சுற்றுலாவியல் ஓர் அறிமுகம்

hp
BHMAL - 11
tuyhW kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhtpay; gs;sp

TAMIL NADU OPEN UNIVERSITY
No.577, Anna Salai, Saidapet, Chennai - 600015.
KidtH. (jpUkjp). re;jpufhe;j h nIaghyd;
.
K
cjtpg; N guhrphpaH kw; W k; jiytH (ngh)
tuyhW kw; W k; Rw; W yhtpay; gs; s p>
hp
K
hp
hp
MrphpaH; kw;Wk; kW Ma;T
K
cjtpg; N guhrphpaH kw; W k; jiytH (ngh)
tuyhW kw; W k; Rw; W yhtpay; gs; s p>
2014
hp
%y
Rw;Wyhtpay; - Xh; mwpKfk;
ghlj;jpl;lk;
bjhFjp I
Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;fKk; fUj:Jk; - ,aw;if/ tpsf;fk;/ rpwg;gk;r';fs/; Rw;Wyhf;

fhuzpfs/; Rw;Wyhtpd; bray;jpl;lk; - Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs;.
bjhFjp II
Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpa[k; Kd;ndw;wKk; - Mrpah - ,e;jpah .
bjhFjp III
tuyhW/ gazKk; Rw;Wyht[k; - Rw;Wyh gw;wpa tuyhw;Wg; ghh;it/ kWkyhr;r;pa[k; nfs;tp

nfl;Fk; Mh;tKk/; gz;ila gazk;/ g[dpjg; gazk;/ Jzp;r;ryhd gazk;/ Rw;Wyhtpd; TWfs;/
cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; Cf;fk;/ rk;gsj;Jld; Toa tpLKiwa[k; Tl]L Rw;Wyht[k;.
bjhFjp IV
Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; - Rw;Wyht[k; bghUshjhu Kd;ndw;wKk; - tsh;e;j

kw;Wk; tsUk; ehLfspd; kPJ ftdk; - ,aw;if fyhr;rhu Rw;Wg;gw
[ rk;ge;jkhd Rw;Wyh
tsh;;r;rp gd;Kfg;gLj;Jjy; - Rw;Wyhtpd; bfhs;if - jp nQf; jPh;khd';fs; - Rw;Wyhit
kw;Wk; gazj;ij vspikg;gLj;Jjy;/ ,lj;ijg; ghJfhg;gJ kw;Wk; ghJfhg;g[ - Rw;Wyhr;
rl;l';fs;.
bjhFjp V
Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk; - bghUshjhu/ r\f/ bgsjPf kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;g[w khw;w';fs;.
BOOKS REFERRED
1. Barkal and Mclik - Tourism - Past, Present and Future, London 1995.
2. Kaul R.M.- Dynamics of Tourism - A Triology, Vol I, New Delhi, 1997.
3. Seth Pran Nath, - Successful Tourism Practices, Vol I, New Delhi, 1997.
ghlj; j pl;l k;
bjhFjp I
gphpt[ 1 Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;f';fSk; fUj;Jk; 2-8

gphpt[ 2 Rw;Wyhtpd; jd;ika[k; rpwg;g[f; TWfSk; 9 - 20
gphpt[ 3 Rw;Wyhtpd; \yf;TWfSk; bray;jpl;lKk; 21 - 28
gphpt[ 4 Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs; 29 - 36
bjhFjp II
gphpt[ 5 MrpahtpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; Rw;Wyhtpd; 38 - 43

tsh;rr
; pa[k; Kd;ndw;wKk;
gphpt[ 6 ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh 44 - 62
gphpt[ 7 Rje;jpuj;jpypUe;J Rw;Wyh 63 - 73
bjhFjp III
gphpt[ 8 tuyhw;W gazk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh 75 - 83
gphpt[ 9 kWkyh;rr
; p kw;Wk; ePz;l gazk; 84 - 99
gphpt[ 10 Rw;Wyhtpd; mog]gilf; TWfs; 100 - 116
bjhFjp IV
gphpt[ 11 Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk; 118 - 127

gphpt[ 12 tsh;e;j kw;Wk; tsUk; ehLfspy; ftdk; brYj;Jjy; 128 - 138
gphpt[ 13 ,aw;if kw;Wk; fyhr;rhur; Rw;Wg;gw
[ r; NH;epiy 139 - 144
gphpt[ 14 gd;Kfg;gLj;Jjy; (gutyhf;Fjy;) 145 - 151
bjhFjp V
gphpt[ 15 Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk; 153 - 162

gphpt[ 16 r\f jhf;fk; 163 - 167
gphpt[ 17 bgsjPf kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;g[wj; jhf;fk; 168 - 176
gphpt[ 18 vjph;kiwj; jhf;fk; 177 - 181
bjhFjp I
Kd;Diu
Rw;Wyh vd;gJ kdpjdpd; mog;gilahd kw;Wk; tpUg;gkhd

brayhFk;. Rw;Wyh gazj;jpypUe;J ntwhdJ. gazk; Xhplj;jpypUe;J
kw;bwhU ,lj;jpw;Fr; bry;tJ. vy;yh caph;thH;tpd';fSk; czitj;
njoa[k; ,Ug;gplk; nehf;fpa[k; bry;y ntz;oapUf;fpwJ.
bjhHpw;g[ul;rp Vw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; jhd; gazk; kfpH;r;rpf;fhf

vd;whdJ. mjpypUe;J vtd; kfpH;tpw;fhfg; gazk ;bra;fpwhndh mtid
Rw;Wyhg; gazp vd;W mwpag;gl;lhd;. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; vz;zpf;if
mjpfhpj;jJk; Rw;Wyh xU ghlkhfj; Jt';fpaJ.
gpw ghlj;Jiw nghd;;W Rw;Wyht[k; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;lf;Toa

rpwg;gpay;g[fs; cs;sd. ,J bghUshjhuk;/ kndhjj;Jtk;/ r\f ,ay;
kw;Wk; g[tp,ay; nghd;w beU';fpa gy JiwfnshL beU';fpa
rk;ge;jKilaJ.
gphpt[ 1 : Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wp nguhrphpah;fshy; tpsf;fg;gl;lf; fUj;Jf;fs;

,g;gphptpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. Rw;Wyh gw;wp gd;dhl;L tp";"hd
ty;Ydh;fspd; fHfk; TWfpwJ/ "rk;ghjpf;Fk; braYld;
bjhlh;gpy;yhj gazj;jpd; rk;ge;jkhf Vw;gl;lJ jhd; Rw;Wyh".
gphpt[ 2 : Rw;Wyhtpd; jd;ik gw;wp gphpt[ 2 tps';FfpwJ. Rw;Wyh xU
kfpH;tpw;Fhpa brayhFk;. ,J cyfk; KGtJk;
<h;j;jpUf;fpwJ. Rw;Wyh Koe;J tPL jpUk;g[k; bghGJ g[jpa
fUj;Jk; fz;nzhl;lKk; cld; tUfpwJ. Rw;Wyh ,uz;L
TWfis cilaJ xd;W gazk; ,uz;L j';Fjy;.
gphpt[ 3 : tUkhdk;/ taJ/ fy;tp/ tpiy/ ,lk; bgah;jy; nghd;w r\f
bghUshjhu fhuzpfs; Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpf;F
Kf;fpakhditfshFk;. jw;fhyj;jpy; gazk; gy
nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
gphpt[ 4 : kf;fs; btt;ntW ,l';fSf;Fk; brd;W j';Ftjpdhy; Rw;Wyh
Vw;gLfpwJ. \d;W tifahd Rw;Wyhf;fs; cs;sd. cs;~h;
gFjpf;Fhpa Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyh gazj;jpd;
nehf;fj;ijf; bfhz;L mjid gythwhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
gphpt[ 1
Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;f';fSk; fUj;Jk;
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
1.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;f';fSk; fUj;Jk;
1.1.1 tpsf;fk;
1.1.2 gazpapd; bghUs;
1.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; fUj;J
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr;brhw;fs;
c';fs; Kd;ndw;wj;ijr; nrhjpj;jwpa[k; gapw;rpf;fhd tpilfs;
mwpKfk;
gz;ila kdpjd; czt[/ ,Ug;gplk; Mfpatw;iwj; njo xU

,lj;jpypUe;J kW ,lj;jpw;Fr; brd;whd;. mt;thW gazk; bra;tjw;F
mtdJ ehnlho thH;tpd; mog;gilj; njit fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.
gog;goahf kdpjd; gazk; nkw;bfhz;lJ Rw;Wyhthf MfpaJ.
nehf;f';fs;
,e;jg; ghlg;gphptpd; Kotpy; c';fshy; fPH;fz;ltw;iw mwpe;J

bfhs;s Koa[k.;
 Rw;Wyhtpd; Muk;gj;ij mwpa/

 Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;fj;ij tpthpf;f
 Rw;Wyhtpd; fUj;ij th;zpf;f
 Rw;Wyhtpd; epiyfis tpsf;ft[k;.
2
Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;f'; fSk; fUj;Jk;
1.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;f';fSk; fUj;Jk;
Rw;Wyh xU Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. czt[/ ,Ug;gplk;

Mfpatw;iwj; njo gz;ila kdpjd; xU ,lj;;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU
,lj;jpw;Fr;brd;whd;. ,jpypUe;J jhd; Rw;Wyh vDk; thh;j;ij Vw;gl;lJ.
,J rkPg fhyj;jpy; njhd;wpaJ jhd;. rpwe;j nguhrphpah;fs; kw;Wk;
bghUshjhu ty;Ydh;fs; ,jw;F tpsf;fk; mspj;Js;sdh;. Rtp!; ehl;od;
nguhrphpah;fshd Qd;#pfh; (Hunziker) kw;Wk; fpuhg;l; (Kraft) Mfpnahh;
1942 Mk; Mz;L Rw;Wyhtpw;F rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ij mspj;jdh;. mth;fs;
Twpdh/; "gazj;jpy; Vw;gLk; epfH;r;rpfs; mjd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l midj;Jk;
Rw;Wyh MFk;. kw;Wk; me;epah;fs; (gazk; nkw;bfhs;gth;fs;) Xhplj;jpy;
j';Fifapy;/ epiyahf m';F j';Ftijnah my;yJ Cjpak; jUk;
braYld; bjhlh;ngh ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJt[k; Rw;Wyh MFk;.
1.1.1 tpsf;fk;
Rw;Wyh vd;w brhy; yj;jPd; brhy; ?h; (Tour) vd;gjpypUe;J

njhd;wpaJ. mjd; bghUs; kf;fs; xU ,lj;jpypUE;J kw;bwhU ,lj;jpw;F
brd;W/ g[wg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;F te;J miltijf; Fwpj;jJ. Rw;Wyh vd;why;
gazpapd; gazk; (Tourist Travel) vd;gJ bghUs;. khnjrd; kw;Wk;
thy; vd;gth;fspd; Tw;Wg;go/ "Rw;Wyh vd;gJ kf;fs; FWfpa fhyj;jpy;
jh';fs; gzpg[hpa[k; trpf;Fk; ,lj;jpypUe;J ntW ,lj;jpw;F brd;W m';F
j';fp j';fSf;nfw;w trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tjhFk;".
,r;NH;epiyapy;/ gazp vd;gth; ahh; vd;gijj; bjhpe;J bfhs;tJ

mtrpak;. nkny brhy;yg;gl;l tpsf;fk; bjspthf cs;sJ; gazp
vd;gth; xU FWfpa fhyk; gazk; bra;gth; vd;W Rw;Wyh thh;j;ijia
epiwt[ bra;a gazpf;Fk; xUth; ,uz;L epiyfis g{h;j;jp bra;a
ntz;oath;fshf cs;sdh;.
m) Kjypy; tPl;oy; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fj;jhd;.

M) ,uz;lhtJ ,f;FWfpa fhyj;jpy; bryt[ bra;ag;gLk;
bjhif tPl;oypUe;J bfhz;L brd;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; (gpw
,l';fspy;bgw;wjy;y).
Rw;Wyh vd;w brhy; tpLKiw ehl;fspy; ,l';fisg; ghh;f;fg;

gazk;bra;jy; vd;W ek;ik vz;z itf;fpwJ. Rw;Wyh vd;why; vijr;
3
rhpahff; Fwpf;Fk; kw;Wk; ahh; Rw;Wyhg;gazp/ ahh; Rw;Wyh gazp
,y;iy vd;gJ Fwpj;J gy ntWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd.
Rw;Wyh vd;why; kf;fs; j';fs; brhe;j tPLfspypUe;J FWfpa

fhyj;jpy;/ jw;fhypfkhf Fwpg;ghf Rw;Wyh nehf;fj;Jld; ntW ,lj;jpw;F
brd;W ghh;g;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;epiyapy; ,uz;L fUj;Jf;fis ehk;
Mnyhridapy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. Kjypy;/ Rw;Wyhtpd;
bghUs; tpsf;fk; jd;Dila ehl;onyna xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU
,lj;jpw;F gazpahf kf;fs; bry;tij ehk; vLj;Jf;bfhs;syhk;.
,uz;lhtjhf ,jd; bghUs; kf;fs; xU ehs; kl;Lk; tPl;il tpl;L

FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F/ btspna brd;W tUtij gazj;jpd; gFjpahf ehk;
bfhs;syhk;.
giHa mfuhjpapd; go Rw;Wyhit gazj;jpd; bfhs;if kw;Wk;

eilKiw vd g[hpe;Jbfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhd;
cy;yhrkhfg; gazk; bra;tJ Rw;Wyh vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ kw;Wk;
M';fpnyah;fs; jhd; Kjypy; mjid eilKiwapy; bfhz;Lte;jdh;.
19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; ,ilg;gFjpapy; jhd; gazpfs; mjpf mstpy;
j';fs; tPLfspypUe;J gpw ,l';fSf;Fg; gaz';fs; brd;wdh;.
mjpfj; njitapd; mog;gilapy; jw;fhypf eltof;iffs; fhw;W

(Change of air), mHF/ kfpH;r;rp kw;Wk; ,aw;if ,tw;iw cs;slf;fpa
Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wpa ,d;iwa fUj;Jk; cs;sd.
,g;goa[k; Rw;Wyh th;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gazj;jpd; tpisthf

Vw;gLk; Fwpg;gpl;l bray;fspd; xl;L bkhj;j rk;ge;jKk; kw;Wk;
Rw;Wyhtpy; gazk; nkw;bfhs;nthhpd; jw;fhypfkhfj; j';Fk; ,lk;
Mfpait ,uz;L tpra';fspy; rk;ge;jg;gl;oUg;gJ bjspthf cs;sJ;
m) bghUshjhu rk;ge;jKs;s xd;W gazp jdf;F ntz;oa

nritia gzk; bfhLj;J bgw;Wf; bfhs;fpwhd;.
M) bghUshjhu rk;ge;jkw;w xd;W gazpfs;/ fyhr;rhu bjhlh;g[
bfhz;oUg;gJ.
bgy;$pak; ehl;od; Mh;onkah; TWfpwhh;/ "Rw;Wyh vd;gJ xl;L

bkhj;jkhf kdpj ,af;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; eltof;iffs; tpUg;gj;ijg;
g{h;j;jp bra;tjw;fhf Vw;gLfpd;wd. M!;jphpa nguhrphpah; bgh;bdf;fh;
4
(Prof. Bernecker) fPH;fz;lthW tpsf;fj;ij vspikg;gLj;jpdhh;.
"bjhHpy; hPjpahf/ thzpf hPjpahf ,d;W FWfpa fhyj;jpy; jhdhfnt
j';Fkplj;ij khw;wpapUg;gJld; bjhlh;ghd bkhj;j rk;ge;jj;ija[k;
Fwpg;gJjhd; Rw;Wyh".
1. FoapUg;gpy;yhjthpd; gazk;
2. jw;fhypfkhfj; j';Fjy;
3. bjhHpy; my;yJ thzpg nehf;f';fs; ,y;yhjpUj;jy;
gazk; vd;gJ gpwpbjhU tifapy;/ fhyhnyh/ thfdj;jpd;

\ykhfnth ve;jtpj nehf;fKk; ,d;wp xhplj;jpypUe;J bry;Yjy;
gazj;ij cs;slf;fpa[s;sJ. ,Ugj;jp ehd;F kzpf;Ff; Fiwthf
xhplj;jpy; j';Fk; xU gazk; nkw;bfhs;gth; Rw;Wyhg;gazp my;y/ mth;
xU cy;yhrg; gazp Mthh;.
1.1.2 Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; bghUs;
gj;jhk; E}w;whz;od; mfuhjpapy; Rw;Wyhg; gazp gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

xU kdpjd; mtdJ Mh;tj;jpd; fhuzkhf gazpf;fpwhd;/ vd;fpwJ
Vbddpy; mtDf;F mijtplr; rpwg;ghfr; bra;a ntW xd;Wk; ,y;iy
vd;fpwJ. a[dpth;ry; mfuhjp TWfpwJ: "Mh;tj;jpd; fhuzkhft[k;
ntof;iff;fhft[k; my;yJ jhd; gazpj;jijg; gpwhplk; brhy;tjw;fhft[k;
gazpg;gtd; Rw;Wyhg; gazp." xU btspehl;Lg; gazp vd;gth; 24 kzp
neuj;jpw;F Fiwt[glhkYk; 6 khj fhyk; cah;e;j gl;rkhft[k; jd;
ehl;ilj; jtpu gpw btspehLfspy; j';fpapUf;f ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
tpsf;fj;ij cyf Rw;Wyh mikg;g[ nkk;gLj;jpa[s;sJ jw;bghGJ ,J
100 cWg;g[ ehLfisf; bfhz;L tps';FfpwJ. ,e;jpaht[k; mt;tikg;gpy;
xd;whFk;.
btspehl]L Rw;Wyhg; gazp vd;gjd; bghUs;fisf; Rw;Wyh

mikr;rfk; tpsf;fpa[s;sJ. mjd; go xU btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazp
vd;gth; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;J btspehl;Lg; gh!;nghh;l;Lld; ,e;jpahtpy;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; 24 kzp neuk; j';fpapUg;gth; kw;Wk; mtuJ gazj;jpd;
nehf;fk; Xa;thf/ thzpgj;jpw;fhf/ FLk;gj;Jld; tUjy; kw;Wk;
Tl;lj;jpy; fye;J bfhs;s tUjy; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;oUg;gjpy; VnjDk;
xd;whf ,Uf;fyhk;. nkny Twg;gl;l tifapy; xU Rw;Wyhg; gazp jd;
ehl;ow;F ntWghlhd bghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; Kiwa[ld; cs;s
5
ehl;oy; gazk; bra;tJ kw;Wk; vy;iyfisj; jhz;Ltjw;F chpa
Mtz';fisg; gazpfs; itj;jpUf;fntz;Lk; vd;W nfhUfpwJ.
xU rpy nfh#';fs; kw;Wk; rpe;ijiag;gw;Wk; thh;j;ijfs;

Rw;Wyht[ld; bjhlh;g[ilajhf MfpapUf;fpd;wd. ,itfs; rpy
gad;ghLfisg; btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Rw;Wyh cs;slf;fpapUg;gJ.
 g[ifapy;yh bjhHpw;rhiy
 tFg;giwfs; ,y;yhj fy;tp
 rl;lkpy;yhj xUikg;ghL
 xG';FKiwapy;yh murpay; jpwk;.
1.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; fUj;J
Rw;Wyh vd;w thh;j;ij jw;fhyj;jpy; njhd;wpaJ. yj;jPd;

brhy;yhd lhh;kp!; (Tormis) vd;gjpypUe;J fp.gp.1292y; te;jJ. Rw;Wyh
vd;w thh;j;ijapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cyf Rw;Wyh vd;gjd; Mjhukhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
Qd;#pfh; kw;Wk; fpuhg;l; Mfpnahhpd;go gazj;jpypUe:J

Vw;gLk; bkhj;j cwt[ me;epah;fspd; j';Fk; ,lk; Rw;Wyh MFk;.
mt;thW j';Fkplk; epiyahd trpg;gplnkh my;yJ Cjpak; jUk;
tpraj;Jlndh bjhlh;g[ilajy;y.
mbkhpf;fhtpd; Rw;Wyhit gw;wpa ghlj;jpy; Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd

kw;bwhU tpsf;fk; jUfpwJ. mJ TWfpwJ. Rw;Wyh vd;gJ xU
cy;yhrkhd bray; mjpy; xU ,lj;jpy;; rk;ghjpj;J/ mjidr; kw;w
Rw;Wyh ,l';fspy; brytHpg;gjhFk;.
nkny brhd;d Rw;Wyhtpd; fUj;J Kothff; TWtJ gazk;

nkw;bfhs;gth; mth; FoapUf;Fk; gFjpia tpl;L ntbwhU gFjpapy;
j';Ftij Rw;Wyh vdg;gLfpwJ. j';FtJ FWfpa fhyj;jd;ikia
bfhz;lJ. mth;fs; j';fpapUf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; mth;fs; gy;ntW
eltof;ifapy; <LgLfpd;wdh;. mt;thW j';FtJ bghUs; <l;Lk;
eltof;ifa[lndh my;yJ bghUshjhu eltof;ifr; bray;fSlndh
bjhlh;g[ cilajy;y.
6
gy bghUs; tpsf;f';fSk;/ tphpj;Jiuf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fSk; gy
vGj;jhsh;fshy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. bQh;kd; tp!;Tyh;!; vDk; M!;jphpa
bghUshjhu epg[zh; Rw;Wyh gw;wpf; TWfpwhh;. "xl;Lbkhj;j eilKiwfs;
Kf;fpakhf xU bghUshjhuj; jd;ika[ld; neuoahfj; j';Fjy; kw;Wk;
VnjDk; xU ehl;oy; efhpy; my;yJ gFjpapy; btspehl;odh;fspd;
bray;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ (1910)". A.K.ghl;oahtpd; Tw;Wg;go/
"Rw;Wyh vd;gJ jdpahf eilbgwhJ mJ rpy mk;r';fis mjDs;
bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mjhtJ nghf;Ftuj;J thfdk;/ rpW gug;g[ila ,lk;
kw;Wk; j';Fk; ,lk;.
vdnt Rw;Wyh gy nrh;e;J cUthd xU fyit Rw;Wyh

gazpfs; jh';fs; Rw;wpg;ghh;f;f te;jpUf;Fk; ,l';fspy; me;epah;fshf
,Uf;fpd;wdh;. Rw;Wyh vd;gJ KGf;f KGf;f xU cy;yhr eltof;if/
mjpy; gazp jd; gzj;ijj; jhd; brd;W ghh;f;Fk; ,lj;jpy;
brytHpf;fpwhd;.
tpsf;fg;glk;
gazpfs;
gazp gazp my;yhjth;

1. nghh; mjpfhhpfs;
2. J}Jth;fs;
3. murh';f mjpfhhpfs;
4. bjhHpyhsh;fs;
5. khzth;fs;
kfpH;r;rpia nehf;fkhff; kfpH;rr

; pia nehf;fkhf
bfhz;l gazp bfhs;shj gazp
1. bghGJ nghf;F 1. tpahghhp
2. tpLKiwapdh; 2. fy;tp/ fyhr;rhu rka Rw;Wyhg;
3. cy;yhrg; gazp gazp
3. bjhHpy; hPjpahd Rw;Wyhg; gazp
4. fUj;ju';F Rw;Wyh
7
c';fs; Kd;ndw;wj;ijr; nrhjpj;jwpa[k; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw njhd;wpaJ
m) 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L M) 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L
,) 18 Mk; E}w;whz;L <) 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L
2. Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3. Rw;Wyhtpd; gFjpfshf tps';Fgit ahit>
4 Rw;Wyhtpd; \d;W epiyfs; ahit>
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
gy;ntW nehf;f';fSf;fhfr; Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wpa tpsf;fKk/;

bjspthd fUj;Jk; kpft[k; mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. mjd; nehf;fj;ij
tpsf;FtJ. Kf;fpakhdJ tPl;il tpl;L brd;W njh;e;bjLj;j ntwplj;jpy;
j';Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l bray;fs; Rw;Wyh vd tpsf;fyhk;.
fiyr; brhw;fs;
Nomadic - kf;fs; xhplj;jpypUe;J kW ,lj;jpw;F bry;gth;
(gazk; bra;gth;)
Phemomenon - epiyahf ,Ug;gJ.
1. M) 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L
2. ,e;jg; gphptpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ghlg;gphpt[ 1.1I gad;gLj;Jf.
8
gphpt[ 2
Rw;Wyhtpd; jd;ika[k; rpwg;g[f; TWfSk;
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
2.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; jd;ika[k; rpwg;g[f; TWfSk;
2.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; mtrpakhd jd;ik
2.3 Rw;Wyhtpd; eltof;iffs;
2.4 Rw;Wyhtpd; rpwg;g[f; TWfs; (jdpg;gl;l ,ay;g[fs;)
2.4.1 Rw;Wyhf; fhuz';fs;
2.5 mog;gil gaz nehf;f';fs;
2.5.1 nehf;fk;
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr; brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
r\f/ rka kw;Wk; bghUshjhu fhuzkhf kf;fs; Tl;lkhfg;
gazpf;fpd;wdh;. ,d;iwa nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; bjhiyj; bjhlh;g[
rhjd';fspd; tUifahy; ehk; ,d;W gazj;ij xU kfpH;r;rpfukhd
mDgtkhff; fhz;fpnwhk;. kfpH;tpw;fhfg; gazpg;gJ xU fth;r;rpahf
MfpapUf;fpwJ. kw;Wk; mjidg; gy kf;fs; vspjpy; milaf;Toajhf
cs;sJ.
nehf;f';fs;
bfhs;s Koa[k;.
 Rw;Wyhtpd; jd;ikia mwpat[k;/
 Rw;Wyhtpd; mtrpaj; jd;ik gw;wp tpsf;ft[k;/
 Rw;Wyhtpd; mk;r';fis th;zpf;ft[k; ,aYk;.
2.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; jd;ika[k; rpwg;g[ TWfSk;
Rw;Wyh xU gd;Kf eltof;ifahFk;. njrpa thH;tpd; vy;yh

epiyfisa[k; mJ bjhlh;g[ bfhs;fpwJ. njrPa kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L
Rw;Wyhtpd; mog;gilf; fUj:J kpFe;j/ bjhlh;r;rpahd Kd;ndw;wj;ijf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. ,d;iwa gazp xU tphp;e;j r\fg; gpd;dzpapypUe;J
tUfpwhh;. mtuJ tpUg;gk; kpft[k; ntWgl;ljhf cs;sJ kw;Wk; mtuJ
xa;t[ neuk; xU tiuaiwf;F cl;gl;ljhf cs;sJ. bghGJnghf;F
gHf;f';fs; tzpfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. bghJ kf;fSf;F xa;t[ neuk;
fpilf;fpwJ. bgUk;ghyhd kf;fs; ,g;bghGJ btspehLfSf;Fr;
bry;fpd;wdh;. m';F tpaf;fj;jf;f may; ehLfSf;Fhpa kiynaWjy;/
kiyr;rWf;Fjy;/ jz;zPUf;foapy; ePe;Jjy; ,d;Dk; gpwtw;wpy; fye;J
bfhs;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; Fjpiurthhp bra;jy;/ glF xl;Ljy/; RLjy;
kw;Wk; ,J nghd;w gpwtw;iw tpUk;g[fpd;wdh;. r\fr; Rw;Wyh epiwe;j
vz;zpf;ifa[s;s gazpfis Kd;ndwhj/ bjhlh;g[ mjpfkw;w
gFjpfSf;Ff; bfhz;L bry;fpwJ.
Rw;Wyh kfpH;r;rp/ tpLKiw gazk; kw;Wk; v';nfDk; bry;Yjy;

my;yJ tUjy; Mfpatw;Wld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j nehf;f';fs;
kf;fis j';fspd; tHf;fkhd gzp bra;a[k/; trpf;Fk; ,l';fspypUe;J
g[wg;gl;L FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F gpw ,l';fSf;F bfhz;L bry;fpwJ.
nuhkpy; eilbgw;w Rw;Wyh gw;wpa khehl;oy; Rw;Wyhit xUtd;
tHf;fkhf trpf;Fk; ,lj;jpypUe;J xU njrj;ijg; ghh;f;fr; bry;tijj;
Fwpf;Fk; vd;W tpsf;fpaJ.
Rw;Wyh vd;gJ Xa;thff; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 24 kzp neuk; gazp

j';Fk;bray;/ tzpfk;;/ FLk;gkhfr; Rw;Wyh bry;Yjy; kw;Wk; Tl;lj;jpy;
fye;J bfhs;Sjy; Rw;Wyh MFk.; Rw;Wyh vd;gJ cy;yhrg; gazp;
jw;fhypf tpUe;jhspahf 24 kzp neuj;jpw;F Fiwthfj;j';Fk; bray;
MFk;.
2.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; mtrpakhd jd;ik
 kf;fspd; bray;fs/; bry;yy;/ j';fy;/ Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Rw;Wyh

vGfpwJ.
 Rw;Wyhtpy; caph;g;gs
[ ;s TWfs; cs;sd. gpw ,l';fSf;Fg;
gazpj;jy; kw;Wk; m';F j';Fjy;
10
Rw;Wyhtpd; jd;ika[k; rpwg;g[ f; TWfSk;;
 tHf;fkhf gzp bra;a[k; ,lj;jpypUe;J btspna gazk; bra:J
ntW ,lj;jpy;j';Fjy;/ mt;thW bra;tjhy; Rw;Wyh mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 btspapl';fSf;Fr; bry;Yjy;/ FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fj; j';Fjy;/ rpy

ehl;fspy; thu';fspy; my;yJ khjj;jpy; tPl;Lf;Fj; jpUk;g[jy;.
 epue;jukhf FoapUf;fnth my;yJ rk;ghjpf;fnth ,y;yhky; gpw

,l';fisg; ghh;gg
; jw;fhfnt bry;Yjy;.
2.3 Rw;Wyhtpd; eltof;iffs;
Rw;Wyh xU Kd;ndwpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; bjhHpw;rhiy. Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfs; jh';fs; gazpf;Fk; ehLfspy; gpy;ypad; lhyh;fisr;
brytHpf;fpd;wdh;. eltof;iffis (bray;fis) \d;whf
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
1. me;epad; (Non resident) nkw;bfhs;Sk; gazk;

