Impact of Acid Wash with Pumice Stones on the Performance

Attributes of 3T Terry Trousers

Course Code: TXE 450

Course Title: Capstone Project
Semester: Spring 2023

Submitted by:

Md. Omor Faruk Limon, ID: 18192107010

Md. Rubel Hossen, ID: 18192107030
Mehady Hasan, ID: 18192107031
Alif Sheikh, ID: 18192107032

Supervised by:
Md. Razib Sheikh
Assistant Professor

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Textile Engineering

Department of Textile Engineering

Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)
November, 2023
 DECLARATION

We do hereby declare that the research works presented in this thesis entitled " Impact
of Acid Wash with Pumice Stones on the Performance Attributes of 3T Terry
Trousers" are the outcomes of our own effort. We further declare that we are the
authors of the thesis. No portion of this thesis has ever been submitted elsewhere for
publication reasons, requirements for a degree, award, or diploma, or for any other
reason. In this thesis, the elements that were collected from external sources are
properly recognized.

Omor Faruk Limon

ID: 18192107010 Signature

Md. Rubel Hossen

ID: 18192107030 Signature

Mehady Hasan
ID: 18192107031 Signature

Alif Sheikh
ID: 18192107032 Signature

1
 APPROVAL

We do hereby acknowledge that the research works presented in this thesis entitled
“Impact of Acid Wash With Pumice Stones on the Performance Attributes of 3T
Terry Trousers” result from the original works carried out by Md. Razib Sheikh,
Assistant Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of
Business & Technology (BUBT). We further declare that no part of this thesis has been
submitted elsewhere for the requirements of any degree, award or diploma, or any
other purpose except for publications. We further certify that the dissertation meets the
requirements and standards for the degree of B.Sc. in Textile Engineering.

Supervisor
Md. Razib Sheikh
Assistant Professor
Department of Textile Engineering
Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)

Chairman (Acting)
Md. Abdullah Bin Samad
Assistant Professor
Department of Textile Engineering
Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to convey our sincere gratitude to the All-Powerful Allah for providing
our family and us with compassionate care during this journey up until the completion
of this research.

Additionally, we would like to extend our profound gratitude and respect to our
supervisor Md. Razib Sheikh, Assistant Professor, department of Textile Engineering,
Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT). This study project would
not have been possible without his direction. He provided outstanding oversight, and
we appreciate all the work he put into creating this project. We owe him a debt of
gratitude for his help, support, and direction, all of which helped to mold our
perspective as researchers.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Md. Abdullah Bin Samad, Assistant
Professor and Acting Chairman Department of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh
University of Business & Technology (BUBT), as well as the other faculty members
and staff members of the Department of Textile Engineering.

3
 ABSTRACT

The current fashion trend is industrial clothes that have been washed. These techniques
are currently applied to both woven and knitted clothing. In this research, industrial
garment finishing techniques such acid washing with pumice stone were applied to 3T
terry (294 GSM) trousers made of 79% cotton and 21% polyester. During chemical
and temperature variations, four pairs of pants were acid washed for this study. This
study compared the effects of four different pairs of pants. The physical characteristics
of the pants were compared before and after washing. It is observed that after washing,
there is no change in their Colorfastness to wash, water and perspiration, Wales wise
Shrinkage % and pilling when compared between 4 trousers. But comparing between
them before wash and after wash, changes have been found like GSM of fabric has
increased after wash, Course wise Shrinkage % has decreased. Their Count, CPI &
WPI, Stitch length, Bursting Strength, Rubbing and piling have changed more or less.

4
List of Tables

Table 1: Sample ............................................................................................................ 20

Table 2: Materials ......................................................................................................... 21
Table 3: Yarn Count...................................................................................................... 31
Table 4: GSM Test ........................................................................................................ 31
Table 5: CPI & WPI ..................................................................................................... 31
Table 6: Stitch Length (mm) ........................................................................................ 32
Table 7: Busting Strength (Before wash) ..................................................................... 32
Table 8: Busting Strength (After wash) ........................................................................ 32
Table 9: Colorfastness to rubbing................................................................................. 32
Table 10: Colorfastness to wash (After wash) .............................................................. 33
Table 11: Colorfastness to wash (Before wash) ........................................................... 33
Table 12: Colorfastness to water (After wash) ............................................................. 34
Table 13: Colorfastness to water (Before wash) .......................................................... 34
Table 14: Colorfastness to perspiration (After wash)................................................... 35
Table 15: Color fastness to perspiration (Before wash) ............................................... 35
Table 16: Shrinkage (%) ............................................................................................... 35
Table 17: Pilling Test (After wash) .............................................................................. 36
Table 18: Pilling Test (Before wash) ............................................................................ 36

5
List of Figures
Figure 1: Sample- (1) ................................................................................................... 30
Figure 2: Sample- (2) ................................................................................................... 30
Figure 3: Sample- (3) ................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4: Sample- (4) ................................................................................................... 30
Figure 5: Stitch Length between after wash & before wash ........................................ 37
Figure 6: Course per inch (CPI) between after wash & before wash .......................... 38
Figure 7: Wales per inch (WPI) between after wash & before wash ........................... 38
Figure 8: Grams per square meter (GSM) between after wash & before wash ........... 39
Figure 9: Busting Strength between before wash and after wash ................................ 40
Figure 10: Rubbing test between before wash & after wash ....................................... 41
Figure 11: Colorfastness to wash between before wash & after wash ......................... 41
Figure 12: Colorfastness to water between before wash & after wash ........................ 42
Figure 13: Colorfastness to perspiration (Alkali) between before wash & after wash 43
Figure 14: Colorfastness to perspiration (Acid) between before wash & after wash .. 43
Figure 15: Shrinkage (%) ............................................................................................. 44
Figure 16: Pilling test between before wash & after wash .......................................... 45

