功能对等理论视角下《全球人... 皮书》（节选）汉译实践报告吕金晶

单位代码： 10293 密级：公开
专业学位硕士论文
论文题目：功能对等理论视角下《全球人工智能
产业白皮书》（节选）汉译实践报告
学号 1219104812
姓名吕金晶
校内导师方宗祥
校外导师庄怡武
申请
专业学位类别翻译硕士
类申请型全日制
专业（领域）英语笔译
论文提交日期 2022 年 4 月 8 日
A Translation Report of Global Artificial
Intelligence Industry White Paper（excerpt）from the
Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory
Thesis Submitted to Nanjing University of Posts and

Telecommunications for the Degree of
Master of Translation and Interpreting
By
Lv Jinjing
Supervisors: Prof. Fang Zongxiang
Mr. Zhuang Yiwu
April 2022
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研究生签名：导师签名：日期：2022年4月12日

摘要
该报告是一篇科普文本翻译实践报告，旨在探讨尤金·奈达功能对等理论对
科普类英语文本汉译的指导。选文《全球人工智能产业白皮书》是一篇科普类文
本，主要介绍了人工智能的相关知识，以及人工智能技术与城市创新的融合，尤
其介绍人工智能技术的运用对金融、教育、数字政府、医疗、无人驾驶、零售、
制造、智慧城市等行业带来的深刻变革，以及其对全球科技研究产生的深远影响。
奈达的功能对等理论主要涵盖四个方面的内容，即，词汇对等、句法对等、
篇章对等和文体对等。奈达认为，在翻译的过程中不能死板的寻求文字表面的对
应，而要在两种语言之间达到对等，使目标语读者能够获得与原语读者一样的阅
读效果。奈达的功能对等理论打破了传统翻译中静态翻译分析的局面，使翻译标
准不再仅仅停留在直译与意译的讨论，对翻译，尤其是科普类文本的翻译，具有
现实的指导意义。
本翻译实践报告以功能对等理论为指导，从词汇对等、句子对等及篇章对等
三个视角对科普类文本的汉译策略进行了较为深入的探讨，旨在发掘功能对等理
论对科普类文本翻译的阐释和指导作用，以期为科普类文本的汉译提供参考。该
报告发现奈达功能对等理论有助于科普文本的翻译，其提出的翻译策略可以为科
普类文本的汉译提供参考。
关键词：功能对等理论，科普文本，人工智能，翻译策略
I
Abstract
This report is a translation practice report of selected text on popular science,
aiming at exploring the translation methods of popular science English texts under the
guidance of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory. The selected text Global Artificial
Intelligence Industry White Paper belongs to popular science, which mainly
introduces the relevant knowledge about Artificial Intelligence, and the innovative
and deep integration of Artificial Intelligence and city development, and the profound
changes it brings to finance, education, digital government, medical treatment,
unmanned driving, retail, manufacturing, smart city and other industries. Especially,
the text displays how the development of Artificial Intelligence impacts research on
science and technology across the world.
Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory chiefly includes four aspects: lexical
equivalence, syntactic equivalence, textual equivalence and stylistic equivalence. The
theory believes that literal correspondence should not be sought rigidly in translation.
It is necessary to achieve equivalence so that the target language readers can achieve
the same effect as the native language readers. Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory
breaks the situation of static translation analysis in traditional translation, making the
translation standard go beyond the discussion of literal translation and free translation,
and thus poses remarkable influence and guidance on translation practice.
This paper, guided by Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory, discusses
English-Chinese translation strategies of popular science texts from 3 perspectives of
vocabulary, sentence and discourse, and explores how Functional Equivalence Theory
contributes to the translation of popular science texts with the aim of providing a
reference for the Chinese translation of English popular science texts. This translation
practice report proves that Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory can be helpful to the
translation of popular science texts. And the translation strategies proposed in this
report can provide reference for the Chinese translation of science popular texts.
Key words: Functional Equivalence Theory, popular science texts, Artificial

Intelligence, translation strategies
II
Contents
摘要 ..................................................................................................................................................... I
Abstract .............................................................................................................................................II
Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Translation Task .....................................................................................1
1.2 Significance of the Translation Task .................................................................................... 2
1.3 Structure of the Report ......................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 2 Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory ........................................................................ 3
2.1 Connotation of the Theory ....................................................................................................3
2.2 Application of the Theory to Translation of the White Paper ..............................................4
Chapter 3 Translation Process of the Task .....................................................................................6
3.1 Pre-translation Preparations ................................................................................................. 6
3.2 While-translation Process .....................................................................................................6
3.3 Post-translation Proofreading ............................................................................................... 7
Chapter 4 Case Analysis ...................................................................................................................9
4.1 Lexical Equivalence ............................................................................................................. 9
4.1.1 Deletion ..................................................................................................................... 9
4.1.2 Addition ................................................................................................................... 12
4.1.3 Conversion ...............................................................................................................14
4.2 Syntactic Equivalence ........................................................................................................ 16
4.2.1 Passive Sentence ......................................................................................................17
4.2.2 Attributive Clause ....................................................................................................18
4.3 Textual Equivalence ........................................................................................................... 19
4.3.1 Logical Relationship ................................................................................................20
4.3.2 Cohesive Relationship .............................................................................................20
Chapter 5 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................23
5.1 Major Findings ................................................................................................................... 23
5.2 Limitations and Suggestions .............................................................................................. 24
References ........................................................................................................................................25
III
Appendix ..........................................................................................................................................27
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 64
IV
南京邮电大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Translation Task
Across the world, the development of science and technology has greatly changed how we live
and work today, and Artificial Intelligence might be one of the factors that affect us most. As we can
see, a huge number of high-tech products related to Artificial Intelligence are experiencing rapid
renewal, drawing public attention increasingly. The development of technology has had a
significant impact on the society, and the transformative impact brought by Artificial Intelligence
ranging from autopilot, medical diagnosis to advanced manufacturing, will become more
widespread. No doubt, the development of Artificial Intelligence will surely bring new drivers and
opportunities to China’s social and economic development (Dai & Gu, 2020). In addition, science
and technology ultimately serve us human beings, so numerous Artificial Intelligence products are
closely related to the lives of our ordinary people. As a result, we are supposed to be aware of the
fact that Artificial Intelligence has always been with us. If we intend to keep pace with the swiftly
changing world, we cannot go without reading the latest popular reading materials on science and
technology frequently (Yu, 1990).
However, in the field of translation today, reading materials on science popular like newspaper
articles, popular science magazines, science and technology in daily life, new developments in
foreign science and technology, fail to draw sufficient attention from the translation field (Yu, 1986).
Yet these materials keep popping up all around us and become an important part of our life.
Therefore, translation of popular reading materials on science and technology should be attached
more importance to. And, for us Chinese readers, more precise and plain Chinese translation of
foreign reading materials on popular science should be provided (Bao, 1983).
With the widely application of Artificial Intelligence in manufacturing, medical treatment,
urban life, agriculture development, national defense construction and other fields, it has attracted
more and more attention (Guo & Zhou & Guan, 2015). And the materials and products related to
Artificial Intelligence has emerged like bamboo shoots after a spring rain. Deloitte, a professional
service agency, together with the media and telecommunications industries, jointly launched the
Global Artificial Intelligence Industry White Paper (hereinafter referred to as the White Paper). The
White Paper introduces the relevant scientific and technical knowledge of Artificial Intelligence,
and elaborates the innovation and integration of Artificial Intelligence in major cities around the
world after it enters the commercialization stage. And it demonstrates its profound changes in
finance, education, digital government, medical treatment, driverless cars, retail, manufacturing,
smart city and other industries. It indicates that Artificial Intelligence will greatly change how we
live and work nowadays. In terms of the content of the White Paper, unlike the text of English for
1
南京邮电大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文 Introduction
Science and Technology, the White Paper is easy to understand since it tends to spread relevant
knowledge about Artificial Intelligence to the public.
Above all, the world is witnessing Artificial Intelligence becoming a hot field and attracting
increasing attention. Therefore, the author chooses this White Paper on Artificial Intelligence as the
material for translation practice.
1.2 Significance of the Translation Task
Articles on popular science are far closer to ordinary readers than texts on science and
technology (Wang, 2006). Many of the things we usually use are more or less related to science and
technology. Non-technical people are unnecessarily to read scientific materials involving deep
professional knowledge, but can keep abreast of current scientific and technological developments
by reading popular science texts. However, in recent years, there is less and less research on the
translation of popular science text (Xu & Guo, 2012). The translation of popular texts on science
and technology has a long way to go because, comparatively, it receives little attention from the
translation field. Therefore, this report, by means of translating Global Artificial Intelligence
Industry White Paper, hoping that it will contribute to the translation of reading texts on popular
science and make Chinese translation of English popular science texts consistent with the linguistic
habits of the target country and hence raise the Chinese readers’ acceptability. At the same time, the
author also hopes that more and more attention will be paid to the translation of popular science
texts in the near future.
1.3 Structure of the Report
This translation practice report falls into five chapters. Chapter One is the introduction of the
study, describing the background and significance of the study. It explains why the author chooses
the text about Artificial Intelligence and the significance of studying the translation of popular
science texts. Chapter Two discusses the connotation and application of Nida’s Functional
Equivalence Theory. It describes the meaning and content of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory
and the wide range of its application. Chapter Three introduces the translation process of the task. It
talks about the preparation before translation, difficulties encountered during translation and polish
after completing the translation. Chapter Four is the main part of the report. According to the
functional equivalence theory, it selects and analyzes the typical examples in the original text from
the aspects of vocabulary, sentence and text, and expounds how to deal with vocabulary and
sentence, so as to explore translation methods. And the last chapter, Chapter Five, is the conclusion
of the report, which mainly summarizes the report and clarifies the deficiencies of the work and the
difficulties encountered during the translation practice.
2
南京邮电大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文 Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory
Chapter 2 Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory

Nida’s functional equivalence theory is well known in the field of translation theory and has
been studied and applied by many people. It is considered that its “functional equivalence” has a
wide range of guidance on translation. However, some people hold different opinions.
2.1 Connotation of the Theory
Eugene A. Nida (hereinafter referred to as “Nida”), a famous American linguist, translator and
father of modern western translation theory, and he first put forward the concept of Dynamic
Equivalence in his book Towards a Science of Translation (2003). In the Theory and Practice of
Translation, which was published later, the author gave a more specific definition of Dynamic
Equivalence (1982). He pointed out that Dynamic Equivalence means that the effect of the
translation recipient to the translation is much the same as that of the original recipient to the
original text. What’s more, in order to highlight the concept of “function” and eliminate the
misunderstanding of “dynamic”, he changed “dynamic equivalence” into “functional equivalence”
in the book From One Language to Another Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation (1986).
In his book The Theory and Practice of Translation, Nida viewed translation as reproducing
the information of the source language in the target language with the closest and most natural
equivalent from semantics to style (1982). Therefore, in the process of translation, it is of great
significance to find the natural equivalent of the source language in the target language. In other
words, we should not be just limited to the surface correspondence of the text in translation, but to
achieve equivalence between the two languages. Only in this way can the target language readers
achieve the same reading effect as the source language readers (1993).
Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory falls into four aspects. First, lexical equivalence,
including the equivalence of word meaning and part of speech. The cultural differences between
China and Britain are mainly reflected in the lexical aspect, especially the unequal lexical meaning
embodied in the words with cultural connotation (Tan, 1999). Therefore, in some cases, some words
can be added and deleted appropriately on the basis of grasping the meaning of the whole sentence.
The second comes to syntactic equivalence. Syntactic equivalence attaches importance to sentence
meaning. In the face of the long and difficult sentences, we should analyze the sentence structure
first, and adjust the order of the sentences so that we can translate with ease. It seeks to get rid of
the constraints of the original form, pursuing sentence meaning accuracy and sentence smoothness.
The third textual functional equivalence pays more attention to the cohesive and logical relationship
between sentences and paragraphs. In the process of translation, we should comprehensively
consider the cohesive characteristics of the target language, add and delete words accordingly, so as
to make the translation conform to the expression habits of the target language. It is necessary to
3
achieve natural cohesion and semantic coherence in order to achieve the textual equivalence. The
fourth is stylistic equivalence. Various stylistic forms require us to clarify the stylistic characteristics
of the text and seek the corresponding stylistic forms from the target language. Different styles have
different translation characteristics and requirements. It is better to confirm the stylistic
characteristics before starting translation. The translation text selected by the author has been
determined as popular science text, so stylistic equivalence will not be discussed later. Moreover,
Nida advocated that when comes to great differences between the target language and the source
language, and the contradiction cannot be solved, content should be given priority to (Gao & Yang,
2007). The reason is that “what the translator seeks should be the equivalent language, not the same
language. In a sense, that is to emphasize the reproduction of the original language information
without forcing the retention of its expression form” (Tan, 1999).
2.2 Application of the Theory to Translation of the White Paper
Nida’s translation theory, especially Functional Equivalence Theory, was first introduced into
China among contemporary Western translation theories and has had a profound impact in
translation circles. Nida and his Functional Equivalence Theory have always been a hot topic in
China (Duan & Qin, 2011). Many scholars have made in-depth research on Nida’s Functional
Equivalence Theory, which has been effectively combined with the current situation of translation
in China. However, some people question the Functional Equivalence Theory and believe that it has
defects (Guo, 2000). Without the same cultural background, there may be no words corresponding
to the source language in the target language in Chinese translation. For example, when it comes to
the cultural connotation of words and the translation of rhetorical devices, it is difficult to find the
corresponding words. Nevertheless, there are still a large number of scholars based on Functional
Equivalence Theory to guide their translation studies in medical science, film subtitles, business
advertising, literature and so on.
At present, some scholars have applied Functional Equivalence Theory to the study of
translation strategies of popular science articles. Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory has also
been widely accepted in the translation field in the west, and many textbook writers have introduced
it into their translation textbooks. For example, In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation
compiled by British Mona Baker (1992) linked Functional Equivalence Theory into the whole book,
from word equivalence, phrase equivalence, fixed phrase equivalence, grammatical equivalence,
textual equivalence to pragmatic equivalence. However, some scholars hold different views on this
issue, and some disputes have arisen. Peter Newmark (1988) once expressed that equivalence is
only an ideal effect, rather than the purpose of translation. Equivalence cannot be achieved in two
cases. One is that the original text aims to influence readers while the translation aims to make
readers understand (or vice versa). Second, there is an obvious cultural gap between the original
4
text and the target text. Therefore, he came to the conclusion that it is difficult to achieve real
equivalence. Nevertheless, various sources show that Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory has
been applied to translation in many fields, although it is also controversial.
In recent years, people have not paid much attention to the translation of popular science texts,
the Chinese translation of White Papers under the guidance of Functional Equivalence Theory is
rarely seen. The translation text chosen is a popular science article, which aims to let people catch
up with the development of Artificial Intelligence, making readers accurately grasp the information
transmitted by the translation, so as to provide inspiration and help for readers’ scientific research.
Therefore, the translation should be adapted to the reader’s reading habits, and the expression
should comply to the habits of the target language. Therefore, whether the vocabulary, syntax, text
and style of the translation will achieve functional equivalence with the original text should be
highly valued by the translator. The application of functional equivalence theory is so extensive that
it can guide translation in many fields. According to Functional Equivalence Theory, how to work
on cultural differences is closely related to the reproduction of the source language in the target
language from semantics to style. Only when the translation reproduces the style and spirit of the
source language from language form to cultural connotation can the translation be called an
excellent work. When translating popular science texts, we should always pay attention to the
semantics and style of the text, and express the meaning and connotation of the text understandable
and clear. This is consistent with what the Functional Equivalence Theory expressed. That’s why the
author decides to use Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory to guide translation practice. With its
own characteristics and a wide range of applications, Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory can
guide translation from four aspects of vocabulary, sentence, discourse and style, so it is suitable for
guiding the translation practice of the White Paper.
5
南京邮电大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文 Translation Process of the Task
Chapter 3 Translation Process of the Task