2. xU jw;fhypf j';Fjy; (A temporary stay)
3. rk;ghjpg;gpy;yhj j';Fjy ; (Stay wit no earnings)
Rw;Wyh xU fyit epfH;r;rpahFk;. mJ re;njh#khf ,Ug;gjw;F

mtrpakhdJ. cyfpy; Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mjpfhpj;Jf;bfhz;nl
,UF;fpwJ vd;gij vtUk; kWf;f ,ayhJ.
Rw;Wyhtpdhy; bghUshjhu ed;ik mjp[fk; cs;sJ. ehLfspd;

Kf;fpakhd bghUshjhu ed;ikfs; btspehl;Lg; gaz';fis
tUthahfg; bgUtjhFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; Rw;Wyh xU tiuaiwf;F
cl;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; brytHpf;f Koa[k; vd;w epiy xU
rpyUf;nf chpajhfnt ,Ue;jJ.
Rw;Wyh vDk; thh;j;ijia ehk; epidf;Fk; nghJ ehk;

Kf;fpakhf ,l';fisg; ghhf;f/ ez;gh;fisa[k; cwtpdh;fisa[k;
ghh;f;f/ tpLKiwfs; vLj;Jf;bfhz;L ntW ,l';fSf;Fr; bry;Yk;
kf;fisg;gw;wp vz;qfpnwhk;. btt;ntW ,l';fSf;F bry;tJ nghf/
gy tzpf/ r\f kw;Wk; bghJ epiyfSk; Rw;Wyhtpy; ml';fpa[s;sJ.
xU bjhHpw;rhiy nghd;W Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk; gyjug;gl;lit. mJ
Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fj; J}z;L nfhyhft[k; fyhr;rhu kuig bgWtnjhL
ehl;od; bghUshjhuj;ija[k; tsh;f;fpwJ.
11
Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpy; gpw bjhHpy;fs; kPJ gy;Kid ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj:Jtjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. bry;tj;ij khw;Wtjd; \yk; gaDs;s
fUtpahf ,J bray;gLfpwJ. ,e;j bjhHpy; cyf mstpy; bjhHpy;
tha;gi
; g Vw;gLj;jp kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd kf;fs; ntiy bgwr;
bra;Js;sJ. ,e;jj; bjhHpy; jhd; ,aw;if ts';fis fhypbra;ahky;
me;epar; bryhtdpia <l;oj;jUfpwJ.
tpkhdj;js';fs;/ rhiyfs;/ jz;zPh; tpepnahfk; kw;Wk;

bghJkf;fs; gad;bgWk; fl;Lkhd mikg;gf
[ spd; tsh;rr
; pf;Fk;/
Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; Rw;Wyh Kf;fpa g';nfw;W brayhw;wp tUfpwJ.
,t;tpjk; vy;yhjug;g[ kf;fspd; thH;f;ifj; juj;ija[k;nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
Rw;Wyh/ mog;gilapy; xU fyhr;rhu epfH;r;rpahFk;. mJ vg;bghGJk;
fyhr;rhuj;ij nkk;gLj;j brayhw;WfpwJ. ,d;W mjpf mstpyhd
kf;fs; gy ehLfSf;Fr; brd;W fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; kug[ gw;wp mwpfpd;wdh;.
Rw;Wyh gz;ila epidt[r; rpd;d';fs;/ bjhy;bghUs; bghf;fp#';fs;
Mfpatw;iwg; bgWtjw;F xU ehl;ow;F neuoahft[k; kiwKfkhft[k;
cjt[fpwJ. ,J Rw;Wg;g[wj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjhy; ,aw;if mHF mg;gona
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J kug[ tHf;fk;/ jpUtpHhf;fs; kw;Wk; eld';fs;
Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; g[j;Japh; bfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ.
fle;j fhyj;jpy; nkw;bfhz;l gazj;jpd; jd;ikapypUe;J

,g;bghGJ ,Uf;Fk; Rw;Wyh epiwe;j jdpj;jd;ikiag; bgw;W
tpj;jpahrkhf cs;sJ. ,J gue;Jgl;l mstpy;cwt[fs; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
rhjhuzkhf trpf;Fkplj;jpypUe;J kf;fs; gpw ,l';fSf;Fr; bry;tJ
Rw;Wyh MFk; vd Rw;Wyh tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rw;Wyh cyfpy; ntfkhf tsh;e;J tUk;bjhHpyhf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

bgw;wpUf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf gyjug;gl;l ed;ikfspd; fhuzkhf
tps';FfpwJ bry;Yk; ,lj;ij my;yJ ,yf;if cWjpgLj;JfpwJ.
gazk; nkw;bfhs;gth;fSk; kw;Wk; cyfstpy; xl;L bkhj;jkhd g[tp
murpay; NH;epiy fhg;gJ nghd;wit. cz;ikapy; Rw;Wyhit mjd;
gue;J gl;l nehf;fpy;/ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk; jd;ikia
tsh;f;fpwJ. kf;fSf;F ntiyfisj; jUfpwJ. me;epar; bryhtzpia
cUthf;FfpwJ kw;Wk; gpw ve;j bghUshjhu rf;jpiaa[k; tpl
thH;f;ifj;juj;ij cah;j;JfpwJ.
12
2.4 Rw;Wyhtpd; rpwg;g[f; TWfs; (jdpg;gl;l ,ay;g[fs;)
Rw;Wyh rpy Fz';fs; cilajhf cs;sJ. xU thh;j;ijiar;

rhpahf tpsf;Ftjw;F Kd;g[ ,tw;iw (mjd; Fz';fis) gw;wp mwpaj;
njit Vw;gLfpwJ. gazk;/ ,d;iwa ehspy;/ gy nehf;f';fSf;fhft[k;/
gy fhuz';fSf;fhft[k; Vw;gLfpwJ. j';fs; ehLfspy; kl;Lkpd;wp
gpwehLfspYk; gzpf;fhft[k; kw;Wk; kfpHr;rpa[ld; ,Uf;ft[k; kf;fs;
gazk; bra;fpd;wdh;.
Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpiy tpsf;FtJ fodk;/ Vbddpy; mJ

vy;yhtw;iwa[k; cs;slf;fpa[s;sJ. thzpgk; tzpfh;fspd;
njitfisg; g{h;j;jp bra;fpwJ. gazp brytHpf;Fk; xt;bthd;Wk;
Rw;Wyhj;bjhHpiy Kd;ndw;Wtjw;Fk; tsg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjd;
g';fspg;igj; jUfpwJ. gazk; vd;why; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F btspna
bry;Yjy; vd;W mh;j;jk; ,Ue;jhYk; nehf;fj;Jld; ,lj;ijg;
KGikahfg; ghh;j;jy; vd;W Twyhk;. xU gazp (tpLKiw vLg;gth;)
tpLKiwapy; mth; btspapy; brd;W jdJ gzj;ij brytpLfpwhh;.
mth; fPH;fz;l nritfis gzk; brytHpj;Jg; bgWfpwhh;.
2.4.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; fhuzpfs;

 jha;ehL
 uapy;nt epiyaj;jpw;F my;yJ g!; epiyaj;jpw;F lhf;!p
bry;Yjy;
 Rik J}f;Fgth; (nghh;lh;)
 Rik J}f;Fgth; (nghh;lh);fSf;Fg; gzk;
 uapy; my;yJ ngUe;J gazr;rPlL
 gj;jphpiffs; g[j;jf';fs; th';Fjy;
 czt[ tpLjpfSf;F bry;Yjy;
 Mfha tpkhdk;
 tpLKiwapy; j';Fk; tpLjpfSf;Fr; bry;Yjy;
 Rik J}f;Fgthpd; (nghh;lh;) gzp/ nQhl;lYf;F lhf;!p bry;Yjy;/
 gaz Kfth; (Vb$d;l); \ykhf nQhl;lhiy g[f; bra;jy;
 cy;yhrkhf ,Uf;fr; bryt[ bra;jy;
 ePr;ry; Fsk;/ bld;dp!; nfhh;l;Lfs;/ kw;Wk; gpw tpisahl;Lfs;
13
 cs;,l';fSf;Fg; nghf tu fhh; my;yJ hpf;#h trjp
 gf;fj;jpYs;s ,l';fSf;F cy;yhr gazk; nkw;bfhs;sr;
brytHpj;jy;
 ghidfis th';Fjy;/ mzpaf;Toa cs;~h; bjhHpy; bghUl;fs;
 fhyzp gGJ ghh;j;jy;/ cyh; ryit/ Ko jpUj;Jnthh; MfpnahuJ
gzpfs;
 fhgp kw;Wk; O filfSf;Fr; bry;Yjy;
 cs;Sh; tHpfhl;ofs;/ cs;Sh; epfHr;r;fps;/ kw;Wk; tpHhf;fs;
 rhpj;jpug; g[fH;bgw;w ,l';fs; kw;Wk; mHfhd ,l';fs;
 fhh; ghh;f;Ffis gh';f; kw;Wk; jghy; epiya';;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
 nQhl;ly;fspy ; urPJ brYj;Jjy;
 jhafk; jpUk;g[jy;
 czt[ th';f nQhl;ly;fspy; gzk;brYj;Jjy;
 gGJ ghh;g;gjw;fhd urPJ
 jz;zPh; urPJ
 thfd';fs; Xl;Lgth;fspd; rk;gsk;
 vhpbghUs; bryt[ guhkhpg;g[
 thfd';fspd; kjpg;g[ ,Hg;g[ fzf;fply;
 epiyahd kw;Wk; xg;ge;j gzpahsh;fs;
 rhiy kw;Wk; r\fg; gzpf;fhFk; guhkhpg;g[r; bryt[fs;
nkny cs;s gFg;ghuha;r;rp Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpy; gw;wpa mwpitj;

jUfpwJ. nkYk; gy;ntW bjhHpy;fs; mjpy; ml';fpa[s;sJ/ bjhHpypd;
cl;gphpt[fshy; th';fg;gLk; gzk;/ tzpfh;fs;/ filf;fhuh;fs;/
thfdj;ij ,af;Fgth;fs; kw;Wk; gpw. ,J tot';fspy; bray;gLfpwJ.
nQhl;ly; elj;Jgth;fs; czt[f;Fhpa bghUl;fis cs;Sh; filfspy;
th';fr; brytHpg;gh; gGJghh;g;gjw;F brytpLth; kw;Wk; jz;zPh;
kpd;rhuk; c#;zg;gLj:Jtjw;fhd xsp gpwtw;wpw;F gzk; brytpLth;.
thfd';is ,af;Fgth;fs; vhpbghUs; fl;lzk; guhkhpg;g[ nja;khdk;
Mfpatw;wpw;F bryt[ bra;gth; cs;~h; kw;Wk; nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfhhpfs;
rhiyfisg; guhkhpj;jy; kw;Wk; njitahd r\f gzpfisr; bra;a
brytpLth;.
14
Kf;fpakhd Rw;Wyhtpd; rpwg;g[j; jd;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
 Rw;Wyh aht[k; nrh;e;J xU fyitahFk;. mJ xd;W vd;gjw;F

gjpyhf ,uz;od; Tl:L vdyhk;.
 kf;fspd; braypypUe;J vGk; Fwpg;gpl;l bray;fs; kw;Wk; mJ
rk;ge;jkhdit bry;Yk; ,l';fs; j';Fk; ,l';fs;.
 Rw;Wyh xU tpj;jpahrkhd bray.; kf;fs; gazk; bra;fpd;wdh;.
gazKk; j';FtJk; ,uz;lhFk.; brd;wila[k; ,lk; rhjhuz
trpf;Fk; ntiy ghh;f;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F btspg;gFjpahFk;. ,t;thW
Rw;Wyhtpd; bray;fs; tpj;jpahrkhd ,l';fspy; gazpfs; gazk;
bra;fpd;wdh;. m';F mth;fs; j';Ffpd;wdh;. vdnt gazpf;Fk;
braYf;Fk; bghJthd braYf;Fk; ,ilna xU ntWghL vGfpwJ.
 kf;fspd; ,af;fk; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;FhpaJ mth;fs; rpy
ehl;fspnyna jpUk;g tpUk;gyhk;. rpy thu';fspnynah my;yJ
khj';fspnyh jpUk;gyhk;.
 Rw;Wyh xU Cjpaj;ijj; jUtjy;y. gy ,l';fs; Rw;Wyhg;
gazpahy; ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thW bry;tjw;F Cjpak;
jug;gLtjpy;iy. ntiy bgw ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gKk; ,y;iy
kw;Wk; thzpgk; my;yJ bjhHpy; bra;a ntz;oa vz;zKk;
mt;thW gazpg;gtUf;F ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 Rw;Wyh xU bjhHpw;rhiy my;y. mJ nghd;W re;ija[k; my;y. mJ
bghUl;fis cw;gj;jp bra;tjpy;iy/ Mdhy; nritfs; jUfpd;wd.
mJ KGikahf xU nrit bjhHpw;rhiy MFk;. mjpf mstpy;
bjhHpy;fs; cjhuzkhf nQhl;ly;fs;/ nghf;Ftuj;J gaz
Vb$d;rp kw;Wk; gpwtw;wpy; bjhHpy; tha;g;gf
[ is Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 ,j;bjhHpy; xU rpy gUtf;fhyj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk; jw;brayhd
ntiy kw;Wk; xU rpy fhyj;jpy; ntiyapd;ik Mfpait
,j;bjhHpypd; jdpj;jd;ikahFk;/ Fwpg;ghf j';Fk; tpLjpfs;
,Uf;Fk; ,l';fs;.
 khWgLk; fUj;J kw;Wk; thof;ifahsh;fspd; kndhepiyfs;
Mfpait ,j;bjhHpiy Mjpf;fk; brYj;JfpwJ.
2.5 mog;gil gaz nehf;f';fs;
Kjy; cyfg; nghUf;Fg;gpd; Fwpg;ghf bgUk;ghyhd kf;fs;

Rw;Wyh bry;y Muk;gpj;jt[ld;/ Vd; kf;fs; RW;Wyh gazpfshf
15
tpUk;g[fpd;wdh; vd;w gog;gpd; gy Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gl;oUf;fpd;wd.
bkf;ypd; nlh!; mog;gil gaz nehf;fKilath;fisf; fPH;fz;lthW
gphpf;fyhk; vd;W bjhptpj;jhh;.
1. cly; rhh;e;j nehf;Ffs;; ,itfs; cly; xa;t[ld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lit;

tpisahl;L kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l kUj:Jt bray;fs; aht[k;
jdpkdpjdpd; cly; Mnuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; cly; eyk; gw;wpaJ.
2. fyhr;rhu nehf;f';fs;; ,J jdpeghpd; gaz Mira[ld;

bjhlh;g[ilaJ/ gpw njr';fisg; gw;wp mwptJ/ mk;kf;fisg; gw;wp
kw;Wk; mth;fsJ fyhr;rhug; bgUikfs; fiy/ ,ir/ ,yf;fpak;/
ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs; kw;Wk; gpwtw;wpy; ,Ug;gtw;iw mwptnjhL
bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUf;fpwJ.
3. jdp;g;gl;l nehf;f';fs;; ,itfs; cwtpdh;fisg; ghh;f;fr;

bry;tjpy; bjhlh;gi
[ lad. ez;gh;fisf; fhzr; bra;jy; my;yJ
xUthpd; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; bry;Yjy;/ ntiyghh;gg
; th;
my;yJ mz;il tPl;odh; my;yJ g[jpa kf;fisf; fhqjy;/ g[jpa
ez;gh;fisg; bgWjy; my;yJ xnu khjphp md;whl ntiyapypUe;J
jg;gpj;jy; Mfpatw;iw rhh;e;jitahf ,Uf;Fk;.
kjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; nehf;f';fs;: jdpkdpjdpd; kjpg;gpd;

njitfnshL ,itfs; milahsk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J jdpeghpd;
Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F chpad. ,itfs; thzpgk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;
eyd;fSf;fhf/ fy;tp nehf;fj;jpw;fhf gazpg;gJld; bjhlh;g[ilad.
nknybrhy;yg;gl;lit ehd;F nehf;f';fspd; tifg;ghLfshFk;.

,tw;wpw;Fk; nkyhf tpthpg;gjhy; gy fhuz';fis ekf;Fj;juyhk;. Vd;
kf;fs; Rw;Wyhtpy; nkYk;nkYk; <LgLfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpe;J
bfhs;syhk;.
2.5.1 nehf;fk;
Rw;Wyhtpd; tif mjd; ghFghLfis gazj;jpd; nehf;fj;jpd;go

mwptjhy; vJ gazk; bra;tij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ/ vJ kf;fis gpw
bray;fistpl rpytw;iw kl;Lk; njh;e;bjLf;fr; bra;fpwJ vd;gij
bjhpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ. braYf;F gpd;dhy; vJ ,a';FfpwJ kw;Wk;
ve;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l mqFKiw/ elj;ij my;yJ Rw;Wg;g[wk; Miriaj;
J}z;lg;gLfpwJ vd;w tp#ak; Mnyhrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. nehf;fj;jpd;
16
bfhs;iff;F bghWg;gha; cs;s J}z;Ljy;fs; mog;gilapy;
kjpg;gs
[ ;sjhft[k; kw;Wk; kdpj eltof;ifia cgnahfKs;s
gFg;gha;tpd; \yk; mwpe;J bfhs;syhk;. bghJthf xU kdpjd; jdJ
tpUg;g';fis/ njh;t[fis/ mtdJ cs; czh;t[fis mwpa ntz;Lk;.
xU J}z;Ljy; jhd; kdpjid bghWg;ghf/ jPh;khdkhf ,Uf;fg;glt[k;
kw;Wk; ,jkhd fhhpa';fs; bra;a/ mitfs; mtDf;F kfpH;r;rpiaa[k;/
jpUg;jpiaa[k; mspg;gjhft[k; tps';FfpwJ.
Kf;fpakhd nehf;fj;jpd; tifg;ghLfs; kdpjh;fis gazpf;fr;

bra;af; fhuzpfshf tps';Fgit fPH;tUkhW.:
m) fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu nehf;f';fs;
m) gpw kf;fspd; thH;f;if Kiwiaf; fhz vt;thW mth;fs;

thH;fpwhh;fs;/ gzpg[hpfpwhh;fs;/ Mh;tj;ij vt;thW jpUg;jp
gLj;jpUf;fpwJ nghd;wtw;iw mwpjy;.
M) Fwpg;gpl;l ehLfisg; gw;wp mwpjy/; m';Fs;s ,aw;if

mHFfs/; fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; xUthpd; Rw;wpg;ghh;f;Fk;
Miriaj; jpUg;jpgLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iw mwpjy;.
,) rpwe;j mwpt[ bgw/ bra;jpfs; vd;d brhy;fpd;wd vd;gij

mwpa/
<) rpwg;ghd Mh;tKs;s epfH;r;rpfisg; ghh;j;jy;.
c) fyhr;rhu/ tp";"hd kw;Wk; bjhHpy; El;g epWtd';fisg;

ghh;itaply;/ fiy/ ,ir/ ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu
kug[fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J mtw;iwg; ghuhl;Ljy;.
C) fy;tpr;Rw;Wyh/ bjhHpy; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Mh;tj;ijj; jUk;

Rw;Wyh bry;Yjy.;
M) r\f kw;Wk; tuyhw;W nehf;f';fs;
m) tuyhw;Wld; rk;ge;jKila ,l';fisf; fhzy/; tuyhw;W

epidt[r; rpd;d';fisf; fhz/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf/ nuhkd;
kd;wk;/ bghJtpisahl;L mu';fk;/gpukpLfs;/ jh$;kQhy;
nghd;wit.
17
M) cyfpd; gy ghf';fisf; fhz ntz;Lk; vd;w r\f ehl;lk;
g[jpa kf;fisr; re;jpj;jy/; g[jpa kf;fSld; cwt[fis
tsh;j;jy; kw;Wk; g[jpa mDgt';fisg; bgWjy;
,) ez;gh;fisa[k; cwtpdh;fisa[k; fhzy;/ Rw;Wyhtpd;

kw;bwhU nehf;fk; FLk;gj;Jld; gazpg;gJ/ tpLKiw
ehl;fspy; FLk;gj;Jld; gazk; bra;tJ rpwe;jjhf cs;sJ.
<) jd;kjpg;ig cah;j;Jk; gaz';fis nkw;bfhs;Sjy;.
,) rka kw;Wk; ,d nehf;f';fs;
m) xUthpd; brhe;j rkaj;jpd; bjhlh;ghd ,l';fisf; fhzr;

bry;Yjy; my;yJ gpw g[dpj!;jy';fs; kw;Wk; rkaf;
Tl;l';fSf;Fr; bry;Yjy;.
M) xUthpd; \jhijah;fs; my;yJ FLk;gj;jpdUld;

bjhlh;g[ila ,l';fisf; fhzr; bry;Yjy; kw;Wk;/
,) xUthpd; FLk;gk; my;yJ ez;gh;fspd; (mth;fs; ,lk;

bgah;eJ
; brd;wpUf;fyhk;) ,l';fisf; fhzr; bry;Yjy;.
<) Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; tpisahl;L nehf;f';fs;
m) Rfhjhu ika';fs; kiy thr!;jy';fs; kw;Wk; cly;

eyj;jpw;F cfe;j ,l';Sf;Fr; bry;Yjy.;
M) nkhrkhd rPnjh#;z epiyfisj; jtph;j;J ey;y rPnjh#;z

epiya[s;s ,l';fSf;Fr;brd;W kfpH;t[ld; ,Uj;jy;.
,) Nhpa xsp bgw/ fly;fisf; fhqk; Mir/ ,aw;ifia

urpf;fj; jFe;j ,l';fSf;Fr; bry;Yjy.;
<) ntl;ilahLjy; kw;Wk;
c) g[jpa ,l';fisf; fz;Lgpoj;jy;.
c) Xa;t[ kw;Wk; cy;yhr nehf;f';fs;
m) Xa;btLf;f md;whl ntiyfspypUe;J/ kd mGj;jjpypUe;J

tpLgl;L xa;t[bgw bghUs;
M) ey;y tpLKiwiaa[k; ey;y neuj;ija[k; Vw;gLj;j.
18
,) g[jpa kndhhPjpahd mDgt';fisg; bgWjy; my;yJ
mqFKiwfis khw;w kw;Wk; g[jpa khWjyhd
epiyf;nfw;g mjidr; re;jpf;f g[jpa czt[ nghd;wit.
<) ,lkhw;wk; NHy;khw;wk;
c) bghGJnghf;F/ ePr;ry;/ kiy Vw;wk; gdpr;rWf;F kw;Wk;
C) ekJ bghGJnghf;F gHf;f';fs; xUtdJ gHf;fj;jpd;

kPJs;s tpUg;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf vj;jifa
,ila{WfshdhYk; bghUs; bryit Vw;gLj;jpdhYk;
xUtd; gazpf;f Kw;gLjy;
C) Cf;Ftpg;g[ kw;Wk; tzpf nehf;f';fs;
m) tpLKiwg; gpuahz';fs; rpwg;g[r; rYiffSk;

j';Fkpl';fspy; Fiwe;j bghUl; bryt[k; Vw;gLk;.
M) rpwg;ghd epiyfspy; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; gazk; kw;Wk;

FGf;fshfj; j';Ftjw;F trjpahd j';Fk; ,l';fs;.
,) tzpf my;yJ bjhHpy; fhuz';fs; gpuahzj;ij

Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.
<) murpay; epfH;r;rpfSf;F gazpj;jy;/ njrpa tpHhf;fs;/

gd;dhl;L khehLfs; kw;Wk; Tl;l';fs; my;yJ mYty;
epkpj;jkhd gaz';fs;.
1 24 kzp neuj;jpw;Ff; Fiwthf j';Fk; FWfpa fhy gazpapd;

braiy ,t;thW miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) Rw;Wyh M) cy;yhrg; gazk;
,) gazk; <) Rw;Wg; gazk;
2. Rw;Wyhtpd; mtrpakhd jd;ik gw;wp th;zpf;ft[k.;
3. Rw;Wyhtpd; jdpj;jd;ik gw;wp tpthp.
4. nehf;f';fspd; tiffis tpthp.
5. rka kw;Wk; ,dnehf;f';fs; Fwpj;J tpthp.
19
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
Rw;Wyh mjd; jd;ikahy; ehyhgf;fKk; gutpapUf;Fk; gy

fyitfspd; bray;ghLfisf; bfhz;lJ. gy \yf;TWfs; bfhz;L
jdpkdpjid cah;j;JfpwJ. ,r;bray; bghWg;g[zh;it tutiHf;fpwJ.
fiyr; brhw;fs;
ky;ongupa!; (Multifarious) - vz;zpf;ifapy; gy
bl!;onerd; (Destination) - mth;fs; bry;Yk; ,lk;.

1. M) cy;yhrk;
2. ,e;jg; gphptpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ghlg;gphpt[ 2.5.1I gad;gLj;Jf.
20
gphpt[ 3
Rw;Wyhtpd; \yf;TWfSk; bray;jpl;lKk;
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
3.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; \yf; TWfSk; bray;jpl;lKk;
3.1.1 fhuzf;TWfs;
3.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp
3.3 Rw;Wyhtpd; bray;jpl;lk;
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr; brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
Rw;Wyht[k;/ Rw;Wyhg; gazp vd;w thh;j;ijfs; md;whl thH;tpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gphpt[ Rw;Wyhtpd; fhuzf;TWfisa[k;
bray;jpl;lj;ija[k; gw;wpf; TWfpwJ. Rw;Wyhg; gog;gpy; Mh;tKs;stUk;
,ijg;gw;wp mwptJ mtrpakhFk;.
nehf;f';fs;
bfhs;s Koa[k;.
 btt;ntW \yk; TWfis mwpat[k;

 gpw rhh;e;j bjhHpy;fspd; gzpfs; gw;wp tpthpf;ft[k;/
 Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzf; TWfs; gw;wp tpsf;ft[k;/
 gpw fhuz';fs; gw;wp mwpat[k; ,aYk;.
3.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; \yf;TWfSk; bray;jpl;lKk;
Rw;Wyh xU Kd;ndWk; bjhHpyhFk;. mJ cyfpy; ehSf;F ehs;

khjj;jpw;F khjk; Mz;Lf;F Mz;L tsh;fpwJ. ,J xU kfpH;r;rpjUk;
brayhFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; Rw;Wyh xU rpyUf;F kl;Lnk (vth; mjw;fhd
bryt[ bra;a Koa[kh mtUf;F kl;Lnk) chpajhf tiuaiwf;F
cl;gl;oUe;jJ. gog;goahf Rw;Wyh gy tHpfspy; cyfk; KGtija[k;
fth;e;Js;sJ.
3.1.1 \yf;TWfs;
tpLKiw gog;goahfj; bjhHpyhsh;fspd; thH;t[ eydpd; xU

mtrpakhd gFjpahf MfpaJ. gy rl;l';fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhy; bjhHpy;
elj;Jk; eph;thfk; mjd; bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F tpLKiw tH';FtJ vd;gJ
xU flikahf MfpaJ. vdpDk; rk;gsj;Jld; Toa tpLKiwia
bkJthf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ btF$d Rw;Wyhtpd; rfhg;jj;ij
Kd;dwptpg;g[ bra;jJ. xa;t[ mjpfhpg;gjhy; kl;Lk; Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd
njit mjpfhpj;J tplhJ. cz;ikapy; gy r\f bghUshjhu
fhuzf;TWfs; Kf;fpakhf cs;sd. mitfs; tUkhW:
1. tUtha;
2 ,a';Fk; epiy
3. fy;tp
Rw;Wyh bghUshjhuf; fhuz';fshy; bry;thf;fpw;F

cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf rk;gsj;Jld; Toa tpLKiw kw;Wk;
cz;ikahd tUtha; mjpfhpj;jy; Mfpait. vdnt jhd; xa;t[f;Fg;
gpd;g[ ,uz;lhtJ Kf;fpa fhuzkhf tps';FfpwJ. tUthapd; epiy
Rw;Wyhit bry;thf;filar; bra;at[k;/ bghGJnghf;Ftjw;fhf fye;J
bfhs;tija[k; mjpfhpf;fr; bra;fpwJ. gy Ma;t[fs; ekf;Fj; bjhptpg;gJ
tUtha; mjpfhpg;g[ Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; g';nfw;ig mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Kd;ndw;wk; kf;fspd; ,af;fKk; mjpfhpj;Js;s
bjhiyj; bjhlh;g[ trjpa[k; btFthf tsh;rr
; paile;Js;sJ. g[jpa
ghijfs; kw;Wk; mjpntf jiutHp jpl;lg;gzpfspd; bray;fs;
mjpfhpj;Js;sd. Mfha tpkhdg;gazj;jpy; bgUk; Kd;ndw;wk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Rw;Wyh gazp ,g;bghGJ kpFe;j bjhiythd
gFjpf;Fk; Tl rpy kzpfspnyna mila Kotjhf ,d;W cs;sJ.
22
fy;tp kw;bwhU Kf;fpakhd r\f/ bghUshjhuf; fhuzpahFk;. mJ
gazk; nkw;bfhs;Sk; Mtiyj; J}z;LfpwJ. mjpff; fy;tp bgw;wth;fs;
btspapl';fSf;F mjpfk; gazk; bra;a trjpfSk; tha;g;g[fSk;/
cilath;fshf cs;sdh;. nkYk; gazk; nkw;bfhs;tjpy;
jPh;khdpg;gjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzpahf tps';FtJ tpiy. xU Fwpg;gpl;l
ehl;oy; gazk; bra;tjw;F tpiy Vw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf gazk;
bra;tjpy; jil Vw;glf;TLk;. vdnt gy gpuahz';fis Vw;ghL bra;a[k;
epWtd';fs; eph;zapf;Fk; bjhif mjpf Kf;fpak; tha;e;jjhFk;.
Inuhg;ghtpy; mjpfkhd Rw;Wyhg;gazpfs; !;bgapd;/ ,j;jhyp Mfpa
ehLfshy; bghpJk; ftug;gLfpwhh;fs;;. ,jw;F xU fhuzk; Fiwe;j
bryt[jhd;. !;bgapdpYk; ,j;jhypapYk; brhw;g brytpy; tpLKiwf;
fhyj;ijf; fHpf;fyhk;. b$h;kdp kw;Wk; gpuhd;!; ehl;oy; czt[
j';Fkplk; Mfpatw;wpw;F mjpf bryt[fs; bra;a ntz;oaJs;sJ.
bjd;fpHf;F Mrpah/ rp';fg;g{h; kw;Wk; gh';fh'; Mfpa ,l';fspy; brhw;g
brytpnyna tpLKiwfisr; brytpl Koa[k;. vdnt Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfspilna me;j ehLfs; kpft[k; gpugykhf cs;sJ.
3.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp

Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp fle;j Kg;gJ Mz;Lfshf ,Ue;J tUtjw;F
bghUshjhu fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; bjhHpy; El;gf; fhuz';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd
mitfshtd/
1. mjpf Xa;t[ neuk;
gd;dhl;L bjhHpy; r';fk;/ Fiwe;jgl;r rk;gsj;Jld; Toa

tpLKiwia eph;zapf;f xU rl;lj;ij 1949y; nkw;bfhz;lJ. ,J ePoj;j
tpLKiw ehs; Rw;Wg;gazj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; brd;wJ.
2. bjhHpw;rhiy Kd;ndw;wk;
mjpf mst[ bjhHpw;rhiy tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; efu';fspy; mjpfj;

bjhHpw;rhiyfs; Vw;gl;lJ. kf;fis ,aw;if fhl;rpfs; cs;s ,lj;ijj;
njor; bry;y itj;jJ. Rj;jkhd kiyapd; fhw;W cs;s ,l';fSf;F
kf;fs; tu tpUk;gpdh;.
3. nghf;Ftuj;Jg; g[ul;rp
tsh;e;j ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l nghf;Ftuj;J tsh;r;rp kf;fiisg;

gaz';fs; bra;a itj;jJ. mjpf kf;fSf;F ,g;bghGJ tpLKiwfs;
fpilj;jd.
23
4. fy;tpa[k; gz;ghLk;
fy;tp cybf';Fk; gutpajhy; kf;fSf;F Rw;Wyh bry;y ntz;Lk;

vd;w ,aw;ifahd Mh;tk; Vw;gl;lJ.
5. thH;f;ifj; juk; cah;jy;
tpiuthf Vw;gl;l bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp tsh;e;j ehLfspy;

kf;fspd; thH;f;ifj; juj;ij cah;j;jpapUf;fpwJ. ey;y tUthiaa[k;
je;Js;sJ. me;j tUthapd; xU gFjp jw;bghGJ Rw;Wyhtpw;Fk;
kfpH;rr
; pahf ,Uf;ft[k; brytplg;gLfpwJ.
6. tpsk;guKk; gjtp cah;t[k; - murh';f tpUg;gk;
gpw bghUl;fisg; nghy Rw;Wyhita[k; mnef murh';f';fs;

jPtpukhf nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd. E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfs;
Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpf;F mjpf <LghLk; Mh;tKk; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd.
If;fpa ehLfspd; mikg;gf
[ s; kw;Wk; ehLfs; Rw;Wyh trjpfis
tsh;f;f/ Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd Mf;fg;g{h;t trjpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; jpl;l';fs;
Mfpatw;iw Vw;gLj;j cjt[fpwJ.
3.3 Rw;Wyhtpd; bray;jpl;lk;
Rw;Wyh bry;y Rje;jpuk;
Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpYf;F ,J Kw;wpYk; mtrpakhdJ/ ,ij

ghJfhf;ft[k; tphpthf;ft[k; ntz;Lk;. gy khepy';fspy; ,jid
czh;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. rpy Fokf;fis btspehLfSf;F j';fs; Xa;t[f;
fhyj;jpy; bry;tjw;F vspik gLj;jpa[s;sJ.
Ra fy;tp
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; bghJthf ed;F fy;tp bgw;wth;fs;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg; nghUf;Fg;gpd/; fy;tp trjpfs; bgUfpa epiyapy;/
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; gy;ntW tpra';fs; gw;wpa mwpitg;
bgw;wpUf;fpd;wdh;.
mjpfg;goahd tUkhdj;ijr; brytHpf;Fk; Mw;wy;
mbkhpf;fh/ b$h;kdp/ ,';fpyhe;J/ M!;jpnuypah/ gpuhd;R/ fdlh

$g;ghd; kw;Wk; rpy ehLfspy; kf;fspd; jdpegh; tUkhdk; mjpfkhf
24
,Uf;fpwJ. mJ gy Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis Rw;Wyh bry;tjw;F
Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
tpHpg;g[zh;t[
cyfj;bjhlh;g[ Clfkhf tps';Fk; - bjhiyf;fhl;rp/ nuonah/

gj;jphpiffs; kw;Wk; mjpfhpj;J ,Uf;Fk; fy;tp eltof;iffs; Mfpait
vy;yhk; xd;W nrh;eJ
; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F xU rpwe;j tpHpg;gz
[ h;it
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
re;ijfs;
j';fs; jpwikf;nfw;g kf;fisj; j';fs; tpLKiwapy; btspehL

brd;W kfpH;r;rpahf ,Uf;f Cf;Ftpj;J RW;Wyhj; bjhHpypy; gyh;
<Lgl;Ls;sdh;.
tpUg;g';fs; mjpfhpj;jy;
mjpf tUtha;/ Fiwe;j ntiy neuk;/ rk;gsj;Jld; Toa

tpLKiw Mfpait Rw;Wyhtpd; njitiag; g{h;j;jp bra;fpwJ. tpLKiw
ehl;fspy; Rw;Wyh bry;y neuKk; gzKk; mjpfkhfr; brytplt[k;
KofpwJ.
fl;lzk;/ nghf;Ftuj;jpd; trjpa[k; jpwika[k;
fl;lzk; gazpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jnth my;yJ Cf;Ftpf;fnth

bra;a[k;. bghJthfg; nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfSk; mtw;wpd; jpwikahd
bray;ghLk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
Rw;Wyh nkk;ghLk; re;ija[k;
Rw;Wyh kpFe;j tsh;r;rp mile;Js;sJ. Rw;Wyhit elj;Jk;

jdpegh;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhit elj;Jk; epWtd';fs; njrpa Rw;Wyhit
mjpfhpf;fr; bra;Js;sd. gj;jphpf;iffs;/ r";rpiffs;/ jpiug;gl';fs;/
nuonahf;fs; bjhiyf;fhl;rpfs; bjhHpy;fs; gaz';fs; kw;Wk;
tpLKiwfs; gw;wpa tpra';fisj; bjhptpf;ft[k; xU Kf;fpa gzpiar;
bra;fpd;wd.
25
Rw;Wyh nkk;gLtjw;fhd mog;ilahd Kjd;ikahd tpra';fs;
fPH;tUkhW
 ey;y rPnjh#;z epiy bfhz;l ,l';fs;
ey;y rPnjh#;z epiya[ld; nghjpa btg;gKk; Nhpa xspa[k;

bgw;wpUf;Fk; Rw;Wyh ,lk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfisf; fth;e;jpGf;fpwJ.
,t;thW gy ,l';fs; ey;y rPnjh#;z epiya[ld; Kf;fpakhd
Rw;Wyh ,l';fshf tps';Ffpd;wd.
 ,aw;if fhl;rpfSk; ,aw;if mHFk;
Rw;Wyhtpd; kw;bwhU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf tps';FtJ ,aw;if

fhl;rpfspd; fth;r;rpfshFk;. kiyfs; kw;Wk; flw;fiug; gFjpfspd;
fhl;rpfs; xU tYthd fth;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,l';fisf;
fhqk; Rw;Wyh gazpfs; kpFe;j kfpH;r;rp bfhs;fpd;wdh;.
 trjpfs;
,uz;L tifahd trjpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 ,aw;if
 ,J flw;fiufs;/ Nhpaf; Fspay;/ kPd; gpoj;jy;/ fhl;rpfisf;

fz;L urpj;jy; kw;Wk; gpw.
 kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; trjpfs;
 Rw;Wyhtpw;F tUk; gazpfs; tpUk;g[k; bghGJnghf;F

epfH;r;rpfs/; g{';fhf;fs/ ePr;ry; Fs';fs;/ gRikahd
,l';fs/; rpdkh mu';Ffs; kw;Wk; ntof;if epfH;r;rpfs; ,J
cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.
 tuyhw;W kw;Wk; gz;ghLf; fhuz';fs;
vy;yh Rw;Wyh tpUk;gk

[ ; ehLfSk; j';fspd; tuyhw;W kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;L ey';fisg; gad;gLj;jf; jtWtjpy;iy. ,J gy Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfis btFthff; ftUfpwJ.
 fhqk; tha;g;g[k; kw;Wk; vspjpy; fpilf;ff; ToaJk;
mUfhikahft[k; fhqk; tha;g;gk

[ ; Rw;Wyhtpd; mog;gil
\yf;TWfshFk;. tpkhd';fs; gazj;ij g[ul;rpfukhdjhf
26
Mf;fpa[s;sJ. gyfhyk; bry;y Koahj gFjpfSf;F ,d;W
vspjhfr; bry;y Kofpd;wJ.
 j';Fk; trjpa[k; tpUe;njhk;gYk;
gy Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; xnu ,lj;jpw;F te;J j';Ftjw;F xU

Kf;fpakhd fhuzk; cah;ju nQhl;ly;fs;/ mitfs; rpwe;j
czt[/ miwfs; kw;Wk; gy trjpfisj; jUfpd;wd.
 gpw fhuz';fs; (ghJfhg;g[/ Rj;jk; kw;Wk; gpw)
 xU ehl;oy; cs;sth;fs; el;g[ hPjpahf gpwehl;oypUe;J tUgth;fis

tuntw;W mth;fsJ tpLKiw ,d;gkhf fHpf;f cjt[fpd;wdh;.
gpwehLfspd; bkhHpfs; bjhpahjjhy; btspehl;lth; tprhhpj;J
mwpe;J bfhs;s ,aYk; ,l';fs;/ trjpfs/; filfs; kw;Wk; gpw
gapw;rp bgw;w jpwikahd gaz cjtpahsh; kw;Wk; cs;Sh;
tHpfhl;ofs; njitg;gLfpd;wdh;. Toa kl;Lk; btspehl;Lg;
gazpfSf;F Vw;gLk; tw;g[Wj;jy;fshd gh!;nghh;l; njit/
tprhf;fs; ,Jnghd;wtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; rpuk';fisf; Fiwf;fnth
ePf;fnth bra;a ntz;Lk;. gpw ,ila{Wfis kpff;Fiwthd
mstpw;F Fiwf;f ntz;Lk;.

1. rk;gsj;Jld; Toa tpLKiw ,jw;F tHptFf;Fk;.
m) r\fr; Rw;Wyh M) ,is"h; Rw;Wyh
,) Xa;t[r; Rw;Wyh <) FGr; Rw;Wyh
2. Rw;Wyh tsh;rr
; pf;fhd r\f bghUshjhu fhuz';fs; ahit>
3. Rw;Wyh nkk;ghL kw;Wk; re;ij gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
4. ,Utifahd trjpfs; ahit>
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
Rw;Wyht[k; tpLKiwa[k; xa;t[ neuj;jpd; xU gFjp vdyhk;. xa;t[

neuk; mjpfhpj;jpUj;jy; Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpf;F xU Kf;fpafhuzkhFk;.
tpLKiw trjpfspd; xU njitahd gFjpahFk;. "rk;gsj;Jld; Toa
tpLKiwia" mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. FGr;Rw;Wyhtpw;F trjp Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
27
fiyr; brhw;fs;
Mobility - ,a';F my;yJ gazp
Publicity - bghJ kf;fspd; ftdj;ijf; fth;jy;

1. <) FGr;Rw;Wyh
4. ,e;jg; gphptpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ghlg;gphpt[ 3.3I gad;gLj; Jf.
28
gphpt[ 4
Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs;
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
4.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;fk;
4.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs;
4.3 Rw;Wyhtpd; jd;ikfs;
4.3.1 kfpH;t[
4.3.2 ,isg;ghWjy; xa;t[ kw;Wk; bghGJnghf;F
4.3.3 Rfhjhuk;
4.3.4 Jzpfur;bray; Rw;Wyh
4.3.5 Mh;tKk; gz;ghLk;
4.3.6 ,dk; kw;Wk; FLk;gk;
4.3.7 Md;kPfk; kw;Wk; rkak;
4.3.8 juKk; kjpg;g[k;
4.3.9 bjhHpy; my;yJ thzpgk;
4.3.10 murpay; Rw;Wyh
4.4 Rw;Wyhtpd; Fiwfs;
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr; brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs; kw;Wk; mjd; jd;ikfs; gw;wp ,g;gphptpy;

ftdk; brYj;jg;gl;oUf;fpwJ. Rw;Wyhtpd; mog;gil nehf;f';fs; gy.
nehf;f';fs; khw;w';fSilajhf ,Ug;gpDk;/ Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd tpUg;gk;
kdpjdpd; tpUg;g';fs; kw;Wk; kdepiyiar; rhh;e;jpUf;fpwJ.
Rw;Wyhtpd; nehf;f';fis gytifahfg; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;oUf;fpwJ.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k.;
 Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs; gw;wp tpsf;ft[k;/

 Rw;Wyhtpd; btt;ntW jd;ikfs; gw;wp tpsf;ft[k;/
 Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs; kw;Wk; jd;ik gw;wp tpthpf;ft[k; ,aYk;.
4.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;fk;
Rw;Wyh Kw;fhyj;jpypUe;nj kdpjDf;F fth;r;rpa[ilajhf

,Ue;J tUfpwJ. tpLKiw ehl;fisf; fHpf;ft[k;/ xa;btLf;ft[k/;
kfpH;rr
; pahfg;bghGijg; nghf;Ftjw;Fk; ,isg;ghwt[k; gpwtw;wpw;fhft[k;
Rw;Wyh nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. jd;ik/ gad;ghL fhyk; kw;Wk; J}uk;
Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy; Rw;Wyhg; gazj;ij tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
4.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs;
Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs; ,uz;lhFk;. cs;ehl;L my;yJ btspehl;L

my;yJ gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyhf;fs; cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpy; kf;fs; j';fs;
gFjpapypUe;J j';fSila ehl;od; gpw gFjpfSf;Fg; gazk;
bra;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; ,J j';fs; gazk; vspjhft[k; trjpahft[k;
,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpwhh;fs;. Vbddpy; ehl;oy; xnu bkhHpa[k;/ gzKk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Mtz';fs/; gh!;nghh;l;Lfs; my;yJ tprhf;fs;
njitapy;iy. cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpy; me;epar; bryhtzp ,lk;
bgWtjpy;iy.
kf;fs; j';fs; ehl;il tpl;L ntWgl;l bghUshjhuKila

ntbwhU ehl;oy; gazk; bra;tJ murpay; Kiw gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyh
MfpwJ. ,jw;F ehl;od; vy;iyj; jhz;Ltjw;F cz;lhd gy;ntW
Mtz';fs; kw;Wk; me;epar; bryhtzp/ ehza khw;wk; nghd;w
Kd;ndw;ghLfs; ,jpy; bra;a ntz;oas;sJ. ,j;jifa f#;l';fs;
gog;goahf Fiwe;J tUfpd;wd. Mtz';fs; jahu;g;gLj;JtJ
fdprkhff; Fiwe;Js;sJ/ tprhf;fs; ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ my;yJ
jsh;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. kw;Wk; rpy ehLfs; j';fSf;F vd bghJthd
ehzaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sdh;.
30
Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs;
cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh

1. cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;WyhtpypUe;J btspehl;Lr; Rw;WyhtpypUe;J
tUk; tUtha;/ KjyPLk; tUtha; tUfpwJ. KjyPL
jpl;lj;jpw;F mjpfg;goahd rk;ge;jkhf mjpfg;goahd
bghUs; chpik bfhz;lhl gzj;ijf; nfl;L chpik
KoahJ. bfhz;lhl Koa[k;.
2. cs;ehl;Lj; njitia vspjhf btspehl;L Rw;Wyhtpy; Vw;gLk;
xG';F bra;J tplKoa[k;. njitia xG';F bra;tJ
Koahj fhhpak;.
3. cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpw;F btspehl;L tUtha; tpepnahfk;
Vw;gLk; njit tUthia ,jpy; gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy.
cs;ehl;onyna ghpth;j;jid
bra;tijg; gpujpgypf;Fk;.
jdpegh; Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; FGr;Rw;Wyh Mfpaitg; gw;wp tpsf;FtJ

mtrpak;. jdpegh; gazj;jpy; xU egh; ve;j tpj j';Fkplk; Vw;ghL
bra;ahky; gazpg;gJ. ,ij nkYk; tifg;gLj;Jifapy;
m) Rje;jpug; gazk; kw;Wk;.

M) bghJ kf;fs; Rje;jpukhfg; gazk; bra;tjpy; j';Fkpl trjp
kw;Wk; gazj;jpw;fhd kw;w Vw;ghLfs; jdpahfnth my;yJ
Rw;Wyh Vb$d;l; \ykhfnth bra;fpwhh;.
,J nghd;w xU gazpia jilaw;w Rje;jpukhd gazp

vd;wiHf;fpnwhk;. (Free Independent Traveller). bghJkf;fs;
Rw;Wyhtpy; j';Fkplk; kw;Wk; gpwtw;wpw;Fk; brytpd';fis xUth;
jdpj;Jg; gphpj;J ghh;f;f ,ayhJ. ,j;jifa FGg; gazj;ijg; ngf;nf$;
gaz';fs; (Package tours) vd;Wk; miHf;fpnwhk;.
mjpf mstpy; kf;fs; nkw;bfhs;Sk; Rw;Wyhitg; bghJkf;fs;

Rw;Wyh (Mass Tourism) vd;W miHg;gh;. bghJthf ,j;jifa
Rw;Wyhf;fs; tsh;ej
; ehLfshd mbkhpf;fh/ fdlh/ b$h;kdp/ gpuhd;R
kw;Wk; $g;ghd; Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. tpLKiwfspy; gazk;
bra;tJ mth;fsJ thH;f;if Kiwapd; xU gFjpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
cjhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpy; bghJkf;fs; Rw;Wyh mjpf mstpy; ,y;iy/
kf;fspy; gyh; mjpf mstpy; tUtha; ,y;yhjjhy; bghJkf;fs; Rw;Wyh
vjph;fhyj;jpYk; Vw;gLtJ rhj;jpakhfj; bjhpatpy;iy.
31
fpHf;F Inuhg;gpa ehLfspy; r\fr; Rw;Wyh kpft[k; gutyhff;
fhzg;gLk; xU eilKiwahf ,Uf;fpwJ. murh';f cjtpj;bjhifa[ld;
kf;fs; tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l gzj;ijf; bfhz;L Rw;Wyhtpy; fye;J
bfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,J nghd;w Rw;Wyhtpy;/ murh';fk; ve;j el;g[ ehl;ow;F
bry;y ntz;Lk; vd;W Kot[ bra;fpwJ. ,t;thW ,e;j tifahd RW;Wyh
Kot[ bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
4.3 Rw;Wyhtpd; jd;ikfs;

4.3.1 kfpH;t[
rkPg fhyj;jpy; vy;nyhUila nehf;fKk; md;whl thH;tpypUe;J

vt;thW rw;W fhyk; tpLgLtJ vd;gjhfnt cs;sJ. jdpkdpjdpd;
Mira[k; J}a kfpH;t[bgWtjd; njita[k; cz;ikapy; kpf typajhf
,Uf;fpwJ. xU jdpegh; tpisahl;L fpsh;r;rp kw;Wk; ey;y neuk;
Mfpatw;iw mila tpUk;g[fpwhd;. kfpH;t[ Kf;fpa fhuzpahf
,Ug;gjhy; Rw;Wyhit Vw;ghL bra;a[k; Vb$d;l;Lfs; ,jid ey;y
tha;gg
; hfg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;fpd;wdh;. tpLKiw kw;Wk; gazj;jpd;
kfpH;tpw;fhf gy;ntW Jz;L btspaPLfs;/ rpW Fwpg;g[ E}y;fs;
tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
4.3.2 ,isg;ghWjy; xa;t[ kw;Wk; bghGJnghf;F
bjhHpy;kak; kw;Wk; efh;kak; ,d;iwa thH;tpy; bgUk;

beUf;foia Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpwJ. efu thH;tpy; cs;s ,Wf;fk;
(Stress) kdj;jh';fy; (Strain) Mfpait md;whhl ntiyapypUe;J
tpyfp Xa;t[ vLf;f vz;qk; kdg;ghd;ik tUfpwJ. ,isg;ghWjy;
cliya[k; kdija[k; eyKld; itj;Jf;bfhs;s mtrpakhdjhFk;.
,isg;ghWjypy; gy tiffs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. rpyUf;F NH;epiyia
khw;Wtjhy; mjid milfpd;wdh;. gpwh; rpy g[jpa ,l';fisg; ghh;;g;gjpy;/
me;epah;fisr; re;jpg;gjpy;/ g[jpa mDgt';fisj; njLtjpy; j';fs;
,isg;ghWjiy milfpd;wdh;.
4.3.3 cly;eyk ; (Rfhjhuk;)
gyfhykhfnt J}a fhw;whYk;/ Nhpa xspahYk;/ ed;ikfisg;

bgWtJ gw;wp midtUk; mwpe;Js;sdh;. nuhkg; nguuR fhyj;jpy;
"Spas"d; tsh;r;rp/ ey;y cly; eyk; Fwpj;J kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpd;
32
Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs;
tpist[jhd;. Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpy; gy rhdpnlhhpak; (kUj;Jtkid nghy;)
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,J Vw;gLtjw;F cly; epiyapd; gy;ntW gad;fis
mwpe;J kf;fspd; tpHpg;gz
[ h;tpd; tpist[ jhd; fhuzkhFk;. ,e;j
rhdpnlhhpak; jhd; vjph;fhyj;jpy; tpLKiwf;fhy tpLjpfs; tsh;r;rpf;F
m!;jpthukhFk;. gyh; kUj;Jtkidfspy; kUj;Jt rpfpr;irfisg;
bgWfpd;wdh;. nrhtpaj; a{dpadpy;/ fU';fly; fiuapy;/ fhf!!;
kiyapd; mothuj;jpy; gy cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w rhdpnlhhpa';fs; cs;sd.
xt;bthU Mz;Lk; nrhtpaj; ehl;od; gd;dhl;ilr; nrh;e;j Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfSk; ,';F te;J gyd;fisg; bgWfpd;wdh;.
4.3.4 Jzpfur;bray; Rw;Wyh
gy;ntW tpisahl;L epfH;rr

; pfspy; g';F bgWtjw;Fg; gy
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUfpd;wdh;. kiy VWjy;/ elj;jy/; !;nfl;o'/;
glnfhl;Ljy; kPd;gpoj;jy;/ Nhpaf; Fspay;/ l;buf;fp'; kw;Wk; gpwtw;wpy;
gazpfs; fye;J bfhs;fpd;wdh.; rkPgfhyj;jpy; tpisahl;Lfspy;
g';bfLj;Jf; bfhs;s gazk; bra;tJ mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ.
4.3.5 Mh;tKk; gz;ghLk;
gz;ghl;L epfH;r;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;fhf my;yJ Kf;fpakhd

tuyhw;W my;yJ gz;ghl;Lld; bjhlh;g[ila ,l';fisf; Fwpg;ghf gy
kf;fs; fhz tpUk;gf
[ pd;wdh;. Rw;Wyhtpy; Mh;tk; xU Kf;fpa
fhuzkhFk;. btspehl;ilf;fhz ntz;Lk; kf;fis/ ,l';fisf; fhz
ntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk; kdpjdplk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,d;iwa cyfpy; bjhHpy;
El;g tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Clf';fspd; \ykhf ,l';fisg; gw;wp kf;fs;
gof;fg; ghh;f;f nfl;f KofpwJ. fl;olk;/ fiy/ ,ir/ ,yf;fpak/;
ehl;Lg;ghly;/ eldk/; tiujy; (bgapz;o');/ kw;Wk; tpisahl;L
Mfpatw;wpy; gy Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; mjpf Mh;tk; bfhz;Ls;sdh;.
,jpy; kw;bwhd;W kdpjd; mjpfkhd tpra';fs; gw;wpj; bjhpe;J bfhs;s
Mty; bfhs;fpd;whd;. fy;tpapdhy; Mh;tk; J}z;lg;gLfpwJ. gd;dhl;L
epfH;r;rpfshd xypk;gpf; nghl;ofs; Mrpa tpisahl;Lg;nghl;o/ njrpa
epfH;r;rpfs; fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhf;fs/; rpwg;gj
[ ; jpUtpHhf;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
Mapuf;fzf;fhd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis <h;f;fpwJ.
33
4.3.6 ,dk; kw;Wk; FLk;gk;
xUthpd; cwtpdiu/ ez;giug; ghh;f;ff; bry;Yjy; g[jpa

kf;fisr; re;jpj;jy; kw;Wk; g[jpa el;gf
[ isj; njLjy;; ,jpy; ml';Fk;.
kf;fshy; mjpf mstpy; Rw;Wyh bry;tJ ez;gh;fisa[k;
cwtpdh;fisa[k; ghh;g;gjw;fhfj;jhd;. mjpfkhd mbkhpf;fh;fs;
Inuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fj; j';fs; ez;gh;fisa[k; cwtpdh;fisa[k;
ghh;f;fr; bry;fpd;wdh;. Vbddpy; j';fs; jha; ehl;ilg; ghh;g;gijg; nghd;w
czh;t[fs; mth;fSf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. Mapuf;fzf;fd kf;fs;
,e;jpahtpw;F xt;bthU Mz;Lk; tUtJ ,f;fhuz';fSf;fhfj; jhd;.
tpLKiwapy; neUf;Fneh; gyiur; re;jpg;gjpy; gyUila el;g[ ,jdhy;
fpilf;fpwJ.
4.3.7 Md;kPf kw;Wk; rkar; Rw;Wyh
gyfhykhf Md;kPff; fhuz';fSf;fhf gazk; nkw;bfhs;tJ

,Ue;J tUfpwJ. rka rk;ge;jkhd ,l';fSf;F brd;Wghh;j;jy;
gazj;jpd; J}z;Ljy;fspy; xd;W. gazk; bra;tjw;F mJ Kjy;
fhuzpahf (Earliest motivator of travel) ,Ue;Js;sJ. g[dpj
,l';fis ,l';fisf;fhz bgUk;ghyhd kf;fs; g[dpj rkag; gazk;
(Pilgrimages) nkw;bfhz;L tUfpwhh;fs;. fpUj;Jt cyfpy;
b$Urnyik my;yJ thl;ofid brd;W fhz;gJ kpft[k; g[dpjkhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. mnugpa K!;ypk; cyfpy; bkhf;fhtpw;F my;yJ gpw
g[dpj ,l';fSf;Fr; bry;tJ xU bgUk; ek;gpf;ifahf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; gy g[dpj!;jy';fs; (pilgrimage centres) kw;Wk; g[dpj
,l';fs; cs;sd. cyfpd; gy ghf';fspypUe;Jk; me;j ,l';fSf;F
xt;bthU Mz;Lk; tUfpd;wdh;.
4.3.8 juKk; kjpg;g[k;
jd;idg;gw;wpa czh;t[ kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Kd;ndw;wk; ,jpy;

rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. gyh; gazj;ij nkw;bfhs;tnj j';fSila
ge;j';fs; ez;gh;fsplk; jhk; gazj;jpy; fz;l tpra';fisg; gw;wp
brhy;tjw;fhfj;jhd; mt;thW gazk; nkw;bfhs;tJ xU ehfhPfk; vd;W
fUJfpd;wdh;. mj;jifa tha;g;gf
[ s; j';fSf;Ff; fpilj;jpUg;gJ gw;wpa
bgUkpjKk; mth;fs; bfhs;fpd;wdh;. btspehl;Lg; gazk; xU ke;jpu
34
Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs;
thh;j;ij MFk;. me;jg; gazj;ijg; gw;wp ez;gh;fsplk; brhy;tjpy;
kfpH;tilfpd;wdh;.
4.3.9 bjhHpy; my;yJ tzpf hPjpahdJ
bjhHpy; rk;ge;jkhd khehLfs; kw;Wk; rpy epWtd';fspd;

mikg;g[f; Tl;l';fspy; fye;J bfhs;sr; bry;fpd;wdh;. tHf;fkhf gazk;
bra;tJ jw;fhyj;jpy; mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ. gy ehLfs; Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfisf; fth;tjw;fhf khehL eilbgWk; ,l';fspy; gy trjpfis
Vw;gLj;jp tzpff; Tl;l';fs; eilbgWtija[k; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd. fy;tp/
thzpgk;/ bjhHpy;/ murpay;; rk;ge;jkhd Tl;l';fs; khehLfs; gy
ghf';fspy; eilbgWfpd;wd. rpyh; Fwpg;ghf tzpf nehf;fj;njhL gazk;
bra;jhYk/; bgUk;ghyhd kf;fs; tzpfg; gazj;njhL kfpH;r;rpahf
,Ug;gjw;fhft[k; gazk; bra;fpd;wdh;.
4.3.10 murpay; Rw;Wyh
,J nghd;w Rw;Wyhf;fspy; murpay; epfH;r;rpfspy; g';F bgwt[k;

njrpa epfH;r;rpfspy; g';F bgWtija[k; nehf;fkhff; bfhz;L
,Uf;fpwJ. ,r;rpwg;g[ epfH;r;rpa[ld; bjhlh;g[ cila epfH;r;rpfs;
fth;rr
; pa[s;sjhft[k;/ gazj;ij J}z;Ltjhft[k; mikfpwJ.
Mz;ow;bfhU Kiw eilbgWk; bghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; khehLfs;
my;yJ epidt[tpHhf;fs; mjpfkhd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfisf; ftUfpd;wd.
eilKiwapy;/ ,J nghd;w gaz';fspy; gazpfs; bghUl;fis
Efh;fpd;wdh;/ ,Ug;gpDk; ,J nghd;wtw;iw murpay; Rw;Wyhthff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
4.4 Rw;Wyhtpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; (tiuaiwfs;)
bryt[ : gazj;jpw;fhf bryt[ bra;a ,ayhjth;fs;

gazj;ij nkw;bfhs;s ,ayhJ
neuk; : j';fs; thzpgk;/ bjhHpy; Mfpatw;iw tpl;L

btspna bry;y Koahjth;fshy;
eyd; : tajhdth;fs;/ RftPdkhdth;fs; gazj;ij

nkw;bfhs;s ,ayhJ.
35
FLk;gk; : rpW FHe;ijfs; bfhz;l FLk;gk; gazpf;f ,ayhj
epiyapy; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
Mh;tk; : mwpahik kw;Wk; gpw ,l';fisg; gw;wpa jfty;

bjhpahky; ,Uj;jy; gazk; bra;tjw;Fj; jilahf
,Uf;fpwJ.