6
List of Abbreviations

GSM Grams per square meter

CPI Course per inch

WPI Wales per inch

CMC Color Machine Cabinet

MFF Multi Fiber Fabric

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

ISO International Organizational Standardization

AATCC American Association of Textile Chemists

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CONTENTS

DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................... 1
APPROVAL ................................................................................................................................... 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 3
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................... 4
List of Tables.................................................................................................................................. 5
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 6
List of Abbreviations..................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................11
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................11
1.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................11
1.2 Problem Statement ..............................................................................................................11
1.3 Problem Background ..........................................................................................................11
1.4 Research Objectives ........................................................................................................... 12
1.5 Motivation .......................................................................................................................... 12
1.6 Flow of the Research ......................................................................................................... 12
1.7 Significance of the Research .............................................................................................. 14
1.8 Research Contribution ....................................................................................................... 14
1.9 Thesis Organization ........................................................................................................... 14
1.10 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 15
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................ 16
BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 16
2.2 Literature Review.................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Problem Analysis .................................................................................................................... 19
2.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 19
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................ 20
MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................ 20
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 20
3.2 Sample..................................................................................................................................... 20
3.3 Materials ................................................................................................................................. 21

8
3.4 Instruments & Tools ................................................................................................................ 22
3.5 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 22
3.5.1 Sample- 1 Acid Washing Process with Pumice Stone ......................................................... 22
3.5.2 Sample- 2 Acid Washing Process with Pumice Stone ......................................................... 24
3.5.3 Sample- 3 Acid Washing Process with Pumice Stone ......................................................... 25
3.5.4 Sample- 4 Washing process ................................................................................................. 27
3.6 Different variation of Acid wash process ................................................................................ 29
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................ 30
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 30
4.1 After Wash Sample.................................................................................................................. 30
4.2 Physical Properties of different Knitted Samples ................................................................... 31
4.2.1 Yarn Count ........................................................................................................................... 31
4.2.2 GSM Test ............................................................................................................................. 31
4.2.3 CPI & WPI ........................................................................................................................... 31
4.2.4 Stitch Length (mm) .............................................................................................................. 32
4.2.5 Busting Strength................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.6 Colorfastness to rubbing ...................................................................................................... 32
4.2.7 Colorfastness to wash .......................................................................................................... 33
4.2.8 Colorfastness to water .......................................................................................................... 34
4.2.9 Colorfastness to perspiration................................................................................................ 35
4.2.10 Shrinkage (%) .................................................................................................................... 35
4.2.11 Pilling test .......................................................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................ 37
RESULT & DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 37
5.1 Stitch Length (mm) ................................................................................................................. 37
5.2 Course per inch (CPI) ............................................................................................................. 38
5.3 Wales per inch (WPI) .............................................................................................................. 38
5.4 Grams per square meter (GSM) .............................................................................................. 39
5.5 Busting Strength...................................................................................................................... 40
5.6 Colorfastness to rubbing ......................................................................................................... 41
5.7 Colorfastness to wash ............................................................................................................. 41
5.8 Colorfastness to water ............................................................................................................. 42

9
5.9 Colorfastness to perspiration (Alkali) ..................................................................................... 43
5.10 Colorfastness to perspiration (Acid) ..................................................................................... 43
5.11 Shrinkage (%) ....................................................................................................................... 44
5.12 Pilling Test ............................................................................................................................ 45
CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................ 46
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 46
6.1 Findings................................................................................................................................... 46
6.2 Limitations .............................................................................................................................. 46
6.3 Future Scope ........................................................................................................................... 47
6.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 47
REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................. 48

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The washing of garments is thought of as the last step in their finishing. One type of
finishing process used to add value to finished garments and make stitched items
trendy, aesthetically pleasing, soft, and comfortable is acid washing. [1]. At present,
the knitted washed item is a hot cake for the young generation [2]. Acid washing in 3T
Terry knitted garments is a new approach which is done by pumice stone.

1.2 Problem Statement

Acid wash with pumice stone is a well-known process for denim washing and it is a
leading method for the future fashion industry. There are so many developments in the
process of acid-stone wash on denim products but acid wash with pumice stone on knit
garments should be an advanced trend for the fashion industry. Through acid wash with
pumice stone is a complex process for knit garments. Hence, we selected three thread
terry knitted fabric for this project which may be affected by acid and stone. We will
control the whole process time and temperature to gain the best result. Cotton is a
cellulosic staple fiber. Cotton is weakened and destroyed by concentrated acid. We
maintain the concentration of acid and process time and try to get an authentic washing
effect on selected garments. We also measure fabric characteristics before and after
wash.

1.3 Problem Background

Because of the knit structure of the fabric acid wash is not suitable for this but
maintaining the proper time, temperature and recipe it may be suitable for any knit
fabric. During wash a single loop damage may affect the whole garment. After washing
it is difficult to maintain the GSM of the garment. In the washing process, we aren’t
able to use any tarted water from the water treatment plant. In our project we only
check the washing effects and identify the problems we aren’t able to make wash cost
which is also important.

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1.4 Research Objectives

The objectives of our research work are as follows:

• To know about physical properties of 3T Terry fabric.

• To perform acid washes with pumice stones at distinct temperatures and chemical
amounts.
• To evaluate the performance attributes by different standard testing methods.
• To know the effect of Acid wash with Pumice Stones with variations in
temperatures and chemical amounts.
• To analyze the physical properties of fabric before wash & after wash.

1.5 Motivation

The time we live in is an era of fashion. Nowadays, we all like dressing stylishly. We
like denim pants over other attractive full wear. Because washing denim pants can
produce a variety of effects. Again, we know denim as washable garments. We also
enjoy wearing knit fabric trousers in addition to denim. Because denim is less
comfortable than trousers. Once more, denim is more fashionable. Currently,
numerous knit clothing is being given different effects through various washes. The
garment wash of terry fabric, however, has still not been the subject of any research.
However, we created four pairs of trousers using terry fabric and various acid washes
with pumice stones and examined the fabric's physical characteristics both before and
after washing. Finally, we had fruitful outcomes.