The translation process is usually divided into three parts: pre-translation preparations,
while-translation process and post-translation proofreading. Next, these three processes will be
discussed in detail.
3.1 Pre-translation Preparations
The White Paper chosen can be said belongs to popular science English. As an important
category of non-literary translation, popular science English has its own distinctive characteristics.
And these characteristics should be accurately grasped before the translation practice project starts.
First of all, popular science English mostly states objective facts, with rigorous structure and plain
language. In the original text, the content is usually simple and clear. Therefore, the author believes
that in the whole translation process, the faithfulness to the source text should be given priority to.
Moreover, the translation criteria of faithfulness and conciseness should be strictly obeyed. In
addition, popular science English usually enjoys professional knowledge, and translators need to
master its main content before translation. During the process of translation, we must bear in mind
the criteria that should be obeyed.
In this translation practice, in order to further strengthen the understanding of the concept of
Artificial Intelligence, the author first read the whole content of the White Paper. The author
searched plenty of relevant papers to comprehensively understand the construction of various
systems of Artificial Intelligence and smart city, as well as the development status at home and
abroad. Besides, the author explored the domestic documents on Artificial Intelligence, and got
familiar with the expression of popular science texts. As a liberal arts student, the author only has a
superficial understanding of concepts involved science and technology, but has been greatly
inspired and can be helpful to my translation practice through research. We believe that only by
making full preparations can the quality of the translation be better.
3.2 While-translation Process
During the translation practice, the author does encounter some difficulties. The popular
science texts enjoy obvious characteristics as follow. (1) scientificity: as the carrier of spreading
scientific and technological knowledge and scientific spirit, scientificity comes first (Guo, 2007).
The scientific knowledge transmitted by popular science works should be correct, and its literal
logic should be rigorous and deliberate. (2) literariness: popular science works are the combination
of science and literature, and the literariness is certainly indispensable. Various classic popular
science books have exquisite words and vivid images, which give readers a sense of beauty (Fang,
6
1999). (3) popularity: the popularity of popular science texts does not contradict the professionalism
and guidance of scientific knowledge (Qin, 2001). It transmits the most practical and valuable
knowledge to readers, and tells the readers the objective scientific facts in plain language. (4)
interest: popular science articles should attract readers of general cultural level, or readers with a
certain cultural level, or laymen in a certain discipline. In particular, popular science books written
for children should be vivid and interesting (Guo, 2007). Therefore, we should pay attention to
these characteristics of popular science texts when translating the White Paper.
Popular science texts, an indispensable part of scientific and technological texts, contain
professional scientific and technological knowledge, making the author have some trouble in
translating the White Paper. According to the characteristics of popular science articles, the
scientificity of popular science articles requires concise and accurate language to convey accurate
scientific knowledge. Therefore, we must pay attention to the choice of words and sentences in
translation, and attach importance to the objectivity and preciseness of language. The literariness of
popular science articles requires that scientific knowledge be described through literary language to
help readers understand scientific knowledge more thoroughly. Therefore, the translation should
take the vividness and beauty of words seriously. Popularity means that the translation should
present the precise knowledge to the readers in the most accessible language. Interest means that the
translation of popular science text is more readable and vivid, making the reading process more
interesting. In the translation process of the White Paper, the author found that some sentences are
difficult to understand and translate, and even need to read them several times to know their
meaning and make a simple and understandable translation.
Besides, there are also some professional words in the text, which need to be emphasized and
checked before translation to ensure the correctness of the translation. We must study the meaning
of words and their changes in context (Cao & Ma, 2008). A large number of complex long
sentences will also be found in the text, which will test the translator’s ability. Long sentence
translation has always been a problem discussed by translators (Len, 2012). The author believes that
we should first analyze the sentence structure and clarify the relationship between various
components in the sentence, and then use translation methods to maintain the original form as much
as possible and express it freely with target slogans on the premise of maintaining the original
meaning. If you can’t, you should pay more attention to the accuracy of meaning. The author may
encounter a great many difficulties in translation, but the guidance based on Functional Equivalence
Theory is basically sufficient.
3.3 Post-translation Proofreading
After the completion of the translation, in order to improve the accuracy and smoothness of the
translation, the translation should firstly be self-calibrated. Therefore, the author checked the
7
translation word by word for many times and polished the expression to make it conform to Chinese
reading habits. Moreover, the words and sentences encountered in the first translation were not sure
whether they were correct at that time, which were repeatedly checked and verified. In addition, the
professional words and expressions in the text have been researched on the internet to strive for the
accuracy of translation.
After checking several times, the author made an English-Chinese bilingual document and sent
it to the tutor. The tutor helped the author to revise the translation and modified the expression of
the translation. The tutor told the author to ensure the smoothness and accuracy of translation and
abide by the stylistic style of popular science texts. And later the tutor helped to polish the
translation several times, making author’s translation better.
All in all, through self-study and the tutor’s guidance, the translation turns to be more coherent
and faithful to the source text.
8
南京邮电大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文 Case Analysis
Chapter 4 Case Analysis

In the process of translating the White Paper, the author has always been guided by Nida’s
Functional Equivalence Theory. Therefore, the author elaborately selects some typical examples
from the translated White Paper to analyze the guidance of Functional Equivalence Theory to this
translation practice from three aspects: lexical equivalence, syntactic equivalence and textual
equivalence. And put forward some translation strategies.
4.1 Lexical Equivalence
In the translation process of popular science articles, in addition to professional vocabulary, the
translation of general vocabulary also needs to be carefully polished, in order to make the sentences
smooth and appropriate and thus achieve functional equivalence. In this translation practice, the
author adopts the following methods for the translation of general words.
4.1.1 Deletion
Deletion means that some words in the original text can be omitted in actual translation.
Although the translation does not have this word, it already has the meaning expressed by the word
in the original text. Therefore, in the process of translation, it is necessary to comply with Chinese
habits and omit these words accordingly (Guo, 2007).
[Example 1]: ST: First is enterprise change: AI is engaged in the management and production
processes of the enterprise, with a trend of being increasingly commercialized, and some
enterprises have realized relatively mature intelligent applications.
[Translation]: 一是企业变革。人工智能正变得日益商业化，已经应用到企业的管理和生
产中，一些企业也已经实现了相对成熟的智能化应用。
The word “trend” means “趋势，走向，形势” in Chinese, indicating the development of things
in the future or the near future. But in this translation, the “trend” cannot be found. The author
deleted the “趋势” in the translation. “正变得日益…”is a trend, meaning what will happen in the
near future, so it is no need to add “趋势” to the translation. If the “trend” is added, it makes the
translation more complicated. Moreover, “trend” belongs to category words, which can be omitted
without translation. There is no need for word-for-word translation. Without this word “趋势” in the
translation, the readers can still understand the meaning of the whole sentence. It is also in line with
the Functional Equivalence Theory that we should pay attention to meaning rather than form on the
premise of ensuring readers’ understanding.
[Example 2]: ST: Regarding application quality, at the meeting of promoting the building of
9
application scenarios in Beijing held in June 2019, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology
Commission released the first list of ten application scenarios and decided to invest RMB3 billion
in city construction and administration and people’s livelihood improvement, creating application
scenarios based on AI, Internet of Things (IoT) and big data in order to enhance the city’s lean
management capability and public security.
[Translation]: 在应用质量上，2019 年 6 月召开的推进北京市应用场景建设工作会议上，
北京市科委公布了首批十大应用场景名单，将投入 30 亿元用于城市建设和管理、民生改善，
创建基于人工智能、物联网、大数据的应用场景，提升城市精益管理能力和公共安全。
We all know “in order to” indicates “为了…，目的在于…”. But in the Chinese translation, the
author omitted the “in order to”. Chinese is ideographic. We can understand the progressive
relationship between sentences through each short sentence. Just like this example, when translating
into Chinese, we can know that the last sentence represents the purpose without translating “in order
to”. Besides, Chinese usually puts the content of the description, such as background, in the front
and important conclusions comes afterwards. According to Functional Equivalence Theory, it is
feasible to delete words appropriately without causing misunderstanding. Therefore, the “in order to”
in this sentence can be deleted.
[Example 3]: ST: Thanks to improvement in the processing capability of chips and the decline
of hardware prices, computing power has been greatly improved.
[Translation]: 芯片处理能力的提高和硬件价格的下降，使计算能力得到了极大的提高。
Originally, “thanks to” means “多亏了…，由于”，but we cannot find them in the translation.
That’s because we omit words that express causality, and the relation can be known by the
preceding and following sentences in Chinese, such as progression or purpose, so words with such
meanings can be omitted in translation. And the translation can also be understood by readers.
When reading the translation of this sentence, readers can know that the former is the reason for the
latter.
[Example 4]: ST: As AI research and application continues to expand in scope, AI will see
deeper integration and application of more technologies in the future.
[Translation]: 随着人工智能研究和应用范围的不断扩大，未来，人工智能将与更多技术
深度融合和应用。
The word “see” means “看见，理解，领会”. This sentence can be translated into “未来，我们
将会看到人工智能与更多技术深度融合和应用 ”. However, according to the Functional
Equivalence Theory, if we delete “see” in translation, the text can be understood by Chinese. The
use of “see” in English makes the expression more vivid, but in Chinese, this expression can be
deleted to make the translation clearer. And the translation is in line with the characteristics of
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popular science text. That is, the conciseness of language. So, it is better to delete “see” in this
translation. According to Eugene Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory, if the content and form
cannot be equal at the same time, the content should come first.
[Example 5]: ST: However, in a strictly regulated sector that concerns people’s life and health,
whether AI could be applied extensively as expected will depend on the development of medical
and data regulation standards.
[Translation]: 然而，在事关人类生命和健康且受到严格监管的行业，人工智能能否如预
期般得到广泛应用将取决于医疗和数据监管标准。
The word “development” means “发展，开发，研制” in Chinese. The author deleted “发展” in
the translation. Generally speaking, the words after “of” is more significant than the words before it.
“Development” here is a summary of the “medical and data regulation standards”. So, if we
translate this sentence from “人工智能能否如预期般得到广泛应用将取决于医疗和数据监管标
准的发展” to “人工智能能否如预期般得到广泛应用将取决于医疗和数据监管标准”can
achieve the same result. Although popular science texts also require rigorous language, such
translation is fully understandable by readers. The Functional Equivalence Theory tells us that some
words can be deleted properly in translation. Therefore, we can delete the word “development”.
[Example 6]: ST: Honda has established its AI research base in Tokyo in recent years, with a
focus on enhancing its competitiveness in autonomous cars, while Yaskawa is the most
representative company in robotics, whose industrial robots have been deployed to conduct
assembly and welding tasks in auto, machinery and other areas.
[Translation]: 近年来，本田在东京建立了人工智能研究基地，重点提升在自主汽车领域
的竞争力，而安川则是机器人领域最具代表性的公司，其工业机器人被部署在汽车、机械等
领域进行装配和焊接。
This sentence seems long and not easy to translate. We can find the main sentence first and
connect it sentence by sentence. We read it sentence by sentence, then adjust the order and link
them up. In this translation, the author deleted the “tasks”, which means “任务，活动” in Chinese.
The “装配和焊接” themselves can be seen as tasks, and adding the “任务” seems too unnecessary.
So, if the “任务”from “装配和焊接任务” is deleted, we Chinese people can totally understand the
meaning. The word “task” acting as a general word can be deleted, realizing lexical equivalence.
Deletion is an important translation method in actual translation. It is very necessary to
understand the difference between the source language and the target language, and delete
unnecessary content in translation in order to optimize the translation effect. According to
Functional Equivalence Theory, it is impossible to create a perfect translation that fully displays the
cultural connotation of the source language. The translator can only reproduce the culture of the
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source language to the maximum extent. Therefore, deletion is a good translation method.
4.1.2 Addition
Addition means that the translator appropriately adds some words that are not in the original
text based on the sentence meaning or grammar, so as to make the translation smooth and easy to
understand. This is complying with the expression habits of the target language, which fully reflects
the practical application of Functional Equivalence Theory.
[Example 7]: ST: As digital technologies transform and integrate in each of the industries, AI
application in areas such as autonomous driving, healthcare, education, finance and smart
manufacturing will be of vital importance for top enterprises.
[Translation]: 随着数字技术在各行业实现转型和整合，人工智能在自动驾驶、医疗保健、
教育、金融和智能制造等领域的应用将对一流企业起到至关重要的作用。
In this translation, the author added the word “ 实现 ”. However, we cannot find any word
expressing the meaning of “ 实现 ” in the source text. But in the Chinese translation, in order to
make translation be understandable and smooth we need a verb to describe “转型和整合”. We have
not changed the meaning of the original text, made the translation more in line with Chinese
expression habits, and realized functional equivalence.
[Example 8]: ST: In terms of integration quality, top research institutions, including Tsinghua
University, Beihang University and Peking University, provide a large number of talents for
Beijing’s AI industry.
[Translation]: 在整合质量上，清华大学、北京航空航天大学、北京大学等顶尖研究机构
为北京人工智能产业的发展提供了大量人才。
Although “development” or any other expressions for “development” cannot be found in the
original text, the word “发展” appears in the translation. It is feasible if we translate it into “为北京
人工智能产业提供了大量人才” , but it does not conform to the language habits of Chinese people.
It seems that there is something missing behind the “ 北京人工智能产业 ”. Providing a large
number of talents is to promote development. It is entirely reasonable to add the word “发展” to the
translation and make the sentence read more smoothly. It shows the popularity that needs to be
followed in the translation of popular science texts. This is in line with the Functional Equivalence
Theory that vocabulary can be added appropriately to make the translation more fluent.
[Example 9]: ST: With regard to factor quality, Stockholm has held several international AI
conferences, including International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), European
Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), International Conference on Machine Learning
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(ICML) and Nordic Business Forum, covering machine learning, computer vision, multi-entity
system and NLP.
[Translation]: 在要素质量上，斯德哥尔摩举办了多次国际人工智能会议，包括国际人工
智能联合会议（IJCAI）、欧洲人工智能会议（ECAI）、国际机器学习会议（ICML）和北欧商
业论坛，内容涉及机器学习、计算机视觉、信息技术、多实体系统与自然语言处理。
The word “cover” means “覆盖，包含，涉及” in Chinese. In this translation, if we don’t add
the word “内容”, the meaning of the sentence would be ambiguous. The first half of this sentence
talks about many forums, and the second half talks about the content of the forum. Therefore, the
word “内容” can be added before “涉及” to make translation clear. Adding the word “内容” does
not destroy the meaning of the source text, instead, it makes readers better understand it. As the
Functional Equivalence Theory says, it is enough to express the true meaning of the source text.
[Example 10]: ST: As China falls behind the US in terms of development of AI underlying
technologies, which are an important support for AI development, investment in underlying
technologies is expected to continue growing with the advancement of AI in China.
[Translation]: 中国在人工智能基础技术的开发上落后于美国，而人工智能基础技术是人
工智能发展的重中之重。因此，随着人工智能的发展，中国对基础技术的投资将会持续增长。
In the translation, the author added the word “因此” to continue the sentences before and after.
The sentence “As China falls behind the US in terms of development of AI underlying technologies,
which are an important support for AI development” introduces the background, and the sentence
“investment in underlying technologies is expected to continue growing with the advancement of AI
in China” indicates the result. So, words like “and”, “therefore” cannot be found in this sentence,
but we add “ 因此” to express the relationship between the two sentences and make the meaning
clear.
[Example 11]: ST: The potential of AI application in manufacturing have been underestimated,
and quality data resources are not fully utilized.
[Translation]: 人们低估了人工智能在制造业的应用潜力，优质的数据资源也并没有得到
充分利用。
The author added “人们” In the translation although there is no word like “we” in the source
text. One of the differences between Chinese and English is that Chinese prefers to use people as
subjects, while English does not. In this translation, we need to deal with another word
“underestimated”, and clarify who underestimated “the potential of AI application”. So, we should
convert “been underestimated” into active voice. However, if we don’t add the “人们”, the whole
sentence lacks a subject. So, the author add “人们” as a subject in this translation. Even if we add a
word that is not in the source text, it does not change the original meaning. Besides, it does not
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violate the principle of lexical equivalence in Functional Equivalence Theory.