1. xUth; jd;Dila ehl;oy; gazpg;gij ,t;thW miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh M) gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyh
,) Tl;Lr;Rw;Wyh <) r\fr; Rw;Wyh
2. cs;ehl;L btspehl;L Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3. Rw;Wyhtpd; btt;ntW jd;ikfs; ahit>
4. Rw;Wyhtpy; cs;s Fiwfs; my;yJ tiuaiwfs; ahit>
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
nkny cs;s Rw;Wyhtpd; jd;ikfis tifg;gLj;Jtjd; fhuzk;

Rw;Wyhtpd; mog;gil nehf;fj;ij tpsf;FtJ jhd;.
tifg;gLj;JjYf;Fr; rhpahd tpsf;f';fs; VJk; ,y;iy. gazpfs;
j';fs; brhe;j tpUg;gj;jpy; Rw;Wyhit nkw;bfhs;fpd;wdh;. mth;fsJ
tpUg;g';fspy; khWjy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
fiyr; brhw;fs;
Explorer - fz;Lgpog;gjw;fhf gazk; bra;gth;
Resources - xU ehL/ bghUl;fs;/ gzk; kw;Wk; ts';fisg;
bgw;wpUj;jy;

1. m) cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh
36
bjhFjp II
Kd;Diu
Rw;Wyh xU cyfshtpa xd;whFk;. Xhplj;jpypUe;J gpwpbjhU

,lj;jpw;Fr; bry;tJ kdpjdplk; ,Uf;Fk; ,aw;ifahd Fzk;. gy
tHpfspy; cyfk; KGtJk; Rw;Wyh fth;e;J ,Uf;fpwJ. tsh;e;j
ehLfspYs;s bjhHpw; rhiyfspd; \yjd kpFjpg; gzj;jpYs;s
tsj;ij Fiwe;j tUtha; cs;s tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfSf;F mDg;g[tJ
rpukkpy;yhj fhhpakhFk;. ,J me;epar; brythzpahy; tUk; kpfKf;fpa
tUtha; MFk;. gy ehLfs; tUkhdj;ijr; ek;gpa[s;sd. tsh;e;j ehLfs;
Rw;Wyh gazpfshy; tUk; tUthiag; bghpJk; ek;gp ,Uf;fpd;wd.
gazk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh btFfhykhfnt MrpahtpYk; eilbgw;W
tUfpwJ. Rw;Wyhtpy; gpuhe;jpa xj;JiHg;gpd; ed;ikfis Mrpa
ehLfspd; murh';f';fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUf;fpd;wd kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhtpd;
tsh;r;rpf;F Mtd bra;J tUfpd;wd.
gphpt[ 5 : ,g;gphpt[ ,e;jpahtpYk; MrpahtpYk; cs;s Rw;Wyh

tsh;r;rpiag; gw;wpf;TWfpwJ. Mrpahtpy; cs;s Rw;Wyh
kw;Wk; cyfstpy; Mrpahtpd; g';F kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh gazpfs;
tUk; ,l';fs; Mfpatw;wpd; rpwg;g[fisg; gw;wpf; TWfpwJ.
gphpt[ 6 : ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp/ Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUifjUk;

,l';fs;/ btspehl;L me;epar; bryhtzp kw;Wk; cyfr;
Rw;Wyhtpy; ,e;jpahtpd; g';F Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp
tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gphpt[ 7 : ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyhj; Jiw tsh;r;rp/ FG epakdk;/ ,e;jpar;

Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp/ nehf;f';fs;/ ,e;jpahtpd; fyhr;rhur; Rw;Wyh
Mfpait gw;wp ,g;gphptpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gphpt[ 5
MrpahtpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; Rw;Wyhtpd;
tsh;r;rpa[k; Kd;ndw;wKk;
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
5.1 MrpahtpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpa[k;
Kd;ndw;wKk;
5.2 Mrpa Rw;Wyhtpd; rpwg;g[fs;
5.3 cyfr; Rw;Wyhtpy; Mrpahtpd; g';F
5.4 Mrpahtpy; gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;Fs;Sk; gpuhe;jpa';fSf;fpilnaa[k;
eilbgWk; Rw;Wyh
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr; brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
Rw;Wyh vg;bghGJk; tphptile;J tUk; bjhHpyhFk;/ cyfk;

KGtJk; r\f bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F cWjpahd bjhlh;g[ilajhf
Rw;Wyh MfpapUf;fpwJ. cybf';Fk; Rw;Wyh gutp ,Uf;fpwJ.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k.;
 Mrpahtpy; Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;ft[k;/

 Mrpahtpy; Rw;Wyhtpd; rpwg;g[ gw;wp tpsf;ft[k/;
 cyfpy; Mrpahtpd; g';F gw;wp tpthpf;ft[k;/
 Mrpahtpd; gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;Fs; eilbgWk; Rw;Wyhit tpsf;ft[k;
,aYk;.
38
MrpahtpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpa[k; Kd;ndw;wKk;
5.1 MrpahtpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpa[k;
Kd;ndw;wKk;
Mrpahtpy; gy ehLfs; ,Ue;jhYk; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; Mrpaf;

fz;lk; kpfj; jhkjkhfnt Jt';fpaJ. ,d;iwa Rw;Wyhj; Jiw
,uz;lhk; cyfg; nghUf;fg;gpd;g[ jhd; tsuj;Jt';fpaJ. ,g;gFjpapy;
Vw;gl;l Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp Inuhg;ghtpypUe;J ntWghL cilajhf
,Ue;jJ. Rw;Wyhtpd; kjpg;g[ btspehl;Lr; bryhtzp tUtha; gw;wp
murh';fk; czh;e;jJ. Rw;Wyhtpd; Jhpj tsh;r;rpf;fhd trjpfisg;
bgUf;Fk; mtrpag; gzpfSf;F rpy Mrpa ehL jpl;l';fisa[k; Vw;ghL
bra;jJ. Mrpa ehLfs; Rw;Wyhit tsh]f;f njrpar; Rw;Wyh mikg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpd. btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh mYtyf';fSk; gazpfisf; fz;L
Rw;Wyhit nkk;gLj;jpd.
$g;ghd;/ Qh';fh';/ rp';fg;g{h/; jha;yhe;J/ _y';fh/ gpypg;igd;!;/

,e;njhndrpah/ ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; neghsk; nghd;w ehLfs;
Ik;gJfSf;Fg; (1950) gpwF jhd; j';fspl';fspy; Rw;Wyhtpd;
nkk;ghl;ilj; Jtf;fpd. rPdh 1978y; nrh;ej
; J. nkw;F MrpahtpYk;
njrpa Rw;Wyh mikg;gf
[ s; ,Uf;fj;jhd; bra;fpd;wd. Mrpahtpd;
bghUshjhuk; Rw;Wyhitna bghpJk; ek;gpa[s;sJ vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd
tprakhFk;.
5.2 Mrpa Rw;Wyhtpd; rpwg;g[fs;
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; vz;zpf;if tpfpjhr;rhuk; xt;bthU

Mz;Lk; mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ.Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; MH;e;j Ma;tpdhy;
fPH;fz;l rpwg;g[fs; gw;wp czh;fpnwhk;.
1. gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSk; tUifa[k; kw;Wk; tUtha[k;

tpiuthf tsh;e;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
2. gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpw;F Kf;fpa bghWg;ghf ,Ug;git Mrpa
ehLfs;.
3. gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspy; \d;wpy; xU g';fpdh; Rw;Wyh
tUtJ Mrpahtpd; gFjpfspnyna MFk;.
4. gFjpfSf;fpilna cs;s Rw;Wyh tphptilfpwJ.
5. Inuhg;ghtpypUe;J gy Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUfpd;wdh;.
39
6. bgUk;ghyhd Rw;Wyhf;fs; "tpLKiwf; fhyr; Rw;Wyh" MFk;
7. bgz;fis tpl Mz;fs; mjpfk;ngh; Rw;Wyhtpy; tUfpd;wdh;.
8. cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfisf;
fhl;oYk; mjpfk;.
5.3 cyfr; Rw;Wyhtpy; Mrpahtpd; g';F
cyfr; Rw;Wyhtpy; Mrpahtpd; g';F FiwthdJ. 1982 Mk;

Mz;L cyf mstpy; Rw;Wyh eilbgw;wjd; gl;oay; - gFjpthhpahf
tpfpjhr;rhuj;Jld; fPH;tUkhW.
gFjp gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd;

tUif tpfpjhr;rhuj;jpy;
Mg;gphpf;fh 2.1
mbkhpf;fh 19.0
fpHf;F Mrpah kw;Wk; grpgpf; 5.6
Inuhg;gh 70.4
kj;jpa fpHf;F 2.0
bjw;F Mrpah 1.0
bjhz;q}W rjtpfpjj;jpw;F nky; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif

,uz;L fz;l';fisr; rhh;e;jth;fshf ,Ug;gijg; gl;oay;
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gl;oay; MrpahtpypUe;J te;j Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfspd; tUif gw;wpa[k; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tUkhdj;ija[k; gw;wpj;
bjhptpf;fpwJ.
bjw;F Mrpah (1982)
,lk; tUif tUtha; mbkhpf;f lhyh;

kpy;ypad;fspy;
Mg;fhdp!;jhd; 9/000 1 (1981)
g';fshnj#; 1/75/000 38
,e;jpah 8/69/000 800
40
<uhd; 62/100 20
khyj;jPt[ 77/000 10
neghsk; 1/75/000 38
ghfp!;jhd; 3/14/000 187
_y';fh 4/07/000 147
nkw;F Mrpah (1982)
,lk; tUif tUtha; mbkhpf;f

lhyh; kpy;ypad;fspy;
gQ;iud; 4/23/000 fpilf;ftpy;iy
<uhf; 20/000 170
n$hh;lhd; 20/75/000 520
Fitj; 90/000 452 (1981)
bygdhd; fpilf;ftpy;iy fpilf;ftpy;iy
fj;jhh; 1/26/000
rphpah mnugpa 83/000 150
FoauR
Vkd; 22/000(1981) 34 (1981)
Mrpahtpd; bghUshjhuj;jpw;F/ Fwpg;ghf bjw;fhrpah kw;Wk;

fpHf;fhrpahtpw;F Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ gl;oay;
bjhptpf;fpwJ.
5.4 Mrpahtpy; gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;Fs;Sk;

gpuhe;jpa';fSf;fpilnaa[k; eilbgWk; Rw;Wyh
rpy Mrpa ehLfspy; Fwpg;ghf fpHf;F Mrpahtpy; Rw;Wyhtpd;

khjphp khwp tUfpd;wJ. Mrpahtpd; gFjpfSf;F te;j gd;dhl;Lr;
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tpfpjhr;rhuk; 64 MFk.; tpfpjhr;rhuk; xt;bthU
Mz;Lk; mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ. bjw;F Mrpa gFjpfspy; Rw;Wyhr;
re;ijapy; Kf;fpakhf g';F bfhs;Sk; ehLfs; tl mbkhpf;fh/
,';fpyhe;J/ nkw;F Inuhg;gh/ $g;ghd; kw;Wk; M!;jpnuypah
MfpaitahFk;.
41
bjw;F Mrpag; gFjpapy; gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; <uhd;/
Mg;fhdp!;jhd;/ ghfp!;jhd;/ ,e;jpah/ neghsk;/ _y';fh/ g{l;lhd;/
kw;Wk; khyj;jPt[ ehl;ilr; nrh;e;jth;fs; Mth;. bjw;F Mrpag; gFjpapy;
gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpd; rpwg;g[fs; gpd;tUkhW.
m) ,e;jpaht[k; _y';fht[k; bghpa mstpy; cs;s re;ija[k;

bghUshjhuKk; cs;s ehLfshFk;.
M) gazpfs; tpLKiwapy; te;jth;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapdh;.
,) gazpj;jth;fspy; gyh; bjhHpy;fspy; cs;sth;fs;/
nkyhsh;fs;/ Mrphpah;fs; kw;Wk; khzth;fs;.
<) gd;dhl:Lg; gazpfspy; ghjpg;ngUf;F nky; tpkhdk; \yk;
gazpj;jth;fs;.
c) nQhl;ly;fspy; j';Fgth;fspd; vz;zpf;if tpiuthf
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
C) gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyhtpy; bjw;F Mrpaj; jug;gl;oaypy; 5tJ
,lj;ijg; gpoj;J mjpf tUtha; Rw;Wyhtpy; <l;Lk; gFjpahf
tps';FfpwJ.
v) gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyhit tpl cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh 25 kl';F
mjpfk;.

1. Mrpahtpy; bgUk;ghyhd Rw;Wyh
m) thzpgr; Rw;Wyh M) tpLKiwr; Rw;Wyh
,) tpisahl;Lr; Rw;Wyh <) g[dpj!;jyr; Rw;Wyh
2. Mrpahtpd; fpH;tUk; rpy ehLfisf; TW.
3. bjw;F Mrpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa Rw;Wyhr; re;ij ehLfs; vit>
4. Mrpar; Rw;Wyhtpd; rpwg;g[ mk;r';fs; gw;wp tpthp.
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghUf;Fg;gpd;g[jhd; Mrpa ehLfspy; Rw;Wyhj;

Jt';fpaJ. ,d;W Mrpahtpy; cs;s vy;yh bghpa kw;Wk; rpwpa ehLfs;
j';fs; Rw;Wyhg; bghUl;fis re;ijfspy; tpw;fpd;wdh;. me;ehLfs;
Rw;Wyhit nkk;gLj:Jtjpy; kpFe;j mf;fiw fhl;Lfpd;wd.;
42
fiyr;brhw;fs;
High lights - mijg; gw;wp vz;zr; bra;tJ.
Inter regional - ,U tl;lhu';fSf;Fkpilna cs;s cwt[.

1. M) tpLKiwr; Rw;Wyh
43
gphpt[ 6
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
6.1 ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
6.2 ,e;jpahtpw;F tUk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;
6.2.1 tsh;r;rp khjphp
6.2.2 cyfr; Rw;Wyhtpy; ,e;jpahtpd; g';F
6.2.3 ,e;jpar; Rw;Wyh - ,jd; gy;ntW tpist[fs;
6.2.4 ,e;jpahtpd; Fwpf;nfhs;fs; - re;ij
6.2.5 g[jpa totk;
6.2.6 mbkhpf;fh;fspilna ,e;jpahitg; gw;wpa kjpg;gPL
6.2.7 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif
6.3 ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp
6.4 vy;yh rPnjh#;z epiyfspYk; epyk;
6.5 gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp
6.6 rhh;$d;l; fkpl;o
6.7 Rw;Wyhj; jfty; mYtyf';fs;
6.8 Rw;Wyhj; mikr;rufk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;
6.9 Rw;Wyhj; Jiw
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr; brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
,e;jpah btt;ntW tif fyhr;rhug; gz;ghLfis cila ehL.

mjd; ehfhpfk; Iahapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Ke;jpaJ. ,J gy bkhHpfs;/
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
rka';fspd; jhafkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. tuyhw;Wf; fhuzj;jhy; jw;fhy
Rw;Wyhf; fy;tp/ nehf;fk;/ fUj;J Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;jpah jd; ftdj;ij
brYj;jp tUfpwJ.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k;.
 ,e;jpah vy;yhg; gUt';fSf;Fk; cfe;jJ vd;gij mwpat[k;/

 Rw;Wyh gazpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpthpf;ft[k;/
 rhh;$d;l; fkpl;o gw;wp mwpat[k;/
 Rw;Wyhj;Jiw mikr;rfj;jpd; mikg;g[ gw;wp tpsf;ft[k; ,aYk;.
6.1 ,;e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh

,e;jpahtpy; rkar; Rw;Wyh gz;ila kugpy; ,Ue;j nghjpYk;
gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh ,d;iwa ghzpapy; rkPg fhy Muk;gj;ijj;
bjhlh;g[ilabjhd;nw MFk;. xU Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpyhf ,e;jpahtpy;
Kjy; moia vLj;J itj;jJ 1945y; jhd;. ,e;jpah rh; $hd; rhh;$d;l;
jiyikapy; xU fkpl;oia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mth; murh';fj;jpy;
Mnyhrfuhf mg;bghGJ ,Ue;jhh;. fkpl;o mjd; mwpf;ifia 1946y;
rkh;g;gpj;J/ jdpahf xU Rw;Wyh mikg;ig ikakhff; bfhz;L gy
gpuhe;jpaf; fpisfs; Kk;ig/ bly;yp/ fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; brd;id Mfpa
,l';fspy; Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W mwpf;ifg; ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. fkpl;o/ Rw;Wyh
tpsk;gu mikg;g[fs; cybf';Fk; mikf;f ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; TwpaJ.
1948y; xU rpwpa Rw;Wyh nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fpis/ nghf;Ftuj;J
mikr;ruitapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpuhe;jpar; Rw;Wyh mYtf';fs;
gk;gha; kw;Wk; bly;ypapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. gj;jphpiffspy;/
bjhiyf;fhl;rpapy; kw;Wk; nuonah epfH;r;rpfspy; Rw;Wyh tpsk;guj;ij
btspapl;lJ. gpw ,e;jpa kw;Wk; btspehl;oYs;s mYtyf';fs;
mtw;iw gpd;gw;wp ele;jd.
6.2 ,e;jpahtpw;F tUk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;
1977 Mk; Mz;L iQjughj;jpy; cs;s ,e;jpa eph;thf mYtyh;

fy;Y}hp \ykhf ,e;jpa murpd; Rw;Wyhj; Jiw btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg;
45
gazpfspd; fzf;bfLg;ig vLj;jJ. 10/003 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSld;
neh;fhzypd; mog;gilapy; xU mwpf;if jahh; bra;jdh;.
1. ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspy; kfpH;tpw;fhf te;j

gazpfs; 61.19 rjtpfpjkhf ,Ue;jdh;. tzpf mYty; fhuzkhf
te;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 26.27 rjtpfpjkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1972-73y; ,J
16.3 Mf ,Ue;jJ xg;gplf;ToaJ.
2. ,e;jpar; Rw;Wyhtpy; gazk; bra;jth;fs; fy;tp fw;wth;fs; Ik;gJ
tpGf;fhow;F nky; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; bjhHpy;fspy; <Lgl;lth;fs;
fy;tpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; khzth;fs; Mth;.
3. Kd;g[ 10000 mbkhpf;f lhyh; rk;gsk; th';fpath;fs; jhd; Rw;Wyh
nghfKoa[k; vd;w R{H;epiy khwp ,g;bghGJ Fiwe;j rk;gsk;
th';Ffpwth;fs; Tl Rw;Wyh nghfKoa[k; vd;w R{H;epiy te;jJ.
4. bgUk;ghyhd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; eLj;ju tajpdh;. 31 Kjy; 50 taJ
tiu cs;sth;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jpUe;jdh;. 17 Kjy; 30 taJ
tiu cs;s Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tpGf;fhL 39.3 MFk;. 1972-73y;
,is"h;fs; mjpfk; ngh; te;jpUe;jdh;.
5. 1972-73y; 73.61 rjtpfpjk; ,Ue;jJ 64.75 rjtpfpjj;jpw;F Fiwe;jJ.
6. 60.22 rjtpfpjk; jdpahfg; gazk; bra;jth;fs;.
7. Rkhh; 39.13 rjtpfpj Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; jpUk;gt[k; ,e;jpahitr;
Rw;wpg; ghh;f;f te;jth;fs;;.
fzf;fPL xt;bthU Mz;Lk; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ,yhf;fh elj;JfpwJ.

1972-73y; Rw;Wyhr; bryt[ (Per capita tourist expenditure) Rs.1,640
ypUe;J 1976-77y; Rs.4,419 Mf cah;e;jJ. ,e;jpah me;epar;
bryhtzpahf +gha; 1/200 nfho <l;oaJ.
6.2.1 tsh;r;rp khjphp
gpw ve;jj; Jiwiaa[k; tpl ,e;jpahtpd; gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh

,e;jpar; Rje;jpuj;jpypUe;J kpfg; bghpa tsh;r;rpia mile;Js;sJ.
,e;jpahitg; ghh;g;gjw;F te;j btspehl;Lg; gazpfspd; vz;zpf;if
1951y; 16/829 Mf ,Ue;jJ. mJ 1982 y; 8/60/178 Mf cah;e;jJ. 1976
Kjy; 1980 Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ed;F tsh;e;jJ. ,e;jpa-ghfp!;jhd; nghhpd;
nghJ rw;W ke;jk; Vw;gl;l nghJk; mjw;F gpd;g[ bjhlh;e;jJ. 1975y;
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUiff; Fiwe;jJ. 1979y; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp 2.2 Mf
46
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
kl;Lnk ,Ue;jJ. 80fspy; tsh;r;rp 3 ypUe;J 5 tiu rjtpfpj tsh;rr
; pia
cilajhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; murh';fk; ,jd; ,yf;if kpf mjpfkhf
vjph;ghh;j;jJ.
6.2.2 cyfr;Rw;Wyhtpy; ,e;jpahtpd; g';F
1951y; Rkhh; 17000 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jdh;.

1982y; mjd; vz;zpf;if 8/60/178 Mf ,Ue;jJ. ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk;
g';fshnjrj;jpdhpd; tUifiaa[k; nrh;j;jhy; mjd; vz;zpf;if 12/
88/162 MFk;. ,jw;F Kd;g[ cs;s mj;jpahaj;jpy; tsUk; ehLfspy;
gd;dhl;Lr; rw;Wyhtpdhpd; vz;zpf;if 18 rjtpfpjk; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 70fspd; filrpapy; ,e;jpar; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw
gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fwpg;gpl;lJ. gazpfs;
kfpH;r;rpf;fhft[k; tzpff; fhuz';fSf;fhft[k; gazk; bra;fpd;wdh;.
tsUk; ehLfs; Rw;Wyhtpdhy; mjpf yhgj;ijg; bgwtpy;iy. xU
mbkhpf;fr; Rw;Wyhg; gazp Inuhg;ghtpw;F Rw;Wyhr; brd;why; 18
ehl;fspy; 9 ehLfspy; j';fyhk;. gpd;g[ j';fs; ehl;Lf;Fr; bry;y Koa[k.;
Inuhg;gh Rw;Wyh cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhitg; nghd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; g";rhg;
kf;fs; fh#;kPUf;Fr; bry;tJ nghy my;yJ jkpH;ehl;oYs;s kf;fs;
tpLKiwf;F fh;ehlf khepyk;/ nfush khepyj;jpw;Fr;bry;tijg; nghy
MFk;. Qh';fh';fpy; Rw;Wyhg;gazpapd; j';Fjy; ruhrhpahf 3 ehl;fs;
vd;why; ,e;jpahnthL xg;gpLk; bghGJ ,e;jpahtpy; ruhrhp j';Fk;
ehl;fs; 21 ehl;fshFk;. cz;ikapy; ,e;jpah Rw;Wyhtpy; kpFe;j
bghUshjhu gyidg; bgw;W tUfpwJ.
Vd; kpy;ypad;; fzf;fpy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,e;jpahtpw;F

tUtjpy;iy vd;W fhuz';fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. J}uk; bjhiyt[
tskhd ehLfSf;F bjhiytpy; ,e;jpah ,Ug;gjhYk;

tpkhdf;fl;lzk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gJk; xU bgUe;jilahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
2. kjpg;g[
,e;jpah tpLKiw ehL vd;gJ ,d;Dk; btspehLfspy;

bjhpahknyna ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikapnyna ,e;jpahtpd; kjpg;g[ gz;ila
tuyhW kw;Wk; ehfhpfk; Mfpa 2 Kf;fpa fth;r;rpiag;bgw;wpUg;gjhFk;.
47
3. trjpfs;
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;fhf trjpfs; ,e;jpahtpy; nghJkhd

mstpy; ,y;iy. jukpy;yhj nQhl;ly;fs; nghJkhd mstpw;F tpkhd
kw;Wk; jiug; nghf;Ftuj;J ,y;yhik Mfpa fhuz';fs;.
4. trjpaw;w mz;il ehl;odh;
,e;jpahtpd; mz;il ehLfspy; cs;s kf;fs; bry;tkpf;fth;fs;

,y;iy. vdnt btspehl;ow;F bry;y ,ayhjth;fshf cs;sdh;.
Inuhg;gpa Rw;Wyh mog;gilapy; mz;il ehl;odh;fs; gazk;
bra;fpd;wdh;.
6.2.3 ,e;jpar; Rw;Wyh - ,jd; gy;ntW tpist[fs;
btspehl;Lg; gazpfspd; tUifahy; ehl;od; bghUshjhuk;

Kf;fpakhd gyd; milfpwJ vd;gJ ed;F mwpe;j tp#ak;. neuoahft[k;
kiwKfkhft[k; btspehl;Lr; bryhtzp \yk; tUlj;jpw;F +.250
nfhofs; <l;l Koa[k;.
xU gazpahy; brytplg;gLk; bjhif nQhl;ly;fspy;

j';Ftjw;F/ filfspy; bghUs; th';f/ kfpH;tpw;fhfr; brytpLjy;/
nghf;Ftuj;Jr; bryt[/[ nQhl;ly;fhuh;fs/; thliff;fhh/;
brhe;jf;fhuh;fs;/ fil Kjyhspfs/; bghUl;fis tpepnahfpg;gth;fs/;
nrit bra;gth;fs; Mfpnahh;fSf;F tUthiaj; jUfpwJ. bryt[
bra;a[k; gazp j';fSf;Fj; njitahd bghUs;fis th';ft[k;
nritf;fSf;fhft[k; bryt[ bra;fpd;wdh;.
6.2.4 ,e;jpahtpd; Fwpf;nfhs; re;ijfspd; jdpr;rpwg;g[
fzf;fpl;ljpy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspy; ghjpg;ngUf;Fnky;

kw;wtw;wpy; goe;jpUf;Fk; Mh;tk; fhuzkhfj; bjhpate;jJ. xU Rw;Wyhg;
gazp tuyhW gz;ghL Mfpatw;wpy; Kjd;ik Mh;tk; bfhz;oUe;jhy;
Xa;t[ neuj;jpy; g[dpj!;jy';fisg; ghh;g;gjpy; rpy ed;ikfisg;
bgWfpd;wdh;. ,e;jpahtpw;F tUtjw;F 5 Kf;fpaf; fhuz';fs;
btspehl;L gazpahy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;lit: ez;gh;fs; kw;Wk;
Mh;tKs;s kf;fs;; Mh;tKilajhft[k; tuyhw;W ,l';fisa[k;
48
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
bfhz;oUg;gJ/ ey;y Rfhjhu kw;Wk; cly; ey trjpfs;; czt[/
bkhj;jj;jpy; Kjy; Ie;J fhuz';fs; tUkhW.
 el;ghd kf;fs;
 mHfhd fhl;rpfs; (,aw;if)
 trjpahd j';Fkplk;
 ey;y filfs;
 ey;y rPnjh#;z epiy
Fiwfs;
,jkspf;fhj jl;gbtg;gepiy/ rpf;fy; kpf;f gaz tpjpKiwfs;

trjpaw;w gazk;/ ey;y j';Fkpl trjpapd;ik
6.2.5 g[jpa totk;
bjhHpy; hPjpahf ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j btsp ehl;Lg; gazpfspd;

tptuk; tUkhW.
bjhHpy; tpfjhr;rhuk;
bjhHpy; 32.6
fy;tpahsh; / tp";"hdpfs; 7.6
tzpfh;fs; 18.8
mYtyh;fs; 13.7
khzth;fs; 11.3
,y;yj; jiyth;fs; 4.8
xa;t[ bgw;wth;fs; 2.3
ntiyapy;yhjth;fs; 0.8
gpwh; 8.1
,e;jpahtpw;F te;j btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; 8.98

tpGf;fhL vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ. mth;fs; Vd; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;fs;?
mt;thW ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jth;fs; j';fs; tUifapd; nehf;fj;ijf;
Twpa[s;sdh;. mjd; gl;oay; fPH;tUkhW.
49
te;jjd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk; bkhj;j tpGf;fhL

rhpj;jpug; g[fH;bgw;w ,l';fisf; fhz 1.9
kiy thr!;jy';fSf;Fr; bry;y 0.31
flw;fiu (gPr;RfSf;Fr;) bry;y 0.7
tpisahl;L 0.73
bghJthd Mh;tk; 39.32
kfpH;nthoUf;f 42.98
thzpfk; 25.17
cwtpdh;fs; / ez;gh;fisf;fhz 15.8
fy;tp bgw 3.11
g[dpj ,l';fisf; fhz 12.94
bkhj;jk; 100
mth;fis ,e;jpahtpw;F tuj; J}z;oait vit?
bry;thf;Ff;F cl;gLj;jpa Mjhuk; bkhj;j tpGf;fhL

mth;fspd; brhe;j Mh;tk; 50.9
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;jth;fshy; 22.8
Mh;tkilag;gl;lth;fs; Rw;Wyh
mYtyf';fshy;
btspehLfspy; ,Uf;fpd;w ,e;jpa 1
mikg;g[fs;
Rw;Wyh Kfth;fs;/ Rw;Wyhit 1.8
elj;Jgth;fs;
bghUl;fhl;rpfs; 0.4
jpiug;gl';fs; / tpsk;gu';fs; 1.8
gpw fhuz';fs; 13.2
6.2.6 mbkhpf;fh;fspilna ,e;jpahitg; gw;wpa kjpg;gPL
1982-83 ,e;jpa g[s;sptpguj; Jiwahy; Ma;t[fs; elj;jpajpd;

mog;gilapy; mbkhpf;fr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfsplk; ,e;jpahitg; gw;wpa
kjpg;gPL fPH;tUkhW.
50
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
1. mbkhpf;f gazpfspilna ,e;jpahitg; gw;wpa tp#a';fs;
mwpKfkhfpapUg;gJ.
2. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; j';Ftjw;Fz;lhd trjpfs;/ ey;y tpw;gidf;
filfs;/ epahakhd tpiy/ ,jkhd jl;g btg;gepiy/ ,e;jpah ,J
nghd;w gad;juj;jf;ftw;iw gpwh; mwpar; bra;atpy;iy. ,jdhy;
mjpf ed;ik bgw tha;g;g[s;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; gpw Mrpa grpgpf; ehLfspd; Fwpf;nfhs; nghd;W ,y;iy.
4. ,e;jpah ey;y filfs; cilajhf cs;sJ vd;gJ Fiwe;j
tpGf;;fhLfspnyna cs;sJ (,d;Dk; nkk;ghL mila ntz;Lk;).
5. ,e;jpahtpd; nQhl;ly;fspd; ju';fs; mbkhpf;fj; juj;jpw;F kw;Wk;
,isg;ghw ey;y trjpfSk; Fiwthfnt cs;sJ.
6. rpWth; rpWkpah;fs; tpisahLtjw;F trjpfs; ,y;iy. ey;y
bghGJnghf;fplk; ,y;iy/ tpisahl;L trjpfs; ,y;iy/
,isg;ghiw trjpahd ,lkpy;iy/ mHfhd gPr;Rfs; ,y;iy.
7. ,e;jpah gazk; bra;tjw;Fg; ghJfhg;ghd ,lk; ,y;iy vd;W
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
8. xU may;ehlhf/ ,aw;if fhl;rpfSld; tps';FtJ
kfpH;r;rpaspf;fpwJ.
6.2.7 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif
1983 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpw;F tUifje;j Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd;

bkhj;j vz;zpf;if 8/84/731 MFk;. ,J 1982I fhl;oYk; 2.9 tpGf;fhL
mjpfk;. mf;nlhgh; 1984y; gpujk ke;jphp ,e;jpuh fhe;jp bfhiy bra;ag;gl;l
gpd; mjpfkhd ngh; j';fs; tUifia ePf;fp tpl;ldh;.
v';fpUe;J mth;fs; te;jdh;>
gFjp 1982 1983 1983y; te;jth;fspd;

bkhj;j tpfpjk;
bjd; mbkhpf;fh 1/12/797 1/25/704 14.2
nkw;F Inuhg;gh 8/407 8/824 1
fpHf;F Inug;gh 3/32/226 3/41/610 38.6
Mg;gphpf;fh 21/355 25/683 2.9
51
nkw;F Mrpah 44/844 50/240 5.2

bjw;F Mrpah 1/01/062 92/232 10.4
bjd;fpHf;F Mrpah 1/06/148 1/13/826 12.9
fpHf;F Mrpah 65/038 62/671 7.1
M!;jpnuypah 37/861 33/644 3.8
ehLfs; ,y;yhjth; 29/718 29/579 3.3
782 718 0.1
mth;fs; vjpy; gazk; bra;jdh;> 1982-83y; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;

nkw;bfhz;l gaz';fspd; gl;oay;
tpGf;fhL
nghf;Ftuj;J tpfpjhr;rhu
1982 1983 bkhj;jk;
tHp khw;wk; 1982y;
1982 1983
tpkhdk; 7/81/257 8/09/393 90.8 91.5 1.8
fly; 39/273 31/499 4.6 3.5 -17.4
jiu 39/648 43/869 4.6 5.0 3.6
bkhj;jk; 8/60/178 8/84/731 100 100 0.8
,e;jpah xU gue;j ehlhft[k; gy;ntW ntw;Wikfisa[k; bfhz;L

xt;bthUtUf;Fk; VnjDk; tH';f ,aYk;. Rw;Wyhtpdhy; Vw;gLk;
bghUshjhu kw;Wk; r\f gyd;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; 1960fspy; jhd;
m';fPfhpj;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpapy;
nghjpa ftdk; vLj;Jf; bfhz;l nghjpYk; gjpide;J Mz;LfSf;F
gpd;g[ jhd; Rw;Wyhtpw;F chpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp vd;gJ Mh;tKs;s tp#ak;.