1.6 Flow of the Research

The research project is evolving into several steps. We first evaluated the potential
research areas before studying the fundamentals of acid washing with pumice stone.
Then, from a variety of fabrics, we chose 3T Terry fabric. The clothes made from the
fabric were acid washed, and different physical tests were conducted both before and
after the wash. The accompanying illustration, Figure 1.1, shows the general steps in
the research procedure.

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 Start

,
Understanding &, experimenting
,
with various fabrics when using
,
pumice stone and acid wash them
,
,,
,,
Literature review on Acid
,,
washing with Pumice Stone
,,
,,
Buying fabric,, & Making
,,
garments
,,
,,
,
,
Creating,, recipe
,
,
,
,
, wash with
Performing Acid
Pumice, stone
,
,,
,,
Evaluating cloths
,, by different
physical and mechanical
,, tests
,,
,,
Collecting data,, and analyzing
,,
them
,,
,,
,,
Thesis writing
,,
,,
,,
End
,
,
,
,
,
, 13
,
1.7 Significance of the Research

We are in a period of great fashion. Everyone desires to dress fashionably. People are
able to distinguish one another as a result. A plan knit T-shirt looks radically different
from one that has been washed. The younger generation is currently obsessed with
knitted washable things. This study washed trousers in various ways, such as liquor
ratio, time, and temperature, in order to distinguish the impact of acid wash due to its
significance in today’s constantly fashionable world. Additionally, we evaluated the
fabric’s physical characteristics both before and after washing to determine the optimal
outcome. This experiment will be beneficial to both those working in the industrial
washing process and researchers in this area. Although we performed this experiment
on 3T Terry fabric trousers, other knitted structures may also produce similar
outcomes.

1.8 Research Contribution

The overall contribution of the research work is:

• Knowing knitted fabric characteristics after acid wash with pumice stone
should help in the future.
• It may create a new fashion trend in future.
• It is more comfortable than dyed knitted fabric.

1.9 Thesis Organization

The organization of the thesis is as follows. The background information and literature
review for acid wash with various effects and physical characteristics are highlighted in
Chapter 2. The methods for the acid wash process using pumice stone are described in
Chapter 3. The findings of the wash experiments are included in Chapter 4, and they
will be compared between the four washes. The physical characteristics of materials
both before and after washing are described in Chapter 5. The final section of chapter 6
is where our thesis work comes to a conclusion.

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1.10 Summary

This chapter provides a thorough explanation of acid wash with pumice stone. It also
makes apparent the goal, background, and motivation of our study. This chapter also
outlines the general procedures we used to conduct our research.

15
 CHAPTER 2

BACKGROUND

2.1 Introduction

Washing commercial clothing is one of the main procedures used in the textile
industry. Dust, sand, and pathogenic contaminants can be removed from clothing using
industrial garment washing. Several wash processes can be used to enhance specific
looks on clothing in accordance with fashion requirements [3].

2.2 Literature Review

Elias et al. (2015) investigated the impact of processing duration and KMnO4
concentration changes on the physico-mechanical characteristics of denim jeans after
acid washing. The application of potassium permanganate during the washing process
resulted in a drop in tensile strength, seam strength, stiffness, and fabric weight while
an increase in yarn count (Ne), EPI, PPI, and dimensional change [4].

Solaiman et al. (2015) investigated the effect of three types of washing (enzyme,
softener, Silicone) on Physical and Mechanical Properties on five types of following
knitted garments: 100% cotton Single Jersey T-shirt, Slub Single Jersey T-shirt, Double
Lacoste (5% Lycra) Polo shirt, Single jersey CVC (T-shirt) and PC single Jersey (T-
shirt). The findings demonstrated that applying an enzyme wash to knit clothing
enhanced all the knit clothing’s assessed characteristics while also removing hairy
fibers from the fabric’s surface. Silicone and softener wash yielded outcomes that were
similar as well [5].

Elias et al. (2016) investigated the impact of acid washing on various physical
characteristics of three knitted items (Single Jersey 100% Cotton T-Shirt, Single Jersey
95% Cotton 5% Spandex T-Shirt, and 1 1 Rib 100% Cotton T-Shirt). Physical
characteristics were examined under standard conditions after following conventional
washing methods and methodologies. After washing, it is shown that the cloth weight,
CPI, WPI, spirality, and shrinkage rise while the bursting strength and absorbency of
the stitch length drop. All samples’ Ph levels are uncontrolled and range from 7 to 8.

16
Pilling, colorfastness to washing, water, and dry rubbing remain unchanged, while wet
rubbing somewhat decreases [1].

Md. Shamsuzzaman et al. (2016) investigated the alterations found after enzyme, acid,
ice, and pigment washing on various knit garment styles, including 100% cotton single
jersey, single jersey slub, single Lacoste, and terry fleece. However, acid wash played a
bad part for the majority of properties that formed after any type of wash. Therefore,
the weight of the fabric increased by 5–10% after each type of wash listed above, with
the exception of acid wash, where weight was reduced. After washing, a fabric’s ability
to spiral and shrink diminished. Additionally, fabric rubbing characteristics, both dry
and wet remain constant. Additionally, the pH level observed in nature is slightly
acidic. Finally, the fabric’s properties have been developed but the pill remains the
same. So, following any kind of wash, it is guaranteed that there will be noticeable
alterations. There will, therefore, be noticeable changes following any kind of wash,
and a variety of design and wash variability are now feasible [6].

Ansari Israt Zebin (2017) investigated when denim is treated to stone and acid wash,
its physical characteristics alter, or this is done to determine the effect of stone and acid
wash. Here, indigo dyed denim fabric leg panels made of 100% cotton twill, weave
2/1, and dimensions 80 x 64 ten by nine are studied. Desizing was first carried out as a
preparation, and silicon softener followed. Following the washing process, various
samples from the two washings will exhibit varying physical property behavior [7].