In actual translation, adding some words does not necessarily change the original meaning. On
the contrary, it makes the translation more readable, easier to understand and thus complies with the
expression habits of the target language. On the premise of grasping the content of the article, it is
feasible to appropriately add some words or phrases here and there.
4.1.3 Conversion
The conversion of words includes the conversion of part of speech and word meaning. For
example, converting verbs and nouns to each other as needed to make the translation more fluent.
Conversion is also often used in translation.
[Example 12]: ST: Shenzhen is leading in industrial robots, civilian drones and smartphones in
China while many new industries and business formats are emerging, such as smart manufacturing,
smart healthcare, smart home and agriculture.
[Translation]: 深圳是工业机器人、民用无人机和智能手机领域的领头羊，同时，许多新
兴产业和商业模式也正在兴起，比如智能制造、智能医疗、智能家居和智能农业。
In this long sentence, “Leading” is an adjective, the author converts it into a noun in the
translation. If we translate it according to the original part of speech, it may become “深圳在工业
机器人、民用无人机和智能手机领域是领先的”.It can be understood by Chinese readers, but the
translation makes people feel that the preceding subject is too long. So, we convert the word
“leading” into noun as “ 领头羊 ”, and use “ 深圳 ” as the subject of the translation, making the
translation fluent. Besides, the translation of “领头羊” also reflects the literariness that should be
stressed in the translation of popular science articles. And translating the “leading” into “领头羊”
makes the translation more interesting.
[Example 13]: ST: In terms of algorithm breakthrough, Dr. Ross Quinlan from Sydney
University invents the world’s best AI data mining algorithm C4.5, demonstrating Sydney’s
advantage in data mining algorithm.
[Translation]: 在算法突破方面，悉尼大学的罗斯·昆兰（Ross Quinlan）博士发明了世界
上最好的人工智能数据挖掘算法--C4.5，悉尼在数据挖掘算法中的优势可见一斑。
The word “Demonstrate” here is a verb, which means “证明，展示，显露” in Chinese. It is
workable if we translate it into “展示了悉尼在数据挖掘算法中的优势”, but the word-for-word
translation is too rigid. According to Functional Equivalence Theory, it is important to express the
true meaning of the original text. We use the idiom “可见一斑” to express “demonstrating”, making
the translation graceful without changing the original meaning, putting meaning before form. And
“可见一斑” shows the literariness in translation of popular science texts.
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[Example 14]: ST: Chinese robot companies are growing fast with greater efforts in
developing key parts and technologies domestically.
[Translation]: 中国机器人企业在国内大力研发关键部件和技术，发展迅速。
The author changed the part of speech of “greater” in the translation. If we keep the original
meaning of “greater”, the translation may become “中国机器人企业在国内的开发关键零件和技
术上更加努力，发展迅速”. It seems to be a little wired. But if we convert the expression into “中
国机器人企业在国内大力开发关键零件和技术，发展迅速”, the whole sentence become much
clearer and more fluent. In translation, it is impossible to achieve complete equivalence. We should
try our best to find the equivalence between the source language and the target language.
[Example 15]: ST: In addition, the wider use of robots would also replace labors in repetitive
tasks and increase the percentage of technological and management personnel, bringing changes in
the labor structures of enterprises.
[Translation]: 此外，机器人的广泛应用还将取代重复性工作中的劳动力，提高技术和管
理人员的比例，改变企业中的劳动力结构。
The author changed the part of speech of “changes” in the translation. The “bringing changes
in the labor structures of enterprises” indicates a result. The word “changes” here is a noun,
meaning “ 变化”. In the whole sentence, we can see that “replace” and “increase” are verbs, and
they are also directly translated into verbs. Therefore, in order to keep consistent in the last sentence,
the author changes the part of speech of “changes” from noun “变化” to verb “改变”, making the
translation more fluent. Chinese emphasizes the beauty and rhyme of words. If we translate
“bringing changes in the labor structures of enterprises” into “给企业中的劳动力结构带来了变
化”, it does not keep up with the previous “取代” and “提高”.
[Example 16]: ST: Policies and capital are driving Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze
River Delta and Pearl River Delta to be regions with the most AI companies, with Beijing and
Shanghai taking the lead.
[Translation]: 政策和资本的加持，让京津冀、长三角和珠三角地区成为人工智能企业最
多的地区，其中北京和上海首当其冲。
The word “driving” in the English sentence is a verb, meaning “ 推动，促进 ”. But when
translating the sentence, the author converted it into noun to make the translation more concise,
preventing the translation from being too lengthy. Besides, the version “ 加持 ” reflects the
literariness of popular science texts. And translating the “taking the lead” into the idiom “首当其冲”
make the translation more interesting and vivid.
[Example 17]: ST: As the investment and business communities deepen their understanding of
15
AI, the AI investment and financing market becomes more rational, with reduced frequency of
investment and financing but continued increase of investment amounts.
[Translation]: 随着投融资界对人工智能的认识深化，人工智能投融资市场日趋理性，投
融资频率降低，但是投资额仍持续增加。
“Deepen” in the English sentence is a verb, meaning “加深，加强，变强烈，变浓，恶化”. In
this sentence, we can see another word “understanding” serving as a noun. So we needn’t to
translate it into “ 随着投融资界加深对人工智能的认识 ” ， it does not conform to Chinese
expression habits. We can invert the “加深” into “深化”, changing it into a noun. The translation
“对人工智能的认识深化” can be more understandable to Chinese readers.
[Example 18]: ST: Such data could provide good examples of machine learning for AI
companies to address actual problems in the manufacturing processes.
[Translation]: 此类数据可以很好地为人工智能公司的机器学习示例，解决制造过程中的
实际问题。
In this sentence, we can convert the noun “examples” from “provide good examples of” into
verb. The meaning of “provide” can be deleted and solely translate the “examples”. As verb, the
“example” indicates “作为某物的示范，示例”. In this sentence, if we translate the “examples” as a
noun, it becomes “此类数据可以很好地为人工智能公司的机器学习提供典范”, making the
translation too long and complicated. Solely translate the “example” result in a clear translation.
[Example 19]: ST: Unlike the preference for application-oriented AI companies in earlier
stage, the investment market is turning its eyes on startups engaged in AI underlying technologies.
[Translation]: 早期，投资市场更加偏好应用型人工智能公司，而现在他们正将目光投向
人工智能基础技术的创业公司。
The word “preference” is a noun in this sentence, meaning “偏爱的事物，最喜爱的东西” in
Chinese. If we translate it into “早期，应用型人工智能更加受到公司投资市场的喜欢”, it makes
the translation too long and complicated. When we translate it, we can convert the “preference” into
“prefer”. “Prefer” means “更喜欢，较喜欢，喜欢…多于…”, containing a meaning of comparison.
So, in this translation, the author use “prefer” to compare earlier stage and now to make the whole
sentence clear. That is what Functional Equivalence Theory says that translation does not seek rigid
correspondence on the surface of words.
Conversion is often used in translation. The conversion method also demonstrates the
translator’s translation ability. So, what kind of words to convert and what part of speech to convert
need to be carefully contemplated.
4.2 Syntactic Equivalence
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There is no doubt that syntactic pairs are much more complex than lexical equivalents.
Syntactic equivalence lays more emphasis on sentence meaning, and it requires to get rid of the
fetters of original form, and pursues accurate expression and fluent sentence. The translator
transforms the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language,
that is, using the corresponding words in the target language to directly explain the connotation of
the original text. In this way, it can make it easier for readers to accept the translation.
4.2.1 Passive Sentence
Passive sentences are frequently used in science articles, so it is significant to know how to
deal with passive sentences in actual translation (Guo & Zhou, 2019). We use active more in
Chinese. In order to keep translation smooth and fluent, we can convert the passive voice into the
active, or refer to the words meaning expressed as noun by passive voice and translate it into its
noun.
[Example 20]: ST: Such changes are mainly seen at three levels.
[Translation]: 此类变化主要体现在三个层面。
Generally, the word “see” means “看见，会见，了解” in Chinese. The “seen” here is used in
passive voice, but it would read strange and awkward if we translate it into “此种变化主要被看到
在三个层面”, so we can directly change it into active voice. We can extend the meaning of “see”
into “体现” here, and it doesn't contradict the Functional Equivalence Theory.
[Example 21]: ST: As an emerging industry in the future, Artificial Intelligence companies are
characterized by high growth.
[Translation]: 作为未来的新兴产业，人工智能公司的特征就是高增长。
In this sentence, “are characterized by” is a typical passive voice usage. Generally speaking,
we take the word after “by” as the subject and put it in front when translating. According to
Functional Equivalence Theory, we need to achieve functional equivalence between the two
languages. We convert the passive voice “characterized” into the noun as “ 特征 ” to make the
translation conform to the habit of Chinese expression.
[Example 22]: ST: AI investment is returning to reason, with underlying technologies and
easy-to-deploy applications more favored by AI leading institutions.
[Translation]: 人工智能投资正在回归理性，人工智能领头机构更青睐底层技术和易于部
署的应用程序。
At the beginning, the author translated this sentence into “底层技术和易于部署的应用程序
更受人工智能领头机构的青睐 ”, which seems somewhat awkward. According to the Chinese
17
expression habit, the subject of “底层技术和易于部署的应用程序更受人工智能领头机构的青睐”

is too long. The author then takes the “AI leading institutions” as the subject, put “favored” behind
it, and let “underlying technologies and easy-to-deploy applications” be the object to make the
translation more Chinese.
[Example 23]: ST: The production, channels and sales models of traditional auto makers will
be replaced by emerging business models.
[Translation]: 新兴商业模式将取代传统汽车制造商的生产、渠道和销售模式。
As what we discussed above, when we see the “be replaced by”, we must automatically change
it into active voice. According to the order of source text, it would be “传统汽车制造商的生产、渠
道和销售模式将被新兴商业模式所取代”. In Chinese, we rarely used too much “被”, so the
sentence can be changed into “新兴商业模式将取代传统汽车制造商的生产、渠道和销售模式”,
making translation more fluent and smoother. It also accords with Syntactic equivalence of
Functional Equivalence Theory.
[Example 24]: ST: The potential of AI application in manufacturing have been

underestimated, and quality data resources are not fully utilized.
[Translation]: 人们低估了人工智能在制造业的应用潜力，也没有得到充分利用优质的数
据资源。
At the beginning, the author translated it into “人工智能在制造业的应用潜力被低估”. It
seems weird. I didn’t know how to modify it at first, but then I recognized that English usually
doesn’t use people as subjects, but Chinese do. So, I add “人们” serving as the subject, and make
the word “underestimated” turn into active voice. Adding the word “ 人们 ” does not change the
meaning of the sentence. And at last, the translation becomes “人们低估了人工智能在制造业的应
用潜力”.
Passive sentences are often used in English, with objects treated as subjects. We Chinese
people are used to taking people as subjects, so we usually use more active sentences. Therefore,
when translating into Chinese, we should pay particular attention to change the passive sentence
into active sentence.
4.2.2 Attributive Clause
Attributive clauses are very common for complex sentences. After understanding the meaning
of the whole sentence, we are supposed to clarify the sentence structure and reorganize the
expression in accordance with the Chinese order, so as to realize functional equivalence in the real
sense.
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[Example 25]: ST: Traditional retailers begin to engage AI technologies, and will compete with
tech giants in big data application and AI, which means retailers would be more proactive in
forming partnerships with startups.
[Translation]: 传统零售商开始引入人工智能技术，并将与科技巨头在大数据应用和人工
智能方面展开竞争，竞争将推动零售商更积极地与创业公司合作。
At first glance, we don’t think the sentence difficult, but we have to understand what “which”
here refers to. As mentioned earlier, traditional retailers will compete with technology giants, so
“which” here refers to the competition. As a result, we repeat the word “竞争” to make translation
easy to understand. Although “竞争” does not appear in the source text, it can be added depending
on the context, making translation understandable.
[Example 26]: ST: As China falls behind the US in terms of development of AI underlying
technologies, which are an important support for AI development, investment in underlying
technologies is expected to continue growing with the advancement of AI in China.
[Translation]: 中国在人工智能基础技术的开发上落后于美国，而人工智能基础技术是人
工智能发展的重中之重，随着中国人工智能的发展，对基础技术的投资将会持续增长。
There are several short clauses in this sentence. In order to clearly understand it, we should
carefully sort out the relationship and logic order between them. On the basis of our understanding,
“which” here refers to “AI underlying technologies”, so we repeat it in the next sentence. And in
this translation, the author translates “an important support” into “ 重中之重 ”, which makes the
translation more vivid. We should know that in Functional Equivalence Theory, it emphasizes that
the connotation of the original text is not expressed by the superficial meaning of words, but hidden
between the lines. Finding the deep meaning of the sentence is more significant.
Attributive clauses are common in English. Some attributive clauses are rather complex and
difficult to understand. Sometimes, even when the author knows what it means, it’s still far from
easy to translate it into Chinese. So, it is significant to locate the right translation method. In
translating long and difficult sentences, we usually translate each short sentence first, and then
reorder it. In this way, we are expected to come up with smooth and understandable sentences.
4.3 Textual Equivalence
It is accepted that textual equivalence of popular science is mainly reflected in textual cohesion
and accuracy of logical relationship. The context structure of the English text is clear, with a lot of
words connected to each other, connecting sentence to sentence and paragraph to paragraph.
Besides, attention should be paid to the logical relationships in translation in views of the
characteristics of popular science texts. Generally, the cohesion of any text is inseparable from
cohesion and logic.
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4.3.1 Logical Relationship
Any article has an internal logical relationship. In the process of translation, we must pay
attention to the logical relationship among the texts, such as the relationship of time, cause and
effect of things. Clarifying the logical relationship of the article is very significant for the translation
and overall style.
[Example 27]: ST: Cities serve as the vehicle that carries the innovation, integration and
application of AI technologies, and also the center where humans build up full sense of AI
technological experience. Over the past few years, major cities around the world have played
various roles in driving the development of AI technologies, established their own ecosystems, and
achieved initial success in empowering industry applications and facilitating regional economic
development, raising thoughts, perception and actions on the new round of industrial revolution.
With AI applications being deployed at city level, cities become the main battleground for AI
innovation, integration and application.
[Translation]: 城市是承载人工智能技术创新、集成和应用的载体，也是人类建立全方位
人工智能技术体验的中心。近几年来，世界各大城市在推动人工智能技术发展方面发挥了多
种作用，建立了自己的生态系统，在增强产业应用能力、促进区域经济发展等方面取得了初
步成效，提升了新一轮工业革命的思想、认识和行动。随着人工智能应用在城市层面的部署，
城市成为人工智能创新、集成和应用的主战场。
This paragraph has its own logic. Firstly, it states that the cities are the carrier of AI innovation
and development. Then, cities around the world are promoting the development of AI. Finally, it
concludes that cities will become the main battlefield of competition of AI. However, no words like
“therefore” are seen in the whole paragraph, but we know well that the last sentence is a summary.
The paragraph should be read several times to figure out the hidden logical relationship and make
the translation logical. Therefore, we must bear in mind that a thorough understanding of the whole
paragraph can clearly express the logical relationship between sentences and achieve textual
equivalence.
4.3.2 Cohesive Relationship
Cohesion falls chiefly into cohesion of structure and cohesion of content. With the help of
cohesion, each sentence in a cohesive paragraph logically leads to the next one.
[Example 28]: ST: As the underlying logic for AI, algorithms are the direct tools that generate
AI. From the course of history, we can see that AI has developed through three phases since brought
up in 1956, which also reflect the alternation of algorithms and research methods. In the first phase
during 1960s to 1970s, AI entered into a golden period when research methods dominated by
20
logics became the mainstream. AI attempted to achieve machine-based logical deduction and
verification, but failed at last. The period from 1970s to 1990s saw the second phase of AI
development, during which immature technological capability and overpraised reputation sent it to
an “AI winter” from 1974 to 1980, when research and investment in AI saw substantial declines.
From 1980 to 1987, the research method of expert system became a hot topic for AI research,
re-igniting the fever of capital and researchers. During the period from 1987 to 1993, there had been
significant progress in the capability of computers compared with those decades ago. People tried to
create an expert system based on computers to solve problems, but could hardly build an effective
system due to lack of data and constraints of experience, knowledge and rules. Capital and
government support were once again pulled out, push AI into a second “winter”. The third phase
was in the 1990s and after. During 1993-2011, with significantly enhanced computing power and
data volume, AI technology were further improved. Till now, the surge in data volume and
computing power has helped AI achieve major breakthroughs in machine learning, especially in the
area of deep learning dominated by neural networks. AI’s development based on deep neural
network technology is now in a period of rapid growth.
[Translation]: 算法作为人工智能的潜在逻辑，是产生人工智能的直接工具。从历史进程
来看，人工智能自 1956 年提出以来经历了三个发展阶段，这也反映了算法和研究方法的变化。
第一个阶段:20 世纪 60 年代至 70 年代，人工智能进入了黄金时期，以逻辑学为主导的研究方
法成为主流。人工智能想要实现基于机器的逻辑推理和验证，但最终失败了。第二阶段：20
世纪 70 年代至 90 年代，人工智能发展的阶段。在此期间，技术能力较低和声誉过高使其在
1974 年至 1980 年进入了“人工智能的寒冬”，对人工智能的研究和投资大幅下降。从 1980 年
到 1987 年，专家系统的研究方法成为人工智能研究的热点，重新点燃了资本和研究者的热情。
1987 年至 1993 年，计算机功能与几十年前相比提升了很多。人们努力建立一个基于计算机
的专家系统来解决问题，但由于数据的缺乏，以及受到经验、知识和规则的限制，很难建立
一个有效的系统。又没有了资本和政府的支持，把人工智能推向了第二个“寒冬”。第三阶段：
20 世纪 90 年代及之后。1993 年至 2011 年，计算能力和数据量显著提高，人工智能技术得到
了进一步改进。到目前为止，数据量和计算能力的激增帮助人工智能在机器学习领域取得了
重大突破，特别是在以神经网络为主的深度学习领域。基于深度神经网络技术的人工智能发
展正处于快速增长期。
Using words or expressions to express time order is one of the means of cohesion for both
languages. A lot of numbers and words indicating the age can be seen in this paragraph. Here in the
above English paragraph, different means are used to express each stage in English, but when they
are translated into Chinese, a unified expression should be used to make the translation clearer and
more coherent. For example, we can use “第一个阶段” , “第二个阶段” and “第三个阶段” etc.
What’s more, in each stage, the development of Artificial Intelligence is also linked to each other,
from “失败” to “发展”, from“人工智能的寒冬” to “重新点燃了资本和研究者的热情”, from“第
21
二个寒冬 ” to “ 快速增长期 ”, indicating cohesion. In this example, the acronym AI appears 11

times. Word repetition is a common means of textual cohesion, usually to highlight the theme.
Based on our analysis, the paragraph is about the development history of artificial intelligence, so
the corresponding repetition of “artificial intelligence” in the translation highlights the theme and
retains the cohesion of the original text. The translator should fully realize and understand the
contextual cohesion of the text, obtain the key words and their corresponding relations accurately.
Therefore, we should try to reproduce the cohesion of the original text on the premise of grasping
the whole text, so as to convey the content of the original text accurately and clearly.
It can be seen from the above that, by referring to Functional Equivalence Theory, we could
process words flexibly by adding, deleting and transforming parts of speech to make the translation
more effective and smoother. And it is of special significance in dealing with complex sentences,
which further prove that Functional Equivalence Theory can be used successfully to do translation
of English documents of popular science. All this considered, Nida’s Functional Equivalence
Theory is fairly helpful and reliable in producing efficient and readable English-Chinese translation
versions.
22
南京邮电大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文 Conclusion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
5.1 Major Findings
After reading a variety of papers on Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory, the author is
surprised at its widespread application. The Functional Equivalence Theory mainly emphasizes that
translation does not require the rigid correspondence on the surface of the text, namely the
word-for-word translation, but to achieve functional equivalence between the two languages. This
reduces the translator’s translation restrictions, and can skillfully deal with words and sentences
under the guidance of the theory to achieve the best translation effect. Moreover, the theory
underlines that meaning should precede form and pay attention to the effect of translation so that
people in the target country can understand it. It gives translators more freedom to create better
translations.
In the process of translating the White Paper, the author found that many sentences looked easy
and understandable, but they were always weird when translated into Chinese. It was too Chinglish.
The author sometimes couldn’t get rid of the constraints of the original text and sought to translate
all the words. However, in doing so, the whole translation appeared lengthy and did not conform to
the expression habits of Chinese. Therefore, under the guidance of the Functional Equivalence
Theory, the author modifies and refines the vocabulary and sentences to present a better translation.
In this translation practice report, the author chooses Global Artificial Intelligence Industry White
Paper as the translation object and applies Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory to practical
translation work. On one hand, we got a further understanding of the relevant content and practical
applications of Artificial Intelligence, and thus expanded my scope of knowledge. On the other hand,
we’ve got to know the stylistic characteristics of popular science articles more comprehensively,
and hence improved the translation capacity of popular science articles, which accordingly helps to
enhance our translation efficiency. Guided by the Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory, the author
finds that it can provide help for the translation of popular science texts.
When translating a text, some translation strategies would be exploit consciously or
unconsciously. Under the guidance of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory, the author applied the
translation strategies of deletion, addition and conversion to make the translation smoother and
easier to understand. The translation strategies of deletion, addition and conversion are often used in
translation. However, when using these strategies, we must remember that the meaning of the
original text cannot be changed, it should be deleted or added appropriately, and not too free
translation. We need to make the target readers achieve the same reading effect as the original
readers. Translation practice has proved that these translation strategies under the guidance of
theory can be used to guide the translation of popular science texts.
23
南京邮电大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文 Conclusion
5.2 Limitations and Suggestions
However, for various reasons, the translation practice is far from satisfactory. First, the author
fails to be equipped with sufficient relevant scientific and technological knowledge, so that the
author needs to keep conveying materials during the whole translation process. Second, when
translating long and difficult sentences, the translation versions are relatively lengthy, and thus
prevents the readability. Thirdly, when applying Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory, we only try
the best to maintain the equivalence. Surely, Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory helps to guide
the Chinese translation of the White Paper. However, Functional Equivalence Theory also has its
limitations for the guidance of Chinese translation of popular science texts. For example, the
translation of some long and difficult sentences needs the support of other theories. Functional
Equivalence Theory emphasizes that meaning and culture cannot be taken into account at the same
time, and the translator has to abandon formal equivalence and reproduce the meaning and culture
of the source text by changing the form of the source text in the target text. Therefore, in the
translation of popular science text, we can appropriately adopt the methods of deleting, adding
words, conversion and so on to get a better translation. Generally speaking, it is feasible to exploit
Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in guiding the Chinese translation of the White Paper.
In the future translation practice, we intend to lay more emphasis on the combination of the
theory and actual translation practice, meanwhile, we should keep pace with the latest social and
science development and constantly enhance the translation capacity in the future translation
practice.
24
南京邮电大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文 References
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26
南京邮电大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文 Appendix
Appendix
Original text (7546) Translation (13812)