tuyhw;wpypUe;J Rw;Wyhit gphpf;f ,ayhJ. ,e;jpahtpd; fyhr;rhug;
bgUik vf;fhyKk; ahtiua[k; ftuj;jf;fJ. gy ,d';fs; kf;fs; ,';F
epue;jukhfj; j';fp mtw;wpd; g';fspg;gf
[ is mspj;Js;sd. ,e;jpahtpd;
bgUik kpf;f kug[ kw;Wk; brwpe;j gz;ghL Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpa[ld;
rk;ge;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J mnef cyfpYs;s Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis <h;j;J
tUfpwJ. nkYk; ,e;jpah rpwg;ghd g[tp,ay; mikg;g[ bfhz;L
tps';FfpwJ. ,e;jpah khWgl;l jl;gbtg;gepiy bfhz;l ehlhFk;.
gz;ghl;Lr; bry;t';fs; gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd tUl';fshf ,Ue;J
52
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
tUfpd;wd/ ,aw;if ts';fshf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. ,aw;if Rw;Wg;g[wk;/
rpwe;j fl;olg; ghzp/ ,ir/ eldk;/ xtpak;/ gHf;f tHf;f';fs/; bkhHpfs;
Mfpait ,e;jpahit xU Rw;Wyhr; brhh;f;fkhf Mf;fpapUf;fpwJ.
tuyhW epidt[r; rpd;d';fspd; fs";rpakhf ,Uf;fpwJ;

jh$;kQhy;/ bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; jpuhtpl nfhtpy;fs;/ cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w
m$e;jh Xtpa';fs; kw;Wk; vy;nyhuh rpw;g';fs; MfpaitahFk;.
Rje;jpuk; ,e;jpahtpw;F fpilj;j nghJ Rw;Wyh vt;thW ,Ue;jJ>
,e;jpahtpw;F tUgth;fis vt;thW tuntw;gJ> ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyhit
nkk;gLj;j murh';fj;jpd; Muk;g Kaw;rpfs; ahit> vd;d trjpfs;
kw;Wk; fl;likg;gf
[ s; fpilj;jd> tUk; gf;f';fspy; ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
Jiwapy; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j tsh;r;rpfs; gw;wpa xU Kaw;rp
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jnghJ Rw;Wyhtpd; epiy vd;d
vd;gija[k; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6.3 ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp
,e;jpah xU bghpa ehL. khf;!; Ky;yhpd; Tw;Wg;go xU bry;t

ehL g{kpa[s;s xU brhh;f;fk;. mjpf btg;gKk; gdpiaa[k; bfhz;l
mHfhd ehlhFk;. khf;!; Ky;yh; ,e;jpahit gw;wp fPH;f;fz;lthW
tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
vy;yh ts';fisa[k;/ rf;jp kw;Wk; mHF tha;e;j ehL/ brhh;f;fk;

nghd;w g{kpapy; cs;s rpy gFjpfspy; cyfbk';Fk; ve;j ehL vd;W
njondhbkd;why; ehd; ,e;jpahitr; brhy;ntd;/ vd;id nfl;lhy;
Mfhaj;jpd; fPH; v';F kdpj kdk; KG tsh;r;rpnahL mjd; ts';fis
cilajhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;why;/ thH;f;ifapd; gpur;ridfis mjpfkhf
MHkhf rpe;jpj;Js;sJ. mitfSf;F jPh;t[fs; fz;Lgpoj;Js;snjh mJ
gpshl;nlh kw;Wk; fhz;l;il goj;jth;fspd; ftdj;ija[k; <h;f;fj;
jFjpa[ilaJ/ ehd; ,e;jpahnt mJ vd;W TWntd;.
6.4 vy;yh rPnjh#;z epiyfspYk; epyk;
,e;jpah cyfpd; VHhtJ bghpa ehL. mJ cyfpy; ,uz;lhtJ

kf;fs; bjhif mjpfk; cs;s ehL. ,J epyg;gug;ghf 15/200 fp.kP.fisa[k;
6/000 fp.kP flw;fiua[k; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ.
53
g[tpapay; mikg;g[ ,jd; gFjp ehd;F gFjpfshf cs;sJ – kiy
gFjp/ ,e;njh-f';if rkbtsp gFjp/ ghiytdg; gFjp kw;Wk; bjw;F
gPlg{kp.
,kakiy nkl;L rkbtsp kw;Wk; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; bfhz;L

,Uf;fpwJ. mitfspy; rpy fh#;kPh; kw;Wk; FY} gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;.
mitfs; tskhft[k; kpft[k; mHfhd fhl;rpfis cilajhft[k;
,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j gFjpfspy; cyfpy; cah;e;j rpy rpfu';fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rpe;J f';if rkbtsp 2400 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ 240-300 fp.kP mfyKk;

cilajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. \d;W bghpa ejpfspy; - rpe;J/ f';if kw;Wk;
gpuk;kg[j;jpuh gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; tskhd g{kpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
ghiytd gFjpfis ,uz;L gFjpfshf gphpf;fyhk; - bghpa

ghiytdk; kw;Wk; rpwpa ghiytdk;. bghpa ghiytdk; fl;R gFjpapy;
cs;s ud; gFjpapypUe;J Y}dp MW (tlnkw;F) tiu cs;sJ. rpwpa
ghiytdk; Y}dp Mw;wpw;;Fk; b$a;ry;kh;/ uh$!;jhdpy; cs;s
n$hj;g{Uf;Fk; ,ilna tlf;F tiu ,Uf;fpwJ.
bjw;F gPlg{kp xUg[wk;/ fpHf;F bjhlh;r;rp kiyiaa[k; kWg[wk;

nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiyiaa[k; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. ,e;j gPlg{kp rkbtsp
kiyfSk; Fd;Wfisa[k; cila Muty;yp – tpe;jpa kw;Wk; rhj;g{u
kiyfis bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mugpf; flypy; flw;fiu gFjp/ t';fhs
tphpFlh kw;Wk; ,e;jpa bgU';fly; flw;fiu gFjpfis bfhz;oUf;fpwJ.
,itfs; kpf mHfhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. gPlg{kpapd; bjd;Kid ePyfphp
kiyapy; fpHf;F bjhlh;r;rp kiya[k; nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiya[k;
re;jpf;fpd;wd.
jl;gbtl;g epiyia bghWj;jtiu ,e;j gFjpfs; btg;gkz;ly

jl;gbtl;gk; ,';F Vw;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpa kf;fs; gy epw';fis bfhz;lth;fs;. gy FGthf/ jdpj;

jd;ika[k/; gHf;ftHf;f';fSk;/ thH;f;if KiwfSk; bfhz;L
tps';Ffpd;wd. ,';Fs;s kf;fspd; czt[k;/ cila[k; tpj;jpahrkhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
54
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
,e;jpahtpy; gy mHfhd ePh;tPH;rr
; pfs;/ Vhpfs;/ mfd;w
gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; kw;Wk; mHfhd fhl;rpfs; kfpH;tjhft[k;
ghuhl;Ltjhft[k; tps';Ffpd;wd. ek; fhLfspy; ahidfs;/ rp';f';fs;/
g[ypfs; mhpa tif gwitfs; cs;sd. tpy';FfSf;Fk; gwitfSf;Fk;
gy ruzhya';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. RUf;fkhf brhd;dhy; xU
Rw;Wyhg;gazp ghh;g;gjw;Fhpa midj;Jk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
6.5 gz;ghl;L tsh;;r;rp
,e;jpah gz;ila gz;ghl;Lf; fyhr;rhu kuigf; bfhz;lJ.

,e;jpaf; fl;olf; fiy Kf;fpakhf cs;ehl;oy; njhd;wpajhFk;.
bkhf";rjhnuh kw;Wk; Qug;ghtpYs;s gz;ila fl;ol epidt[r;
rpd;d';fs; bfhrhk;gpapy; cs;s br';fy;yhy; Md nfhl;il/ itrhyp
kw;Wk; c$;$apdp/ ghlypg[uj;jpy; (ghl;dh) mnrhfhpd; epidt[r;rpd;dk;
Mfpait fl;olf; fiyapd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
kQhuh#;l;uhtpy cs;s m$e;jh/ vy;nyhuh Mfpait mHfhd
Fifnfhtpy;fshFk;. vy;nyhuhtpy; 34 Fiffs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
rpiyfs ;aht[k; kiyapd; rhpt[fspy; brJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vy;nyhuhtpy;
cs;s Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nfhtpy; ifyhrehjh;nfhtpyhFk. jkpH;ehl;oy;
kfhgypg[uj;jpy; cs;s gy;yth;fspd; Filtiuf; nfhtpy;fs; kw;Wk;
j";rht{hpy; cs;s nrhHh;fspd; gpufjP!;tuh; nfhtpYk; rpwe;j
cjhuz';fshFk;.
,e;jpaj; jpwikia vLj;Jfhl;Lk; thGk; epidt[r;

rpd;d';fshft[k;/ mjprakhft[k; tps';ff; Toait jh$;kQhy;/
FJg;kpdhh; kw;Wk; gnjg{h; rpf;hp Mfpad.
,e;jpahpd; bjhHpy; jpwikiag; giwrhw;Wk; kw;bwhU cjhuzk;

fz;izf; ftUk; ,e;jpahtpy; gy ,l';fspy; gphpl;o#; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
fl;lg;gl;l fl;ll';fs; kw;Wk; njthya';fs;.
fiyj;Jiwapy; ,e;jpah kw;w ehLfis tp";rp epw;fpd;wJ.

,e;jpar; rpiyfs; gilg;ghspapd; fUj;jpid kdpj cUtpy;
btspg;gLj;Jf;fpd;wd. fiy kdpjdpd; bray;fis vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lgtdthft[k; bja;t cUt';fshft[k; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
,yf;fpaj;jpYk; ,e;jpah rpwe;j tsh;r;rpiaf; fz;Ls;sJ.

kQhghujk;/ uhkhazk; nghd;w fhg;gpa';fs;/ ghftjg[uhzj;jpy;
55
brhy;yg;gl:Ls;s fpU#;zdpd; fij Mfpait ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;od;
gz;ila "hdk; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk;; ,yf;fpa kugpd; rhukhf tps';Ffpd;wd.
,e;jpa ,yf;fpaj;jpd; bghw;fhykhf Fg;juJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;ija[k;
Kfyha Ml;rpf;fhyj;ija[k; Twyhk;.
gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpypUe;nj ,ira[k; Tl tsh;r;rp bgw;wJ.

,e;jpahtpy; gy ghlfh;fs; "hdpfs; ,Ue;jdh;. uhfk; ,e;jpa ,irapd;
bgUikf;F MjhukhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; ,g;bghGJ Qpe;J!;jhdp kw;Wk;
fh;dhlf ,ir g[fH;tha;e;jitahf tps';Ffpd;wd. kpfg;gf
[ H; bgw;w
,irf;fUtpfs; 'rplhl;' kw;Wk; tPiz ehl;Lg;gw
[ g;gFjpapYk; ,ir
g[fH;bgw;W tps';fpaJ.
,iriag; nghd;W rkaj;jhy; ,e;jpa eldk; bry;thf;F bgw;wJ.

,e;jpa gz;ila eldk; KGikahd rpwe;jfiyahFk;. eldk; \yk;
fUj;Jf;fs; btspg;gLj;jg;gl;ld gujehl;oak; fjfsp Mfpait bjd;
,e;jpahtpYk; kzpg;gh[ p m!;!hkpYk; g[fH;bgw;W tps';Ffpd;wd. ,e;j
eldk; K!;ypk; murh;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; ,ir/ eldk; nghd;W XtpaKk; g[fH;bgw;W

,Ue;jJ. m$e;jh Fifapy; cs;s Rth; Xtpa';fs; g[j;j Jwtpfshy;
tz;zk; jPl;lg;gl;lit. vy;nyhuhtpy; cs;s tz;z Xtpa';fs;
Kfyhahpd; tz;zg;gl';fs; kw;Wk; fh';uh rkbtsp tz;z Xtpag; gs;sp
Mfpait ,d;Wk; g[fH;bgw;W tps';Ffpd;wd.
utpr';fh;/ myp mf;gh/; vk;.v!;.Rg;g[yl;Rkp/ yjh k';nf!;fh/;

gp!;kpy;yhf; fhd/; ahkpdp fpU#;z\h;j;jp/ ,e;jpuhzp uQ;khd; kw;Wk;
ckh rh;kh Mfpnahh; cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w ,e;jpaf; fiy"h;fshth;.
6.6 rhh;$d;l; FG
,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghUf;F Kd;ng ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyhtpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mwpag;gl;oUe;jJ. nghhpd; ,ila{why; murh';fk;
Rw;Wyhtpd; nkk;ghl;ow;F muR bra;a[k; fhhpak; jilg;gl;lJ. Kjd;
Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyhit tsh;f;f vLf;fg;gg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs;
1945y; Jt';fpaJ. xU fkpl;o/ rh ;$hd; rhh;$d;l; vd;gtiu nrh;kd; Mf
bfhz;L epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
56
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
mth; ,e;jpa murh';fj;jpw;F fy;tp Mnyhrfuhft[k; bray;gl;lhh.;
FGtpd; Kf;fpa nehf;f';fs;.
1. nghUf;Fg;gpd;g[ thzpfg; nghf;Ftuj;J tsh;r;rp nghd;w nehf;f';fs;

gw;wp Muhat[k;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; tpLKiw tpLjpfSf;Fr; bry;Yk; Mir/ ey;y
jl;gbtg;gepiy cs;s ,l';fs/; g[dpj!;jy';fs/; tuyhw;Wr;
rpwg;gk
[ pf;f ,l';fs;/ bjhy;bghUs; fl;ll';fs; Mfpa
Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd tp#a';fs; gw;wp Mnyhridfs; TWjy;.
3. vd;d trjpfisr] bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W Mnyhrid Twy;/
,e;jpag; gazp kw;Wk; btspehl;Lg; gazp uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J
mUfpy; cs;s ,lj;jpw;F gazk; bra;jy;/ j';Fkplk;/ ,yf;fpa
E}y;fs;/ tHpfhl;o E}y;fs;/ tH';Fjy; m';fPfhpf;fg;gl;l
tHpfhl;ofis Vw;ghL bra;jy; kw;Wk; gpw.
4. vd;d eltof;iffs; vLf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gij ghpe;Jiuj;jy;:
m) ,e;jpa khepy';fs; my;yJ cs;shl;rp murh';fk; M) kj;jpa
murpd; gy;ntW ,yhfhf;fs;.
5 Rw;Wyhg; gw;wpa gpw tp#a';fSf;Fhpa fhhpa';fis
nkw;bfhs;Sjy;.
rhh;$d;l; FG vy;yh tifapYk; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; btspehl;Lf;

Rw;Wyhj; bjhlh;g[ nkd;ik milat[k/; Cf;Ftpf;ft[k; bra;a[k; Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfspd; tUifahy; vy;yh tifapYk; thzpgk; gyd; bgWk; vd;W
FG fUjpaJ. FG ghpe;Jiu bra;jtw;Ws; kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;W/ xU
jdpahd mikg;ig Vw;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ. mJ fPH;fz;l gzpfisr;
bra;a[k;;
1. ,e;jpahtpYk; btspehl;oYk; tpsk;guk; bra;jy;.

2. tHpfhl;o E}y;fs;/ Fwpg;g[fs;/ Rtbuhl;ofs; nghd;w bghUj;jkhd
,yf;fpa';fisj j
; ahh;bra;jy;.
3. tHpfhl;ofSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspj;jy;.
4. gpw murh';f ,yhfhf;fSld; bjhlh;g[ bfhs;Sjy;.
5. Rw;Wyhit elj;Jgth;fnshL bjhlh;g[ bfhs;Sjy;.
6. nQhl;ly;fSld; bjhlh;g[ bfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; czt[ tpLjpfSld;
bjhlh;g[ bfhs;Sjy;.
57
7. Mfha khh;f;fkhf/ uapy; khh;f;fkhfg; gazk; bra;gth;fSf;F
trjp bra;Jj; jUtjw;F xj;JiHg;iga[k; cjtpa[k; bra;jy;.
8. gd;dhl;L juj;jpy; Kjy;ju nQhl;ly;fis Vw;ghL bra;jy;.
9. yz;ld; kw;Wk; epa[ahh;f; Mfpa ,l';fspy; tpsk;gu
mYtyf';fis Muk;gpj;jy;.
FGtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; ey;y gyidf; bfhLj;jJ. Rw;Wyh
epWtd';fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd tHpfhl;Ljy;fis tH';fpaJ.
Rje;jpuk; bgw;w nghJ ,e;jpah nghjpa trjpfisg; bgw;wpUe;jJ.

vy;yh tifahd nQhl;ly;fSk; ,Ue;jd. nghjpa nghf;Ftuj;J bjhiy
bjhlh;g[ trjpfisg; bgw;wpUe;jJ. bgUk;ghYk; vy;yh Kf;fpakhd
Rw;Wyh ika';fSk; vspjpy; uapy; \ykhfnt jiutHpahf kw;Wk; rpy
,l';fSf;F Mfhak; khh;f;fkhf bry;y Koe;jJ. rhh;$d;l;fkpl;oapd;
gydhy; ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp mile;jJ. mJ Rw;Wyh
tsh;r;rpf;F KG neu ftdj;ija[k; mspj;jJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyhit Kd;ndw;Wtjw;fhd Kjy; moia vLj;J

itj;jJ. 1945 Mz;oy; jhd; 1949y; FG ghpe;Jiuapd; go jdpahf
Rw;Wyhj; njh;t[ mYtyfk; (Tourist Traffic Branch) xd;iw
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjidj; bjhlh;e;J mjd; gzpfSf;fhf gy fpis
mYtyf';fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. xt;bthd;Wk; 4 gphpt[fisf;
bfhz;Ls;sJ.
1. Rw;Wyh bjhlh;g[g; gphpt[ ( Tourist Traffic section)

2. Rw;Wyh eph;thfg; gphpt[ (Tourist Administrative Structure)
3. Rw;Wyh tpsk;gug; gphpt[ (Tourist publicity section)
4. tpdpnahfg;gphpt[ (Distribution section)
Rw;Wyh bjhlh;gg
[ ; gphpt[ gy;ntW Rw;Wyh tzpf tp#a';fs; rl;l
tp#a';fs; cl;gl/ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk;/ Rw;Wyh epWtd';fs/;
nQhl;ly;fs;/ xa;t[ tpLjpfs;/ Mfpatw;iw nkw;ghh;itapLk;/ ,J.
If;fpa ehLfs; Tl;Lk; khehLfspy; fye;J bfhs;Sk;.
Rw;Wyh eph;thfg; gphpt[ eph;thf tp#a';fisf; ftdpf;Fk;/ g[jpa

Rw;Wyh mYtyf';fis ,e;jpahtpYk; btspehl;oYk; Vw;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk;
mtw;iw nkw;ghh;itapLk;.
58
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
Rw;Wyh tpsk;gug; gphpt[ tHpfhl;Lk; E}y;fs/; Rth; tpsk;gu';fs/;
tpsk;gu';fs/; bghUl;fhl;rpfs/; re;ijfs; Mfpatw;iw Vw;ghL bra;a[k;.
tpdpnahfg; gphpt[ Rw;Wyh gw;wpa tpsk;gu';fis/ ,yf;fpa

E}y;fis tpdpnahfpf;Fk; ehd;F gphpt[fSk; gytpjg; gzpfis Mw;Wk;.
,e;jg;gphpt[fs; xU brayh; kw;Wk; ,uz;L Jizr; brayh;fspd; fPH;
gzpg[hpa[k;. Rw;Wyhg; bghJ ,af;Feh; gjtpia Vw;gLj;j xU jPh;khdk;
,Uf;fpwJ.
6.7 Rw;Wyh jfty; mYtf';fs; (Tourist Information

Offices)
,e;jpahtpy; kw;bwhU Kf;fpakhd gzp gpuhe;jpa';fspy;

mYtyf';fis Vw;gLj;jpajhFk;. bly;yp/ gk;gha;/ fy;fj;jh kw;Wk;
brd;idapy; mYtyf';fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F
ntz;oa jfty;fisj; je;Jk; Rw;Wyh mYtyf';fspy; njitahd
trjpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wjh vd;gij nkw;ghh;itaplt[k; bra;fpwJ.
btspehLfspy;
btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ,e;jpahtpw;F tUtjw;F

Cf;Ftpf;f gy Rw;Wyh mYtyf';fis epa[ahh;f;fpYk; gpwgFjpfspy;
Vw;gLj;jt[k; jPh;khdpj;jJ. rpwg;g[ mjpfhhpfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. _y';fh/
M!;jpnuypah Mfpa ehLfspy; cs;s ,e;jpahtpd; cah;epiy
Mizah; (iQfkp#dh); mYtyfk; Rw;Wyh nkk;ghl;L ntiyiaf;
ftdpj;jJ. Inuhg;ghtpy; Kjy; mYtyfk; yz;ldpy; $%iy 1955Yk;
ghhP!py; cs;s gpuhd;f;@gh;l;/ bky;gh;d;/ _y';fh Mfpa ,l';fspy;
mYtyf';fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpahtpy; gpuhe;jpa mYtyf';fs;
vd;d gzpg[hpfpd;wdnth mtw;iwna btspehLfspy; ,Ug;gita[k;
ftdpj;jd.
6.8 Rw;Wyh mikr;rufk; Vw;gLj;jy;
nghf;Ftuj;J mikr;rufj;jpy; khh;;r; 1/ 1958y; jdpahf Rw;Wyh

,yhf;fh Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. g[jpa ,yhf;fh bghJ ,af;Fehpd; bghWg;gpy;
tplg;gl;lJ. 1. nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L thd;tHp (rptpy;
mtpnard); mikr;ruit. 2. Rw;Wyh mikr;rufk; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L
thd;tHp (rptpy; mtpnard); (2 ,yhfhf;fSld;) 1. Rw;Wyh ,yhf;fh
59
2. cs;ehl;L thd;tHp (rptpy; mtpnard;) ,yhf;fh fpl;lj;jpl;l 18
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; Rw;Wyh nghf;Ftuj;J ,yhf;fhtplkpUe;J gphpe;J
bray;gl;lJ.
Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L thd;tHp nghf;Ftuj;J kj;jpa

mikr;ruitapd; bray;fs;:
1. thdpiy Muha;r;rp mikg;gpd; gzpfs.;

2. thD}h;jp epiyak; kw;Wk; thD}h;jpfs; mikg;g[ Mfpatw;wpd;
Vw;ghLfs; bra;jy;.
3. thD}h;jpfisg; ghJfhf;f Vw;ghLfs; bra;jy;.
4. thd;khh;f;fkhf gazpfisa[k; bghUs;fisa[k; mDg;g[jy;.
5. fHf';fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
6. gpw mikr;rf';fnshL beU';fpa bjhlh;g[ Vw;gLj;jpj; bfhs;Sjy;.
7. gy bray;fis xU';fpizj;jy;.
8. epWtd';fSld; xg;ge;j';fs; bra;J bfhs;Sjy;.
9. Rw;Wyh eltof;iffs; Vw;gLj;Jjy; jpl;lkpLjy;.
10. tprhuizfs; bra;jy;.
11. xg;ge;j';fisa[k; cld;ghLfisa[k; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
6.9 Rw;Wyhj; Jiw
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ,g;bghGJ Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; rptpy; thD}h;jp

mikr;rfj;jpd; ,iz mYtyfkhfr; bray;gLfpwJ. ,J fojj;
bjhlh;ig neuoahfg; gpw khepy kw;Wk; ika mikr;rf';fnshL
bfhz;Ls;sJ.
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw fPH;tUk; 7 gphpt[fshy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

1. epfH;r;rp Kiwf;F Vw;ghL bra;jy; kw;Wk; jpl;lkpLjy; (Planning and
programming) 2. tpsk;guk; kw;Wk; khehL (publicity and conference)
3. RW;Wyh thzpgk; kw;Wk; cgrhpj;jy; (Travel Trade and hospitality.)
4. j';Fkplk; (Accommodation) 5. Jiz j';Fk; trjp kw;Wk;
tdtpy';F (supplementary Accommodation and wild life)
6. re;ij Ma;t[ (Makret Research) 7. eph;thfk; (Administration).
60
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh
,j;Jiwapd; bray;fs;
1. cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh jfty;fisr; nrfhpg;gJk;

bjhFg;gJk;.
2. gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh mikg;gf
[ Sld; xj;JiHg;g[.
3. Rw;Wyh trjpapd; tsh;r;rp.
4. cs;ehl;oYk; btspehl;oYk; tpsk;guk; bra;jy;.
5. vy;iy fle;J bry;tjw;fhd Mtz';fis vspikg;gLj;Jjy;.
6. Rw;Wyh tzpf bray;fis xG';FgLj;Jjy; - nQhl;ly;fs;.

