothe
haveform and intenttechniques
appropriate desired by the sender.
7Cs of Effective Communication Ss•ua)ar
There are 7Cs of effective
are applicable to both communication
written as well
which
communication. These are as follows: as oral
Cor ectnes
1.
Completeness - The communication should be Courtesy 7Cs Conciseness
complete and the sender of the message must
of Effective
take into Communication
consideration
mind and tailor the
the receiver's frame of Concreteness

message

2.
of the key
" No
" No
features to keep inaccordingly. Some
mind:
critical information should be
question should remain
Conciseness - Conciseness isunanswered.
missing.
important as with an increase
Clarity

Consideraton
Conversation, the message becomes hazy in the length of
the following features: and vague. Concise
" lt saves time.
communication has
It ensures that the focus is on the key
3.
Consideration - Consideration means tomessage.
perspective,
other .education, understand
etc. It means to be able to
the receiver's
background,
person's point of view. This includes: feel the
Empathize and express communication from the
Use positive words and interest to communicate
as per the
4. Clarity - avoid any negative receiver's preference.
Clarity references.
the receiver getsmeans
the
to focus on the
message with
core message clearly.
This helps minimum distraction so that
Understanding
the message easily by the
Clarity of thought and receiver.
in:

5. intent.
Concreteness
being
- This refers to
being clear and
general and vague. This includes concise in the
Message is supported by facts and the following features: message rather than
The message is clear and figures.
6. precise.
Courtesy - Courtesy means
respectful. A expressions
courteous message has the the
of
sender should be
" One needs to take
into
receiver of the message.
followin g features: sincerely
consideration viewpoints as well as of the
both
polite and
The message is without any
ES.8
bias and
prejudice. feelings
EsSENTIALS OF ARTIFICIAL
 no grammatical mistakes. This
7. Correctness - Correctness means ensuring there are
meanS:

" There is no semantic error in the message.

" The facts and figures used in the message are correct.
" Language and tone are correct.

PARTS OF A SENTENCE
is
Acomplete sentence consists of two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject
what the sentence is about, while the predicate tells us something about the subject.
Subject

The manager has changed all of his staff recently.

Predicate

Types of Sentences
There are four basic types of sentences,depending on the purpose of the speaker or write.
1. Look at the red rose! This is an Imperative sentence which gives a command.
2. The rose is red. This is aDeclarative sentence which states afact, opinion or idea.
3. Is the rose red? This is an Interrogative sentence which asks a question.
4. llove the red rose! This isan Exclamatory sentencewhich expresses astrong emotion.

Imperative ends with a full stop ()or exclamation (!)

Declarative ends with a fullstop (.)

Interrogative ends with a question mark (?)

Exclamatory ends with an exclamation (!)

Asentence is a sequence of words which conveysa complete thought.

JARGON
BUSTER
 Simple, Compound, Comnplex
1.
eitence containing a subject and a verb. It expresses a complete idea.

simple sentence subject verb object

Kartik works at Dcode AI,
2.
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
ne Tirst part of the sentence and the second part make sense independently.
,independent clause coordinator independent clause
compound sentence Kartik workS at Dcode AI and Kartikleads the technology division

3: Acomplex sentence uses an independent clause combined with one or moredependent

clauses. The dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence.

dependent clause independent clause

he still needs to do household work Even though Kartik works at DcodeAI
complex sentence
Even though Kartik works at DcodeAI, he still needs to do household work.

PARTS OF SPEECH
Parts of Speech Function
Nouns Naming people, places, things and ideas/concepts
Adjectives Describing nouns and pronouns
Adverbs Modifying verbs, adjectives and adverbs
Verbs Expressing a physical action or state
Prepositions Showing relationships of words and phrases
Pronouns Replacing nouns
Conjunctions Joining words, phrases and clauses
Interjections Showing strong ermotions or feelings
A noun names a person, place, idea or thing.
An adjective describes a noun, adds some bling.
Averb shows action, experience or state of being.
An adverb modifies a verb, a new way of seeing.
The conjunction joins two or more words or thoughts.
But to show a relationship a preposition must be
brought
The. pronoun is a replacement for the good old noun
Interjection to express emotion--feeling up or down

ES.10 EssENTIALS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-X

ARTICLES
In English, there are three articlesa, an and the.

ARTICLES :
A/AN
"Used for objects that are not specific or
one of several things of a similar type
e.g.. I need to buy a new phone.
A/AN/THE
THE
"Usedfor specific objects or objects that
both the speaker and listener know
e.g., Please post the letter today.