Global Artificial Intelligence Industry 全球人工智能产业白皮书
White Paper
AI is growing fully commercialized, 人工智能正在全面商业化，给所有行业带
bringing profound changes in all industries. 来深刻变化。人工智能技术已经应用到金
AI technologies have been deployed in 融、医疗、安全等众多领域，应用场景不
financial, healthcare, security and a number 断扩大。人工智能的商业化对加速企业数
of other areas, with widening application 字化、改善产业链结构、提高信息利用效
scenarios. The commercialization of AI is 率具有积极作用。
playing a positive role in accelerating
business digitalization, improving industry
chain structures and enhancing information
use efficiency.
AI has entered an age of machine learning, 人工智能已经进入机器学习时代，未来人
and the future of AI development will 工智能的发展将取决于重要技术和产业的
depend on the integration of key 融合。人工智能的每一次发展都伴随着研
technologies and industries. Every 究方法的突破，而深度学习是机器学习最
development of AI has been associated with 重要的技术突破之一。随着人工智能研究
breakthroughs in research methods, and 和应用范围的不断扩大，未来，人工智能
deep learning is one of the most important 将与更多技术深度融合和应用。
technological breakthroughs of machine
learning. As AI research and application
continues to expand in scope, AI will see
deeper integration and application of more
technologies in the future.
AI investment is returning to reason, with 人工智能投资正在回归理性，底层技术和
underlying technologies and easy-to-deploy 易于部署的应用程序更受人工智能领头机
applications more favored by AI leading 构的青睐。随着投融资界对人工智能的认
institutions. As the investment and business 识深化，人工智能投融资市场日趋理性，
communities deepen their understanding of 投融资频率降低，但是投资额仍持续增加。
AI, the AI investment and financing market
becomes more rational, with reduced
frequency of investment and financing but
continued increase of investment amounts.
27
Especially after a round of competition 尤其是在行业内的一轮竞争之后，底层技

within the industry, underlying technology 术公司和可部署应用领域，比如医疗保健、
companies and deployable application areas, 教育和自主驾驶领域的初创项目，继续受
such as startup projects in healthcare, 到一流的人工智能机构的青睐。
education and autonomous driving, continue
to be favored by leading AI institutions.
Cities are the vehicle that carries the 城市是承载人工智能技术创新、集成和应
innovation, integration and application of AI 用的载体，也是人类建立全方位人工智能
technologies, and also the center where 技术体验的中心。不同的城市在顶层设计、
humans build up full sense of AI 算法突破、要素质量、集成质量、应用质
technological experience. Different cities 量等方面表现不同，由此形成了多样化、
perform differently in the top-level design, 个性化的人工智能开发模式。
algorithm breakthrough, factor quality,
integration quality and application quality,
forming diverse and individualized AI
development models.
Policies and capital are driving 政策和资本的加持，让京津冀、长三角和
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River 珠三角地区成为人工智能企业最多的地
Delta and Pearl River Delta to be regions 区，其中北京和上海首当其冲。比如，上
with the most AI companies, with Beijing 海在税收优惠、资金补贴、人才引进、政
and Shanghai taking the lead. For example, 府流程完善等方面出台一系列措施，优化
Shanghai put in place measures in terms of 了营商环境，吸引了大量投融资资金、人
tax incentives, capital subsidies, talent 工智能企业和人才，研发实力显著增强。
attraction and government process 这也将有利于 AI 产业链上下游企业规模
improvement to enhance its business 的扩大，更有助于增强本市 AI 产业能力。
environment, and has attracted large amount
of investment and financing capital, AI
companies and talents, significantly
enhancing its R&D strengths. This would
also facilitate the scale up of upstream and
downstream enterprises on the AI industry
chain and help strengthen the city's AI
industry capabilities.
First tier cities represented by Shanghai and 以上海和北京为代表的一线城市在人才和
Beijing have long been leading in terms of 企业数量、资本环境和研发实力方面一直
the number of talents and enterprises, capital 处于领先地位。北京和上海都有超过 600
28
environment and R&D strengths. Beijing 家人工智能公司，上海已经与科技巨头--

and Shanghai each have more than 600 AI 腾讯和微软，以及人工智能独角兽商汤科
companies, and Shanghai has established 技和益学教育松鼠人工智能合作建立了企
enterprise AI labs with tech giants Tencent 业人工智能实验室。
and Microsoft, as well as AI unicorns
SenseTime and Yixue Education—Squirrel
AI.
AI is driving the financial industry to build a 人工智能正推动金融业构建更广泛的高性
broader high-performing ecosystem with 能生态系统，提高金融业的服务效率，转
enhanced business efficiency for financial 变企业内部运营流程。传统金融机构和科
enterprises and transformed enterprise 技公司正在共同努力，在为长尾客户提供
process of internal operation. Traditional 个性化服务的同时，推动人工智能在金融
financial institutions and tech companies are 行业的深度渗透，重组服务框架，提高服
working together to promote deeper 务效率，降低金融风险。
penetration of AI in the financial industry,
restructure services framework, increase
service efficiency, and reduce financial risks
while providing individualized services to
long tail clients.
As application of AI in education further 随着人工智能在教育中深入发展，应用场
deepens, application scenarios are shifting to 景正在不断覆盖教学全过程。人工智能在
cover full process of teaching. Among the 教育领域的应用类型中，人工智能自适应
types of AI applications in education, 学习的应用最为广泛。此外，得益于我国
AI-adaptive learning is applied most widely 庞大的人口基数、教育资源的短缺和对教
in all the learning processes. In addition, 育的投入，智能自适应学习系统有望迎头
intelligent adaptive learning system is 赶上。
expected to catch up from behind benefited
from China's large population base, shortage
in education resources and commitment to
education.
Digital government is mainly driven from 数字政府主要是从上到下驱动，实现政府
top down achieve digitalization goals of 流程的数字化目标，加快政府的智能化转
government processes to accelerate 变。各地对数字政府建设的需求不尽相同，
intelligent transformation of the 企业需要定制解决方案。
government. The needs for digital
government construction vary by regions,
29
thus enterprises require customized 随着公共安全行业的门槛越来越高，行业

solutions. As the threshold for the public 融合不断深化，行业内的强者依然强大。
security sector grows higher, the strong
remain strong in the sector with deepened
industry convergence.
The auto industry dominated by autonomous 以自主驾驶为主的汽车产业将迎来产业链
driving will see a transformation of its 转型。新兴商业模式将取代传统汽车制造
industry chain. The production, channels 商的生产、渠道和销售模式。新兴的自主
and sales models of traditional auto makers 驾驶解决方案科技公司与传统汽车制造商
will be replaced by emerging business 之间的界限将被打破。随着共享汽车的出
models. The boundary between rising tech 现，自动驾驶下的共享出行将取代私家车
companies of autonomous driving solutions 的概念。自动驾驶行业规范和标准的发展，
and traditional auto makers will be broken. 将促进更安全、更便捷的无人货运配送和
With the emergence of shared cars, shared 物流的出现。
mobility under autonomous driving will
replace the concept of private cars. The
development of industry norms and
standards for autonomous driving will
facilitate the emergence of more secure and
more convenient unmanned cargo delivery
and logistics.
The potential of AI application in 人们低估了人工智能在制造业的应用潜
manufacturing have been underestimated, 力，优质的数据资源也并没有得到充分利
and quality data resources are not fully 用。作为一个高度专业化的行业，制造业
utilized. As a highly specialized industry, 需要高度复杂和定制化的解决方案。因此，
manufacturing requires highly complex and 该领域的人工智能技术主要应用于易于复
customized solutions. Thus, AI technologies 制和扩展的领域，比如产品质量控制、分
in this sector are mainly applied in areas that 类和预测性维护。然而，生产设备所产生
are easy to duplicate and expand, such as 的大量可靠的、稳定的、不断更新的数据
product quality control, sorting, and 并没有得到充分利用。这些数据可以很好
predictive maintenance. However, the 地为人工智能公司的机器学习示例，解决
massive data—reliable, stable and updated 制造过程中的实际问题。
constantly—generated by production
facilities has not been fully utilized. Such
data could provide good examples of
machine learning for AI companies to
30
address actual problems in the

manufacturing processes.
Application scenarios in retail have 零售领域的应用场景已经从分离发展到融
developed from separation to convergence, 合，传统零售商正与创业公司合作，围绕
and traditional retailers are partnering with 人、商品、商店和供应链构建应用场景。
startups to build scenarios around human, 人工智能在各个零售环节的发展变得多样
goods, stores and supply chains. The 化，应用场景变得碎片化，进入大规模试
development of AI diversifies in each retail 点阶段。传统零售商开始引入人工智能技
link, and application scenarios become 术，并将与科技巨头在大数据应用和人工
fragmented and enter a period with scale 智能方面展开竞争，这意味着零售商将更
pilots. Traditional retailers begin to engage 积极地与创业公司合作。
AI technologies, and will compete with tech
giants in big data application and AI, which
means retailers would be more proactive in
forming partnerships with startups.
AI application in healthcare sector is 人工智能在医疗领域正迅速发展，但医疗
growing rapidly, but the sector needs to 领域需要建立规范的人工智能产品市场准
establish standardized mechanisms of 入机制，并且加快建设医疗数据库。人工
market entry for AI products and speed up 智能的出现将有助于解决医疗资源短缺和
the construction of healthcare data base. The 分配不均的问题，以及卫生保健部门的许
emergence of AI will help address the 多其他生计问题。然而，在事关人类生命
shortage and uneven allocation of medical 和健康且受到严格监管的行业，人工智能
resources as well as many other livelihood 能否如预期般得到广泛应用将取决于医疗
issues in the healthcare sector. However, in a 和数据监管标准。
strictly regulated sector that concerns
people's life and health, whether AI could be
applied extensively as expected will depend
on the development of medical and data
regulation standards.
1. New trends of AI innovation and 1.AI 创新与融合的新趋势
integration
1.1 AI is growing fully Commercialized 1.1 AI 正历经全面商业化
Now AI has entered a new stage to become 现在人工智能已经进入了完全商业化的新
fully commercialized, exerting different 阶段，对传统产业的参与者产生了不同的
impacts on players of traditional industries 影响，推动了产业生态系统的变化。此种
and driving changes in the ecosystems of 变化主要体现在三个层面。一是企业变革。
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these industries. Such changes are mainly 人工智能正逐变得日益商业化,已经应用

seen at three levels. First is enterprise 到企业的管理和生产中，一些企业也已经
change: AI is engaged in the management 实现了相对成熟的智能化应用。这些企业
and production processes of the enterprise, 通过各种技术手段从多个维度收集和利用
with a trend of being increasingly 用户信息，为消费者提供相关的产品和服
commercialized, and some enterprises have 务，同时通过数据优化洞察发展趋势，满
realized relatively mature intelligent 足消费者的潜在需求。二是产业变革：人
applications. These enterprises have been 工智能带来的变革将推动传统产业链上下
able to collect and make use of user 游产业关系发生根本性变化。人工智能的
information from multiple dimensions via 介入增加了上游产品供应商的类型，用户
various technological means and provide 也可能因为产品特性的变化而从个人消费
consumers with pertinent products and 者变成企业消费者，或者两者皆有。三是
services, at the same time satisfy their 劳动力变化：人工智能等新技术的应用提
potential needs through insights into 高了信息使用效率，减少了员工数量。此
development trends gained via data 外，机器人的广泛应用还将取代重复性工
optimization. Second is industry change: 作中的劳动力，提高技术和管理人员的比
The change brought by AI would drive 例，改变企业中的劳动力结构。
fundamental changes in the relationship of
upstream and downstream sectors on the
traditional industry chain. The engagement
of AI has expanded the types of upstream
products providers, and users may also shift
from individual consumers to enterprise
consumers, or both, due to the change of
product features. The last is labor change:
The application of new technologies such as
AI is enhancing the efficiency of
information use and reducing the number of
employees. In addition, the wider use of
robots would also replace labors in repetitive
tasks and increase the percentage of
technological and management personnel,
bringing changes in the labor structures of
enterprises.
Figure 1-1: All-round changes brought by 图 1-1：人工智能带来的所有变化
AI
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1.2 AI has entered an era of machine 1.2 人工智能已进入机器学习时代

learning
As technology advances and develops, the 随着技术的进步和发展，人类的学习方式
way humans learn is evolving from 正在从进化、经验和遗产演变为使用计算
evolution, experience and legacy into 机和互联网的通信和存储。计算机的出现，
communication and storage using computers 人类获取知识的效率越来越高，也越来越
and Internet. With the advent of computers, 容易。在不久的将来，机器将提取和存储
it has become more efficient and easier for 大部分知识。越发强大的计算机算法将获
humans to acquire knowledge. A vast 得类似人类的能力，包括视觉、说话、方
majority of knowledge will be extracted and 向感等。
stored by machines within the near future.
Computer algorithms growing more
powerful would obtain human-like abilities,
including vision, speaking, sense of
direction, etc.
Machine learning is one of AI's core 机器学习是人工智能各子领域中的核心研
research areas among all the subfields of AI. 究领域之一。在人工智能领域，89%的人
89% of AI patent applications and 40% of 工智能专利申请和 40%的其他相关专利都
related patents within the AI realm fall in 与机器学习有关。最初的研究动机是让计
machine learning. The initial research 算机系统具备人类的学习能力，以实现人
motivation has been to equip computer 工智能。机器在现有知识中寻找差距，然
systems with the human ability to learn, in 后模仿人脑，模拟进化，系统地减少不确
order to achieve artificial intelligence. 定性，识别新旧知识的相似性并且完成学
Machines find gaps in existing knowledge, 习。
then imitate human brain and simulate
evolution to reduce uncertainties
systemically, identify similarities between
new and old knowledge, and complete
learning.
Figure 1-2: Illustration of all levels of AI 图 1-2:AI 所有级别的示图
Algorithms are the core of AI 算法--人工智能的核心
As the underlying logic for AI, algorithms 算法作为人工智能的潜在逻辑，是产生人
are the direct tools that generate AI. From 工智能的直接工具。从历史的进程来看，
the course of history, we can see that AI has 人工智能自 1956 年提出以来经历了三个
developed through three phases since 发展阶段，
brought up in 1956, which also reflect the
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alternation of algorithms and research 这也反映了算法和研究方法的变化。在第