1. g[fH;bgw;w Fiff; nfhtpy; ,Uf;Fkplk;
m) c$;$adp M) vy;nyhuh
,) f$%uhQ% <) gyhypgl;
2. rhh;$d;l; FGit Vw;gLj;jpath; ahh;>
3. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,e;jpahtpw;F tuhjjw;Ff; fhuzpfs; vd;d>
4. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfshy; ,e;jpahtpy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l rhjf
ghjf';fs; ahit>
5. rhh;$d;l; FGitg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
6. Rw;Wyh mikr;rfj;jpd; gzpfs; ahit>
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghUf;F Kd;ng Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp

,e;jpah mwpe;jpUe;jJ. Rw;Wyhtpdhy; Vw;gLk; bghUshjhu kw;Wk; r\f
gad;fis gpw ehLfs; ed;F gad;gLj;Jtij ,e;jpaht[k; mwpe;Js;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp fth;;r;rpfukhd bjhd;whFk;.
fiyr;brhw;fs;
Host country - jha; ehL
Potential - bry;tk; my;yJ tsk;

1. M. vy;nyhuh
61
62
gphpt[ 7
Rje;jpuj;jpypUe;J Rw;Wyh
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
7.1 Rje;jpuj;jpypUe;J Rw;Wyh
7.2 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUif
7.3 btspehzar; bryhtzp tut[fs;
7.4 ntiy tha;g;g[fs; cUthf;Fjy;
7.5 Rw;Wyh bghUl;fs;
7.6 ,e;jpa Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp fHfk;
7.6.1 ,jd; nehf;f';fs;
7.7 ,e;jpahtpy; gz;ghl;Lr; Rw;Wyh
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr; brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
,e;jpah xU khWgl;l epy mikg;g[k; btg;gKk; Fspr;rpa[k;

bfhz;L gyjug;gl;l mHFld; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. Rje;jpuk; mile;j nghJ
,e;jpah epiwe;j trjpfisf; bfhz;L Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F chpa ,lkhf
,Ue;jJ. 1949y; jdpahf Rw;Wyhj; Jiw mikf;fg;gl;l gpd;g[ ,e;jpahtpy;
Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F KG neuf;ftdKk; jug;gl;lJ.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k;.
 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;g[ ,Ue;j ,e;jpahtpd; epiyia tpsf;ft[[k;/

 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif tpguj;ij mwpat[k;/
 ,e;jpa Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf; fHfk; kw;Wk; nehf;f';fs; gw;wp
tpthpf;ft[k; ,aYk;.
7.1 Rje;jpuj;jpypUe;J Rw;Wyh
me;epar; bryhtzp tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ntiy tha;g;g[

nehf;fj;jpw;fhf tsh]e;J tUk; ehLfs; Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpiy nkk;gLj;j
mjpf ftdk; vLj;Jf; bfhz;ld.
tUk; gf;fj;jpy; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gl;oaypy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;

tUif jug;gl;Ls;sJ. 1968y; 1/88/820 gazpfs; te;jdh;. 1990y; te;j
gazpfs; 13/29/950. ,J 7 kl';F mjpfkhFk;. 1965 Kjy; ,e;jpahtpy;
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif bjhlh;e;J cah;e;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpwJ.
1967 Mk; Mz;L Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L thD}h;jp mikr;rfk;

(fhgpdl; mikr;rh; bghWg;gpy; cs;sJ) Vw;gLj;jpa gpd; Rw;Wyhtpd;
tsh;r;rp xU';fpize;J bray;gl;lJ. jilaw;w Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpf;F
muR Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. bkhj;jj;jpy; ,e;jpah xt;bthU Mz;Lk; xU
Tl;L tsh;rr
; p 10% mile;jJ. 1989y; tsh;r;rpapd; tpGf;fhL 7.8 Mf gjpt[
bra;ag;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; msitg; ghh;f;ifapy; xd;wiu kpy;ypad; Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfspd; tUif mt;tst[ kfpH;r;rp jUtjhf ,y;iy. Mdhy; rpy
fhuz';fis ehk; fz;nlhbkdpy; ehk; rkhjhdk; milnthk;. Vbddpy;
bry;tkpf;f cyfr; re;ij ehLfshd mbkhpf;fh/ Inuhg;gh/ fdlh/
$g;ghd; kw;Wk; M!;jpnuypah Mfpa ehLfs; ,e;jpahtpw;Fj; bjhiytpy;
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ehLfspypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;Fr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;
tUtbjd;why; mjpfr; bryt[ bra;a ntz;oajpUf;Fk;.
gpw ehLfspy; mjpf Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUfpd;wdh;. ,tw;nwhL

xg;gpLk; nghJ ,e;jpah kpfj; jhkjkhfnt Rw;Wyhitj; Jtf;fpaJ
vd;gij epidtpy; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. nkYk; tsh;e;j ehLfspy; rpy
g[tpapay; rhjf';fs; ciladthf cs;sd. mit ,e;jpahtpy; ,y;iy.
bgUk;ghyhd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif ,e;jpahtpy;
gFjpfSf;fpilna tUk; gazpfs; jhd;. fdlhtpw;F xt;bthU Mz;Lk;
mbkhpf;fhtpypUe;J kpy;ypad;fSf;F nkyhf Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;
bry;fpd;wdh;. ,e;jpahtpd; mz;il ehl;odh; trjpkpf;fth;fs; ,y;iy.
vdnt mz;il ehl;oypUe;J Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; mjpfk; ngh;
64
tUtjpy;iy. mt;tg;bghGJ elj;jg;gl;l fzf;fPLfs; \yk;
bgwg;gl;ljpypUe;J gy;ntW ehLfspypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F tUk;
gazpfspd; ruhrhp brytpd; mog;gilapy; ,e;jpahtpd; btspehl;Lr;
bryhtzp kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
7.2 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif

,e;jpahtpw;F tUk; mjpfhpg;g[
tUlk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tpGf;fhLfspy;
vz;zpf;if fle;jhz;il tpl
1968 1/88/820 5.2
1969 2/44/724 29.6
1970 2/80/821 14.8
1971 3/00/995 7.2
1972 3/42/950 13.9
1973 4/09/895 19.5
1974 4/33/161 3.2
1975 4/65/275 10
1976 5/33/951 14.8
1977 6/40/422 19.9
1978 7/47/995 16.8
1979 7/64/781 2.2
1980 8/00/150 4.6
1981 8/53/148 6.6
1982 8/60/178 0.8
1983 8/84/731 2.9
1984 8/35/503 5.6
1985 8/36/908 0.2
1986 10/80/050 29.1
1987 11/63/774 7.8
1988 12/39/992 6.5
65
1989 13/37/232 7.8

1990 1/32/995 0.5
1977 Mk; Mz;oypUe;J btspehl;Lr; bryhtzp tsh;r;rpapy;

vt;tpj jilaw;w tsh;r;rp ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; tUkhdk; 9
kl';Ffs; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ: 1976-77y; Rs.2,850 kpy;ypadhf ,Ue;jJ.
1989-90y; Rs.24,560 kpy;ypadhf cah]e;J ,Ue;jJ. Rw;Wyh btspehl;L
bryhtzpia <l;oj;jUtjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
7.3 btspehl;Lr; bryhtzp tut[fs;

tUlk; +gha; tpfpjhr;rhu khw;wk;
1976-77 2/850 -
1977-78 5/306 86.2
1978-79 5/653 6.5
1979-80 9/200 66.7
1980-81 11/663 26.8
1981-82 10/639 8.8
1982-83 11/306 6.3
1983-84 12/250 8.3
1984-85 13/000 6.1
1985-86 11/891 -
1986-87 16/066 35.1
1987-88 18/561 15.5
1988-89 21/030 13.3 (njhuhakhf)
1989-90 24.56 16.8 (njhuhakhf)
7.4 ntiy tha;g;g[fis cUthf;Fjy;
Rw;Wyh xU nritj; bjhHpyhf cs;~h; kf;fSf;F bjhHpy;

tha;gg
; f
[ is Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. tsUk; ehLfspy; ,J ey;tha;gg
; pidj;
jUfpwJ. ,e;jpah nghd;w ehLfspy; ntiyapd;ik mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
Rw;wyhtpdhy; gyh;ntiy tha;gg
; pidg; bgWfpd;wdh;.
66
nQhl;ly;fs/; Rw;Wyhg; bghUl;fs; tpw;Fk; filfs;/ gaz
Kfth;fs;/ kw;Wk; nghf;Ftuj;J ifj;jwp kw;Wk; rpW ifj; bjhHpy;
Mfpatw;wpy; Rw;Wyh neuoahf ntiy tha;g;g[fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. tHp
fhl;ofs;/ Rw;Wyhg; gazj;ij elj;Jgth;fs;/ bkhHp bgah;j;Jf;
TWgth;fs; nghd;w bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F neuo ntiy tha;g;g[f;
fpilf;fpwJ. ,t;thW neuoahf ntiyiag; bgw;wth;fs; gpw Jiwfspd;
bghUl;fspd; njitiaa[k; nritfisa[k; kiwKfkhf vw;gLj;jp
bjhHpy;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wdh;.
Rw;Wyh gyj; bjhHpy;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F cjhuzk;

TWtbjd;why; gyh; fl;olk; fl;Ltjpy; ntiy bgWfpd;wdh; vd;why;
mjd; Jiz thzpgkhd ifj;jwp/ iftpidg; bghUl;fs;/ fz;zhog;
ghj;jpu';fs;/ ypdd; kw;Wk; nkir ehw;fhypfs; nghd;w bghUl;fspd;
njit mjpfhpg;g[k/; mjdhy; ntiy tha;g;g[k; fpilf;fpd;wd. 1975y;
National council of Applied Economics Research vDk; mikg;g[ Rw;Wyhj;
bjhHpypy; neuoahft[k; kiwKfkhft[k; Rkhh; 9/38/000 ngh; ntiy
ghh;f;fpd;wdh; vd;W kjpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
7.5 Rw;Wyhg; bghUl;fs;
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; njitfisr; rkhspf;f Rw;Wyhtpd;

trjpfis mjpfhpg;gJ mtrpakhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J Rw;Wyhg;
gphpt[fs; ,jid mwpe;J jpwikahf mt;tpj trjpfis Vw;ghL
bra;fpd;wd. flw;fiufs/; kiy thr!;jy';fs/; tpisahl;L ,l';fs;
kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L ika';fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F gy Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;
tUtij Cf;fptpf;Fk; tz;zk; mt;tpl';fspy; trjpfisr; bra;jy;
ntz;Lk;. j';Ftjw;fhd trjpahd nQhl;ly;/ tpUk;g[k; czt[g;
gjhh;j;j';fs; fpilj;jy;/ khiyapy; bghGJ nghf;F trjp kw;Wk;
Rw;wpapUf;Fk; ,l';fSf;Fr; brd;W tu nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; xU
Rw;Wyh gazpf;Fhpa njitfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. jhd; brd;W ghh;j;j
,l';fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fs; ml';fpa r";rpiffSk;/ Rw;Wyhg;
gazpf;Fj; njit. Vbddpy;/ mitfs; epidt[f; Fwpg;g[fshf mtUf;F
,Uf;Fk;. vdnt xU Rw;Wyhg; gazpia ftUtjw;fhf nkny Twg;gl;l
trjpfs; bra;tJ mtrpak;.
Rw;Wyhg; bghUl;gaid tYg;gLj;j ,e;jpah vd;d

bra;jpUf;fpwJ? jpl;lkpl;L j';fs; bghUl;fisr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfsplk;
67
tpw;gjw;Fg; gy ehLfs; btt;ntW tHpfisf; ifahSfpd;wd.
Rw;Wyhtpw;F rk;ge;jkhd trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F gy fHf';;fSf;F
murh';fk; Mjutspj;J tUfpwJ. mt;thW trjpfs; bgUf;Ftjw;fhd
bfhs;if Kot[fs; murh';fj;jhy; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; jpl;lkpLjy;/ re;ijg; bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;jy;

Mfpait \d;W btt;ntW epiyfspy; eilbgWfpwJ.
nky;kl;l mstpy; ika Rw;Wyhj;Jiw (The central

Department of Tourism) bray;gLfpwJ. njrpa mstpy; cs;s
Rw;Wyh tsh;rr
; pf; ft[d;rpy; (Mnyhrid mikg;g[) cjtpia ika
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw bgWfpwJ. ,uz;lhk; mstpy; ,e;jpar; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;
fHfk; (Indian Tourism Development Corporation) ehl;oy;
Rw;Wyhit nkk;gLj;Jk; gFjpahf thzpg rk;ge;jg;gl;l tpra';fspy;
,jd; gzpfisr; bra;fpwJ.
\d;whk; mstpy; khepy';fs; bray;gLfpd;wd. khepy muRfs;/

cs;Sh; Rw;Wyhtpw;F brytpdk; mjpfk; gpof;fhj j';Fk; tpLjpfisf;
fl;Ljy;/ Rw;Wyh ika';fis nkk;gLj;Jjy;/ tpsk;guk; bra;jy/;
Mfpatw;iw bra;fpd;wd. ,jw;fpilapy; ,k;\d;W mstpy; eilbgWk;
bray;ghLfSld; gpw murh';f kw;Wk; muRrhuh mikg;g[fs; ehl;oYs;s
Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpf;F neuoahd fhuzkhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; Rw;Wyhj;
bjhHpy; nkk;gl xU Kf;fpakhd g';F tfpf;fpwJ. bjhy;bghUs; Jiw
gd;dhl;L tpkhdjs mjpfhhp/ R';fj;Jiw/ tpkhdk;;/ ,uapy;nt/
nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; tdj;Jiw ifj;jwp kw;Wk; iftpidg; bghUs;
gpuahz Kfth;fs; bghJkf;fs; jdpahh; nQhl;ly/; epWtd';fs; kw;Wk;
nghf;Ftuj;J thzpfk;/ gj;jphpf;ifj;Jiw Mfpait ,jpy;ml';Fk;.
7.6 ,e;jpar; RW;Wyh tsh;r;rp fHfk;; (ITDC)
$h.tpd; jiyikapy; 1963y; xU ,ilf;fhyf; fkpl;o xd;W

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
me;jf; fkpl;o $h.fkpl;o vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Rw;Wyh

tsh;r;rpf;fhd tHptiffis Muha;tjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
bghJkf;fs; gphpt[[ Rw;Wyhit nkk;gLj;j rpwe;j g';F tfpf;f ntz;Lk;
vdg; ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. mjd; go ,e;jpa murh';fk; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy;
jdpahd 3 fHf';fis 1965y; Vw;gLj;jpaJ mitfs;.
68
1. nQhl;ly; fhh;gnurd; Mg; ,e;jpah ypkpbll/;
2. ,e;jpa Rw;Wyh fHfk;
3. ,e;jpa Rw;Wyh nghf;Ftuj;J fHfk; (Undertaking Ltd).
,e;j \d;W fHf';fspd; Kf;fpa gzpfs; nQhl;ly;fisf;

fl;LtJ kw;Wk; guhkhpg;gJ/ tpsk;guk; bra;jy/; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F
nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; bra;J jUjy; MfpadthFk;.
jpwikahf bray;glt[k; bghUshjhuf; fhuzj;jpw;fhft[k; nkny

Fwpg;gpl;l \d;iwa[k; xd;whf 1966 mf;nlhghpy; nrh;j;jJ. ,e;jpa
murh';fk; bghJkf;fs; gphpthf ,e;jpah Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp fHfk;
oy;ypapy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; gpwF mnrhf; nQhl;ly;!; ypkpbll; $d;gj;
nQhl;ly; ypkpbll; kw;Wk; u";rpj; nQhl;ly;fs; Mfpait ,e;jf;
fHf';fnshL ,izf;fg;gl;ld. ,J khh;r; 28/ 1970 Kjy; jd; gzpiaj;
Jtf;fpaJ.
7.6.1 ,jd; nehf;f';fs;
xd;wpize;j fHf';fspd; nehf;f';fSk; bray;fSk; fPH;fz;l

tiffspy; cs;sd.
 nQhl;ly;fisf; fl;Ljy;/ mtw;iw eph;tfpj;jy/; j';Fkpl';fs/;

bu!;lhuz;Lfs; Rw;Wyh g';fshf;fs; rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdh; ,y;y';fs;
gyr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfisj; j';f itg;gjw;fhd gy;ntW gPr;Rfs;
,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; j';Fk; trjp Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
 Rw;wyhg; gazpfSf;F nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpj; jUjy;.
 fyhr;rhu epfH;r;rpfs/; ,ir epfH;r;rpfs;/ xyp xspf; fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk;
gpwtw;iw vw;ghL bra;J Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F kdkfpH;r;rp Vw;gLk;
trjpfisj; jUjy;.
 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; bghUl;fs; th';f trjpahf filfs; VW;ghL
bra;jy.;
 ,e;jpahitr; Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd gFjp vd;gij btspehLfspy;
tpsk;gug;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;oy; Rw;Wyhtpw;F njrpa
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUjy;.
,e;j tifapy; ,e;jpa Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf; fHfk; (India Tourism

Development Corporation) Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpf;Fhpa mtrpakhd
69
gzpfs; tphpthf bra;J tUfpwJ. ,e;jpa Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp fHfk;
jw;rkak; 3000 nQhl;ly; miwfisa[k; 300 thfd';fisa[k;
bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpYf;F cjt[k; tifapy; bly;ypapy;
mjd; jiyikaplkhf re;ijg; gphpit ,J Jtf;fpa[s;sJ.
7.7 ,e;jpahtpy; gz;ghl;Lr; Rw;Wyh
gz;ila tuyhw;W kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj; bjhlh;g[ila ,l';fs;

fiy tpHhf;fs;/ ,ir tpHhf;fs;/ jpnal;lh;fs; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfH;rr
; pfs; eilbgWk; ,l';fSf;F
mjpfg;goahd kf;fs; btt;ntW ,l';fspypUe;J fhz tUfpd;whh;fs;.
Rw;Wyhtpw;F Mh;tk; jiyahd fhuz';fspd; xd;whf tps';FfpwJ.
,d;iwa cyfj; bjhHpy;El;g tsh;r;rpahy;/ Vw;gl;l Clf';fs; tHpahf
kf;fs; btt;ntW gFjpfisg; gw;wpf; nfl;ft[k;/ fhzt[k; gof;ft[k;
KofpwJ. fl;olj;jpd; fiy/ ,ir/ ,yf;fpak;/ ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;/ eldk;
tz;z xtpak; kw;Wk; tpisahl;L Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gLk; tsh;e;J tUk;
Mh;tk; kdpjdpd; ntWtifahd mwpitj; njLk; Mh;tkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,j;jifa Mh;tk; fy;tpahy; J}z;lg;gLfpwJ. gd;dhl;L epfH;r;rpfshd
xypk;gpf; tpisahl;Lfs;/ njrpa epfH;r;rpfs;/ bghUl;fhl;rpfs;/ rpwg;g[
tpHhf;fs; kw;Wk; gpw Mapuf;fzf;fhd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis
Mh;tkilar; bra;fpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpd; gz;ila fyhr;rhuk; gz;ghl;od; fhuzkhf

,e;jpahtpy; fyhr;rhur; Rw;Wyh xU rpwg;g[ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; gazpg;gjw;fhd gy;ntW J}z;ly;fisj; jUk; fhuz';fs;
,Ue;jhYk; gz;ghl;Lr; Rw;Wyh Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ.
,e;jpahtpw;F tUif je;j ve;j btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh gazpfSk; kpfg;
bghpa gz;ghl:Lj; jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk/; kWtifapy;
brhy;tbjd;why; ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh/ mjpfg;goahd gz;ghl;Lj;
bjhlh;g[fis Vw;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfis ekJ tuyhw;W kw;Wk; bjhy;bghUs; epidt[r; rpd;d';fs;
btFthf fth;e;J tUfpd;wd. 1968y; grpgpf; Vrpah ouhty;!;
mnrhrpnard; elj;jpa rh;nt xd;wpy; ,e;j cz;ik cWjp
bra;ag;gl;oUf;fpwJ. mnj nghy rh;ntf;fs; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy;
elj;jg;gl;l 1968-1969 kw;Wk; 1972-73 Rw;Wyh hpahf;!d; ngl;lh;d; kw;Wk;
hpahf;rd; rh;ntf;fs; elj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;dhy; elj;jg]gl;l rh]ntapy;/
Mh]tj;jpd; fhuzkhf 42% ,e;jpaf;fiy kw;Wk; gz;ghL fhuzkhf 34%
70
Rw]Wyhf;fhuzpfs; Rw;Wyhg]gazpfis ,e;jpahtpw;F tutiHj;jJ
vd;W g[s;sptpguk; TWfpwJ.
njrpa/ gd;dhl;L ey;byz;zj;ija[k; xUth] kw;wtiug] g[hpe;J

bfhs;tija[k; mjpfhpf;f gz;ghl;Lr; Rw;Wyh Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ.
Mapuf;fzf;fhd bjhy;ypay; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W epidt[g;bghUl;fs; ehL
KGtJk; gutp gz;ila ,e;jpa tuyhW kw;Wk; gz;ghL gw;wpa
tpra';fis bjhpe;Jbfhs;s re;jh]g;g';fis tH';Ffpd;wd.
rf;jp tha;e;j ,e;j epidt[r; rpd;d';fspd; bgUikia

gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,e;jpa murh';fk;/ UNESCO \ykhf xU
epg[ziu 1968y; tutiHj;J Rw;Wyhj; Jiwf;F Mnyhrid tH';FkhW
nfl;Lf;bfhz;lJ.
UNESCO epg[zuhd lhf;lh] E.R.My;rpd; (Allchin) vd;gth]

1969y; ,e;jpahtpw;F tutiHf;fg;gl;lhh]. gz;ghl;Lr; Rw;Wyh Fwpj;J rpy
Ma;t[fs; bra;tJ nehf;fk;. Fwpg;gpl;l tpra';fSf;bfd rpwg]g[ Rw;Wyh
Vw;ghL bra;ayhkh vd;W Ma;t[ bra;jJ. mjd; mwpf;if tUkhW :
1) 54 rjtpfpjj;jpdh] (Rw;Wyhg;gazpfs;) jh';fs; j';fpaJ gw;wp

TWifapy; kdpjdhy] cUthf;fpa fl;ol';fs; nfhtpy;fs;/
njthya';fs; Mfpatw;iw urpj;jjhf Twpdh]. epidt[r; rpd;dg;
bgUikfis ehd;F tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
m) g[j;juJ epidt[r; rpd;d';fs/;

M) Qpe;J epidt[r; rpd;d';fs/;
,) ,e;njh- ,!;yhkpa epidt[r; rpd;d';fs; kw;Wk;
<) Inuhg]gpa epidt[rr
; pd;d';fs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpaht[ld; gphpl;O#;
mikg;g[.
,e;j ehd;Fnk Rw;Wyhtpy; ed;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
2) bghJthf rka czh]t[ila Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,e;jpahtpd;

epidt[r; rpd;d';fspd; bgUikapy; mjpf Mh]tk;
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wdh]. rkag;bgUika[k;/ gy kf;fis/ mjpf
mstpyhd g[dpj ahj;jphPfh]fis <h]j;jJ.
m) cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg]gazpfSk;/ btspehl;odUk; bjhlh]e;J

tUfpd;wdh]. gz;ghl;L ika';fSf;F tUif jUfpd;wdh].
71
M) g[j;jUf;Fj; bjhlh]g[ila ,l';fSf;F btspehl;odh] mjpfk;
tUfpd;wdh]. _y';fh kw;Wk; gpw ehl;odh].
,) Qpe;J kjk;/ g[j;j rkak; kw;Wk; ,!;yhk; Mfpatw;wpy;
Mh]tk; bfhz;Ls;s mbkhpf;fh]fs;/ Inuhg;gpah;fs;
tUfpd;wdh].
3) bry;tk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if kug[ilik mLj;jjhf

tUfpwJ. gz;ghl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpw;F gwitfs; ruzhya';fSk;
fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpw;F tUtjd; nehf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;s mHfhd ,aw;if fhl;rpfs; vd;W Rkhh] 48.3 rjtpfpj
Rw;Wyhg] gazpfs; TWfpd;wdh]. ,e;jpa tpy';fpd';fSk; jhtu
tiffSk; fth]tjw;fhd gpw fhuz';fshFk;.
4) ,e;jpahtpd; kug[ tHp fiya[k; ifj;jpwKk; (traditional arts and

crafts) : filfspy; ,e;jpag] bghUl;fis th';Fk;bghGJ ,e;jpaf;
fiy gw;wpa[k; ifj;bjhHpy; bghUl;fsp;d; mHifa[k; mwpfpd;wdh;.
bgUk;ghyhd Rw;Wyhg] gazpfs; ,J rk;ge;jkhd tpsk;gu
gj;jphpf;iffisj; j';fs; cld; vLj;Jr;bry;fpd;wdh].
5) mLj;J tUtJ ,ira[k/; eldKk;. ,itfs; Kjd;ikahf

gazpfis <h;f;Fk;vd;W brhy;y ,ayhJ. Mdhy; Rw;Wyhtpw;Fj;
Jizf; fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fk;. rh;ntf;fspypUe;J ehk; bjhpa
tUtJ gy btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,iriaf;
eld';fisg; ghh;g;gjpYk; kfpH;tilfpd;wdh; vd;gjhFk;.
6) DR.E.R. My;rpd; TWfpwhh;: "gHika[k; rpwe;j kuiga[k;/ kpFe;j

$dj;bjhifa[k; bfhz;l xU bghpa ehL. ehyhapukhz;L gz;ghl;L
thH;itf; bfhz;lJ. ,e;jf; fhuz';fSf;fhf Rw;Wyhg; gazp
,e;jpahtpw;F te;J ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;od; jhf;fj;ij bgw;Wr;
bry;fpd;wdh;".
nkYk; Dr.My;rpd; TWfpwhh;: "gz;ghL tuyhW Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ

Mh;tk; bfhz;l gy Rw;Wyhg; gazp Inuhg;gh kw;Wk;
mbkhpf;fhtpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F tUfpd;wdh;. ,e;jpahtpd; tsk;
kw;Wk; gy;ntW epidt[r; rpd;d';fs; jdpj;jd;ik bgw;W/ Rw;Wyh
Kf;fpa tsh;r;rp bgw;W tUfpwJ. ,tuJ Tw;iw I.eh.tpd;
epg[zh;fspd; kjpg;gPL cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
72
1. Rw;wyhj;Jiw kw;Wk; rptpy; thD}h;jp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L
m) 1947 M) 1967 ,) 1945 <) 1965
2. "$h fkpl;o" Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L
m) 1963 M) 1973 ,) 1953 <) 1955
3. ,e;jpar; Rw;Wyhtpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l neuo bjhHpy;fs;
rpytw;iwg; gw;wpf; TWf.
4. ,e;jpar; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp fHf';fspd; nehf;f';fs; gw;wp tpthp.
5. ,e;jpahtpy; gz;ghl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpd;; bray; gw;wp kjpg;gPLf.
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
Rw;Wyh fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gug;g[k; jdpg;gl;l thfdkhf vg;bghGJk;

tps';FfpwJ. ,J kdpj mwpit tphpthf;FfpwJ. ,e;jpah gue;J tphpe;j
ehlhf/ mHFk; epidt[r; rpd;d';fisa[k; bfhz;L tps';FfpwJ.
kiyfSk; jz;zPh; tha;f;fhy;fSk; bfhz;l nfush ,e;jpahtpy; xU
Rw;wyhtpd; brhh;f;fnyhfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
fiyr;brhw;fs;
Ancillary trade - ,uz;lhk; tzpfk;.
Archaeology - bjhy;bghUs;,ay; gw;wpa gog;g[ rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ.

1. M) 1967
2. m) 1963
73
bjhFjp III
Kd;Diu
Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; kdpjd;. gazp/ Ma;thsh; my;yJ

Rw;Wyhg;gazp my;yJ kdpjd; jdpeguhfnth my;yJ Tl;lhfnth
vy;yh eltof;iffspYk; ikakhfj; jpfH;fpwhd;. gazk; bra;a[k;
Mh;tk; mjpfhpj;jjhy; Rw;Wyh kpfg;bghpa tsh;r;rpaile;J
yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; btspehLfSf;Fr; Rw;Wyhg;gazk;
nkw;bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. gazk; vd;gJ xU gFjpapypUe;J kw;bwhU
gFjpf;Fr; bry;tij Fwpf;fpwJ. bghJthf neuk;/ Kaw;rp kw;Wk; gzk;
vDk; \d;W bray;fs; ,jpy; ,lk; bgWfpd;wd. tuyhw;W Kw;gl;l
fhyj;jpYk; mjw;F gpd;dUk; kdpjd; jdf;F njitahd bghUisj;
njlj; bjhl';fpdhhd;. nkYk; czt[f;fhft[k; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;fhft[k;
my;yJ Mh;tj;jpdhYk; gazk; nkw;bfhz;lhd;. ,aw;if mtid
Xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhh; ,lj;jpw;F gazk; nkw;bfhs;sj; J}z;oaJ.
,aw;if mk;r';fs; mjpf mstpy; gazk; nks;bfhs;sj; J}z;oaJ.
fhyg;nghf;fpy; Rw;wpj;jphpa[k; Mty;/ gilbaLg;g[ Mfpa gy;ntW
fhuz';fshy; gazj;ij mjpfhpf;fr; bra;jJ.
gphpt[ 8 : ,g;gphpt[ gazj;jpd; tuyhW/ gazk; bra;a[k; nehf;fk;

tsh;e;j ghpzhkk;/ Mfpatw;iw tpsf;FfpwJ. th;j;jfg;
gazpfs/; Md;kPfg; gazpfs; nghd;w gy tifahd gazpfs;
,Ue;jdh;. ,jpy; mjpfkhd gazk; th;j;jfj;jpw;F
nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
gphpt[ 9 : kWkyh;rr
; p kw;Wk; gFj;jwpa[k; czh;t[ Mz;L tpLKiw
fUj;J kw;Wk; bgUk;Rw;Wyh Mfpait gw;wp ,jpy;
typa[Wj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. bjhHpw;g[ul;rp Rw;Wyhtpy; kpfg; bgUk;
khw;w';fisf; bfhz;L te;jJ.
gphpt[ 10 : Rw;Wyhtpy; cs;slf;fpa Kf;fpa gFjpfshd nghf;Ftuj;J/

j';Fk; trjpfs;/ Rw;Wyhtpy; fye;Js;s tp#a';fs; gw;wp
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tuyhw;W gazk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh
gphpt[ 8
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
8.1 tuyhw;W gazk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh
8.1.1 Muk;gfhyj;jpy; gazk;
8.1.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; ghpzhkk;
8.1.3 Muk;gf;fhy gaz';fs; kw;Wk; gazpfs;
8.2 xU tuyhw;Wg; ghh;it
8.2.1 gaz';fs; kw;Wk; bjhiyg;gaz';fs;
8.2.2 th;j;jfg; gazpfs;
8.2.3 kdij tphpt[gLj;Jjy;
8.2.4 g[dpjg; gazpfs; kw;Wk; njLnthh;fs;
8.3 ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j Muk;g fhyg; gazpfs;
8.4 gazf;Fwpg;g[fs; kw;Wk; gpw fl;Liufs;
8.5 nuhkhdpah;fs; kw;Wk; ,d;gg; gazk;
8.5.1 !;gh!; (Spas)
8.5.2 flnyhu Xa;tpl';fs;
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr;brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
xU ehl;oypUe;J kw;bwhU ehl;ow;F xUtd; gazk;

nkw;bfhs;Sk;nghJ/ mtd; ,d kj hPjpahf khWgl;l NH;epiyiar;
re]jpf;fpwhd;. mtd; g[jpa NH;epiyf;Fk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHYf;Fk;
75
Vw;g jd;id khw;wpf; bfhs;fpwhd;. nkYk; gazk; nkw;bfhs;tij
tpUk;g[gtd; cz;ikahd Rw;Wyh gazpahfpwhd;.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k.;
 Rw;Wyhtpd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpia mwpat[k;

 gazpfis gy;ntW tif bjhpe;J bfhs;st[k;
 gazpfspd; Fwpg;g[fis mwpat[k;
 !;gh!; kw;Wk; flw;fiu Xa;tpl';fis tpsf;ft[k; Koa[k;.
8.1 tuyhw;W gazk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh
gazk; kdpj Fyk; njhd;wpajpypUe;nj njhd;wpaJ. ,J ,af;f

Mw;wy; gilj;jJ. ,J kpf Kf;fpak; tha;e;j xd;whFk;. r\fj;jpy;
bghUshjhu/ fyhr;rhu/ Md;kPf kw;Wk; fiy tsh;r;rpf;F tHpfhl;LfpwJ.
Muk;gj;jpypUe;J xUikg;ghl;ow;F mjpf g';fspg;ig tH';FfpwJ.
8.1.1 Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gazk;
Muk;gfhyj;jpy; kdpjd; czt[f;fhft[k; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;fhft[k;

kw;Wk; mtdJ njitfisg; g{h;j;jp bra;J bfhs;st[k; gazk;
nkw;bfhz;lhd;. ehnlho fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; kdpjd; xhplj;jpypUe;J
kw;nwhh; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; bgah;e;jhd;. g[jpa ,l';fSf;F ,lk;
bgah;e;jhd;. ghJfhg;ghd mjpf trjpa[s;s ,l';fisj; njor; brd;whd;.
,aw;iff; fhuz';fSf;fhft[k; gpw fhuz';fSf;fhft[k; mjpf mstpy;
,lk; bgah;e;jdh;. ehnlhof;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; gUt epiy khWjy;fs;
gazj;ij eph;zapj;jpd.
epykhdpa kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa rKjhaj;jpy;/ bjhHpw;g[ul;rp