Md. Shohan Parvez (2019) investigated the knitted T-shirts made of 100% cotton slub
single jersey (160 GSM) were subjected to industrial garment finishing techniques
such as acid washing, cool dyeing, and dip dyeing. The purpose of this investigation is
to ascertain how the physico-mechanical characteristics of knitted clothing are affected
by industrial acid washing and cool-dip dyeing. Changes in fabric weight, changes in
dimension, bursting strength, dry and wet rubbing fastness, color fastness to
perspiration, pilling, and washing tests were carried out to assess the effects of dyeing
and washing. According to experimental data, GSM increased for garments that were
acid washed, but dimension change, color fastness to washing, rubbing, bursting

17
strength, and perspiration dramatically decreased compared to garments that were cool
and dip dyed [8].

Dr. P.P. Gopalakrishnan (2020) investigated the different garment washing method’s
effects on fabric’s physical characteristics and color value, in this study, single jersey,
lycra jersey, slub jersey, and loop knit were subjected to bio wash, silicone wash, and
stone wash. Analysis of the data reveals that each garment’s weight increased by 5% to
10% after washing, while the stitch length of the fabric composition decreased by
about 10%. Dimensional properties both lengthwise and widthwise also changed, while
the fabric spirality remained essentially unchanged. The type of wash may in some
situations have an impact on the color of the fabric [9].

Fatema Nusrat Jahan et al. (2022) investigated the impact of an enzyme wash on knit
fabrics made of only cotton. At various periods and temperatures, the sample was
washed with acid enzyme concentrations of.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. Using common test
procedures, the treated knit fabric’s physical and mechanical characteristics were
examined. A few other attributes, including hand feel, fabric weight, dimensional
stability, color shade, WPI, and CPI, were also evaluated. Overall performance of the
Enzyme Washed knit fabric is excellent [10].

Petra Forte Tavčer (2012) investigations were done into how two different cellulase
enzyme types affected the characteristics of a 100% cotton terry fabric. We employed
both the complete cellulase mixture and an endoglucanase cellulase product. The
fabric’s tensile strength, rubbing resistance, wettability, hand feel, whiteness, and other
characteristics were noted. Additionally, it was looked into how various pretreatment
methods affected the characteristics of the terry cloth. Alkali or pectinase enzymes
were used to scrub the fabric, and hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid were used to
bleach it. It was determined that while peracetic acid bleaching and enzymatic scouring
use less water and energy, they produce fabrics with less whiteness and wettability,
making them only suitable for additional dyeing in dark or medium tones. Terry
fabrics’ properties diminish due to cellulases, but the entire cellulase is worse [11].

18
2.3 Problem Analysis

One of the widely used methods for washing clothing is an acid wash with pumice
stone. Abrasive stones are added to the wash bath to speed up the washing process and
give clothes a more distinctive look and softer touch. Only denim is subjected to this
acid wash with pumice stone procedure. Now, knit fabrics including plain knit, single
or double Lacoste, pique, and rib are used. However, the terry fabric has not yet been
subjected to an acid wash with pumice stone. In this thesis, we examined the impacts
of acid washing four pairs of trousers under different chemical, time, and temperature
conditions while also examining the fabric’s physical characteristics both before and
after the wash.

2.4 Summary

In this chapter, acid wash with pumice stone is discussed. By examining the physical
characteristics of the fabric after washing, the thesis aims to give the cloth various
effects and to introduce a new way.

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 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Introduction

The methodology of this project was experimental. We started by selecting a fabric

(3T terry) and then 4 trousers were made from the fabric as samples. The sample were
then subjected to acid washing using stones at 4 variations and the physical properties
were compared between before and after washing to examine the effects. Following
supplies, tools and techniques are used in our project work to conduct an experiment
successfully.

3.2 Sample

Table 1: Sample
Sample Fabric Construction Composition Image
Face Yarn 36
CPI Binder Yarn 36
Loop Yarn 36
WPI 26
Face Yarn 28s 79 % Cotton
Trouser Count Binder Yarn 73D & 21 %
Loop Yarn 47s Polyester
GSM 294
Stitch Face Yarn 0.46
Length Binder Yarn 0.27
(mm) Loop Yarn 0.17

We have a sample of trouser that composition contains 79% Cotton 21% Polyester and
the fabric construction of the sample which contains CPI 36 for face yarn, 36 for
binder yarn, 36 for loop yarn and WPI 26, Count 28s for face yarn, 73D for binder
yarn, 47s for loop yarn and GSM 294, Stitch Length (mm) 0.46 for face yarn, 0.27 for
binder yarn, 0.17 for loop yarn.

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3.3 Materials

Table 2: Materials
Serial No. Materials
01 Detergent
02 Desizing agent
03 Acetic acid
04 Oxalic acid
05 Phosphoric acid
06 Potassium permanganate
07 Softener- Cationic
08 Pumice stones

Detergent is used to clean clothes generally and to clean them of dirt and oil.

Desizing agents are used to remove sizing agents that are put to cloth during the
manufacturing process to enhance texture and appearance.

Acetate Acid Suitable for pH correction, color correction, and, in certain situations,
desizing agent.

Bleaching agent that can be used to lighten color and remove stains is oxalic acid.

Phosphoric acid is used in some procedures as a cleaning agent and to modify pH

levels.

Potassium permanganate is frequently used as an oxidizing agent to give textiles

unique looks.

Softener gives the material more softness, which improves the way the clothing feels.

During stone washing, pumice stones are used as an abrasive to give fabric a worn-out
or distressed look.