methods. In the first phase during 1960s to 一个阶段（20 世纪 60 年代至 70 年代），
1970s, AI entered into a golden period when 人工智能进入了黄金时期，以逻辑学为主
research methods dominated by logics 导的研究方法成为主流。人工智能想要实
became the mainstream. AI attempted to 现基于机器的逻辑推理和验证，但最终失
achieve machine-based logical deduction 败了。20 世纪 70 年代至 90 年代是人工智
and verification, but failed at last. The 能发展的第二阶段，在此期间，技术能力
period from 1970s to 1990s saw the second 较低和声誉过高使其在 1974 年至 1980 年
phase of AI development, during which 进入了“人工智能冬天”，对人工智能的研
immature technological capability and 究和投资大幅下降。
overpraised reputation sent it to an "AI
winter" from 1974 to 1980, when research
and investment in AI saw substantial
declines.
From 1980 to 1987, the research method of 从 1980 年到 1987 年，专家系统的研究方
expert system became a hot topic for AI 法成为人工智能研究的热点，重新点燃了
research, re-igniting the fever of capital and 资本和研究者的热情。1987 年到 1993 年
researchers. During the period from 1987 to 期间，计算机的能力与几十年前相比提升
1993, there had been significant progress in 了很多。人们努力建立一个基于计算机的
the capability of computers compared with 专家系统来解决问题，但由于数据的缺乏，
those decades ago. People tried to create an 以及受到经验、知识和规则的限制，很难
expert system based on computers to solve 建立一个有效的系统。资本和政府的支持
problems, but could hardly build an 又再次没有了，把人工智能推向了第二个
effective system due to lack of data and “冬天”。
constraints of experience, knowledge and
rules. Capital and government support were
once again pulled out, push AI into a second
"winter".
The third phase was in the 1990s and after. 第三阶段是在 20 世纪 90 年代及之后。
During 1993-2011, with significantly 1993-2011 期间，计算能力和数据量显著
enhanced computing power and data 提高，人工智能技术得到了进一步的改进。
volume, AI technology were further 到目前为止，数据量和计算能力的激增帮
improved. Till now, the surge in data volume 助人工智能在机器学习领域取得了重大突
and computing power has helped AI achieve 破，特别是在以神经网络为主的深度学习
major breakthroughs in machine learning, 领域。
especially in the area of deep learning
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dominated by neural networks. AI's 基于深度神经网络技术的人工智能发展正

development based on deep neural network 处于快速增长期。
technology is now in a period of rapid
growth.
Figure 1-3: The history of AI development 图 1-3：人工智能发展史
In addition, data is an essential element that 此外，数据是支撑人工智能潜在逻辑的基
underpins AI's underlying logic. Without 本元素。没有数据，人工智能的数据处理
data, data processing for AI will not be 简直就是天方夜谭。通过数据挖掘的整理、
possible. With data mining's cleaning, 集成、归约等预处理手段，人工智能有足
integration, reduction and other 够的学习数据。随着人工智能技术的迭代，
pre-treatment means, AI could have 数据的产生、收集、存储、计算、传输和
adequate data for learning. As AI 应用都将由机器来完成。
technologies iterate, the production,
collection, storage, calculation, transmission
and application of data will all be completed
by machines.
Figure 1-4: Development stages of data 图 1-4：数据处理的发展阶段
processing
1.3 Market investment returns to reason 1.3 市场投资回归理性
From R&D and academic topic to 从研发、学术话题到科技创业，人工智能
technological startups, it only takes a few 只用了几年时间。这种转变不仅是由人们
years for AI. Such shift is not only driven by 对新技术的呼吁和政策支持推动的，也是
people's appeals for new technologies to 由资本市场推动的。随着资本市场对人工
unleash productivity and policy support, but 智能的深入认识，市场对人工智能的投资
also powered by the capital market. As the 正在变得成熟，回归理性。在过去五年，
capital market deepens its understanding of 中国对人工智能的投资快速增长，2015 年
AI, market investment in AI is maturing and 是中国人工智能发展的开局之年，总投资
returning to reason. During the past five 达 450 亿元人民币，在 2016 年和 2017 年
years, China's investment in AI grew 投资也在频率持续增加，2019 年上半年，
rapidly, with a total investment of RMB45 中国人工智能领域总投资超过 478 亿元人
billion in 2015 - the starting year of China's 民币，并且在此领域取得了巨大成就。
AI development, and investment frequency
continued to increase in 2016 and 2017. The
first half of 2019 has seen a total investment
of over RMB47.8 billion in China's AI
sector with great achievements.
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Figure 1-5: Changes of AI investment and 图 1-5:人工智能投融资变化

financing
We identify the following trends through our 通过对人工智能投资的分析，我们发现了
analysis of investment in AI: Investors favor 以下趋势：投资者青睐易于部署的人工智
easy-to-deploy AI application scenarios. 能应用场景。近年来的投融资数据显示，
Investment and financing data in recent 商业服务、机器人、医疗保健、行业解决
years show that investment frequencies and 方案、基础零部件、金融等领域的投资频
amounts raised in business service, robotics, 率和融资额均高于其他行业。从企业角度
healthcare, industry solutions, basic 看，拥有全球顶尖团队、资金实力和高科
components and finance are all higher than 技基因的企业更受二级市场投资者青睐。
those in other sectors. From enterprise 然而，从行业角度来看，新零售、自动驾
perspective, those with a top global team, 驶、医疗保健和教育这些易于部署的行业，
financial strength and high-tech gene are 意味着更多的机会，从事这些行业的公司
more favored by secondary market 可能会看到更多的投资机会。
investors. From industry perspective,
however, new retail, autonomous driving,
healthcare and education, all easy to deploy,
indicate more opportunities, and companies
engaged in such sectors could see more
investment opportunities.
Figure 1-6: Distribution of investment 图 1-6:AI 行业投融资频率分布图
and financing frequency by AI sectors
Underlying technology startups become 基础技术创业公司在投资市场中广受欢
popular within the investment market. 迎。早期，投资市场更加偏好应用型人工
Unlike the preference for 智能公司，而现在他们正将目光投向人工
application-oriented AI companies in earlier 智能基础技术的创业公司。这类公司很容
stage, the investment market is turning its 易受到欢迎，在高上限的市场上更具竞争
eyes on startups engaged in AI underlying 力。中国在人工智能基础技术的开发上落
technologies. Such companies can easily 后于美国，而人工智能基础技术是人工智
become popular and are more competitive in 能发展的重中之重，但是，随着人工智能
the market with a high ceiling. As China 的发展，中国对基础技术的投资将会持续
falls behind the US in terms of development 增长。
of AI underlying technologies, which are an
important support for AI development,
investment in underlying technologies is
expected to continue growing with the
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advancement of AI in China.
The proportion of companies that complete 完成“A”轮和“B”轮融资的公司比例仍
"A" and "B" round financing remains the 然最高，战略投资也在不断增加。1300 多
highest, with growing strategic investment. 家人工智能企业获得了风险投资。虽然
More than 1,300 AI enterprises have secured “A”轮前的投资比例在下降，但投资者
venture capital investment. Though 在“A”轮投资中依然活跃，这是目前投
proportion of investment before "A" round 资频率最高的一轮。2017 年，战略投资开
is decreasing, investors remain vigorous in 始爆发式增长。随着人工智能市场走向成
"A" round investment, which at present is 熟，主要是互联网巨头的一流企业转向战
the one with the highest investment 略投资，寻求长期合作和发展，这也表明
frequency. Strategic investment started to 人工智能和产业之间的战略合作开始在资
explode in 2017. As AI market sectors grow 本领域展开。
mature, leading enterprises, mostly Internet
giants, turn to strategic investment seeking
for long-term partnership and development.
This also suggest that strategic cooperation
between AI sector and industries begin grow
on capital domain.
Figure 1-7: Rounds of investment in AI 图 1-7:2013-2019 年人工智能投资轮数
from 2013 to 2019
Internet giants' AI investment links to the 互联网巨头的 AI 投资与其业务相关产业
upstream and downstream of industries 的上下游联系密切。人工智能发展的热潮
related to their businesses. The boom of AI 也促使嗅觉敏锐的互联网巨头纷纷推行自
development also drives Internet giants with 己的战略规划。在阿里巴巴、腾讯、百度
a keen sense of smell to pursue their own 和京东的带领下，他们投资了人工智能的
strategic plans. Led by Alibaba, Tencent, 各个领域。在未来的战略规划中，投资机
Baidu and JD.com, they have invested in all 构投资的项目都集中在产业的上下游，这
fields of AI sector. Projects invested by 些项目也在推动国家人工智能发展战略的
investment institutions all fall in the 实施。
upstream and downstream domains of the
industries in their future strategic plans, and
these projects are also driving for the
implementation of a national AI
development strategy.
For example, Alibaba focuses its investment 例如，阿里巴巴重点投资安全和基本组件
in security and basic components, with 上，投资的大公司包括商汤科技、MEGVII
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major companies invested including 和 Cambricon；腾讯主要投资在智能健康、

SenseTime, MEGVII and Cambricon; 教育、智能汽车上，代表公司包括 NIO、
Tencent mainly invests in areas such as iCarbonX,百度的投资主要投资汽车、零售
intelligent health, education and smart car, 和智能家居领域，京东主要投资汽车、金
with representative companies including 融和智能家居。不过，中科院支持的中科
NIO and iCarbonX; Baidu's investment 院控股旗下的公司涉足人工智能技术和应
mainly falls in auto, retail and smart home, 用领域，包括芯片、医疗和教育。随着数
and JD.com sees auto, finance and smart 字技术在各行业实现转型和整合，人工智
home as their priorities of investment. 能在自动驾驶、医疗保健、教育、金融和
Companies under CAS Holdings backed by 智能制造等领域的应用将对一流企业起到
the Chinese Academy of Sciences, however, 至关重要的作用。
are involved in AI technological and
application fields including chips, healthcare
and education. As digital technologies
transform and integrate in each of the
industries, AI application in areas such as
autonomous driving, healthcare, education,
finance and smart manufacturing will be of
vital importance for top enterprises.
Figure 1-8: Major fields of investment by 图 1-8:AI 一流企业的主要投资领域
leading AI enterprises
As an emerging industry in the future, 作为未来的新兴产业，人工智能公司的特
artificial intelligence companies are 点就是高增长。因此，我们根据从不完全
characterized by high growth. Thus, we 公开信息中收集的增长率数据，从德勤科
screened out 50 high-growth companies 技 500 强名单中的人工智能公司中筛选出
based on growth rate data collected from 50 家发展迅速的公司。
incomplete public information and among
the artificial intelligence companies in the
Deloitte Technology Fast 500 list.
Figure 1-9: Global High-growth AI 图 1-9：全球发展迅速的人工智能企业
Enterprises
1.4 Cities become the main battleground 1.4 城市成为人工智能创新、集成和应用
for AI innovation, integration and 的主战场
application
Cities serve as the vehicle that carries the 城市是承载人工智能技术创新、集成和应
innovation, integration and application of AI 用的载体，也是人类建立全方位人工智能
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technologies, and also the center where 技术体验的中心。近几年来，世界各大城

humans build up full sense of AI 市在推动人工智能技术发展方面发挥了多
technological experience. Over the past few 种作用，建立了自己的生态系统，在增强
years, major cities around the world have 产业应用能力、促进区域经济发展等方面
played various roles in driving the 取得了初步成效，提升了新一轮工业革命
development of AI technologies, established 的思想、认识和行动。随着人工智能应用
their own ecosystems, and achieved initial 在城市层面的部署，城市成为人工智能创
success in empowering industry applications 新、集成和应用的主战场。
and facilitating regional economic
development, raising thoughts, perception
and actions on the new round of industrial
revolution. With AI applications being
deployed at city level, cities become the
main battleground for AI innovation,
integration and application.
Though with varied key success factors of 虽然人工智能可以成功的关键因素各不相
AI, cities across the world in general have 同，但一般来说，世界各地的城市都建立
built up development ecosystems that 了发展生态系统，将促进技术与城市的融
facilitate integration of technologies and the 合。通过对 50 多个人工智能应用领域、100
city. Through continuous monitoring of 多所人工智能相关大学和研究机构、200
more than 50 AI application segments, over 多家顶尖企业、500 多家投资实体、7000
100 AI related universities and research 多家人工智能公司和 10 多万名人工智能
institutions, over 200 top enterprises, more 的人才的持续跟踪调查，我们已经概述出
than 500 investment entities, 7,000 AI 了人工智能技术和以城市为中心的产业生
companies and over 100,000 key AI talents, 态系统特点、框架与发展途径。综合考虑
we have outlined the characteristics, 各方面因素，我们认为一个城市人工智能
framework and development path of AI 技术的创新与融合程度可以通过以下五个
technologies and industry ecosystems 方面来衡量：
centered on cities. Considering the factors in
overall, we believe that the degree of
innovation and integration of AI
technologies in a city can be measured via
the following five aspects:
Top-level design, including AI industry 顶层设计，包括人工智能产业配套政策、
supporting policies, special legislations, 专项立法、开放数据政策和开放程度等。
open data policy and the level of openness,
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etc.
Algorithm breakthrough, including core 算法的重大进展，包括关键 AI 软硬件核
R&D links of key AI software and hardware, 心研发环节，比如 AI 芯片
such as AI chips
Factor quality, including AI leading figures, 要素质量，包括人工智能领军人物、资金
capital support, pay level of scientists, 支持、科学家薪酬水平、
influence of industry conferences, etc. 行业会议影响力等。
Integration quality, including connectedness 集成质量，包括前沿学科的连通性（AI:+
of frontier disciplines (AI: +Clou 、云、+区块链、+物联网、+5G、+量子计算
+Blockchain 、 +IoT 、 +5 G 、 +Quantum 等前沿技术）、创新主体的多样性（顶尖企
Computing and other frontier technologies), 业、学术机构等）、文化多样性等。
diversity of innovation entities (top
enterprises, academic institutions, etc.),
cultural diversity, etc.
Application quality, including finance, 应用质量，包括金融、教育、医疗、数字
education, healthcare, digital government, 政府、无人驾驶、零售、制造、集成车辆
autonomous driving, retail, manufacturing, 开发等。
integrated vehicle development, etc.
Based on the performance of cities globally 根据全球城市在上述五个指标方面的表
in terms of the above five indicators, 现，德勤从三个类别中，共选取了 20 个具
Deloitte has selected a total of 20 有代表性的人工智能创新、集成和应用城
representative cities of AI innovation, 市：
integration and application from three
categories:
Figure 1-10: 20 global cities of AI 图 1-10:2019 年全球 20 座人工智能创新、
innovation, integration and application in 集成和应用城市
2019
Comprehensive hub cities 综合枢纽城市
Figure 1-11: Comprehensive hub cities 图 1-11：综合枢纽城市
San Francisco Bay Area as a region known 旧金山湾区以人工智能创新闻名全球，旧
globally for AI innovation, San Francisco 金山湾区在人工智能创新、集成和应用的
Bay Area performs well in all the five 所有五个指标上都表现出色。就要素质量
indicators of AI innovation, integration and 而言，旧金山湾区是全球人工智能资本的
application. For factor quality, San 中心。数据显示，2000-2016 年间，该地
Francisco Bay Area is a center of global AI 区吸引了全球 38%的人工智能投资，美国
capital. Data shows that the region attracted 超过三分之一的人工智能公司都是从该地
40
38% of AI investment globally during 发展而来。此外，旧金山湾区还积极举办

2000-2016, and over one third of AI 具有全球影响力的人工智能论，比如 2018
companies in the US have grown out of this 年 AAAI 大会，进一步提升了其在人工智
region. Moreover, San Francisco Bay Area 能发展中的影响力。在集成质量上，旧金
has also actively hosted the AI forum with 山湾区拥有斯坦福、伯克利、圣地亚哥等
global impact - 2018 AAAI Conference - to 多所顶尖研究型大学，并向脸书、领英、
further enhance its influence in AI 亚马逊、苹果、谷歌等科技巨头输送了一
development. In terms of integration quality, 大批人工智能人才。值得注意的是，上述
San Francisco Bay Area is home to Stanford, 公司为机器学习科学家提供的平均年薪高
Berkeley, San Diego and a number of other 达 29.3 万美元，对人工智能人才的聚集非
top research universities, and has transferred 常有吸引力。在应用质量方面，硅谷是本
lots of AI talents to tech giants including 地区人工智能产业的核心载体，吸引了
Facebook, LinkedIn, Amazon, Apple, and IBM、Google、NVIDIA、Intel 等多家领先
Google. It should be noted that the above 科技公司积极拓展智能家居、智能交通、
companies offer an average annual pay of up 智能医疗、智能零售、智能能源和智能水
to USD293,000 for machine learning 资源等不同应用领域的业务。
scientists, which is highly attractive for the
concentration of AI talents. As to application
quality, the Silicon Valley serves as the core
carrier of AI industry for the region, and has
attracted IBM, Google, NVIDIA, Intel and
many other leading tech companies to
actively expand their operations in different
fields of application including smart home,
smart transportation, smart healthcare, smart
retail, smart energy and smart water
resources.
London 伦敦
London has always been standing at the 伦敦一直处于 AI 产业创新的前沿，是欧
forefront of AI industry innovation as an AI 洲创新密度最高的 AI 中心。为提高应用
hub with the highest density of innovation in 质量，总部设在伦敦的 AI 星公司
Europe. For application quality, AI star DeepMind 开发了一款 Go game 机器人
company DeepMind, headquartered in --AlphaGo，击败了世界第一 Go 冠军柯洁，
London, developed a Go game robot 这是 AI 发展的里程碑。如今，DeepMind
AlphaGo that defeated the world's No.1 Go 已与英国医疗机构和电力能源管理局合
champion KeJie, which was a milestone in 作，开发将人工智能应用于医疗、电力和
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AI's development. Now DeepMind has 其他行业的解决方案，以提高疾病控制和