Vw;gLtjw;FKd;/ gazk; vd;gJ th;j;jfj;ija[k; uhqt gilbaLg;gpy;
Mh;tKk; my;yJ j';fs; FG tpHhf;fis bfhz;lhLtija[k;
mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; th;j;jf';fs; njrpa th;j;jf
ghijfs; kw;Wk; bjhlh;g[fisa[k; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ,it rpwpJ rpwpjhf
gpw ,l';fSf;F tphpthfp ,Wjpapy; gpw fz;l';fSf;Fk; gutpaJ.
,j;jifa Kf;fpa tHpfs;/ cg;g[/ eWkzg; bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gprpd;
76
tifffis bgWk; tHpfshf mike;jd. gH';fhyj;jpy; rPdh/ ,e;jpah
mnugpah ,ilnaa[k;/ ,e;jpah/ bjd; fpHf;F Mrpah/ ,e;jpah/ jpbgj;/
!;fhz;onetpah/ kj;jpa jiuf;fly;/ Mg;gp;hpf;f kj;jpa jiuf;fly;
tHpfs; Mfpaitfspilna Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;thW th;j;jfg; gazj;ij
nkw;bfhs;s J}z;Lnfhsha; mike;jd.
th;j;jf tHpfspy; gazk; bgUk;ghYk; FGthft[k; tz;ofs;

\ykhft[k; gazk; nkw;bfhz;lhh;fs;. mg;nghija gazk;
fLikahdjhft[k; Mgj;J epiwe;jjhft[k; ,Ue;jJ. bghJthf
beL";rhiyfs; gazpfSf;Fj; njitahd trjpfspd;wp ,Ue;jJ.
j';Ftjw;Fk/; czt[/ Rfhjhu kw;Wk; cly;eyk; ngqk; trjpfs; ,d;wp
fhzg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; gy ,l';fspy; mjpfhhpfs; gazj;jpw;Fj;
njitahd eltof;iffis nkw;bfhz;lhh;fs;. jdpahh; epWtd';fSk;
beL";rhiyfspy; gazpfSf;Fj; njitahd trjpfisr; bra;jdh;.
ghgpnyhdpahtpd; murh; Ry;fp ghJfhg;ghd rhiyfs; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; tPLfs; kw;Wk; njhl;l';fs; mikj;J fhy;eilg; gazpfSf;F
cjt ntz;Lbkdf; Twpdhh;. rhiy tHpg;gazk; kw;Wk;
flw;gaz';ffs; Mfpatw;iwg; bghUj;j tiuapy; JiwKf';fspy;
gy;ntW Mf;fg{h;tkhd gzpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;L gazpfspd;
njitiag; g{h;j;jp bra;tjd; \yk; neuoahft[k; kiwKfkhft[k; mjpf
gzj;ij <l;l cjtpaJ. ,j;jifa nritfs; !;jy bghUshjhuk;
tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpaJ. nkYk; mitfs; fiy kw;Wk; iftpidg;
bghUl;fis Cf;Ftpg;gnjhL tptrhaj;ija[k; Cf;Ftpj;jJ. cs;~h;
kf;fs; gy;ntW tpjkhd ntiy tha;gg
; [fisg; bgw;Wg; gadile;jdh;.
gy;ntW ehLfspilna cs;s kf;fspilnaahd fyhr;rhu kw;Wk;
th;j;jf cwt[fs/; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;Fk;/ gy;ntW ehfhPf';fs;
tsh;tjw;Fk; epiyahd tsh;rr
; pf;Fk;/ thH;f;ifj;juk; caut[k;/ jukhd
thH;t[ thHt[k; bghpJk; cjt[fpwJ.
8.1.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; ghpzhkk;
jw;nghija Rw;Wyh Kiw rkPgj;jpy; njhd;wpa xd;whFk;. Mdhy;

kdpjd; gazpf;fj; bjhl';fpaJ tuyhW bjhl';fpa fhyj;jpnyna
bjhl';fg;gl;lJ. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; kdpjd; ehnlho thH:f;if thHe;J
te;jhd;. mtd; Xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhh; ,lj;jpw;F czt[f;fhft[k;
ePUf;fhft[k; gazk; bra;jhd;. ehfhPf tsh;r;rpapdhy; kdpjd;
tpj;jpahrkhd cyfj;ijg; gw;wp bjhpe;J bfhs;s mjpf Mh;tk;
77
bfhz;lhd;. ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; jhd; mwpt[g; g{h;tkhd Rw;Wyhitj;
Jt';fpdhd;. cyifg; gw;wpa gy cz;ikfisf; fz;Lgpof;fj;
bjhl';fpdhd;. gy;ntW fhyfl;lj;ijf; fle;J jw;nghJ Rw;Wyh mjd;
jd;ikiaa[k; nehf;fj;jija[k; khw;wpapUf;fpwJ.
Rw;Wyh ePz;l tuyhw;iwf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. mjd; totk;/ Kiw/

nehf;f';fs; Rw;Wyhtpd; mk;r';fs; Mfpait khwpf;bfhz;;nl
,Uf;fpwJ. Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpapd; rpwg;g[ mk;r';fisr; RUf;fkhf
tpthjpf;f Kaw;rp nkw;f;bfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8.1.3 Muk;g fhy gaz';fs; kw;Wk; gazpfs;
kdpj kw;Wk; ehfhPf tuyhnw gazk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhtpd;

tuyhwhFk;. tuyhw;wpd; gf;f';fisg; g[ul;Lk; nghJ kdpjd; vg;bghGJk;
njLjiya[k; Muha;jiya[k; nkw;bfhz;ltd; vd;gij ekf;F glk;
gpoj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. Muk;gfhy kdpjd; czt[f;fhft[k;
j';Fkplj;jpw;fhft[k; vg;bghGJk; ,lk; bgah;e;J te;jhd;. ehl;fs;
bry;yr; bry;y epy ts';fisa[k; ePh; ts';fis m';fPhpj;J Mw;Wr;
rkbtspfspy; thHj; bjhl';fpdhd;. fpl;lj;jpl;l vy;yh ehfhPf';fSnk
Mw;Wr; rkbtspfspy; tsh;e;jJ. vdnt jhd; ehfhPf';fs; jz;zPhpd;
nghf;F vd;W KJbkhHp epyt[fpwJ (There is a proverbial saying
civilizations flow of water).
8.2 xU tuyhw;Wg; ghh;it
R.L.!;Otd;rd; Tw;Wg;go ekJ ,yf;if mila[k; tiu gadpj;Jf;

bfhz;nl ,U';fs;. Xh; ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhh; ,lj;j;jpw;Fr; bry;y
ntz;Lk;. mJnt gazj;jpd; fUthf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;L
fUj;Jf;fspilna ntWghL cs;sJ. gazk; vd;gJ milahsk;
ghJfhg;g[ kw;Wk; thH;f;if Mfpa czh;t[fisf;bfhz;lJ. Rw;Wyh
vd;gJ kdpjdpd; Rw;wpj;jphpa[k; Mtiyg;g{h;j;jp bra;fpwJ. kdpjd;
gazj;ij nkw;bfhs;fpwhd;. brd;wila ntz;oa ,yf;if
mile;jt[ld; Rw;Wyhg; gazpahfpwhd;. giHa kfpH;rr
; pf;fhfg; gazk;
me;epah;fis re;jpf;f ez;gh;fis Vw;g;gLj;jpf; bfhs;s gazk; vd;w
fUj;ijna etPd Rw;Wyht[k; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. gy;ntW tifahd
czt[fis cz;gJ/ me;epah;fspd; ehl;ila[k; fyhr;rhuj;ija[k;
ghh;g;gJ Mfpatw;iw Rw;Wyh Fwpf;fpwJ.
78
8.2.1 gaz';fs; kw;Wk; bjhiyg;gaz';fs;
gazk; bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;w Mty; gH';fhyj;jpypUe;nj ,Ue;J

tUfpwJ. kdpjd; gH';fhyk; Kjw;bfhz;nl gazk; nkw;bfhz;L
tUfpwhd;. rpy gaz';fs; rhjhuz tp#aj;jpw;fhf bjhl';fg;gLfpwJ.
ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gazk; kfpH;r;rpf;fhf nkw;bfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
mg;nghJ th;j;jfk; jhd; gazj;jpw;F Kf;fpa nehf;fkhf mike;jJ.
kw;bwhU gaztif Md;kPfg; gazk;/ gH';fhy g[j;jf';fisj; njo
gazk; nkw;f;bfhs;StJ/ g[jpa kfpHr;rpahd mDgt';fis bgwt[k;
gaz';fs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
8.2.2 th;j;jfg; gazpfs;
th;j;jfk; nkw;bfhs;tnj gH';fhy gazj;jpd; Kf;fpa

nehf;fkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. tuyhW KGtJk; th;j;jfh;fs;/
kw;Wk;tpahghhpfs; ehLfis tpl;L mjpf J}uk; gazk; bra;jdh;. mjpf
egh;fs; ,j;jifa gaz';fis nkw;bfhz;L gy ,l';fisg;
ghh;itapl;ldh;. g[jpa th;j;jf tHpfis fz;Lgpoj;jjhy; gazk;
vspikahf;fg;gl;lJ. gazpfs; xUtiu xUth; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;ldh;.
,j;jifa bjhlh;g[ fyhr;rhu cwt[fis tsh;j;jJ. nkYk; kw;wth;fspd;
thH;f;if Kiwfis mwpe;J bfhs;s Koe;jJ.
Muk;g fhy gazpfspd; rpyh; xypapay; epg[zuhf ,Ue;jdh;.

mth;fs; jhd; Kjy; cz;ikahd gazpfshft[k; gzKiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jt[k; th;j;jf tsh;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jdh;.
,th;fs; gazk; fp.K.3000y; bjhl';fpaJ.
rPdh kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; gazk; nkw;bfhz;lth;fs;

th;j;jfj;jpw;fhf gazj;ij nkw;f;bfhz;ldh;. ,e;jpahtpy; gazk;
nkw;bfhz;lth;fs; th;j;jfh;fs; kw;Wk; Md;kPf thjpfs;/ fpwp!;;Jt
rfhg;jk; bjhl';Ftjw;F gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng th;j;jf
nehf;fj;jpw;fhf gazpfs; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jdh;.
8.2.3 kdij tphpt[gLj;Jjy;
g[jpa ,l';fis fz;Lgpog;gjpy; Mh;tk; kw;Wk; gH';fhy kw;Wk;

J}uj;jpYs;s ,l';fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhs;s ,Ue;j Mh;tk;
gazj;jpd; kw;bwhU nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. th;j;jfj;jpw;fhf gazk;
79
bjhlh;e;jJ. gy gazpfs; fz;Lgpof;fg;glhj ,l';fis fz;Lgpof;f
bjhiy J}ug; gaz';fs; gH';fhyj;jpy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld. nQhkhpd;
'xorp'apy; gH';fhy fpnuf;f kw;Wk; nuhkhdpa Rw;Wj;jphpa[k;
Mh;tyh;fisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gf
[ s; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd. ,th;fs; etPd
gaz';fSf;F tHpfhl;ofshf mike;jdh;.
8.2.4 g[dpjg; gazpfs; kw;Wk; njLnthh;fs;
fpwp!;Jt kjj;ijg; Vw;Wf;bfhz;L mJ gutj; bjhl';fpaJk;

gyh; g[dpj gazj;ij nkw;bfhz;L g[dpj ,l';fisj; jhprpf;fj;
bjhl';fpdhh;fs;. g[dpjg; gazk; mth;fis ,izf;Fk; xU Kf;fpa
rf;jpahf khwpaJ. g[dpjg; gazk; j';fs; brhe;j g{kpapy; j';fpapUf;Fk;
czh;itj; je;jJ. ,jd; \yk; gy;ntW gue;j gFjpfspy; thGk;
kf;fisg; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk; re;jh;gg
; j;ij tH';fpaJ.
,e;jpahtpy; mnrhfh; fhyj;jpy; ghlypg[j;jpuj;jpypUe;J g[j;jh;

gpwe;j g[dpj g{kpahd Yk;gpdpf;Fg; gazk; nkw;bfhz;ldh;. mnrhfh;
gazpfSf;F M';fh';nf j';Fk; tpLjpfisf; fl;o mth;fsJ
gazj;jpw;F cjtpdhh;.
fpwp!;Jt kjk; Inuhg;ghtpy; gutpaJ. gpd;dh; mbkhpf;fhtpy;

gutpaJ. ,e;J kjk;/ g[j;jkjk; kw;Wk; ,!;!hk; Mrpahtpy;
gutpapUe;jd. ,t;thW rkak; gazj;ij nkw;bfhs;s Kf;fpa g';F
tfpj;jJ.
8.3 ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j Muk;g fhyg; gazpfs;
kpf mjpf J}uj;jpypUe;J mjpf gazpfs; ,e;jpahtpw;F tp$ak;

bra;jdh;. ,th;fspy; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gazk; bra;j rkathjpfs;
g[dpjjhk!; VR fpwp!;Jtpd; J}Jth;. ,th; bjd;dpe;jpa flw;fiuf;F fp.gp.
Kjyhk; E}w;whz;oy; gazk; bra;jhh;. kw;bwhUth; rPd g[j;jJwtp
a[thd; Rth'; ,e;jpah KGtjpYk; fp.gp.633y; gazk; nkw;bfhz;L
g[j;jUila thH;tpy; bjhlh;g[ila xtpa';fisr; nrfhpj;Jr; brd;whh;.
kfh mbyf;!hz;lh;/ $%ypa!; rPrh/; khh;nfhnghnyh ,gpd;gJ}jh/
my;nghd;n!h o my; bgh;f; kw;Wk; khh;f;oitd; Mfpnahh; Muk;g fhyg;
gazpfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;.
80
xU Kf;fpa Kd;ndw;wk; j';Fk; trjp/ kw;Wk; nghf;Ftuj;J
Kiwfspy; Vw;gl;lJ. kfh mbyf;!hz;lh; jdJ gilbaLg;gpd; nghJ
,e;jpaht[f;F gazk;nkw;bfhz;lhh;. mth; ,';Fs;s rhiyfs; ,Ug[wKk;
epHy;jUk;ku';fs; ,Ug;gija[k/; kf;fs; ujj;jpYk; gy;yf;F/ Fjpiufs;
kPJk;/ khl;Ltz;ofspYk;/ Xl;lf';fs; kw;Wk; ahidfs; kPJk; gazk;
bra;tijf; fz;lhh;.
8.4 gazf;Fwpg;g[fs; kw;Wk; gpw fl;Liufs;
kpfg;bgUk; gazpfs; j';fsJ gazf; Fwpg;gf

[ ;fis gjpt[
bra;Js;sdh;. ekf;F ,j;jifa tphpthd gy gaz Fwpg;gf
[ s;
fpilj;Js;sd. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; kpfg;gf
[ H; bgw;w gazp ,gpd;gJ}jh
Mthh;. ,th; jdJ gaz mDgtj;ij tphpthf jdJ ehl;Fwpg;gpy;
vGjpa[s;shh;. fp.gp.1325y; mth; jdJ jhafj;jpw;F fp.gp. 1333y; rpe;Jit
fle;J Mg;gphpf;fh nkw;F Mrpah tHpahf brd;whh;. mtuJ gazj;jpd;
nghJ 14000 iky;fis fle;J ,e;jpah khyj;jPt[fs; kw;Wk; ,y';if
tHpahf gazj;ij nkw;bfhz;lhh;.
13k; E}w;whz;oy; btdp!; ehl;ilr; nrh;e;j khh;f;nfhnghnyh 25

tUl';fs; Mrpahtpy; gazk; nkw;bfhz;lhh;. ,th; btdp!;
efuj;jpypUe;J fp.gp.1271y; jdJ je;ij kw;Wk; cwtpdUld; gazj;ij
bjhl';fp ghurPfk; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhdj;jpd; tHpahf gazk;
nkw;bfhz;L cyfpd; Tiu vd bgah;bgw;w ghkPh; gPlg{kpia mile;jhh;.
gpd;dh; rPdhtpy; 20 Mz;Lfs; j';fpapUe;jhh;. khh;f;nfh nghnyhtpd;
Fwpg;gf
[ s; bfhyk;g!; 1492-y; jdJ tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;g[ kpf;f gazj;ij
nkw;bfhz;lnghJ bghpJk; cjtpd. bfhyk;g!pd; rkfhyj;jtuhd
th!;nfhlfhkh nkw;F Inuhg;ghtpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F 1498y;
fly;tHpiaf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. ,th; kpf mw;g[jkhd gazf;Fwpg;ig
vGjpa[s;shh;. bgh;odhz;L bkfy;yd; fg;gy; gazj;jpd; \yk; cyifr;
Rw;wp te;jhh;.
gpuhd;rp!;nfh gpiuah;/ khz;ofhh;tpndh ehl;il nrh;e;j $hd;

,e;jpahtpw;F tp$ak; bra;jdh;. nghh;r;RfPrpa ehl;ilr; nrh;ej
;
my;ghd;nrh o my;g[fh;f; Fwpg;g[fs; kpft[k; gpugykhdit. gpd;dh; 16
kw;Wk; 17k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; mjpf mstpy; Inuhg;gpa kj FUkhh;fs;/
gazpfs;/ tPujpur;bray; g[hpgth;fs; gazj;jpdh;. ,e;jpaht[f;F tp$ak;
81
bra;jdh;. 1768 Kjy; 1779 tiu nfg;ld; n$k;!;Ff; \d;W kpfg;bgUk;
J}ug;gazj;ij grpgpf; bgU';flypy; nkw;bfhz;lhh;.
8.5 nuhkhdpah;fs; kw;Wk; ,d;gg; gazk;
,d;gg; gazk; vDk; fUj;J nuhkg; nguuRld; bjhlh;g[ilaJ.

nuhkhdpah;fs; Kjd; Kjyhf ,d;gg; gazk; nkw;bfhz;lhh;fs;.
nuhkg;nguurpy; ey;y rhiyfs; kw;Wk;ghJfhg;g[ Mfpait gazj;ij
nkYk; tsh;j;jd. gy;ntW rhiy ,izg;gf
[ s; kw;Wk; g[jpa rhiyfs;
nghlg;gl;ld. gaz ,yf;fpa';fs; btspaplg;gl;ld. nuhkhdpah;fs;
xUehspy; E}W iky;fs; my;yJ mjw;Fg; nkYk; Fjpiu cjtpa[ld;
gazk; nkw;bfhz;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kj;jpa jiuf;fly; gFjpfspYs;s
g[fH;bgw;w nfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; vfpg;jpYs;s gpukpLfisg; ghh;g;gjw;F
gazk; nkw;bfhz;ldh;. nuhkhdpah;fs; g[fH;kpf;f xypk;gpf;
tpisahl;LfSf;fhft[k; gazk; nkw;bfhz;ldh;.
8.5.1 !;gh!;
flnyhu xa;t[tpLjpfs; ,d;gg;gazj;Jld; beU';fpa

bjhlh;g[ilait. kUj;Jt Fspay;fs; kw;Wk; flnyhu xa;t[tpLjpfs;
!;;gh!; vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. ,itfs; nuhkhpdah;fspilna kpft[k;
gpurpj;jp bgw;Wj;jpfH;e;jd. ,J cs;ehl;L fdpg;bghUs; ePh; Cw;wplk; Spa
vd;w thh;j;ijapypUe;J njhd;wpaJ. fdpg;bghUs; ePh;kUj;Jtf;
Fz';fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mij FoePuhfnth my;yJ
Fspf;fnth gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,j;jifa Xa;tpl';fspy; ,d;g kw;Wk; bghGJnghf;F

epfH;r;rpfspYk; nrh;j;Jf;bfhs;sg;gl;ldh;. ,';F tUgth;fs; kUj;Jt
Fspaypy; Mde;j kile;jnjhL gy;ntW tpjkhd bghGJnghf;F
mk;r';fspYk; <Lgl;L kfpH;e;jhh;fs;. ehlf';fs;/ jpUtpHhf;fs;
cly;typikg; nghl;ofs; kw;Wk; gpw bghGJnghf;F epfH;r;rpfSk; ,';F
eilbgw;wJ. ,j;jifa !;gh!; gazpfspilna kpft[k; gpugykhdJ.
nuhkg; nguurh; $%ypa!; rPrh; Mtz';fisg; ghJfhj;J

itj;jpUe;jhh;. kf;fs; nehf;ff;Toa ,l';fs;/ epfH;r;rpfs; Mfpait
guhkhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,it !;gh!; ,dg;gazj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa
g';fhw;wpd.
82
8.5.2 flnyhu Xa;tpl';fs;
18k ;E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; flnyhu Xa;tpl';fs; gpugykhfj;
bjhl';fpd. flypy; Fspg;gJ ed;ik mspg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. flnyhu
Xa;tpl';fs; !;gh!; ,;l';fSf;F ey;y khw;whfj; jpfH;e;jd. 1865y; gy
tpj Kf;fpa flnyhu Xa;tpl';fs; gphpl;ld;/ gpuhd;!/; ,j;jhyp nghd;w
ehLfspy; bgUfpd. tpLKiw ehs; gazj;jpy; !;gh!; kw;Wk; flnyhu
Xa;tpl';fs; bry;tj;jhy; ,d;gg; gazk; cyfk; KGtJk; tsh;e;jJ.

1 25 tUl';fs; Mrpahtpy; thH;e;j gazp bgah; vd;d>
m) ,ghd;ghy; cl;lh M) khh;f;nfhnghnyh
,) bfhyk;g!; <) mbyf;!hz;lh;
2. gazpfspd; Fwpg;g[fis tpsf;Ff.
3. th;j;jfg; gazpfs; vd;gth;fs; ahh;>
4. ,e;jpahtpy; gazk;nkw;bfhz;l gazpfs; bgah;fs; vd;d>
5. !;gh!; vd;gjd; bghUs; vd;d>
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
bjhHpw;g[ul;rp gy Jiwfspy; khw;w';fisf; bfhz;L te;jJ. ,J
etPd Rw;Wyh tsu fhuzkhf mike;jJ. uapy;fs; mwpKfk; bra;jJ.
gaz tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpa jpUg;g[ Kidahf mike;jJ. nkhl;lhh; fhh;
kw;Wk; fg;gy; fz;Lgpoj;jhy; gaz tuyhw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpa g';F tfpj;jJ.
thD}h;jp Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpapy; kpf Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ.
fiyr; brhw;fs;
Wanderlust - gazk; nkw;f;bfhs;s mjpf Mh;tk; bfhz;oUg;gJ
Spas - kUj;Jtf;Fspay; my;yJ \ypiffSld; Fspay;.

1. khh;f;nfh nghyh
83
gphpt[ 9
kWkyh;r;rp kw;Wk; ePz;l gazk;
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
9.1 kWkyh;r;rp kw;Wk; ePz;l gazk;
9.2 Mz;L tpLKiw fUj;;Jf;nfhs;
9.3 Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLKiw mwpKfk;
9.3.1 bjhHpw;g[ul;rp kw;Wk; gaz';fs; tsh;;r;rp
9.3.2 uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J
9.3.3 fly; nghf;Ftuj;J
9.3.4 Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLKiw kw;Wk; FG Rw;Wyh
9.4 nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapy; bgUk;nghhpd; jhf;f';fs;
9.4.1 rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;J
9.4.2 thd; nghf;Ftuj;J
9.4.3 b$l; tpkhd';fs; tUif
9.4.4 mjpfntf tpiut[ uapy;fspd; tUif
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr;brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
tuyhw;wpd; bjhlf;fj;jpypUe;nj kdpjd; gazj;jpy;
<Lgl;oUe;jhd;. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; kdpjd; ehnlho thH;f;ifia thH;e;j
nghJ czt[f;fhft[k; ePUf;fhft[k; xhplj;jpypUe;J ntnwhh; ,lj;jpw;Fg;
gazk; nkw;bfhz;lhd;. ehfhPfk; tsutsu mtd; cyfj;jpd;
rpw;gg[fisg; gw;wp mwpa mjpf Mh;tk; bfhz;lhd;.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k;.
 gazj;jpd; tuyhw;wpd; gy Kf;fpa epiyfis mwpa Koa[k;

 kWkyh;r;rp kw;Wk; ePz;l gaz';fisg; gw;wp mwpa Koa[k;
 Mz;L tpLKiw fUj;Jf;nfhs;; gw;wp bjhpe;J bfhs;s Koa[k;
 nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;w';fis mwpaKoa[k;.
9.1 kWkyh;r;rp kw;Wk; ePz;l gazk;
kdpj kw;Wk; ehfhPf tuyhWk;/ gaz';fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh

tuyhWk; xd;whfnt fUjg;gLfpwJ. tuyhw;wpd; gf;f';fs; kdpjd;
vg;nghJk; Rw;wpj;jphptjpYk; Muha;tjpYk; mjpf Mh;tk; cilatd;
vd;gij ekf;Ff; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Muk;gfhy kdpjd; cztpw;fhft[k;
ciutplj;jpw;fhft[k; xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhh; ,lj;jpw;F gazk; bra;J
bfhz;nl ,Ue;jhd;. bjhHpy; kw;Wk; th;j;jfk; gyuJ gazj;jpw;F
Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jJ. gy Muha;rr
; pahsh;fs] ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F
Kd;ng j';fsJ KG thH;f;ifiaj] njLjYf;fhf brytHpj;jdh;.
,d;gg; gazk; vDk; jj;Jtk; nuhkg; nguunrhL bjhlh;gi
[ laJ. ,J
gazj;ij tsh;j;jJ. kUj;Jt Fspay;fs; flnyhu Xa;tpl';fs; kpft[k;
gpugykhapd. kWkyh;rr
; p gyiu gazpf;fj; J}z;oaJ.
gaz tuyhw;wpy; kWkyh;rr

; p xU Kf;fpa fl;lkhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jhypapd; kWkyh;r;rp Inuhg;ghtpy; kPz;Lk; gazj;ij
vGr;rp bgwr; bra;jJ. 15k; E}w;whz;od] ,Wjpapy;/ ,j;jhyp midthpd;
ftdj;ija[k; <h;j;jJ. nghh;fs; ,j;jhypa kz;zpy; eilbgw;wd.
,j;jifa nghh;fs; ePz;l gazj;ij tsh;g;gjpy; Kf;fpa g';F tfpj;jd.
,j;jhyp Inuhg;gpa mwp"h]fspd; jiyefuhfj; jpfH;e;jJ. ,';nf
tlnkw;F Inuhg]gpa bry;te;jh;fSk/; mwp"h;fSk; trpj;jhh;fs;. mjpf
,sk; gpug[f;fs; fy;tp fw;f gpuhd;Rf;Fk; ,j;jhypf;Fk; mDg;gg;gl;lhh;fs;.
ePz;l gaz';fs; fyhr;rhuk;/ bghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; murpay;

gf;fk; ftdj;ijj; jpUg;gpd. bry;te;jh]fs; fy;tpahsh;fshy; gy
tuyhw;W gpurpj;jp bgw;w fyhr;rhuk; epiwe;j ehLfs; mjd; g[fHpd;
cr;rj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ tp$ak; bra;jdh;. ePz;l gazk;
85
nkw;bfhz;nlhh; fw;gjw;Fk/; gH';fhy fiyg;bghUl;fs/; rKjha J}a;ik
Mfpatw;iw kjpj;jdh]. 18k; E}w;whz;L 1763 Kjy; 1793 tiu ePz;l
gaz';fspd; bghw;fhyk; vd mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;
g[fH;bgw;w ftp"h;fs/; vGj;jhsh;fs]/ mwp"h;fs; ,j;jhyp kw;Wk;
gpwehLfSf;F gazk; bra;J j';fs; mwpit tprhyg;gLj;jpf;
bfhz;ldh;. g[jpa fiyfs; kw;Wk; iftpidfis fw;Wf;bfhz;ldh;.
ePz;l gaz';fs; Rw;Wyhit 19 kw;Wk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;oy;
gpugyg;gLj;jf] fhuzkhf mike;jd.
9.2 Mz;L tpLKiwj] fUj;;Jf;nfhs;
,uz;L tpLKiw Inuhg;ghtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 18k;

E}w;whz;oy;mjpf egh;fisg; gazk; nkw;bfhs;sr; bra;jJ. 20k;
E}w;whz;oy; Rw;Wyhtpy; mghpjkhd tsh;r;rp Vw;glf] fhuzkhapUe;j
"Cjpaj;Jld; ToatpLKiw" mwpKfg;gLj;j Kd;ndhoahf mike;jJ.
"Mz;L tpLKiw" M';fpyj;jpy; (holiday) vd;gJ Holy day

vDk; brhy;ypypUe;J te;jjhFk;. ,J g[dpj ,l';fisg] ghh;gg
; ijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. gH';fhy nuhk; rhk;uh$;aj;jpy; bghJtpLKiw vd;gJ
kfpH;rr
; pfukhd ehl;fshff] fUjg;gl;lJ. kpf Kf;fpa bghJtpLKiw
ehs; "rhl;lh;ehypah" vDk; tpHh. ,J ork;gh;khjj;jpy; bfhz;lhlg;gl;L
midtUk; tpUe;Jz;L kfpH;e;jdh;. Inuhg;ghtpy; rpy rka tpHhf;fs;
kw;Wk; g[dpjtpHhf;fs; ntiyapy;yh tpLKiw ehshff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
,';fpyhe;J 1952y; Mwhk; vl;th;L fhyj;jpy; rl;lk; xd;W