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3.4 Instruments & Tools

Required instruments are:

• GSM Cutter
• Washing machine
• Dryer machine
• Sewing machine
• Scissors

3.5 Methodology

3.5.1 Sample- 1 Acid Washing Process with Pumice Stone

• Lot Size: 6 kg Terry fleece Garment

1st Step: (Desizing)

• M:L- 1:40
• Desizing agent- 3 gm/l
• Detergent- 0.5 gm/l
• Time- 15 min
• Temperature- 50℃
• Drain the bath

2st Step: (Cold Wash)

• M:L- 1:40
• Time- 5 min
• Dry the sample for 1 hr

22
3rd Step: Stone wash

• Potassium permanganate- 5 g/l

• Pumice Stone- 1 Kg
• Soak the pumice stones in the chemical solution for 20 min
• The solution will be picked up by the stones. The stones are then left to dry in
the open air for 4 hr
• Load the garments & pumice stone in washing machine
• Start machine
• Time- 30 min
• Normal wash the sample for 10 min
• Unload the sample from the machine

4th Step: Acid wash

• M:L- 1:40
• Oxalic Acid- 2 gm/l
• Phosphoric Acid- 2 gm/l
• Temperature- 50℃
• Time- 30 min
• Drain the bath
• Unload the sample from the machine

5th Step: (Cold Wash)

• M:L- 1:40
• Time- 5 min
• Drain the bath

6th Step: (Soft Wash)

• M:L- 1:40
• Acetic acid- 0.5 gm/l
• Softener- 2 gm/l
23
 • Temperature- 40℃
• Time- 10 min
• Drain the bath
• Unload the sample from the machine
• Dry the sample by dryer machine

3.5.2 Sample- 2 Acid Washing Process with Pumice Stone

❖ Lot Size: 6 kg Terry fleece Garment

1st Step: (Desizing)

• M:L- 1:40
• Desizing agent- 3 gm/l
• Detergent- 0.5 gm/l
• Time- 15 min
• Temperature- 50℃
• Drain the bath

2st Step: (Cold Wash)

• M:L- 1:40
• Time- 5 min
• Dry the sample for 1 hr

3rd Step: Stone wash

• Potassium permanganate- 5 g/l

• Pumice Stone- 1 Kg
• Soak the pumice stones in the chemical solution for 20 min
• The solution will be picked up by the stones. The stones are then left to dry in
the open air for 4 hr
• Load the garments & pumice stone in washing machine
• Start machine
• Time- 30 min

24
 • Normal wash the sample for 10 min
• Unload the sample from the machine

4th Step: Acid wash

• M:L- 1:40
• Oxalic Acid- 2 gm/l
• Phosphoric Acid- 2 gm/l
• Temperature- 70℃
• Time- 30 min
• Drain the bath
• Unload the sample from the machine

5th Step: (Cold Wash)

• M:L- 1:40
• Time- 5 min
• Drain the bath

6th Step: (Soft Wash)

• M:L- 1:40
• Acetic acid- 0.5 gm/l
• Softener- 2 gm/l
• Temperature- 40℃
• Time- 10 min
• Drain the bath
• Unload the sample from the machine
• Dry the sample by dryer machine

3.5.3 Sample- 3 Acid Washing Process with Pumice Stone

❖ Lot Size: 6 kg Terry fleece Garment

1st Step: (Desizing)

• M:L- 1:40

25
 • Desizing agent- 3 gm/l
• Detergent- 0.5gm/l
• Time- 15 min
• Temperature- 50℃
• Drain the bath

2st Step: (Cold Wash)

• M:L- 1:40
• Time- 5 min
• Dry the sample for 1 hr

3rd Step: Stone wash

• Potassium permanganate- 5 g/l

• Pumice Stone- 1 Kg
• Soak the pumice stones in the chemical solution for 20 min
• The solution will be picked up by the stones. The stones are then left to dry in
the open air for 4 hr
• Load the garments & pumice stone in washing machine
• Start machine
• Time- 30 min
• Normal wash the sample for 10 min
• Unload the sample from the machine

4th Step: Acid wash

• M:L- 1:40
• Oxalic Acid- 4 gm/l
• Phosphoric Acid- 4 gm/l
• Temperature- 50℃
• Time- 30 min
• Drain the bath
• Unload the sample from the machine

26
5th Step: (Cold Wash)

• M:L- 1:10
• Time- 5 min
• Drain the bath

6th Step: (Soft Wash)

• M:L- 1:40
• Acetic acid- 1 gm/l
• Softener- 4 gm/l
• Temperature- 40℃
• Time- 10 min
• Drain the bath
• Unload the sample from the machine
• Dry the sample by dryer machine

3.5.4 Sample- 4 Acid washing process with pumice stone

❖ Lot Size: 6 kg Terry fleece Garment

1st Step: (Desizing)

• M:L- 1:40
• Desizing agent- 3 gm/l
• Detergent- 0.5 gm/l
• Time- 15 min
• Temperature- 50℃
• Drain the bath

2st Step: (Cold Wash)

• M:L- 1:40
• Time- 5 min
• Dry the sample for 1 hr

27
3rd Step: Stone wash

• Potassium permanganate- 5 g/l

• Pumice Stone- 1 Kg
• Soak the pumice stones in the chemical solution for 20 min
• The solution will be picked up by the stones. The stones are then left to dry in
the open air for 4 hr
• Load the garments & pumice stone in washing machine
• Start machine
• Time- 30 min
• Normal wash the sample for 10 min
• Unload the sample from the machine

4th Step: Acid wash

• M:L- 1:40
• Oxalic Acid- 4 gm/l
• Phosphoric Acid- 4 gm/l
• Temperature- 70℃
• Time- 30 min
• Drain the bath
• Unload the sample from the machine

5th Step: (Cold Wash)

• M:L- 1:10
• Time- 5 min
• Drain the bath

6th Step: (Soft Wash)

• M:L- 1:40
• Acetic acid- 1 gm/l
• Softener- 4 gm

28
 • Temperature- 40℃
• Time- 10 min
• Drain the bath
• Unload the sample from the machine
• Dry the sample by dryer machine

3.6 Different variation of Acid wash process

Table 3: Different variation of Acid wash process

Parameters Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Oxalic Acid 2 gm/l 2 gm/l 4 gm/l 4 gm/l
Phosphoric Acid 2 gm/l 2 gm/l 4 gm/l 4 gm/l
Chemical
Acetic Acid 0.5 gm/l 0.5 gm/l 1 gm/l 1 gm/l
Softener 2 gm/l 2 gm/l 4 gm/l 4 gm/l
Temperature 50℃ 70℃ 50℃ 70℃

29
 CHAPTER 4

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 After Wash Sample

Figure 1: Sample- (1) Figure 2: Sample- (2)

Figure 3: Sample- (3) Figure 4: Sample- (4)

The Samples were taken by Remi Note 11. Considering that neither a better camera nor
a professional photographer took the samples. As a result, it is unclear what the
samples' actual effect is.