partnered with UK's medial institutions and 能源使用效率。在整合质量上，伦敦是人
electrical energy authority to develop 工智能在欧洲融资和投资的领军者。数据
solutions that apply AI in healthcare, power 显示，2000-2006 年间，英国为人工智能
and other sectors, in order to enhance 筹集的资金总额占欧洲的 49%，其中超过
disease control and energy use efficiency. In 60%集中在伦敦。据统计，英国人工智能
terms of integration quality, London is the 企业共融资 145 轮，融资额高达 12.51 亿
locomotive of AI financing and investment 美元，平均每轮融资 862.76 万美元。剑桥、
in Europe. Data shows that UK's aggregated 牛津、国王学院等名校的大量人工智能人
funds raised for AI accounted for 49% of 才对伦敦云计算和人工智能硬件的发展起
that in Europe during 2000-2006, of which 到了重要的推动作用。例如，著名的半导
more than 60% concentrated in London. 体公司 ARM 就是从剑桥分离出去的。
According to statistics, UK's AI companies
have raised up to USD1.251 billion with 145
rounds of financing, an average of USD
8.6276 million for each round. As to talent, a
great number of AI talents from top schools
such as Cambridge, Oxford and King's
College have significant promoted the
development of cloud computing and AI
hardware in London. For example, the
well-known semi-conductor company ARM
was separated from Cambridge.
Boston 波士顿
The birthplace of AI, Boston has huge 波士顿是人工智能的发源地，在学术界和
influence both in the academic and the 商界都有着巨大的影响力。从要素质量的
business communities. From perspective of 角度看，波士顿是世界级人工智能世界大
factor quality, Boston is the host of the 会暨博览会的主办地，人工智能之父约
world-class AI World Conference & Expo, 翰·麦卡锡和马文·李明斯基从波士顿学
and John McCarthy, father of AI, and 术界脱颖而出，他在达特茅斯会议上首次
Marvin Lee Minsky have emerged from 提出“人工智能”的概念，并因其在人工
Boston's academia, who first came up with 智能领域的杰出贡献而获得图灵奖。在整
the concept of "artificial intelligence" at the 合质量方面，波士顿拥有一大批世界一流
Dartmouth Conference and was granted the 大学，包括哈佛、波士顿大学、UMAS 和
Turing Award for their outstanding 麻省理工学院在内的 35 所大学不断为该
contribution in AI sector. In terms of 地区人工智能的发展提供高端人才。此外，
42
integration quality, Boston houses a number 麻省理工学院指出，波士顿还有许多一流

of world-class universities, with a total of 35 的人工智能研究机构，包括全球最大的校
universities including Harvard, Boston 园实验室——麻省理工学院计算机科学与
University, UMASS and MIT continuously 人工智能实验室和 IBM 投资 2.4 亿美元建
providing high-end talents for the 立的 MIT-IBM Watson 人工智能实验室。
development of AI in the region. In addition, 在应用质量方面，波士顿在机器人和生物
as indicated by MIT, Boston also has many 科学领域的人工智能应用处于领先地位，
top-notch AI research institutions, including 得益于该地区在这两个领域积累的研究经
the world's largest campus lab – MIT's 验。Emerj 人工智能研究显示，美军使用
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence 的陆地移动机器人 90%以上都是在波士顿
Laboratory and the MIT-IBM Watson AI 开发的。
Lab set up by IBM with an investment of
USD240 million. As to application quality,
Boston takes the lead in AI application in
robotics and bioscience benefited from the
region's accumulated research experience in
the two fields. According to Emerj Artificial
Intelligence Research, more than 90% of
land mobile robots used by the US military
are developed in Boston.
Tokyo 东京
Tokyo is the capital city of AI industry in 东京是日本人工智能产业的首都。在顶端
Japan. In terms of top-level design, the 设计上，日本政府在东京设立了“人工智
Japanese government set up an "AI Strategy 能战略委员会”，推动人工智能的发展，并
Council" to promote the development of AI 制定了各种鼓励企业发展人工智能的政
in Tokyo, and has developed various policies 策。在应用质量上，东京主攻自动驾驶和
encouraging enterprises to develop AI. As to 机器人方向。本田近年来在东京建立了人
application quality, Tokyo tends to develop 工智能研究基地，重点提升在自主汽车领
towards autonomous driving and robotics. 域的竞争力，而安川则是机器人领域最具
Honda has established its AI research base 代表性的公司，其工业机器人被部署在汽
in Tokyo in recent years, with a focus on 车、机械等领域进行装配和焊接。
enhancing its competitiveness in
autonomous cars, while Yaskawa is the most
representative company in robotics, whose
industrial robots have been deployed to
conduct assembly and welding tasks in auto,
43
machinery and other areas. As to factor 在要素质量方面，东京一直积极举办人工

quality, Tokyo has been active in hosting AI 智能展览会，这是一个国际人工智能展览
EXPO, an international AI exhibition that 会，聚集了包括阿里巴巴、Salesforce 和富
gathers industry leaders including Alibaba, 士通在内的业界领袖。在整合质量上，日
Salesforce and FujiSoft. With regard to 本政府已经建立了多个人工智能研究机
integration quality, the Japanese government 构，包括人工智能研究中心（AIRC）和高
has built a number of AI research 级智能工程中心，以及东京大学等 20 多所
institutions, including the Artificial 大学。大阪大学和早稻田大学也开设了人
Intelligence Research Center (AIRC) and 工智能相关学科，为人工智能的发展奠定
the Center for Advanced Intelligence 了坚实的基础。
Project, and more than 20 universities such
as the University of Tokyo, Osaka
University and Waseda University has also
set up AI-related disciplines, laying a solid
foundation for the development of AI.
Figure 1-12: Integrated application cities 图 1-12：综合应用城市
New York 纽约
As a financial and technological center in 纽约作为美国的金融和技术中心，在人工
the US, New York performs especially well 智能的集成质量和应用质量方面表现尤为
in AI's integration quality and application 突出。在整合质量上，纽约拥有良好的投
quality. With regard to integration quality, 资环境和开放的融资渠道，这为人工智能
New York's good investment environment 创业公司的发展提供了必要的支持。基于
and open channels of financing has provided 纽约州公布的报告，2016 年纽约市共有
essential support for the development of AI 7600 家科技公司，比 2010 年增长 23%。
startups. Based on the reported published by 除硅谷的科技巨头外，华比帕克、蓝裙、
New York State, New York City has a total Buzzfeed、FanDuel、OscarHealth、ZocDoc
of 7,600 tech companies in 2016, an 等一大批市值超 10 亿美元的科技“独角
increase of 23% compared with that in 2010. 兽”，为企业创新营造了浓厚氛围。在应用
In addition to the tech giants from Silicon 质量上，纽约是美国智能城市发展的领头
Valley, there are also a great number of tech 羊。
"unicorns" with a market value exceeding
USD1 billion, including Warby Parker, Blue
Apron, Buzzfeed, FanDuel, OscarHealth and
ZocDoc, creating a strong atmosphere for
enterprise innovation. In terms of
application quality, New York is the leader
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of smart city development in the US. The 纽约市政府与思科和 IBSG 合作推出智能

New York government has cooperated with 屏城市 24/7 计划，旨在将其传统电话亭改
Cisco and IBSG to launch the Smart Screen 造成具有触摸、音频和视频功能的智能屏，
City 24/7 program, aiming to convert its 为市民提供信息查询服务，并作为 WiFi
traditional telephone booths into smart 热点，从而建设美国最大的城市 WiFi。此
screens with touch, audio and video features, 外，纽约还在曼哈顿西部建造了一个商业
which provide information inquiry service to 和住宅区，并安装了大量电子探测器，利
citizens and serve as WiFi hot spots to build 用数字技术实时监测该区域内的交通、能
the largest urban WiFi network in the US. In 源和空气质量。同时，纽约作为世界金融
addition, New York has also constructed a 之都，也在金融科技的发展选择了一条独
commercial and residential region in 特之路。花旗银行、摩根大通、摩根士丹
Manhattan West, and installed large number 利等全球知名金融机构纷纷推出了针对智
of electronic detectors utilizing digital 能投资咨询、智能信贷等金融场景的金融
technologies to monitor transportation, 服务产品。
energy and air quality in real-time within the
region. At the same time, as the world's
financial capital, New York has also pursued
a unique path for the development of
Fintech. Many famous global financial
institutions, including Citibank, J.P. Morgan
and Morgan Stanley, has launched their
financial service products targeting at
financial scenarios such as smart investment
advisory and smart credit.
Shanghai 上海
As the leader of China's economic 上海作为中国经济发展的领头羊，一直致
development, Shanghai has been striving to 力于促进人工智能的创新、集成和应用，
deepen its AI innovation, integration and 致力于打造人工智能的“上海高地”。在顶
application, working to build a "Shanghai 端设计上，上海不断提高和完善人工智能
highland" of AI. With regard to top-level 领域的发展战略和政策。继《关于推进上
design, Shanghai continues to improve and 海下一代人工智能发展的意见》出台后，
refine its development strategy and policies 上海在 2018 年 9 月的世界人工智能大会上
in the AI sector. Following the Opinions on 公布了《关于加快上海高质量人工智能发
Promoting the City's Next Generation of AI 展的实施办法》。
Development, Shanghai published the
Implementation Measures on Speeding Up
45
High Quality AI Development in Shanghai 《办法》在人工智能人才库建设、数据资

at the World AI Conference in September 源共享与应用、产业布局与集群、政府资
2018. The Measures put forward 22 specific 金引进与扶持等方面提出了 22 项具体政
policies on the building of AI talent pool, 策。在整合质量方面，上海作为世界知名
sharing and application of data resources, 金融中心，已成为推动 AI 产业投资基金
industrial distribution and cluster, 设立和运营的核心区域。从投资项目的角
introduction of government funds and 度看，上海拥有以孵化人工智能创新为重
support, etc. As to integration quality, as a 点的空间载体的最佳投资环境，启动的项
world-renowned financial center, Shanghai 目涵盖医疗、教育、大数据等热门领域。
has become the core region driving the setup 目前，上海拥有近 400 家核心 AI 公司，
and operation of AI industry investment 并推出了微软英纳 AI 创新中心、上海脑
funds. From the perspective of investment 科学与脑启发智能研究中心等多个基础研
projects, Shanghai has an optimal 究平台。上海还吸引了亚马逊、百度、阿
investment environment with spatial carriers 里巴巴、腾讯、科大讯飞等行业创新中心
focusing on incubating AI innovations, 和人工智能实验室。在应用质量上，上海
where projects launched cover healthcare, 作为全国首个人工智能创新应用试验区，
education, big data and other popular fields. 大力发展自主驾驶、人工智能+5G、智能
At present, Shanghai is home to nearly 400 机器人、人工智能+教育、人工智能+医疗、
core AI companies, and has launched several 人工智能+产业等应用场景。例如，特斯
basic research platforms including the 拉正在上海建立一家超级工厂，将全面部
Microsoft-INESA AI Innovation Center and 署智能和自动化生产技术。
the Shanghai Brain Science and
Brain-Inspired Intelligence Research Center.
The city has also attracted Amazon, Baidu,
Alibaba, Tencent, iFLYTEK and other
industry innovation centers and AI labs. In
terms of application quality, Shanghai as the
first national pilot zone for AI innovation
and application focuses on developing
autonomous driving, AI + 5G, smart robots,
AI + education, AI + healthcare, AI +
industrials and other application scenarios.
For example, Tesla is building a super
factory in Shanghai which will fully deploy
smart and automated production
technologies. Moreover, Shanghai is
46
actively working to construct the Maqiao 此外，上海正在积极建设马桥人工智能创

Artificial Intelligence Innovation 新实验区，旨在为未来上海人工智能场景
Experimental Zone, with an aim to build a 的部署搭建一个模型。
model for the future deployment of AI
scenarios in Shanghai.
Beijing 北京
As China’s political and economic center, 北京是中国的政治和经济中心，在中国人
Beijing is playing a key role in the 工智能技术的创新、集成和应用方面发挥
innovation, integration and application of AI 着关键作用。在顶端设计上，自 2016 年以
technologies in China. In terms of top-level 来，北京出台了多项加快人工智能产业发
design, Beijing has introduced several 展的政策，包括《关于促进中关村智能机
policies to accelerate the growth of AI 器人产业创新发展的措施》、《关于加快人
industry since 2016, including Measures on 工智能产业发展的指导意见》，这些皆与国
Promoting the Innovation and Development 家的规划目标一致，领先于其他城市。在
of Intelligent Robot Industry in 整合质量上，清华大学、北京航空航天大
Zhongguancun and Guiding Opinions on 学、北京大学等顶尖研究机构为北京人工
Accelerating the Development of AI 智能产业的发展（增词）提供了大量人才。
Industry, aligning with the country’s 首都人才的聚集使北京成为吸引 43%中国
planning objectives and putting it ahead of 人工智能初创企业和国内外科技巨头人工
other cities. In terms of integration quality, 智能研究中心的聚集地，如谷歌北京人工
top research institutions, including Tsinghua 智能中心、百度深度学习技术与应用国家
University, Beihang University and Peking 工程实验室。在应用质量上，
University, provide a large number of talents
for Beijing’s AI industry. The effect of talent
aggregation in the capital makes Beijing an
attractive cluster of 43% of Chinese AI
startups and AI research centers of domestic
and foreign tech giants, such as Google
Beijing AI center, Baidu’s National
Engineering Laboratory for Deep Learning
Technology and Applications. Regarding
application quality, at the meeting of
promoting the building of application
scenarios in Beijing held in June 2019,
Beijing Municipal Science & Technology
Commission released the first list of ten
47
application scenarios and decided to invest 2019 年 6 月召开的推进北京市应用场景建

RMB3 billion in city construction and 设工作会议上，北京市科委公布了首批十
administration and people’s livelihood 大应用场景名单，将投入 30 亿元用于城市
improvement, creating application scenarios 建设和管理、民生改善，创建基于人工智
based on AI, Internet of Things (IoT) and 能、物联网、大数据的应用场景，提升城
big data in order to enhance the city’s lean 市精益管理能力和公共安全。在自动驾驶
management capability and public security. 的应用中，北京向百度颁发了自动驾驶测
In application scenarios for self-driving, 试许可证，并提供了测试场地。
Beijing has issued a self-driving testing
license to Baidu and provided testing
venues.
Tel Aviv 特拉维夫
AI innovation is deeply rooted in the DNA 人工智能创新深深融入于以色列特拉维夫
of Tel Aviv, Israel, empowering the city to 人的血液中，使该市能够在全世界的要素、
take lead in the quality of factor, integration 集成和应用质量方面处于领先地位。在要
and application around the world. Regarding 素质量上，特拉维夫的人工智能初创公司
factor quality, AI startups in Tel Aviv 保持高水平的融资量并持续增长。根据一
maintain high-level volumes of financing 家非盈利组织 Startup Nation Central 发布
and continue to grow. According to a report 的报告，以色列的人工智能初创公司在
released by a non-profit organization 2018 年筹集了 22.5 亿美元。在集成质量
Start-Up Nation Central, Israel’s AI startups 上，以色列有 1150 家人工智能初创公司，
raised USD2.25 billion in 2018. With regard 涵盖机器学习、深度学习、计算机视觉和
to integration quality, Israel has 1,150 AI NLP。此外，以色列还拥有数个顶尖的研
startups covering machine learning, deep 究型大学，包括耶路撒冷希伯来大学、以
learning, computer vision and NLP. Besides, 色列理工学院和特拉维夫大学。在应用质
Israel also has several top research-oriented 量上，总部位于特拉维夫的人工智能公司
universities including the Hebrew University 从事面向公司和消费者的多个服务领域，
of Jerusalem, Israel Institute of Technology 涉及社交媒体、电子商务、农业、石油、
and Tel Aviv University. In respect of 天然气、采矿和制造业。以社交媒体的应
application quality, Tel Aviv-based AI 用为例，
companies are engaged in several service
areas oriented on companies and consumers,
involving social media, e-commerce,
agriculture, oil, natural gas, mining and
manufacturing. Take the application in
social media as an example. Cyabra helps
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social media companies identify and Cyabra 帮助社交媒体公司识别和预测虚