" Used the first time we introduce an

object " Used when we mention the object again
e.g., Let's try a new recipe. e.g., The recipe had precise instructions.

Parts of Speech
Article Adjective Noun Verb Preposition

The old woman was sitting at

Article Noun Conjunction Adverb

the railway station anc patiently

Verb Preposition Pronoun Noun Verb

waiting for her train to arrive.

PHRASES
work together to convey a meaning.
A phrase is agroup of two or more words that
However, a phrase is not acomplete sentence.
KINDS OF PHRASES

Adverb phrase: erepositional

Verb phrase: Adjectlve phrase hrese
Noun phrase: very tall very quickly
the tiny shoe was cycling on the grass

ES.11
COMMUNICATION SKILLS-I|
 THE ART OF STORYTELLING
Whether in personal or professional life, storytelling is a key skill that we should master.
Each story has a beginning, amiddle and an end.
Key Components of a Story
Acentral idea or theme
One or more characters

A plot
Aconflict or aproblem and how the main character deals with it along with his/her
interactions with other characters is key to the story.

Exercise

Write a story of your own.

For example, let us say Kartik wants to start an online business and needs to build a platform for
selling cars.
Characters: Kartik, his father and mother, friends, etc. (You can add any relevant characters as
needed.)
Conflict: Kartik wants to start a business but needs funding to build the platform.
What willKartik doand how willhe solve his conflict? This is what the storyteller does.
Central ldea: It could be the journey of Kartik to raise funding and the struggles -the struggle
story-or it could be the fact that he raised funding and how his business succeeds-the success
story!
The title of the story could be 'Sky is the limit' or Follow your dreams'. What do you think would
be an apt title for it?

Activity 1
Can you attempt to finish the story with the above guidelines? Now try writing a short story
of 300-400 words using your own characters and a conflict.

DID YOU KNOW ?

known as 'fiction'. If you write a
When a character and plot is created by you and is not real, it is
'non-fiction'.
biography or memoir, it is known as

fictional character.
For example, James Bond is a
will be a work of non-fiction.
Narendra Modi is a real person and his biography

CoMMUNICATION SKILLS-II ES.13

 Shakespeare famously said The whole world is a stage, and allthe men and womnen
play merely
actors. They have their exits and their will
and in his lifetime a man many
parts, his life separated into entrances,
seven acts."
Ourlife is also a story and we need to make the best of it and shape it as a
storyteller.
We all have a story to tell

EXERCISES
:Objective Type Questions
1. Which of these is not a type of
sentence?
(a) Declarative (b) Exclamatory
(c) Imperative (d) Question
2. What is the response of the receiver to
message known as?
(a) Encoding (b) Feedback
(c) Decoding (d) Channel
3. Which of these is not an example of body language?
(a) Facial expressions (b) Posture
(c) Gestures (d) Verbal communication
4. Which of these is not a barrier to communication?
(a) Personal barriers (b) Language barriers
(c) Gender barriers (d) Financial barriers
5. Which of these is not one of the 7Cs of communication?
(a) Completeness (b) Conciseness (c) Consideration (d) Culture
6. Which of these is not a part of speech?
(a) Verb (b) Adjective (c) Pronoun (d) Punctuation
7. What percentage of communication is body language?
(a) 35% (b) 55% (c) 25% (d) 20%
8. Which of these is not atechnique to overcome barriers to communication
(a) Active listening (b) Messaging
(c) Using simple language (d) Constructive feedback
is a set of words that is complete in itself,
9. A typically containing a
subiect and predicate, conveying a statement and consisting of a main clause and sometimes
clauses.
one or more subordinate
 10. A
IS a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all
related to asingle topic.
11. A
... iS anything that prevents us from receiving and understanding the
messages others use to convey their information, ideas and
12. Not stating instructions clearly is an
thoughts.
exampleof