30
4.2 Physical Properties of different Knitted Samples

4.2.1 Yarn Count

Machine: Beesley Balance
Standard: ASTM D1907
Table 4: Yarn Count
Before After Wash
Yarn Name
Wash Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Face Yarn 28s 29s 27s 28s 29s
Binder Yarn 73D 78D 75D 80D 78D
Loop Yarn (90/10) 47s 48s 46s 45s 47s

4.2.2 GSM Test

Machine: GSM Cutter, Electronic Balance
Standard: ASTM D3776
Table 5: GSM Test

After Wash
Actual GSM Before Wash
Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Fabric Weight 294 309 317 319 313

4.2.3 CPI & WPI

Machine: Counting Glass
Standard: Manually
Table 6: CPI & WPI
Before After Wash
CPI & WPI
Wash Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Face Yarn 36 36 37 36 36
CPI Binder Yarn 36 36 36 36 36
Loop Yarn 36 36 36 36 37
WPI 26 25 27 26 25

31
4.2.4 Stitch Length (mm)
Machine: N/A
Table 7: Stitch Length (mm)
Stitch Length After Wash
Before Wash
(mm) Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Face Yarn 0.46 0.47 0.46 0.50 0.48
Binder Yarn 0.27 0.32 0.32 0.34 0.32
Loop Yarn 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17

4.2.5 Busting Strength

Machine: DigiBurst
Standard: ASTM D3786
Table 8: Busting Strength (Before wash)
Before Wash
Time (Sec) Busting Strength (kg/cm^2)
16.34 2.58

Table 9: Busting Strength (After wash)

After Wash
Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Time Busting Time Busting Time Busting Time Busting
(Sec) Strength (Sec) Strength (Sec) Strength (Sec) Strength
(kg/cm^2) (kg/cm^2) (kg/cm^2) (kg/cm^2)
21.16 2.33 16.65 2.69 17.13 2.77 16.74 2.91

4.2.6 Colorfastness to rubbing

Machine: Crockmaster
Standard: ISO 105×12
Table 10: Colorfastness to rubbing
Before After Wash
Rubbing test
Wash Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Color staining
Dry 4/5 5 4/5 4/5 4/5
grade
Color changing
Wet grade 4 4 4 4/5 4

32
4.2.7 Colorfastness to wash
Machine: Sample dyeing machine
Standard: ISO 105-C06
Table 11: Colorfastness to wash (Before wash)

Before Wash
Acetate 5
Cotton 3
Nylon 4
Polyester 5
Acrylic 5
Wool 5

Table 12: Colorfastness to wash (After wash)

After Wash
Multi- fiber Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Acetate 5 5 5 5
Cotton 5 5 5 5
Nylon 5 5 5 5
Polyester 5 5 5 5
Acrylic 5 5 5 5
Wool 5 5 5 5

33
4.2.8 Colorfastness to water
Machine: Perspiration tester
Standard: AATCC 22
Table 13: Colorfastness to water (Before wash)

Before Wash
Acetate 5
Cotton 3
Nylon 4/5
Polyester 4/5
Acrylic 5
Wool 5

Table 14: Colorfastness to water (After wash)

After Wash
Multi- fiber Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Acetate 5 5 5 5
Cotton 5 5 5 5
Nylon 5 5 5 5
Polyester 5 5 5 5
Acrylic 5 5 5 5
Wool 5 5 5 5

34
4.2.9 Colorfastness to perspiration
Machine: Perspiration tester
Standard: AATCC 22
Table 15: Colorfastness to perspiration (Before wash)

Before Wash
Multi-fiber Alkali Acid
Acetate 5 5
Cotton 3 3
Nylon 4/5 4/5
Polyester 5 5
Acrylic 5 5
Wool 5 5

Table 16: Color fastness to perspiration (After wash)

After Wash
Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Multi-fiber
Acid Alkali Acid Alkali Acid Alkali Acid Alkali
Acetate 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Cotton 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Nylon 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Polyester 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Acrylic 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Wool 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

4.2.10 Shrinkage (%)

Machine: Washing machine
Standard: ASTM D3773
Table 17: Shrinkage (%)
After Wash
Shrinkage (%)
Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Wales wise shrinkage (%) 0% 0% 0% 0%
Course wise shrinkage (%) -6 % -4 % -5 % -6 %

35
4.2.11 Pilling test
Machine: ICI pilling box tester
Standard: ASTM C187
Table 18: Pilling Test (Before wash)
Before Wash
Rating of pilling 3

Table 19: Pilling Test (After wash)

After Wash
Sample- 1 Sample- 2 Sample- 3 Sample- 4
Rating of pilling 4 4 4 4

36
 CHAPTER 5

RESULT & DISCUSSION

Comparison of Physical Properties between Samples Before Wash & After Wash

5.1 Stitch Length (mm)

Stitch Length (mm)

0.6
0.47 0.5 0.48
0.5 0.46 0.46

0.4 0.32 0.32 0.34 0.32

0.27
0.3
0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17
0.2
0.1
0
Before Wash After Wash (S-1) After Wash (S-2) After Wash (S=3) After Wash (S-4)