forecast fake social media accounts with 假的社交媒体账户，其技术包括用户档案
technologies including user profile and 和情感分析语料库。
corpus for sentiment analysis.
Los Angeles 洛杉矶
Los Angeles, another key city of AI in the 洛杉矶是美国人工智能的另一个重要城
United States, is prominent in top-level 市，在顶级设计、要素和应用质量方面都
design and the quality of factor and 很突出。在顶层设计上，美国出台了《国
application. Regarding top-level design, the 家人工智能研发战略计划》，开发用于人工
United States introduced the National 智能培训和评估人工智能技术的公共数据
Artificial Intelligence Research and 集。在要素质量上，洛杉矶举办了美国人
Development Strategic Plan to develop 工智能峰会、洛杉矶大数据与人工智能论
public datasets for AI training and evaluate 坛、南加州人工智能与数据科学大会等一
AI technologies. In terms of factor quality, 系列高水平人工智能会议，吸引了
Los Angeles has organized a series of Salesforce、IBM、Redis Lab 等多家知名人
high-level AI conferences including the 工智能机构的参与，微软和优步在 2018
United States AI summit, Los Angeles 年大会上发布各自的行业报告。在应用质
Forum for Big Data & Artificial Intelligence 量上，洛杉矶成功地将人工智能应用于智
and Southern California AI & Data Science 能交通、智能医疗、数字治理和数字安全
Conference which attracted many 等领域。以人工智能在交通上的应用为例，
established AI institutions, including 通过建立一套由道路传感器、数百个摄像
Salesforce, IBM, Redis Lab, Microsoft and 头和 4500 个系统控制的红绿灯组成的自
Uber to release their industry reports at the 动交通监控系统，全市交通流量减少了
2018 conference. In terms of application 12%，车速提高了 16%。
quality, Los Angeles has successfully
applied AI in smart transportation, smart
healthcare, digital governance and digital
security. The application of AI in
transportation as an example, by creating an
automated transportation monitoring system
composed of a set of road sensors, hundreds
of cameras and 4,500 systematically
controlled traffic lights, the city has reduced
the traffic flow by 12% and improved the
vehicle speed by 16%.
Figure 1-13: Innovation-led cities 图 1-13：创新引领型城市
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Toronto 多伦多
As one of three AI hubs implementing the 作为实施加拿大政府制定的泛加拿大人工
Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence 智能战略的三个人工智能中心之一，多伦
Strategy developed by the Canadian 多是推动人工智能创新的全球模范城市。
government, Toronto is a global model city 在顶端设计上，与美国日益严格的移民政
in driving AI innovation. In terms of 策相比，灵活友好的环境使多伦多吸引了
top-level design, the flexible and friendly 大批人工智能研究人员和工程师，并大大
environment makes Toronto attractive to 促进了当地人工智能产业的发展。在要素
large numbers of AI researchers and 质量上，当地实力雄厚的投资者、孵化器
engineers and significantly boosts the 以及多伦多人工智能行业的技术专家和领
growth of local AI industry compared to 导者，如杰弗里·辛顿（Geoffrey Hinton）
，
increasingly strict immigration policies of 正在积极为多伦多人工智能行业的发展做
the United States. Regarding factor quality, 出贡献。在综合素质上，多伦多大学和滑
local strong investors, incubators and 铁卢大学两个世界领先的学术机构每年都
technical experts and leaders in Toronto’s AI 在为多伦多培养工程师、开发人员、计算
industry, such as Geoffrey Hinton, are 机专家和数据科学家等核心人工智能产业
actively contributing to the development of 人才。此外，位于多伦多的世界最大的创
Toronto’s AI industry. In respect of 新中心之一火星发现区、多伦多大学矢量
integration quality, two world-leading 研究所和一个非盈利组织创意破坏实验室
academic institutions, University of Toronto 共同努力将当地的技术和商业人才聚集在
and University of Waterloo are educating 一起，推动城市的人工智能创新。在应用
core AI industry talents including engineers, 质量上，多伦多着重开发人工智能在医疗、
developers, computer specialists and data 金融、生物制药和电子商务等领域的应用，
scientists for Toronto every year. Besides, 构建人工智能社区。
Mars Discovery District, one of the world’s
largest innovation centers located in
Toronto, Vector Institute from University of
Toronto and a non-profit organization
Creative Destruction Lab are making
concerted efforts to gather local technical
and commercial talents together to drive AI
innovations in the city. In terms of
application quality, Toronto focuses on
developing application scenarios of AI in
healthcare, finance, biopharmaceutical
industry and e-commerce and building
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AI-powered communities. In 以生物制药行业为例，多伦多的人工智能

biopharmaceutical industry, for example, 公司 Cyclica 成功开发了一种新型的生物
Toronto’s AI company Cyclica successfully 大数据和人工智能平台，用于制药行业研
developed a new type biological big data 制出更好的药物。
and AI platform that is used in developing
better drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.
Shenzhen 深圳
Shenzhen, one high-tech center in China, 深圳是中国的一个高科技中心，中国 20%
has 20% of Chinese AI companies with 的人工智能公司都在此地区，在制造和硬
extensive industry experience in 件方面拥有丰富的行业经验。在算法突破
manufacturing and hardware. In terms of 上，在过去的几十年里，深圳发展了世界
algorithm breakthrough, Shenzhen has 级的互联网巨头--腾讯以及世界知名的移
developed a world-class internet giant 动设备供应商--华为。此外，美的、艺图、
Tencent and a world-renowned mobile SenseTime、UBTECH、iCarbonX 等一批
device provider Huawei in the past decades. 人工智能算法及软硬件初创企业在本市设
Besides, a batch of AI algorithm and 立了办事处。事实上，作为华南人工智能
software and hardware startups, including 人才的集中地，深圳吸引了来自中山大学、
MEGVII, YITU, SenseTime, UBTECH and 华南理工大学和暨南大学等顶尖大学的大
iCarbonX, set up offices in the city. In fact, 量人才，为本地人工智能产业链中各部分
as a concentration of AI talents in Southern 的成长提供稳定的人才储备。在应用质量
China, Shenzhen attracts a great deal of 上，深圳是一个真正的科技产业巨头，为
talents from top universities such as Sun 中国贡献了最多的人工智能专利。深圳是
Yat-sen University, South China University 工业机器人、民用无人机和智能手机领域
of Technology and Jinan University to 的领头羊，同时许多新兴产业和商业模式
provide steady talent reserves for the growth 正在兴起，比如智能制造、智能医疗、智
of all parts in local AI industrial chain. In 能家居和智能农业。
respect of application quality, Shenzhen is a
real tech industry tycoon by contributing the
most of AI patents in China. Shenzhen is
leading in industrial robots, civilian drones
and smartphones in China while many new
industries and business formats are
emerging, such as smart manufacturing,
smart healthcare, smart home and
agriculture.
Singapore 新加坡
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Singapore is a typical country where the AI 新加坡是一个典型的国家，典型在于其人

industry is developed both by public and 工智能产业由公共和私营部门共同发展。
private sectors. In terms of top-level design, 在顶端设计方面，政府在 2018 年出台无人
the government is actively leading the 驾驶车辆交通法规，推动应用场景投资，
growth of AI industry by introducing traffic 积极引导人工智能产业发展。此外，新加
regulations on autonomous driving vehicles 坡政府与世界经济论坛合作，建立了第一
in 2018 to drive investment in the 个关于人工智能道德使用的治理框架，推
application scenario. Moreover, the 动公司和社会关注相关问题。在要素质量
government of Singapore worked with the 上，近年来新加坡政府发布了 AI.SG 计划。
World Economic Forum in building the first 据国家研究基金会（NRF）称，国家研究
governance framework on ethical use of AI 基金会和其他公共机构和私营公司将投资
to drive companies and the society to 1.5 亿新元发展人工智能产业。在集成质量
consider relevant issues. Regarding factor 上，包括 SAP 和 Salesforce 在内的几家巨
quality, the Singapore government released 头都成立了人工智能研究中心，为本地人
the plan of AI.SG in recent years. According 工智能产业提供了丰富的资源。该国也有
to the National Research Foundation (NRF), 很多优秀的行业领导者，包括科学人才，
the NRF and other public agencies and 比如史蒂文·霍伊教授，他在顶级行业会
private companies will invest SGD150 议和杂志上发表了 200 多篇研究论文。在
million in developing AI industry. In respect 应用质量上，新加坡大力发展人工智能应
of integration quality, several giants 用场景，涵盖医疗、交通、金融和商业服
including SAP and Salesforce set up AI 务以及制造业，以增强当地经济实力。
research centers to provide abundant
resources for local AI industry. The country
also has several excellent industry leaders,
including scientific talents, such as Professor
Steven Hoi who released over 200 research
papers in top-level industry conferences and
magazines. In terms of application quality,
Singapore focuses on the AI application
scenarios covering healthcare,
transportation, finance and commercial
services and manufacturing to empower
local economy.
Paris 巴黎
As one of the most attractive AI hubs for 巴黎作为欧洲最具吸引力的人工智能投资
investment in Europe, Paris has strengths in 中心之一，在顶级设计、要素质量和集成
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top-level design, the quality of factor and 方面具有优势。在顶端设计上，法国人工

integration. In terms of top-level design, the 智能战略的发布将人工智能作为法国的国
release of France’s Artificial Intelligence 家战略。国家计划建立公共机构和私人数
Strategy prioritizes AI as France’s national 据共享平台，提高数据共享水平。在要素
strategy. And the country plans to build 质量上，法国政府计划投资 15 亿欧元支持
public bodies and private data sharing 该领域的研究和创新。而且巴黎地区政府
platforms to improve the data sharing. With 还为人工智能初创企业提供资金支持。在
regard to factor quality, the French 集成质量上，很多一流企业，如 IBM、谷
government plans to invest EUR1.5 billion 歌、三星和 Facebook 都在巴黎设立了人工
to support research and innovation in the 智能总部。一大批顶级实验室、超过 1000
field. Besides, the government of Paris 家 AI 初创公司和世界知名的研究型大学，
Region also provides financial supports for 包括巴黎大学 1 万神殿索邦公司，让巴黎
AI start-ups. Regarding integration quality, 成为蓬勃发展的人工智能创新基地和生态
some leading companies, such as IBM, 系统。
Google, Samsung and Facebook, set up their
AI headquarters in Paris. A number of top
labs, over 1,000 AI startups and
world-renowned research universities
including University of Paris 1 Pantheon
Sorbonne enable Paris to be a thriving AI
innovation base and ecosystem.
Dallas 达拉斯
Dallas, one of model AI cities in the United 达拉斯是美国人工智能示范城市之一，在
States, is leading in the quality of factor, 要素质量、集成质量和应用质量方面居于
integration and application. In terms of 领先地位。在要素质量方面，达拉斯人工
factor quality, Professor VibhavGogate, one 智能行业的领军人物维巴夫 · 戈盖特
leading figure in Dallas’s AI industry, won （VibhavGogate）教授获得了国家科学基
CAREER award granted by the National 金会颁发的职业奖，并获得了国防高级研
Science Foundation and received USD1.8 究计划局 180 万美元的研究资助。2019 年
million research funding provided by the 初举行的大数据与人工智能大会吸引了众
Defense Advanced Research Projects 多人工智能行业领袖出席，包括谷歌、亚
Agency. The Big Data & AI Conference 马逊、甲骨文、IBM 和 Verizon。在集成质
held in early 2019 attracted many AI 量上，
industry leaders to attend, including Google,
Amazon, Oracle, IBM and Verizon.
Regarding integration quality, the University
53
of Texas at Dallas provides top AI research 达拉斯德克萨斯大学提供了顶尖的人工智

talents and its computer science ranks sixth 能研究人才，其计算机科学在 AI 和 NLP
in the world in AI and NLP sectors. The 行业中世界上排名第六。该大学在国际人
university published a series of research 工智能联合会议上发表了一系列研究报
reports at the International Joint Conference 告。在应用质量方面，Dallas 的人工智能
on Artificial Intelligence. In respect of 在零售业的应用中脱颖而出。一家名为
application quality, Dallas stands out in the Symphony Retail 的人工智能初创公司，是
application of AI in retailing. An AI start-up 达拉斯的行业领导者之一，获得了 Awards
Symphony Retail AI, one of industry leaders 颁发的“人工智能在零售业的最佳使用”
in Dallas, won the “Best Use of AI in Retail” 奖。AI 是全球最大的人工智能年度成就
award granted by Awards.AI, the world’s 奖。
biggest global annual achievement awards
for artificial intelligence.
Amsterdam 阿姆斯特丹
Amsterdam is growing to be an important AI 阿姆斯特丹正在成长为欧洲重要的人工智
city in Europe with a leading position in 能城市，在算法突破、要素和应用质量方
algorithm breakthrough and the quality of 面处于领先地位。在算法突破上，阿姆斯
factor and application. In terms of algorithm 特丹在计算智能、感知智能和认知计算等
breakthrough, Amsterdam has achieved 核心技术领域取得了一定的重大成就。在
certain milestones in core technical areas in 要素质量上，荷兰国际人工智能展和国际
computational intelligence, sensing 物联网展是欧洲最大的人工智能产业盛
intelligence and cognitive computing. 会。2018 年 6 月在 RAI 国际会展中心举行
Regarding factor quality, the Netherlands 的活动吸引了众多来自 IBM 、 DHL 和
International Artificial Intelligence KLM 的世界知名人工智能机构和专家。在
Exhibition and International Internet of 应用质量上，荷兰在阿姆斯特丹建立了大
Things Exhibition are the biggest AI 量人工智能初创公司，主要涉及金融服务、
industry events in Europe. The event held in 零售、医疗保健、制造业、房地产、媒体
the RAI International Exhibition and 和农业行业。
Congress Centre in June 2018 attracted
numerous world-renowned AI institutions
and experts from IBM, DHL and KLM. In
terms of application quality, a host of
Netherlandish AI startups are established in
Amsterdam mainly engaged in financial
services, retailing, healthcare,
manufacturing, real estate, media and
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agriculture. For example, the machine 例如，机器学习模型和可视系统可以适应

learning model and visual systems that can 企业 BI 平台金字塔分析提供的现有系统，
adapt to existing systems provided by the 被许多行业客户应用，例如西门子。
enterprise BI platform Pyramid Analytics
are applied by many industry clients, e.g.
Siemens.
Berlin 柏林
Berlin is the strongest city in AI basic 柏林是德国人工智能基础研究最强的城
research in Germany with outstanding 市，在算法突破和集成应用质量方面十分
performance in algorithm breakthrough and 突出。在算法突破上，柏林拥有全球最大
the quality of integration and application. In 的非盈利人工智能研究机构--德国人工智
terms of algorithm breakthrough, Berlin has 能研究中心（DKFI），其股东包括谷歌、
the world’s largest non-profit AI research 英特尔、微软、宝马和 SAP 等全球科技巨
institution German Research Center for 头。此外，世界知名的非营利研究机构--
Artificial Intelligence (DKFI) whose 马克斯·普朗克研究所也坐落于柏林，该
shareholders include global tech giants such 地拥有 80 多个研究所，所有这些优势让柏
as Google, Intel, Microsoft, BMW and SAP. 林领跑基础研究。在集成质量上，柏林集
Besides, a world-renowned non-profit 聚了大量人工智能人才以及 40.2%的德国
research institution Max Planck Institute is 人工智能初创企业和研究机构，这些都让
also located in Berlin, which owns over 80 柏林成为融合和创新的多元化环境。在应
research institutes. All these equip Berlin 用质量上，柏林在无人机领域具有国际竞
with world leading strengths in basic 争力。例如，德国汽车制造商--奥迪，在
research. Regarding integration quality, the 人工智能技术的应用上居于世界前列。
cluster gathering large numbers of AI
talents, 40.2% of German AI startups and
research institutions makes Berlin a
diversified environment for integration and
innovation. In respect of application quality,
Berlin is internationally competitive in
drone sector. For example, German
carmakers, e.g. Audi, are leading the world
in the application of AI technologies.
Montreal 蒙特利尔
Montreal is an emerging AI center dubbed 蒙特利尔是新兴的人工智能中心，被誉为
as the “New Silicon Valley” in AI, with a 人工智能领域的“新硅谷”，在顶端设计、
strong lead in the top-level design and the 要素和整合的质量上都具有很强的领先优
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quality of factor and integration. In terms of 势。在顶层设计上，为了吸引众多人工智

top-level design, the Quebec provincial 能企业入驻，魁北克省政府推出了税收优
government introduced a series of incentives 惠、优惠政策、投资贷款优惠等一系列激
including tax incentives, favorable policies, 励措施。在要素质量上，政府为蒙特利尔
and investment and loan incentives to attract 发展人工智能提供资金。魁北克省政府将
many AI companies to settle into the city. 在未来五年为人工智能产业投资 3.3 亿加
Regarding factor quality, the government 元，其中约 3800 万加元用于吸引人工智能
provides funding supports for Montreal to 人才，6500 万加元用于人工智能应用。蒙
develop its AI industry. The Quebec 特利尔的一位人工智能领导者约书亚·本
provincial government will invest CAD330 吉奥，他开发的人工智能创新研究吸引了
million over the next five years in AI 包括脸书、微软和谷歌在内的几家高科技
industry, of which about CAD38 million 巨头的投资。此外，具有国际影响力的人
will be used for attracting AI talents and 工智能顶级会议——神经信息处理系统会
CAD65 million for the application of AI. 议(NIPS)也设立于加拿大。在集成质量上，
The innovative research in AI developed by 谷歌、脸书、三星等国际人工智能巨头在
YoshuaBengio, one AI leader in Montreal, 蒙特利尔设立了研究中心，蒙特利尔也有
attracts research funding from several 很多人工智能研究机构，如算法研究人工
high-tech giants including Facebook, 智能实验室 (MILA) 、人工智能实验室
Microsoft and Google. Besides, the (IVADO)、麦吉尔大学和蒙特利尔大学。
Conference and Workshop on Neural
Information Processing Systems (NIPS), a
top-level AI conference with international
influence was also founded in Canada. In
respect of integration quality, some
international AI giants, e.g. Google,
Facebook, Samsung, set up their research
centers in Montreal where also locate many
AI research institutions such as algorithm
study AI labs (MILA), AI labs (IVADO),
McGill University and the University of
Montreal.
Stockholm 斯德哥尔摩
Stockholm is a leading AI city in Northern 斯德哥尔摩的人工智能发展在北欧居于领
Europe with strengths in the top-level design 先地位，在顶级设计和要素质量方面具有
and factor quality. In terms of top-level 极大优势。在顶层设计上，瑞典政府认为
design, the Swedish government has defined 应当大力发展人工智能和机器学习，因其
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AI and machine learning as a priority area 能够增强瑞典竞争力和福利。瑞典是签署