Subjective Type Questions

1. What are the five principles of effective communication? List them in the order of their
importance according to you.
2. What are the 7Cs of communication? Which one is the most important as per
you and why?
3. What is the difference between verbal and non-verbal communication? Explain with
examples.
4. Write five Do's and Don'ts of effective body language.
5. What are some of the common barriers to communication and howcan you address them?
6. Explain the eight parts of speech. Use them in a paragraph and show each component.
7. What are the four types of sentences? Explain giving one example for each.
8. What is the importance of feedback in the communication process? Explain the various
sources of collecting feedback.
9. What are some of the advantages of non-verbal communication? Can you think of situations
where only non-verbal communication can be used?
10. What are the parts of a paragraph? Can you identify them in the following paragraph:
How's my child doing at school? Please log in to continue
Most of you might recall as studentsthat our parents would often go to the Parent-Teacher
meeting and ask a simple question: "How's my child doing?" And some teachers would have
engaging conversations around the child's progress and improvement areas while others would
give superficial answers but regardless, a parent would get to know how their child is doing.
Few years down the line, the question still remains but with the advent of technology,
educational institutions today give fancy software and apps to parents to log in, navigate
through menus and do selections, click click click to see what they want to know and receive
an occasional SMS or they view the child's social media page to figure out what he/she
is doing. Many thought they had cracked the code by giving power in the hands of the
user to understand and assimilate information the way they wanted to but it has made life
more complicated for parents who do not have the time or skills or aptitude to use such
software. Humans Iike to have conversations with each other rather than having formal
written communication. We understand information better when someone speaks with us.
Various software use complicated interfaces to deliver information in a non-friendly format.
We believe Artificial Intelligence can help you fetch data from your management information
systems or similar software in the format of a simple conversation.
The question still remains-How's my child doing?
The real question is-Howare youresponding?
 2)SELE-MANAGEMENT SKILLS-l|

STRESS
in all stages of life. Stress
essIS one of the important reasons for low productivity
drains one's energy and impedes day-to-day work and peace of mind.
outcomes.
Stress can be positive, if taken in the right sense, and may result in effective
However, the most common is negative stress that makes a person worrisome, less
productive and may also lead to various psychosomatic disorderS.

Stress Management
Stress_ management refers to focusing on STRESS
maintaining a healthy body and mind to handle CAUSAL
Stressful situations. Stress is an unavoidable AGENTS
part of life, be it due to a family issue,a fight
with afriend or an approaching exam.
Stress refers toa »physical, mental or emotional Social Financial
strain or tension'.
Small amounts of stress can actually have a
positive effect on our performance but high Physical Mental
levels of stress over prolonged periods need
to be managed. Let us identify the sources of
stress:

Common Workplace Stressors

Physical Inter-perSonal Disorganization Multitasking

discomfort Conflict
 Sources of Stress

Mental: It is easy to get stressed due to examinations and assignments. There are
expectations from parents and teachers besides peer pressure. This can lead to feelings
of anxiety and stress.

Physical: Youngsters can become conscious of their looks while coping with hormonal
changes. Social media, fashion magazines and peer pressure to look good only add to
their stress.

Social: Managing relationships and friendships can be difficult in today's time of social
media and societal expectations. One feels the need to be best at everything which can
create a false sense of pressure for overachievement.
Financial: With anumber of social media sites, youngsters often feel the need to shop
moreand look good. They also want to be financially independent. This creates financial
pressure on them.

Importance of Stress Management

As can be seen, we are surrounded by various sources of stress. It is important to be
able to cope with stress to lead a healthy and happier life to ward off illnesses later in
life. Stress management can lead to the following benefits:
Improves mood and generalwell-being
Boosts immune system
Helps in increasing lifespan
Checks distractions in life
Prevents psychological and other behavioural disorders
Stress Management Techniques
Stress is a mental state wherein an individual may feel overwhelmed with a situation.
It affects different people differently. Some of the symptoms of stress may be common
while others may vary from person to person.
Some physical signs which may point to stress are:
Breathlessness Dry mouth or choking feeling
" Indigestion Nausea

Fatigue Sweaty palms

Cold hands and feet
At the mental level, the
symptoms may include:
Irritation Loneliness
Mood swings " Anxiety
Boredom
Self-awareness about symptoms of stress can help in managing it better. Itis important to
speak to well-wishers like family and friends, if required. Apart from sharing and thinking
positively, engaging in the following activities can also help manage stress:
hysical exercise: Physical exercise in the form of walking, running or going to the
5y can be helpful in relieving stress as it helps stabilize mood, improves self-esteem
and induces sleep after a long day at work.
Yoga: Yoga includes a series of asanas, postures and breathing exercises to gain
control of your body and mind. There are various types of yoga which help calm
both the body and the mind.
Meditation: It is a practice where an individual uses aset of techniques and focuses
on a particular object or thought to achieve acalm state of mind, thus reducing stress.
Recreational activities: Engaging in actívities like watching movies, playing games,
singing, dancing or arts can help one get to acalmer state of mind and be cheerful.
Going on vacations with family and friends: Vacations with your loved ones provide
an opportunity to appreciate different flavours of life and take a break from the
mundane daily routine. It is very useful in de-stressing and rejuvenating oneself.
Taking nature walks: Taking nature walks in the woods or in the countryside relaxes
the brain and can help one become calmer. There are many apps, such as Calm, which
can help one relax by listening to soulful natural soundscapes.