Face Yarn Binder Yarn Loop Yarn

Figure 5: Stitch Length between after wash & before wash

Figure 6 shows the Stitch length (mm) of four pairs of trousers before and after
washing. The stitch lengths of face yarn, binder yarn, loop yarn are before wash and
0.46 mm, 0.27 mm, 0.17 mm respectively. After washing, the stitch lengths of Sample
1 and 2 are comparable, however the stitch length of the face yarn and binder yarn
have a little increased. The stitch length of the face yarn and binder yarn increased in
Sample 3. On the other hand, Trouser 4 had an increase in the face yarn stitch length.
We know, Stitch length depends on how thin or thick the yarn. That is, on the yarn
count. If the yarn is thick, the stitch length will be more and if it is thin, the stitch
length will be less. Here sample-3 has been washed at high chemical and low
temperature. Because acid washing loses the ability to work at high chemical or high
temperature. For that reason, Sample-3 was not affected by acid washing. That is why
the yarn count of Sample-3 has not changed or has become thicker. As the yarns have
become thicker after washing, the stitch length has increased as a result.

37
5.2 Course per inch (CPI)

Course Per Inch (CPI)

40 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 37
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Before Wash After Wash (S-1) After Wash (S-2) After Wash (S-3) After Wash (S-4)

Face Yarn Binder Yarn Loop Yarn

Figure 7: Course per inch (CPI) between after wash & before wash
Figure 8 shows the CPI of four pairs of trousers before and after washing. The results
of face yarn, binder yarn and loop yarn are the same before washing. CPI of Sample- 1
and Sample- 3 didn’t change after washing. Only face yarn of trouser 2 and loop yarn
of Sample- 4 increased to 37. We are aware of CPI depends on Stitch length. The
shorter the stitch length of the fabric, the higher the CPI of the fabric. Since the stitch
length of face yarn of Sample-2 and loop yarn of Sample-4 has decreased after wash,
their CPI has increased.

5.3 Wales per inch (WPI)

Wales per inch (WPI)

30
27
26 26
25 25
25

20
Before wash After wash (S- 1) After wash (S- 2) After wash (S- 3) After wash (S-4)

WPI

Figure 9: Wales per inch (WPI) between after wash & before wash
This graph shows the WPI of four pairs of trousers before and after washing. The result
of before washing is 26 and the following are the WPI results after washing: first

38
Sample 25, second Sample 27, third Sample 26, and fourth Sample 25 i.e., GSM
increased after washing. We are aware of WPI depends on Stitch length. The WPI of a
fabric increases with decreasing stitch length. As the stitch length of Smaple-2
decreased after wash, its WPI increased.

5.4 Grams per square meter (GSM)

Grams per square meter (GSM)

330
317 319
320 313
309
310
300 294
290
280
Before Wash After Wash (S-1) After Wash (S-2) After Wash (S-3) After Wash (S-4)

GSM

Figure 10: Grams per square meter (GSM) between after wash & before wash
This graph shows the GSM of four pairs of trousers before and after washing. The
result of before washing is 294 and the following are the GSM results after washing:
first Sample 309, second Sample 317, third Sample 319, and fourth Sample 313 i.e.,
GSM increased after washing. As we know, GSM depends on stitch length, WPI & CPI
of fabric. If stitch length of fabric decreases and WPI & CPI increases then GSM of
fabric increases. Since, stitch length of sample- 3 is relatively less than other samples,
WPI and CPI are higher. So, GSM of sample- 3 is higher.

39
5.5 Busting Strength

Busting Strength
3.5
2.77 2.91
3 2.58 2.69
2.33
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Before Wash After Wash (S-1) After Wash (S-2) After Wash (S-3) After Wash (S-4)

Busting Strength (Kg/cm^2)

Figure 11: Busting Strength between before wash and after wash
This graph shows the busting strength of four trousers before and after washing. The
busting strength of Sample before washing is 2.58. After washing, Sample 1
demonstrated a reduction in bursting strength to 2.33, Trouser 2 demonstrated an
increase to 2.69, Sample 3 demonstrated an additional increase to 2.77, and Sample 4
demonstrated the greatest increase to 2.91. These results indicate variations in the
fabrics' response to washing, with some becoming stronger (Sample 3 and 4) and
others slightly weaker (Sample 1). The fabric composition, construction, and the
washing process likely contributed to these differences. Busting strength depends on
how thin or thick the fabric. If the GSM of the fabric is higher, then the bursting
strength will be higher. And if GSM is less then Bursting strength will be less. Since
Sample- 4 had higher GSM, its busting strength is higher.

40
5.6 Colorfastness to rubbing

Colorfastness to rubbing
6
5
5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
4 4 4 4
4
3
2
1
0
Before Wash After Wash (S-1) After Wash (S-2) After Wash (S-3) After Wash (S-4)

Dry Wet

Figure 12: Rubbing test between before wash & after wash
Figure 10 shows the rubbing test of four pairs of Sample before and after washing. It
appears that the rubbing test results for all trousers are good, both in dry and wet
conditions before washing. After washing, Sample- 1 results in dry condition is
excellent and result in wet condition is good. Sample- 2, Sample- 3 and Sample- 4 both
perform well in both dry and wet conditions. As a result of acid wash, the unfixed dyes
of the fabric have been removed. So, the results of Sample-1 in dry condition and
sample-3 in wet condition have improved.

5.7 Colorfastness to wash

Colorfastness to wash
6
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5
4
4
3
3
2
1
0
Before Wash After Wash (S-1) After Wash (S-2) After Wash (S-3) After Wash (S-4)

Acetate Cotton Nylon Polyester Acrylic Wool

Figure 13: Colorfastness to wash between before wash & after wash
Figure 11 shows the colorfastness to wash of four Sample before and after washing.
Before washing, all sample color fastness to wash results acetate, polyester, acrylic and

41
wool are excellent. Cotton shows a moderate result, and nylon has a good result. After
washing the results are the same for all samples. As a result of acid wash, the unfixed
dyes of the fabric have been removed. That’s why cotton and nylon fabrics cannot
absorb the color from the fabric after washing.