that is able to strengthen Swedish 《人工智能合作宣言》的 25 个欧洲国家之
competitiveness and welfare. Sweden is one 一，也是在斯德哥尔摩签署《加强人工智
of the 25 European countries who signed the 能合作宣言》的 8 个北欧和波罗的海国家
Declaration on Cooperation on Artificial 之一（包括丹麦和芬兰），通过国家战略推
Intelligence and also one of eight Nordic 动人工智能的发展。在要素质量上，斯德
and Baltic countries who signed the 哥尔摩举办了多次国际人工智能会议，包
Reinforcement of Declaration of 括国际人工智能联合会议（IJCAI）、欧洲
Cooperation on Artificial Intelligence in 人工智能会议（ECAI）、国际机器学习会
Stockholm, including Denmark and Finland, 议（ICML）和北欧商业论坛，内容涉及机
to drive the growth of AI through national 器学习、计算机视觉、信息技术、多实体
strategies. With regard to factor quality, 系统与自然语言处理。
Stockholm has held several international AI
conferences, including International Joint
Conference on Artificial Intelligence
(IJCAI), European Conference on Artificial
Intelligence (ECAI), International
Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)
and Nordic Business Forum, covering
machine learning, computer vision,
multi-entity system and NLP.
Sydney 悉尼
Sydney is a world-renowned AI center, it 悉尼是世界著名的人工智能中心，在算法
has made outstanding achievements in 突破、因子质量、集成质量等方面都取得
algorithm breakthrough, factor quality and 了巨大成果。在算法突破上，悉尼大学的
integration quality. In terms of algorithm 罗斯·昆兰（Ross Quinlan）博士发明了世
breakthrough, Dr. Ross Quinlan from 界上最好的人工智能数据挖掘算法
Sydney University invents the world’s best --C4.5，悉尼在数据挖掘算法中的优势可
AI data mining algorithm C4.5, 见一斑。在要素质量上，悉尼拥有一些智
demonstrating Sydney’s advantage in data 慧超群的人工智能人才。例如，来自悉尼
mining algorithm. As for factor quality, 大学的计算机科学教授陶大成是美国科学
Sydney has several leading AI talents. For 促进协会（AAAS）的成员，
example, Tao Dacheng, computer science
professor from Sydney University, is a
member of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science (AAAS), which is
57
the highest honor in computer vision, deep 这是计算机视觉、深度学习和数据学习领

learning and data learning sectors. Besides, 域的最高荣誉。此外，澳大利亚政府还拨
the Australian government also allocates 款 2.5 亿美元支持与人工智能相关的 CRC
USD250 million to support AI related 的发展。在集成质量上，悉尼大学建立了
CRCs. Regarding integration quality, UBTECH 悉尼人工智能中心，悉尼科技大
Sydney University has established the 学拥有悉尼人工智能中心（ CAI ）。
UBTECH Sydney Artificial Intelligence UBTECH 悉尼人工智能中心与戴尔 EMC
Centre and the University of Technology 合作研究人工智能和机器人的应用；已发
Sydney has the Sydney Centre for Artificial 表与人工智能相关的论文 740 余篇，其中
Intelligence (CAI). UBTECH Sydney 337 篇已发表在行业顶尖期刊上。
Artificial Intelligence Centre teams up with
Dell EMC on AI and robot application
research; CAI has published over 740 papers
related with AI, among them, 337 articles
have been published by industry leading
journals.
Dublin 都柏林
Dublin, the capital and the largest city of 都柏林是爱尔兰首都和最大城市，在顶级
Ireland, is holding a leading position in 设计、要素质量和集成质量方面处于领先
top-level design, factor quality and 地位。在顶端设计上，投资发展署（IDA）
integration quality. In the aspect of top-level 与爱尔兰企业联合制定了人工智能岛计
design, the Investment and Development 划，推出由行业专家牵头的邮政局长计划
Agency (IDA) and Enterprise Ireland 和相关短期教育课程，增加爱尔兰人工智
develop an AI island plan with joint efforts, 能人才。在要素质量方面，都柏林的人工
which rolls out postmaster program led by 智能产业有足够的资金支持。人工智能初
industry experts and relevant short-term 创公司吸引的投资超过 58 亿欧元。在集成
education courses, to increase AI talents in 质量上，都柏林吸引了脸书、谷歌和微软
Ireland. In terms of factor quality, Dublin’s 等科技巨头的关注，人工智能初创企业已
AI industry has enough financial support. AI 经形成了完整的生态系统。此外，许多科
startups have attracted more than EUR5.8 技公司都倾向于在都柏林设立人工智能研
billion investment. On the integration 究中心，
quality, Dublin has built complete ecosystem
for AI startups by attracting tech giants such
as Facebook, Google and Microsoft.
Moreover, many tech companies are
interested in setting their AI research centers
58
in Dublin, including the EUR4-million 包括三星与都柏林大学学院 400 万欧元的

cooperation project between Samsung and 合作项目和华为与都柏林三一学院 1770
University College Dublin and 万欧元的合作项目。
EUR17.7-million project between Huawei
and Trinity College Dublin.
1.5 AI supporting technologies are 1.5 人工智能支持技术正在进步
advancing
The troika that driving the advance of AI 推动人工智能发展的三驾马车是技术、算
technologies, algorithm, data and computing 法、数据和计算能力，这三项在过去 5 到
power, have been constantly innovated in 10 年内也在不断创新。在算法上，人类在
the past 5 to 10 years. In terms of algorithm, 机器学习算法方面取得了突破性进展，特
human beings have made breakthroughs in 别是在视觉和语音技术方面。数据上，移
machine learning algorithm, especially the 动互联网时代的到来让数据量呈爆炸式增
achievement in vision and voice 长。
technologies. As for data, the coming of
mobile internet era enables explosive growth
of data volume.
After long-term development, AI-based 经过长期的发展，基于人工智能的算法模
algorithm models have been applied in 型已经应用于多个子领域。以机器学习为
several sub-sectors. Taking machine learning 例，其核心算法包括：最小二乘法、k 近
as an example, its core algorithms include: 邻算法、k 均值算法、PCA 分析；核心模
least square method, k nearest neighbor 型包括：线性回归、逻辑回归、决策树、
algorithm, k-means algorithm, PCA 聚类、支持向量机等，主流算法模型库实
analysis; core models include: linear 现了频繁算法模型的高效实现：张量流框
regression, logic regression, decision tree, 架、Caffe 框架、CNTK 框架收集和集成不
clustering, support vector machine etc. 同算法模型的数据，所有这些对于算法的
Mainstream algorithm model base enables 开发和应用的实用性很强。随着大数据技
highly efficient realization of frequent 术的不断进步，人工智能学习所需的旗帜
algorithm models: Tensor Flow framework, 数据获取成本降低，数据处理速度显著提
Caffe framework, CNTK framework collect 高，宽带的效率也提高了。
and integrate data for different algorithm
models, they are very practical for algorithm
development and application. With constant
advance in big data technology, the cost to
gain flag data that AI requires for learning
was reduced and the speed to process data
59
significantly improves. The efficiency of 物联网和电信技术的不断更新换代为人工

broadband also improves. Constant iteration 智能技术的发展提供了基础设施。到 2020
of IoT and telecommunication technologies 年，物联网设备将增加到 500 亿台。作为
provides infrastructure for the development 电信技术发展的里程碑，5G 将能够提供高
of AI technologies. By 2020, devices 达 1Gbps 的传输速度。
connected with IoT will increase to 50
billion units. As a milestone in the
development of telecommunication
technologies, 5G will be able to provide up
to 1Gbps transmission speed.
Thanks to improvement in the processing 芯片处理能力的提高和硬件价格的下降，
capability of chips and the decline of 使计算能力得到了极大的提高。目前为止，
hardware prices, computing power has been 大多数人工智能计算都是在 GPU 芯片上
greatly improved. So far, most AI computing 运行的。然而，随着技术的迭代，包括 ASIC
are executed on GPU chips. However, with 和 FPGA 在内的单元类别将成为支持人工
technology iteration, cell categories 智能技术发展的基础技术。
including ASIC and FPGA will become
underlying technologies to support the
development of AI technologies.
1.6 Growing support from top-level 1.6 高层政策支持力度加大
policies
Considering the growing impact of AI on 随着人工智能对社会经济发展的影响越来
social and economic development, many 越大，各国政府纷纷出台优惠政策，将人
governments have released favorable 工智能纳入国家战略。目前为止，包括美
policies to include AI into national 国、中国和欧盟在内的许多国家和地区都
strategies. So far, state-level AI policies 颁布了国家级人工智能政策。
have been issued in many countries and
regions including the US, China and the
European Union.
In 2019, the Chinese government still 2019 年，中国政府依旧通过国家部门支持
provide support for the development of AI 人工智能的发展，其中包括科技部、发改
via some national departments, including 委、国家互联网信息办公室、工信部、中
MOST, NDRC, National Internet 国工程院等。自 2015 年以来，中国已经出
information office, MIIT and Chinese 台一系列优惠政策，
Academy of Engineering. Since 2015, China
has published a series of favorable policies,
60
providing great financial, talent and 为人工智能产业提供了巨大的资金、人才

innovation support for AI industry. These 和创新支持。这些政策向资本市场以及行
policies are also positive signals for the 业利益相关者来说发出了积极的信号。而
capital market as well as industry interest 且，为了促进人工智能技术的应用，中国
stakeholders. To promote the application of 政府已将基于人工智能的国产产品应用到
AI technologies, the Chinese government 多个智慧城市和智慧政府项目中。
have applied homemade AI-based products
into several smart city and smart
government programs.
Regarding local policy, many local 在地方政策上，许多地方政府已经依据实
governments have made AI development 际情况制定了人工智能发展规划。31 个省
plans based on their actual situations. 19 out 市中有 19 个出台了人工智能规划，其中
31 provinces/municipalities have issued AI 16 个省市制定了产业规模目标（上海、北
planning, among them, 16 京、浙江、广东、四川都设定了五大目标）
。
provinces/municipalities have set industry 以北京、上海、广东、深圳为代表的城市，
size targets (Shanghai, Beijing, Zhejiang, 为了大力推进这一战略的实施与发展，制
Guangdong and Sichuan set the top five 定了行之有效的政策，成为中国人工智能
targets). To greatly promote the 产业的主力军和领头羊。比如，北京出台
implementation and development, cities 了《关于促进中关村智能机器人产业创新
represented by Beijing, Shanghai, 发展的若干措施》、《关于加快发展人工智
Guangdong and Shenzhen made effective 能产业的指导意见》等多项措施，加快人
policies, becoming major players and 工智能产业建设。根据国家人工智能战略，
leaders in Chinese AI industry. For example, 北京设定的目标高于中国其他城市。
Beijing has published several measures such
as Several Measures on Promoting
Innovative Development of Intelligent
Robot Industry in Zhongguancun and
Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the
Development of AI Industry to accelerate
the construction of AI industry. Beijing has
set a target higher than other Chinese cities
according to national AI strategies.
For instance, Shanghai is improving and 例如，上海正在完善人工智能发展战略和
refining AI development strategies and 政策，建设国家人工智能发展高地。继《关
policies in order to build a national AI 于推进新一代人工智能发展的实施意见》
development highland. Following the 出台后，上海市于 2018 年 9 月公布了《上
61
Implementation Opinions on Advancing the 海市加快高质量人工智能发展实施办法》

，
Development of New Generation AI, 其中包括 22 条细则，涉及人工智能人才培
Shanghai published the Implementation 养、数据资源共享与应用，产业布局与集
Measures of Shanghai Municipality on 聚，政府招商引资与扶持。这些新规则可
Accelerating High-quality AI Development 与现有的人工智能政策相结合，有效利用
in September 2018. The measures include 各种资金、项目和服务资源，为上海人工
22 detailed rules, covering AI talent 智能产业创造广阔的发展空间。
cultivation, data and resource sharing and
application, industry layout and cluster,
government capital attraction and support.
These new rules can be combined with
existing AI policies to effectively use
various capital, projects and service
resources and create broad development
space for Shanghai’s AI industry.
After the launching of the science and 2019 年 6 月 13 日上海科技创新板启动后，
technology innovation board in Shanghai on 将进一步加强投资与产业的融合，为人工
13 June 2019, the integration of investment 智能创新提供资金支持。截至 7 月 5 日，
and industries will be further enhanced, 已有 25 家公司成功注册科技板块，其中 5
providing financial support for AI 家是上海企业，如芯片服务领域的明星 AI
innovation. As of 5 July, 25 companies have 公司--蒙太奇科技。在投资机构上，上海
successfully registered for the sci-tech 有许多资金雄厚、有影响力的金融公司。
board, five of them are Shanghai-based 在投资项目上，上海建立了医疗、教育、
enterprises such as Montage Technology, a 大数据等热点领域的人工智能创新创业孵
star AI company in chip service sector. In 化园。此外，上海市政府还为一系列专门
terms of investing institution, Shanghai has 从事人工智能创新的公司提供支持。
many well-capitalized and influential
financial companies. In terms of investment
project, Shanghai has established incubation
parks for AI innovation star-ups engaged in
hot areas such as healthcare, education and
big data. Moreover, Shanghai municipal
government also provide support for a series
of companies specialized in AI innovation.
Most of these startups successfully expand
and even gain tens of millions of financing
62
for advanced technologies and high business 这些初创企业大多因技术先进、商业价值

value, which are be very likely to apply for 高而成功扩大，甚至获得上千万的融资，
listing on the sci-tech board. 极有可能申请在科技板块上市。
63
南京邮电大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文 Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Time flies! The graduation season is drawing near. Now I am a girl embracing more
confidence and vitality than before. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the teachers
of the School of Foreign Languages, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, from
whom I have seen their profound knowledge, academic rigor and spirit of dedication. They are
diligent and meticulous in their work. They earnestly teach, constantly urge and devote themselves
to the students.
I translated over 10,000 words of the White Paper and polished it several times, and wrote this
translation practice report under the guidance of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory. This
translation report is a conclusion of my study. During my time translating and writing this
translation practice report, I have got a lot of support from my teachers and families.
To begin with, I would like to express the sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Fang
Zongxiang, who has offered me great help and given valuable advice during the period when I’m
struggling for my translation practice report. With great efforts, Prof. Fang has helped me modify
my translation text and translation practice report, and guided me how to acquire valid information
and make my translation practice report better.
Next, I would like to thank all the teachers from School of Foreign Languages, Nanjing
University of Posts and Telecommunications, who have helped me and taught me a lot over the past
two years.
Finally, I feel grateful to my family members for their understanding, love, support and
encouragement during the period of writing this translation practice report.
64

功能对等理论视角下《全球人... 皮书》（节选）汉译实践报告 吕金晶

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单位代码： 10293 密 级： 公开

Thesis Submitted to Nanjing University of Posts and

研究生学号： 1219104812 研究生签名： 日期：2022年4月12日

研究生签名： 导师签名： 日期：2022年4月12日

Key words: Functional Equivalence Theory, popular science texts, Artificial

Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Translation Task .....................................................................................1

1.2 Significance of the Translation Task .................................................................................... 2

1.3 Structure of the Report ......................................................................................................... 2

Chapter 2 Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory ........................................................................ 3

2.1 Connotation of the Theory ....................................................................................................3

2.2 Application of the Theory to Translation of the White Paper ..............................................4

Chapter 3 Translation Process of the Task .....................................................................................6

3.1 Pre-translation Preparations ................................................................................................. 6

3.2 While-translation Process .....................................................................................................6

3.3 Post-translation Proofreading ............................................................................................... 7

Chapter 4 Case Analysis ...................................................................................................................9

4.1 Lexical Equivalence ............................................................................................................. 9

4.1.1 Deletion ..................................................................................................................... 9

4.1.2 Addition ................................................................................................................... 12

4.1.3 Conversion ...............................................................................................................14

4.2 Syntactic Equivalence ........................................................................................................ 16

4.2.1 Passive Sentence ......................................................................................................17

4.2.2 Attributive Clause ....................................................................................................18

4.3 Textual Equivalence ........................................................................................................... 19

4.3.1 Logical Relationship ................................................................................................20

4.3.2 Cohesive Relationship .............................................................................................20

Chapter 5 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................23

5.1 Major Findings ................................................................................................................... 23

5.2 Limitations and Suggestions .............................................................................................. 24

1.1 Background of the Translation Task

1.2 Significance of the Translation Task

1.3 Structure of the Report

Chapter 2 Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory

2.1 Connotation of the Theory

2.2 Application of the Theory to Translation of the White Paper

Chapter 3 Translation Process of the Task

3.1 Pre-translation Preparations

3.2 While-translation Process

3.3 Post-translation Proofreading

Chapter 4 Case Analysis

4.1 Lexical Equivalence

violate the principle of lexical equivalence in Functional Equivalence Theory.

4.2 Syntactic Equivalence

4.2.1 Passive Sentence

expression habit, the subject of “底层技术和易于部署的应用程序更受人工智能领头机构的青睐”

[Example 24]: ST: The potential of AI application in manufacturing have been

4.2.2 Attributive Clause

4.3 Textual Equivalence

4.3.1 Logical Relationship

4.3.2 Cohesive Relationship

二 个 寒 冬 ” to “ 快 速 增 长 期 ”, indicating cohesion. In this example, the acronym AI appears 11

5.1 Major Findings

5.2 Limitations and Suggestions

[24]Yu, M. X. [于明学]. (1990). 谈科普翻译. 中国科技翻译. (02):15-18.

Original text (7546) Translation (13812)

Especially after a round of competition 尤其是在行业内的一轮竞争之后，底层技

environment and R&D strengths. Beijing 家人工智能公司，上海已经与科技巨头--

thus enterprises require customized 随着公共安全行业的门槛越来越高，行业

address actual problems in the

these industries. Such changes are mainly 人工智能正逐变得日益商业化,已经应用

1.2 AI has entered an era of machine 1.2 人工智能已进入机器学习时代

alternation of algorithms and research 这也反映了算法和研究方法的变化。在第

功能对等理论视角下《全球人... 皮书》（节选）汉译实践报告吕金晶

功能对等理论视角下《全球人... 皮书》（节选）汉译实践报告吕金晶

单位代码： 10293 密级：公开

研究生学号： 1219104812 研究生签名：日期：2022年4月12日

研究生签名：导师签名：日期：2022年4月12日

二个寒冬 ” to “ 快速增长期 ”, indicating cohesion. In this example, the acronym AI appears 11