5 Tips to help teens with Stress

GET SOME FOCUS ON YOUR DO THINGS THAT ENGAGE IN TALK T0
SLEEP STRENGTHS MAKE YOU HAPPY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SOMEONE

Getting enough sleep Take time to think about Find activities or Exercise takes our mind It can be hard to manage
helps you grow and whal you're good at hobbies that make off stress and releases stress alone. Talk to a
develop normally, stay and ways to do more you happy and chemicals in our brain parent, teacher or other
active throughout the of those things. By incorporate them into that make us feel better. trusted adults about your
day, and maintain overall focusing on and building your daily life. This can be anything problems and they may
health. For teens, this your strengths, you can from a stroll in the park, be able to help you find
means about 8-10 hours keep your stressors in to a downhill bike ride or ways to manage your
of sleep each night. perspective. a basketball game stress.
with friends.

Source: MHFA.org/teens
 DID YOUKNOW ?
a better way. One such app is called Calm,
There are apps whichcan help you in managing stress in
which has natural sounds, guided meditation sessions and sleep stories.

5Senses
To Help Manage Stress

Sight
Look at afavourite photo, Find an area with natural
light. Surround yourself with warm or cool colours. Smell
Enjoy clean, fresh air. Smell your favourite
flowers. Light your favourite candle. Try
aromatherapy to help destress.

Taste
Indulge in a small piece of dark chocolate. Enjoy a
healthy, crunchy snack. Sip some hot tea/coffee.

3. Sound Touch
Tune in to a nature soundtrack to hear the soothing Wrap up in your favourite blanket. Soak in a hot
sOund of running water. Listen to somne uplifting bath. Pet adog or cat. Give yourself a neck or
music. Sing along to your favourite number. hand massage.

WORKING INDEPENDENTLY

Following are the benefits of working independently:

Ensures greater and faster learning
One feels more empowered and responsible
Better flexibility and coordination between stakeholders
Greater accountability
Fosters creativity and satisfaction among individuals
 Enhancing the Ability to Work Independently
The ability to work can be enhanced by being self-aware, self-motivated
independently
and selt-regulated. Let us learn how to develop these skills.
Selt-awareness: It is about being conscious of your own self, skills and teelings. t helps
Individuals to chart their ways for working independently. We need to be aware of our
strengths and weaknesses and work accordingly. The more aware we are, better the
chances to improve and attain personal growth.
Self-motivation: Self-motivated individuals have a higher chance of achieving their goals
as they have an internal push to do something. They are self-disciplined and work hard
for their goals. It is a life skill that keeps us on our toes.

Self-regulation: Self-regulation helps us to consider long-term consequences rather than

just passing feelings. It teaches self-control and discipline to achieve our goals. It helps
in maintaining consistency in our efforts.
Activity 1
Do a yoga session/meditation in class or virtually and discuss the outcomes with your classmates
about their experiences. Did you feel relaxed? What was going through your mind?

Activity 2
Write and present a talk on What Iwish to become and what should Ido about it'. Let your
imagination fly and discuss with your classmates.

Tips for Stress Management

Friendly Social Network Self-limitations

Reduce the noise

Exercise

Stress Management Skills

Meditation

Time Management Sleep Well Healthy Diet

 Activity 3
Preparing awrite-up or an essay on experiences during a holiday trip
If you have taken a school trip or family trip recently, prepare an essay on your experiences
during the trip (day-wise). Include what all you did independently and what you did with friends/
family. Share notes with your classmates.

Activity 4
Divide yourself into groups and plan an event in school/class and assign yourself a role-planning,
fundraising or coordination. Discuss about the qualities required for working independently
or as in a team. Try to list down the qualities shown by all your team members during the
accomplishment of the task.