5.8 Colorfastness to water

Colorfastness to water
6
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 4.54.5
4
3
3
2
1
0
Before Wash After Wash (S-1) After Wash (S-2) After Wash (S-3) After Wash (S-4)

Acetate Cotton Nylon Polyester Acrylic Wool

Figure 14: Colorfastness to water between before wash & after wash
Figure 12 shows the colorfastness to water of four sample before and after washing.
Before washing, all sample color fastness to water results acetate, acrylic and wool are
excellent. Cotton shows a moderate result, Polyester and nylon have a good result.
After washing the results are the same for all samples. As a result of acid wash, the
unfixed dyes of the fabric have been removed. That’s why cotton, nylon and polyester
fabrics cannot absorb the color from the fabric after washing.

42
5.9 Colorfastness to perspiration (Alkali)

Colorfastness to perspiration (Alkali)

6
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 4.5
4
3
3
2
1
0
Before Wash After Wash (S-1) After Wash (S-2) After Wash (S-3) After Wash (S-4)

Acetate Cotton Nylon Polyester Acrylic Wool

Figure 15: Colorfastness to perspiration (Alkali) between before wash & after wash
Figure 13 shows the colorfastness to perspiration (Alkali) of four samples before and
after washing. Before washing, all sample color fastness to water results acetate,
polyester, acrylic and wool are excellent. Cotton shows a moderate result, nylon has a
good result. After washing the results are the same for all samples. As a result of acid
wash, the unfixed dyes of the fabric have been removed. That’s why cotton and nylon
fabrics cannot absorb the color from the fabric after washing.

5.10 Colorfastness to perspiration (Acid)

Colorfastness to perspiration (Acid)

6
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 4.5
4
3
3
2
1
0
Before Wash After Wash (S-1) After Wash (S-2) After Wash (S-3) After Wash (S-4)

Acetate Cotton Nylon Polyester Acrylic Wool

Figure 16: Colorfastness to perspiration (Acid) between before wash & after wash
Figure 14 shows the colorfastness to perspiration (Acid) of four samples before and
after washing. Before washing, all sample color fastness to water results acetate,
polyester, acrylic and wool are excellent. Cotton shows a moderate result, nylon has a

43
good result. After washing result are same for all samples. As a result of acid wash, the
unfixed dyes of the fabric have been removed. That’s why cotton and nylon fabrics
cannot absorb the color from the fabric after washing.

5.11 Shrinkage (%)

Shrinkage (%)
-7 -6 -6
-6 -5
-5 -4
-4
-3
-2
-1 0 0 0 0
0
Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample_3 Sample-4

Wales wise shrinkage (%) Course wise shrinkage (%)

Figure 17: Shrinkage (%)

This graph shows the Shrinkage (%) of four trousers. This graph shows the Shrinkage
(%) of four samples. The result shows no shrinkage (%) in wales wise. But there is a
shrinkage (%) at the course wise. The results of Shrinkage (%) course wise are sample
1: -6, sample 2: -4, sample 3: -5, sample 4: -6.

44
5.12 Pilling Test

Pilling Test
5
4 4 4 4
4
3
3

0
Before Wash After Wash (S-1) After Wash (S-2) After Wash (S-3) After Wash (S-4)

Rating of pilling

Figure 18: Pilling test between before wash & after wash

This graph shows the pilling test of four pairs of samples before and after washing. All
the samples exhibited moderate pilling before washing and after washing, they all
showed slight pilling results. Pilling creating short fibers of yarn surface are mostly
cleaned under acid wash, so there is a improved properties.

45
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 Findings

• As we know, colorfastness of fabric is bad due to unfixed dyes of fabric. After

acid wash, the unfixed dyes of the fabric are removed. As a result, we get
excellent colorfastness of fabric.
• Usually, acid wash is done on denim fabric. And we know, knit fabric is
compact. And the capacity of our washing machine was less. As a result, the
samples could not fully absorb the chemical. As a result, after washing, we get
an uneven appearance of fabric.
• Due to the fabric's short fibers being eliminated during the acid wash process.
Our after wash pilling characteristics are therefore superior to our before wash
ones.

6.2 Limitations

• Due to the low capacity of the machine, the chemical did not get on the fabric.
The result is an uneven appearance.
• Due to uncolored weft yarn of denim fabric, a proper effect is obtained after
acid wash. Three thread terry fabric has an uneven effect as the binder yarn is
color yarn.

46
 • Uneven appearance is obtained due to the large size of the sample compared to
the machine capacity.

6.3 Future Scope

• Reactive dyed goods can be acid washed for wash effect.

• To solve irregular wash effect thermocol ball can be used as less time is
required by thermocol ball.

6.4 Conclusion

The work of this project is to acid wash trousers of 3T terry fabric with pumice stone at
chemical and temperature variation. Next, using standard testing methods, the physical
properties of the fabric, including its GSM, WPI & CPI, stitch length, rubbing fastness,
wash fastness, water fastness, perspiration fastness, shrinkage (%), and pilling
qualities, were assessed. Acid washing treatment with pumice stone does not
significantly affect the physical properties of 3T Terry garments. In each case it was
observed that the weight of the garment increased after washing. Only Trouser 1 has
decreased busting strength, while the remaining 3 Trousers have increased.
Colorfastness excellent after washing in all colorfastness tests. Both the researchers
studying this topic and the workers engaged in the industrial washing process would
benefit from this experiment. While this test was limited to 3T Terry fabric,
comparable outcomes can be achieved with various knit constructions.

47
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[6] Z. B. A. A. D. D. a. a. M. R. K. Md. Shamsuzzaman, Analysis of the Influence of

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49