Importance of Ability to Work Independently

Demonstrating individual skills:
Taking ownership of your projects andtasks
Feeling confident of making your own decisions and executing plans
The ability to work without constant supervision
Staying disciplined without adult guidance
The Four Self-awareness Archetypes
The following table maps internal self-awareness (how well you know yourself) against
external self-awareness (how well you understand howothers see you).
Low external self-awareness High external self-awareness
INTROSPECTORS AWARE
They're clear on who they are but don't They know who they are, what they want
High internal challenge their own viewS or search to accomplish, and seek out and value
self-awareness for blind spots by getting feedback others' opinions. This is where leaders
from others. This can harm their begin to fully realize the true benefits of
relationships and limit their success. self-awareness.
SEEKERS PLEASERS
They don't yet know who they are, They can be so focused on appearing in a
Low internal what they stand for, or how their certain way before others that they could
self-awareness teams see them. As a result, they be overlooking what matters to them. 0ver
might feel stuck or frustrated with time, they tend to make choices that aren't in
their performance and relationships. service of their own success and fulfilment.
Types of self-awareness continuously develop:
you should
There are four areas of self-awareness that
things:
1. Self-awareness of your strengtns
paying attention to these
by
Take time to discover your strengths feel energized?
when do you
What makes you happy and
What is your natural inclination? tired?
getting
What activity can you do without
2. Self-awareness of your
weaknesses weaknesses. It is okay to
flaws and
not perfect. Everyone has some is to be aware of
We are important thing
them. The
acknowledge them and work on
discover your weaknesses is:
them. The best way to what skills do they think
teachers, family and friends
ASk your classmates, of work will they not give you if it is needed
what kind
youare not good at or
to be done.
Self-awareness
Self-knowledge
Aspirations

ldentity
Dreams

Personal
Quality of
Development Talents
Life

Human Potential
Capital
 3. Self-awareness of your problems
Many a time we develop certain habits which are not necessarily our weaknesses
but we are ashamed totalk about them or we try to hide them. Think about-
Any habits which you can't admit to anyone
Any acts or activities you do which are not socially acceptable
" Any character flaws which you would want to improve
4. Self-awareness of your emotional triggers
Your anxiety will only make people around you more anxious. So, you need to
discover what situations trigger anxiety in you.
Ask yourself what kinds of situations make you feelanxious. Some of the situations
could be:
When things don't happen as per plan.
" When there is no clarity on the future.
When a situation arises for which youare not prepared.
When you don't get the intended result.
When people lie to you.

EXERCISES

Objective Type Questions

1. Which of these is not a way of enhancing ability to work independently?
(a) Self-awareness (b) Self-motivation (c) Self-regulation (d) Self-governance
2. Which of these are ways to reduce stress?
(a) Physical exercise
(b) Meditation
(c) Going on vacations with family and friends
(d) Working on laptop
3. Which of these are physical signs of stress?
(a) Breathlessness (b) Nausea (c) Fatigue (d) Fever
4. Which of these is notamental state effect of stress?
(a) Impatience (b) Forgetfulness
(c) Anxiety (d) Violent behaviour
5. Which of these is not a benefit of stress management?
(a) Improves mood (b) Promotes longevity
(c) Increases efficiency and effectiveness (d) Increase in weight

SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS-|| ES.23

 6. Which of these is not a
(a) Mental cause of stress ? (d) Cultural
7. (b) Physical (c) Social
8. rerers to a "physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension".
self, capabilit
feelings and character.IS naving conscious knowledge about one's own
9.
Individuals feel more empowered and responsible when they work independen
10.
(True/False)
Prolonged levels of stress are bad for health.
(True/False)
Subjective Type Questions
1. What are the various causes of
stress? Explain with examples.
. Do you feel that young people have more stress
these days? Explain with examples.
3. Is some stress in life
4. advantageous or is all stress bad? Explain.
What are some of the benefits of
5. Can you list down some stress working independently?
6. Can technology-led innovationsmanagement techniques?
help in reducing stress? Explain with
7. Why is it important to work examples.
reasons. independently? Do you like to work
independently? List dov
8. What are some of the physical signs of
9. List down some benefits of having a stress?
10. proper stress management plan in Iite.
How can one enhance their ability to
work independently?
 3 ICT SKILLS-II

INTRODUCTION
You have been using a computer and are aware of its vast applications, right? It is
important to know that just like human body has brain and other body parts which
require rest and care, a computer also has CPU/motherboard and other parts which
require constant upkeep and maintenance to run properly. An Operating System is the
heart of the machine.
So, what is this Operating System?
An Operating System is a software that serves as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware. An Operating System does the following:
Manages all the components of the computer and their status
Checks whether the components are functioning properly or not
Controls resource allocations to various applications
Manages computer memory (hard disk) and allocations
Manages structure of the files and directories
Manages files (add, edit, delete, move, etc.)
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
There are fewcommonly used operating systems:
DOS (Disk Operating System)
Windows - An operating system by Microsoft
Macos - An operating system by Apple.
" Linux/Ubuntu- A free and open-source software
Mobile operating systems
Android (Google)
Windows Phone
iOS (Apple)

ICT SKILLS-I| ES.25

 The different types of operating systems are as follows:
Interactive (GUI-based): AGU-based os is a user-friendly operating system in which input
commands can be easily entered bythe click of a button on the graphical objects such
as Windows, icons and buttons that appear on the screen without using any text-based
commands, for example, Windows OS, MacOS.
Single-user, single-task operating system: This type of operating system enables the user
to o a single task on the computer at one time. For example, MS-DOS.
Single-user, multi-task operating system: This operating system is used on desktops
and laptops enabling a single user to operate several programs parallelly, tor example,
Windows OS, MacOs, etc.
Multi-user: A multi-user operating System lets multiple users to work onthe same computer
at different times or simultaneously. This is often used in gaming industry, for example, UNIX.
Real-time: A real-time operating system is used to control complicated robots and IloT
machines. It is a computing environment that instantly reacts to an input bymanaging
resources in such a way that any particular operation is executed in the same amount
of time every time it is executed, for example, Windows CE and Lynx OS.
Distributed: A distributed operating system runs on a network of computers. It integrates
different computers on the network into a single mesh of computing structure, for
example, Windows, UNIX, LINUX.

MENU, ICONS AND TASKBAR ON THE DESKTOp

Let us see in detail a Windows 7 operating system.
The first screen that appears after loading of Windows is called desktop. lIcons are smll
pictures that represent files, folders or programs.
Let us revise the uses of some of the commonly-used icons.

lcons

Conputan

leeyde En

Start button Fsclorer

Date/Time

AM

Taskbar Notification area

Fig. 3.1: Components of Desktop

 Taskbar

Taskbar is a long horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen. At the left of the Taskbar
is the Start button and to the right appears Notification Area and Date/Time options.
There are few shortcuts as welI.

Start Button

It is located on the left of the taskbar. By clicking the Start button, the user can:
Restart - Restart a computer
Shut down - Turn off the computer
All Programs Access all installed programs and applications. Simply, click on an
application to start it.
Search box - Search afile or folder
Control panel - Change user settings
Getting Strted
Wikpeda
Connect to a Projector
ocuments
Remote Desktop Connection
PRtures
Sticky Notes
Musik
Control Panel
Computer
Calculator
ControtPet
Paint
Devices and Prsnters

XS Viener
Dda Progams
Windows Fax and Scan
Hebp end Support
All Programs
Magnfier

A Programs

Search box

27/2011

Start button Shut down

Recycle Bin
Files and folders which have been deleted by the user Conpater

are stored in the Recycle Bin. From Recycle Bin, you can
retrieve files as well. But if you empty the Recycle Bin, (Sunsiare

they will be permanently deleted.

Recycle Bin

NeWotk
 LET'S TRY IT
1. Start your
2.
Name the computer.
operating system in your computer.
3. ldentify three
4. applications.
Name the button which is on the left side on the taskbar.
5. Open
Control Panel.
6. Shut down
your computer.
Manage File Structures
The computer has
Way to create, storeeverything
structured as directories, folders and files. File
and manipulate a file. There are sonme rules for naming a system
is a
in terms of tile/folder
characters, length, etc.
Flles can be structured into folders and
sub-folders for easy navIgation.
D

Folder A
Folder B

Folder X
File B File C

File 1 File 2 File 3

CREATING AND MANA GING TILES AND FOLDER3

Keating a Folder
The steps to create a new folder are:
1.Double click the Computer icon.
2. Select the drive in which you want to
create anew folder, say Local Disk D:.
3. Avwindow will open up showing files and folders in Local Disk D:.
4. Click New Folder on the toolbar.
or
Right click anywhere in the blank area of the right column. Click on
Select New -’ Folder from the shortcut menu.
5. A new folder is created with the name New Folder highlighted.
6. Type a name for the folder. Press the Enter key.