,aw;wg;gl;L tpLKiw jpd';fisa[k; cz;zh nehd;iga[k;
filg;gpof;FkhW typa[Wj;jpaJ. muR kw;Wk; gFjp muR mYtyf';fs;
rpy Kf;fpa g[dpj jpd';fspy; tpLKiw mspf;fg;gl;ld. etPd Mz;L
Cjpaj;Jld; tpLKiw vDk; jj;Jtk; bjhHpw;g[ul;rpf;Fg;gpd; njhd;wpaJ.
gazj;jpw;fhd nehf;f';fs; fhy';fs; khw khw khwpf; bfhz;nl

te;jd. gazk; nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; rKjha
tsh;r;rpnahL beU';fpa bjhlh;g[ilajha; ,Ue;jJ. gH';fhyj;jpy;
gazpfs; gy;ntW ,l';fs;/ kf;fs; kw;Wk; mth;fsJ fyhr;rhuj;ija[k;
ghuk;ghpaj;ijg; gw;wpa[k; mwptjw;fhf gaz';fs; nkw;f;bfhz;ldh;.
th;j;jfh]fSk; bjhHpy; kw;Wk; th;j;jf tsh;r;rpf;fhfg] gaz';fis
nkw;bfhz;ldh;. ,itfs; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf mike;jd.
86
9.3 Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLKiw mwpKfk;
Cjpaj;Jld; Toa Mz;L tpLKiwfs; r\fr; Rw;Wyh

njhd;Wtij Cf;Ftpj;jd. Cjpaj;Jld; Toa Mz;L tpLKiwfs;
,U cyfg;nghh;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
1939y; ,';fpyhe;jpy; kl;Lk; 11 kpy;ypad; kf;fSf;F Cjpaj;Jld; Toa
tpLKiwr; rl;lg;go (1938) gydile;jdh]. ,J mth;fSf;F Xa;t[
neuj;ija[k; epjptrjpiaa[k; Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhLj;jd. ,jdhy; gy
yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; gadile;jdh]. jw;nghJ Cjpaj;Jld; Toa
tpLKiw cyf m';fPfhuj;ijg; bgw;Ws;sJ. RtPld; rkPgj;jpy;
rl;lkpaw;wp Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLKiwia xUthuk; mjpfhpj;jJ.
9.3.1 bjhHpw;g[ul;rp kw;Wk; gaz';fspd; tsh;r;rp
etPd Rw;Wyh 19k; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; nkw;F Inuhg;gh

kw;Wk; tlmbkhpf;fhtpy; bjhHpy;kakhf;fg;gl;l rKjha tsh;rr
; pahy;
Vw;gl;lJ. vdnt bjhHpy;kakhf;fk; etPd Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa
fhuzkhf mike;jJ. mjpfhug{h;t mwpf;if gy;ntW gaz
vGj;jhsh;fspd; nehf;F kw;Wk; gy;ntW Rw;Wyh tHpfhl;ofs;/ gpw
,yf;fpa';fs; Rw;Wyh ,af;fj;ij tsh;j;jJ.
bjhHpw;g[ul;rp rKjhaj;jpy; gy;ntW khw;w';fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

bjhHpw;g[ul;rpf;F Kd; gazk; vd;gJ mwpitj; njlt[k; th;j;jf kw;Wk;
bjhHpy; eltof;iff;fhft[k;/ g[dpj ahj;jphpiff;fhft[k;
nkw;f;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ. nuhkg; nguurpd; nghJ gzk; gilj;jth;fs;
Xa;tpw;fhf ,d;gr;Rw;Wyhit nkw;f;bfhz;lhh;fs;.
bjhHpw;g[ul;rp bghUshjhu kw;Wk; r\f mikg;gpy; khw;w';fs;

Vw;glf] fhuzkhf mike;jJ. ,jdhy; bjhHpw; efu';fs; gy cUthapd.
bjhHpyhsth;f;fj;jpdh; Muk;gj;jpy; mjpf ntiyg; gSthYk; thH;f;if
juk; Fiwe;J mtjpa[w;wdh]. bjhHp;w;gu[ l;rp mth;fsJ thH;f;ifia
bghUshjhu hPjpapy; Kd;ndw;wpaJ. nkYk; rhiy nghf;Ftuj;jpy; 19k;
E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapYk; 20k; E}w;whz;od; Kw;gFjpapYk; Kd;ndw;wk;
Vw;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa fhuz';fshy] ntiyapypUe;J rpwpJ Xa;t[
njitg;gl;lJ. ,nj rkaj;jpy; !;gh!; kw;Wk; ,d;gr; Rw;Wyhf;fs;
ntfkhf tsuj; bjhl';fpd.
87
19k; E}w;whz;oy; gy bghpa efu';fs; kfpH;r;rp mspf;Fk; kz;lyg;
gFjpfshf cUthapd. gpbu";r; hpituh/ khz;o fhh;nyh/ ie!;/ nfd;!;
Mfpait kpfr;rpwe;j kfpH;r;rp kz;ly';fshf fUjg;gl;ld.
20k; E}w;whz;od; ,Wjpapy; hpituh ,d;gr; Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpa

gFjpahff] fUjg;gl;lJ. gy Rfhjhu Xa;tpl';fs; ,';F mjpfhpj;jJ
gzf;fhuh;fspd; njitiag] g{h;j;jp bra;jJ. 1920 tiu mJ Fsph;;fhy
Xa;tplkhff] fUjg;gl;lJ. nfhilfhy btapy; clYf;F jP';if
tpistpj;jJ. 20k; E}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fj;jpy; mbkhpf;f bry;te;jh;fs;
hpituhtpw;F kpf mjpf mstpy; tuj;bjhl';fpdhh;fs;. ,J Inuhg;gpa
Rw;Wyh tsh;rr
; pf;F cjtpaJ. mg;nghJ bry;te;j mbkhpf;fh;fs;
kl;Lnk Inuhg;ghtpw;F gazk; bra;a Koe;jJ. Kjy;
cyfg;nghUf;Fg;gpd; mbkhpf;fh;fs; g[jpa Rw;Wyhtpd; tHpfhl;ofshf
vGr;rp bgw;wdh;.
uapy;nghf;Ftuj;J 19k; E}w;whz;oy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L gaz

tsh;r;rp tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa iky; fy;yhf mike;jJ. ,';fpyhe;jpy;
1830y; Kjd; Kjypy; gpuahzpfis Vw;wpf;bfhz;L Kjy; Kjyhf uapy;
gazk;bjhl';fpaJ. ,g;gazk; ypth; g{ypy; bjhl';fp khd;br!;lh; tiu
mike;jJ. Kiwg;goahd uapy; gazk; 1841y; bjhl';fg;gl;lJ.
blh;gpi#ah; gFjp fpwpj;Jt rkag;gug;ghsh; xUth; bya; br!;lh; ,lj;jpy;
ele;j Tl;lj;jpy; fye;J bfhs;s xU rpwg;g[ uapy; xd;iw Vw;ghL
bra;ayhk; vDk; fUj;ijj; bjhptpj;jhh;. ,jd;go bta;br!;lh;
gFjpapypUe;J yhg; gnuhf; gFjptiu rpwg;g[ uapy; gazk; Vw;ghL
bra;ag;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa gaz Vw;ghl;ow;F gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;jth;
jhk!;Ff;. ,th; Rw;Wyh bjhlh;ghd jd; fUj;Jf;fis jdJ
ez;gh;fsplk; vLj;Jf; Twpdhh;. rpy thu';fSf;Fg; gpwF 570
gazpfSld; kpl;nyz;l; ehLfSf;F Fiwe;j fl;lzj;jpy; uapy;
gazk; xd;iw Vw;ghL bra;jhh;. ,ijg;nghd;W gaz';fs; bjhlh;e;jJ.
1843y; 3000 gs;sp khzth;fs; yha;br!;lh; gFjpapypUe;J blh;gp tiu
gazk; nkw;bfhz;ldh;. 1848 Kjy; 1863 tiu Ff; 5000 Rw;Wyh
gazpfSld; !;fhl;yhe;J ehL KGtija[k; Rw;wptUk; gazj;ij
nkw;f;bfhz;lhh;.
88
ypth;g{y; Kjy; khd;br!;lh; tiuapyhd uapy; gazj;jpd;
btw;wpiaj; bjhlh;e;J gy Inuhg;gpa ehLfs; uapy;nt gazj;jpw;fhd
Vw;ghLfisr; bra;jd. ,Ug;g[g;ghijfs; gpuhd;!;/ M!;jphpah kw;Wk;
Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. mbkhpf;fhtpYk; ,Ug;ghijfs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j khw;wj;jhy; Inuhg;gpa Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp
bgwj;bjhl';fpaJ. 1881y; uapy;nt 600 kpy;ypad; gazpfis Vw;wpr;
brd;wd. E}w;Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l fk;bgdpfs; ,g;gzpapy; <Lgl;oUe;jd.
uapy; ghijfs; gaz Kiwfis nkk;gLj;j Cf;Fkspj;jd.
,r;rkaj;jpy; gy uapy;nt fk;bgdpfs; bjhl';fg;gl;L/ mitfspilna
nghl;ofs; Vw;gl;L gaz';fis brhFrhd gaz';fshf khw;wp
mikj;jd. 1870fspy; mbkhpf;fhtpy; uapy;ntapy; Kjy; tFg;g[
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. G.M.g[y;nkd; vDk; mbkhpf;fh; Mlk;gukhf czt[
cz;qk; trjpfs; bfhz;l g[y;nkd; nfhr;Rfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
,jdhy; ePz;l J}ug; gaz';fs; trjpahft[k; kfpH;rr
; pfukhft[k; khw;w
Koe;jJ. g[y;nkd; nfhr;Rfs; mbkhpf;fhtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L ,';fpyhe;J
kw;Wk; gpw Inuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gl;lJ. uapy;nt
mwpKfg;gLj;jpajhy; efu thH;tpypUe;J tpLgl;L kfpH;r;rpahd thH;t[f;F
cjtpaJ. vdnt uapy;nt 19k; E}w;whz;oYk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;oYk;
gazj;ij mjpf mstpy; nkw;bfhs;sj;J}z;Lnfhyhf mike;jJ.
uapy;nt yl;rf;fzf;fhd gazpfis Vw;wpr; brd;W gazj;ij tsh;j;jJ.
9.3.3 fly;nghf;Ftuj;J
19k; E}w;whz;oy; uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J nghynt fg;gy;

nghf;Ftuj;Jk; gaz';fs; tsh;tjw;F Kf;fpa g';F tfpj;jd. uapy;nt
Inuhg;ghtpy; cs;ehl;L nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F gad;gl;ld. Mdhy; fg;gy;
nghf;Ftuj;J ehLfspd; vy;iyfisj;jhz;o gd;dhl;L mstpy;
gazj;ij tsh;f;fg;gad;gl;lJ. fg;gy;nghf;Ftuj;J bjhHpy;El;gk; 19k;
E}w;whz;oy; gy g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fs; ,';fpyhe;J
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mbkhpf;fhtpy; gynghf;Ftuj:Jf; fg;gy;fs;
kw;Wk; gpwgFjpfspy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; fg;gy;fis tpl neh;j;jpahf
rpwg;ghdjhf jahhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,';fpyhe;J bjhHpy; kw;Wk;
th;j;jfj;jpw;fhft[k; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhft[k; fg;gy; nghf;Ftuj;J
nkk;gLj;j ntz;oa mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; MH;fly;
nghf;Ftuj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpa Kd;ndw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,';fpyhe;J fd;dhh;L
ePuhtpf;fg;gy; fk;bgdp tl ml;yhz;of; fg;gy; nghf;Ftuj;J tsu
89
njitahd Kf;fpa mk;r';fis typa[Wj;jpaJ. mg;nghJ mbkhpf;fh
"g[jpa cyfk;" vdf; fUjg;gl;L Inuhg;gpa kf;fSf;F ey;y re;jh;g;gj;ij
tH';fpaJ. Inuhg;ghtpypUe;J gyh; mbkhpf;fhtpw;Fr; brd;wdh;. Kjypy;
gphpl;ldpypUe;J gpd;dh; b$h;kdpapypUe;J gpwehLfSld; nrh;e;J mjpf
mstpy; kf;fs; g[jpa cyfpw;Fr; brd;wdh;. gy g[jpa cyiff;fhz
gazk;nkw;bfhz;ldh;. Na!; fhy;tha; mikf;fg;gl;lJ nkw;F kw;Wk;
fpHf;F gFjpf;F gazj;ijr; RUf;fpaJ.
fg;giy Rw;Wg; gazj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw 19k;

E}w;whz;od; ,ilapy; njhd;wpaJ. Kjyhk; cyfg;nghUf;F rw;W Kd;dh;
bghpa kw;Wk; brhFrhd tpiut[ fg;gy;fs; gy ehLfspy; rpy
fk;bgdpfshy; ,af;fg;gl;L te;jd. gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyhtpy; rpwpa
gazg;glfpy; bry:Yk; tHf;fk; tsh;e;J bfhz;nl te;jJ. rkPg fhyj;jpy;
Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp tpLKiw flw;Rw;Wg;gazk;. ,j;jifa gaz';fs;
kj;jpa jiuf;fly; kw;Wk; fhPgpad; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; bjd;fpHf;Fg;
MrpahtpYk; tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.
kdjstpy; kfpH;r;rp njlntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;/ fy;tpf;fhf

gazk;nkw;bfhs;sy;/ bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp/ nghf;Ftuj;J tsh;r;rp/
ntiyg;gStpypUe;J rw;W xa;t[ nghd;w fhuzpfs; Rw;Wyh mjpf
mstpy; tsu tHptFj;jJ.
20k; E}w;whz;od; Kjy; 25 Mz;Lfs; tiu Rw;Wyh vd;gJ

Mlk;gukhdjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. me;jr; Rw;Wyh trjpahd tpLjpfspy;
Rw;Wyhtpy; Kf;fpa g';F tfpj;jJ. ePz;l J}uuapy; "Xhpaz;l vf;!;gpu!;"
ePy ml;yhz;of; thd Ch;jp "nkhp murp" Mfpatifs; Rw;Wyhtpy;
Kf;fpa g';F tfpj;jd. eLj;ju kw;Wk; bjhHpyhsh;fs; tpLKiw
Kfhk;fs;/ FLk;gj;Jld; Xa;t[/ Mfpatw;iw Vw;ghL bra;J Rw;Wyhit
nkw;f;bfhz;lhh;fs;.
9.3.4 Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLKiwfs; kw;Wk; FGr; Rw;Wyh
FGr; Rw;Wyh vDk; jj;Jtk; Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLKiw vd;gJ

mwpKfg;gLj;jgl;lt[ld; tsh;e;jJ. 19k; E}w;whz;od; ,Wjpapy;
Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLKiw kPJ mjpf ftdk; brYj;jg;gl;lJ.
,f;fhy fl;olj;jpy;/ rpy bjhHpw;rhiyfs; Cjpaj;Jld; Toa
tpLKiwiaj; j';fs; bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F tH';fpd. Cjpaj;Jld; Toa
90
Mz;L tpLKiw ,';fpyhe;jpy; njhd;wpaJ. ,J FG Rw;Wyh
tsh;r;rpf;F mjpfk; cjtpaJ. Cjpaj;Jld; To a Mz;L tpLKiw ,U
nghh;fspd; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;lJ. 1939y; Rkhh; 11
kpy;ypad; kf;fs; g[jpa bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; gzpg[hpe;jhh;fs;. gy g[jpa
efu';fs; cUthfj; bjhl';fpd. cz;ikapy; Cjpaj;Jld;Toa
tpLKiw etPd FGr;Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpaJ.
1936k; Mz;oy; gd;dhl;L bjhHpyhsh; mikg;g[ (ILO) jdJ

KjyhtJ nguitapy; Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLKiwf;F Mjuthd
,af;fj;jpw;F KG Mjut[ tH';f Kot[ bra;jJ. ,e;j Cjpaj;Jld;
Toa tpLKiwf;fhd nguit xU Kf;fpa iky;fy;yhf mike;jJ. 14
ehLfspy;/ gy Inuhg;gpa ehLfs; bghJr;rllj;ij ,aw;wp Cjpaj;Jld;
Toa tpLKiw tH';f tHptFj;jJ. ,jidj; bjhlh;e;J Rw;Wyh
mjpntfkhf tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLKiw jw;nghJ
cyf KGtJk; mky;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,itfs; rl;lk; \ykhfnth
Cjpaj;Jld; tpLKiw cyf m';fPfhuj;ijj; jw;nghJ bgw;Ws;sJ.
,e;j tpLKiwa[k; mjpf ehl:fs; fpilj;jd. bjhHpyhsh;fSk; ,e;j
tpLKiw bjhHpy; cw;gj;jpia ghjpf;ff; TlhJ vd czh;e;jdh;.
,t;tpLKiw gy ehLfspy; jw;nghJ \d;W thu';fs; jug;gLfpd;wd.
rpy ehLfspy; ehd;F thu tpLKiw mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cyfk;
KGtJk; 500 kpy;ypad; Cjpak; bgWnthh;. ,jidg; bgw chpik
bgw;Ws;sdh;. nkYk; bjhHpy; kakhf;fj;jhy; bghUshjhu kw;Wk; r\f
khw;w';fs; Vw;gl;L Cjpak; bgWnthh; vz;zpf;if kpf mjpf mstpy;
cah;e;Js;sd. Cjpaj;Jld; tpLKiw etPd Rw;Wyh tsu kpfg;bghpa
Cf;fj;ij mspj;Js;sd.
nghUf;Fg;gpd; rpy Inuhg;gpa ehLfs; kw;Wk; mbkhpf;fhtpy;

eLj;ju kf;fspd; thH;f;ifj;juk; cah;e;Js;sJ. nghUf;Fg;gpd; Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfs; kPz;Lk; ehLfspy; njhd;w Muk;gpj;jdh;. 1929y; Rkhh; 1.5
kpy;ypad; gazpfs; Rtpl;rh;yhe;J/ gphpl;ld;/ Mfpa ehLfis
Rw;wpg;ghh;j;jhh;fs;.
9.4 nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapy; bgUk; nghhpd; jhf;f';fs;
rhiy kw;Wk; thd;btspg; nghf;Ftuj;J tsh;r;rp etPd Rw;Wyh

tsu fhuzkhf mike;jJ. nghf;Ftuj:J vd;gJ gazj;jpd; mog;gil
njitahFk;. gazpfs; j';fs; jhafj;jpypUe;J btspehLfSf;Fr;
91
brd;W j';fs; tpLKiwapd; mjpf ehl;fisa[k; mjpf gzj;ija[k;
nghf;Ftuj;jpy; bryt[ bra;fpwhh;fs;.
nghh;/ jiutHp kw;Wk; thd;btsp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fis neuoahf

ghjpj;jd. nghUf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nkhl;lhh; kw;Wk; thd;btspg;
nghf;Ftuj;jpy; gy khw;w';fs; bra;ag;gl;ld. gy rhiyfs; kw;Wk;
tpkhdj;js';fs; nghUf;fhf mikf;fg;gl;ld. nghUf;Fg;gpd;dh; ,itfs;
Rw;Wyht[f;F mjpfk; gad;gl;ld.
9.4.1 rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj:J
20k; E[}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fk; tiu/ gazpfs; bgUk;ghYk; uapy;

kw;Wk; ePuhtpf; fg;gy;fspy; gazk; bra;jdh;. g[jpa nghf;Ftuj;J
trjpfshff; fhh; kw;Wk; nfhr; tz;ofs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L
gazj;jpw;F g[jpa cj;ntfj;ij mspj;jd. Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpny g[jpjhf
nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. nkhl;lhh; fhh; Fiwe;j kw;Wk;
ePz;l J}ug; gazj;jpw;F kpf mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rhiy
trjpfs; njrpa kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L beL";rhiyfs; trjpfs;/
Mfpatw;why; ePz;l J}ug; gaz';fs; nkhl;lhh; fhh; kw;Wk; nkhl;lhh;
nfhr;\yk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Kjd; Kjyhf nkhl;lhh; fhh; nghf;Ftuj;J 19k; E}w;whz;od;

,Wjpapy; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. gpd;dh; rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;J kpf mjpf
mstpy; Kd;ndwpaJ. ey;y nkhl;lhh; fhh; rhiy trjpfs; cs;ehl;L
kw;Wk; btspehl;L Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F kpf Kf;fpa g';F tfpj;jd.
rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;J mjpf mstpy; mjpfhpf;fj; bjhl';fpat[ld; rhiy
trjpfs; nkk;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,UtHpg;ghij 1930f;Fg;gpd;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rhiy trjpfs; nkk;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; gpuhd;!;/
!;bgapd;/ b$h;kdp/ nghd;w Inuhg;gpa ehLfspd; Rw;Wyhit mjpf
mstpy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ. cyfpd; gy ehLfspy; g[jpa kw;Wk;
ntfkhfr; bry;y rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
ntfk; vd;gJ Kf;fpa fhuzpahfj;jpfH;e;jJ. rhiy ,izg;g[fs;

gy g[jpa gFjpfspy; nghlg;gl;ld. gpd;dh; te;j Mz;Lfspy;
rhiyg;nghf;Ftuj;J kpfg;bgUk; Kd;ndw;wj;ij mile;jJ. fhh;fspd;
chpikahsh;fs; gy kl';fhf cah;e;jJ. nkhl;lhh; nfhr; vz;zpf;if
mjpfhpj;jJ. nfhr; gazk; gpugykhdJ. fhh;fs; kw;Wk; nfhr; mjpf
92
mstpy; gadile;jjhy; Rw;Wyh mjpfhpj;jJ. Inuhg;ghtpy; rhiyg;
nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfhpf;fj; bjhl';fpaJ. mbkhpf;fh/ fdlh kw;Wk; Kf;fpa
Rw;Wyh ehLfspy; rhiyg;nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfhpf;fj; bjhl';fpaJ. gy
ehLfs; nkhl;lhh; fhh; ghijfs; ePz;l J}uj;jpw;F mikf;fg;gl;L fhh;
kw;Wk; nfhr;Rfs; gazk; gy ,l';fis mila Koe;jJ. jdpahh;
fhh;fis nghf;Ftuj:Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. mtw;iwg; gd;dhl;Lg;
gazpfs; mjpf mstpy;gad;gLj;jpdh;. gy Inuhg;gpa ehLfspy; g[jpa
rhiyfs; mikf;f typa[Wj;jg;gl;lJ. brf;nfh!;nyhntf;fpah/
gy;nfhpah/ nghye;J kw;Wk; gpuhd;!; Mfp;a ehLfspy; kpf mjpf mstpy;
rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. beL";rhiyj;jpl;l';fs; gy bjhl';fg;gl;ld.
,jpy; rpy Kf;fpa jpl;l';fs;.
1. Mg;gphpf;f fz;lk; fle;J bry;Yk; beL";rhiy (Trans African

Highway): ,e;j beL";rhiy 6596 fp.kP. ePsKilaJ. ,J bfd;ah/
cfhz;lh/ i$nu/ kj;jpa Mg;gphpf;fg; nguuR/ nfkhPd; kw;Wk;
ie$Phpahitf; fle;J bry;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; gy ,izg;g[g; ghijfs;
Fwpg;ghf nfgd/; fh';nfh kf;fshl;rp FoauR kw;Wk; jhd;
$hdpahtpy; cs;sJ.
2. nkw;F Mg;gphpf;ff; fz;lk; flf;Fk; beL";rhiy : ,e;j
beL";rhiy lf;fhh; Kjy; bel;$hkpdh tiuapy; cs;sJ.
,r;rhiy brdfy;/ khyha;/ nky;nthy;lh/ ie$Phpah/ fhk+d;
kw;Wk; rhl; gFjpfisf; fle;J 4771 fp.kP ePsKs;sJ.
3. fpHf;F Mg;gphpf;ff; fz;lk; flf;Fk; beL";rhiy : ,e;j
beL";rhiy vfpg;jpYs;s bfa;nuhit fhg;nuhd; (ngh!;l;thdh)
t[ld; ,izf;fpwJ. ,r;rhiy Nlhd;/ vj;jpnahg;gpah/ bfd;ah/
If;fpa jhd;rhdpah FoauR kw;Wk; ehLfs; tHpahfr; bry;fpwJ.
4. Inuhg;gh fz;l tlf;F bjw;F nkhl;lhh; rhiy : ,r;rhiy jpl;l
epiyapy; cs;sJ. ,r;rhiy gy tHpr;rhiyahf mikf;fg;gl
cs;sJ. ,J nghye;J ghy;of; flw;fiuia <uhd; kw;Wk; rphpah
vy;iya[ld; ,izf;fpwJ.
5. mbkhpf;f beL";rhiy: ,e;j beL";rhiy 23000 fp.kP.
ePsKilaJ. ,r;rhiy mikf;Fk; gzp jw;nghJ eilbgw;W
tUfpwJ. ,r;rhiy myh!;fhtpYs;s ngh; ng';f;!; gFjpia
bjw;F rpyp ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j blapuh bly; gpa{$; it ,izf;fpwJ.
93
6. Mrpa beL";rhiy: ,e;j beL";rhiy 66000 fp.kP.ePsj;Jld; 15
ehLfisf; fle;J bry;yf; Toajhf mikf;fg;gl cs;sJ.
9.4.2 thd; nghf;Ftuj;J
gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpapy; thd; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; g';F

kfj;jhdjhf cs;sJ. thd;btspg; nghf;Ftuj;J gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh tsu
Kf;fpa fhuzpahf mike;Js;sJ. mjpf egh;fis Vw;wpr; bry;Yk;
thd;nghf;Ftuj;J cyfg;nghUf;Fg;gpd; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. 1960fspy;
th;j;jf cs;ehl;L tpkhdg;nghf;Ftuj;J nritfs; bjhl';fg;gl;L
tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. ,J ePz;l J}ug; gazj;Jf;F Vw;w eilKiw
nghf;Ftuj:J rhjdkhf 1940fspy; gpw;gFjpapy; bray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; lf;s!; DC6 nghd;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd';fs; tsh;r;rp
mile;jd. nghh;f;fhyj; jilfs; ePf;fk; gd;dhl;L gazj;ij mjpfntf
ghJfhg;ghd kw;Wk; brhFrhd gazj;jpw;F cjtpaJ. 1952y; ,uz;L
tFg;g[ Kiw tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tpkhd
gazj;jpd; fl;lzk; Fiwaj; bjhl';fpa "xU';fpizf;fg;gl;l
tpLKiwia " Cf;Ftpj;jJ.
9.4.3 b$l; tpkhd';fs; tUif
b$l; tpkhdg; gazk; 1958y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J ntfk;/

brhFR kw;Wk; thd;nghf;Ftuj;J Mfpatw;wpy; xU g[jpa nfhzj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. gpd;dh; mjpf ngh;fs; gazk; nkw;bfhs;Sk;
jw;nghija epiyf;F te;jJ. kpfg;bghpa tsh;r;rp ,f;fhyj;jpy; thd;
nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ. jw;nghija thd;nghf;Ftuj;J 1960y;
,Ue;jij tpl MWkl';fhf cah;e;Js;sJ.
tl ml;yhz;of; tHpg;ghij Rw;Wyh nghf;Ftuj;jpd; xU

bghd;dhd nghf;Ftuj;J tHpahFk;. ,jpy; Rw;Wyh fl;lz';fs; 1948 Yk;
nfhr;fl;lz';fs; 1952Yk; FLk;gf; fl;lz';fs; 1955Yk; rpf;fd tFg;gf
[ ;
fl;lz';fs; 1958Yk; FGf; fl;lz';fs; 1963Yk; FGt[f;bfd;W
jdpf;fl;lz';fs; 1967Yk; ,is"h; fl;lz';fs; 1972Yk; cah;
jufl;lz';fs; 1975Yk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
kpfg;bgUk; Kd;ndw;w';fs; thd; nghf;Ftuj;jpy;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. tpkhdj; bjhHpy; Kd;ndw;wk; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
Kf;fpa khw;w';fshy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; Kf;fpa khw;w';fis
94
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. brhFR/ ntfk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;g[ Mfpa fhuzpfs; Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfs; tpkhdg;nghf;Ftuj;ij njh;e;bjLf;fj; J}z;oaJ. nghap'; 747
bkf;nlhdy; lf;s!; DC 10 Vh;g!; A 300 kw;Wk; yhf;fpl; ohp!;lhh; L-
1011 nghd;w g[jpa uf b$l; tpkhd';fs; tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpd;
njitia g{h;j;jp bra;jJ. mjpfntf Ng;gh; rhdpf; tpkhd';fshd
fd;fhh;l; kw;Wk; ?nghbyt; 144 Mfpait tpkhd nghf;Ftuj;jpd; xU
iky;fy;yhf mike;jd.
gztPf;fk; mjpfhpg;g[ kw;Wk; tpkhd vhpbghUs; tpiy cah;e;j

nghjpYk; tpkhdj;Jiwapd; vjph;fhyk; gpufhrkhfnt ,Ue;jJ. 1980fs;
ePz;l J}ug; gazj;ij bghWj;j tiuapy; kpf mjpf gazpfs; tpkhd
nghf;Ftuj;ij tpUk;gp gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. nkYk; tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J
bryitf; Fiwf;ft[k;/ vhpbghUs; tpiy cah;itr; rkhspf;Fk; bghUl;L
1990fspy; kpfg;bghpa mstpy; tpkhd';fs; jahhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,U
mLf;FKiw 800 gazpfs; gazk; bra;a[k; trjpfSld; nghap'; 747
tpkhd';fs; jahhpf;fg;gl;ld.
ePz;l J}ug; gazk; gd;dhl;L mstpy; gazk; nkw;bfhs;nthh;

,dptUk; fhy';fspy; mjpfhpf;Fk; tha;g;g[ cs;sJ. vdnt tpkhdg;
nghf;Ftuj;jpd; vjph;fhyk; gpufhrkhdjhf cs;sJ. tpkhd fk;bgdpfs;
gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyh tsu kpf Kf;fpa g';fhw;wp tUfpd;wd.
etPd Rw;Wyh jPObud cj;ntfj;Jld; tsh;r;rp mila

nghf;Ftuj;J xnu Kf;fpa mog;gil fhuzpahf tps';FfpwJ.
gy;ntWnghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfs; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; tsh;r;rpailahky;
Rw;Wyh jw;nghJ cs;s tsh;r;rpia mile;jpUf;fKoahJ. 19k;
E}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fj;jpy; uapy; kw;Wk; ePuhtpf;fg;gYk; gazj;jpy;
Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; gpoj;jpUe;jJ. 20k; E}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fk; tiu
Rw;Wyh gazpfs; cs;ehl;oy; uapypYk; fly; fle;j gazj;jpw;F ePuhtpf;
fg;giya[k; gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. cyfg;nghhpy; nkhl;lhh; Kjy;
cs;ehl;oy; uapypYk; fly; fle;j cyfg;nghhpy; nkhl;lhh; kw;Wk;
thd;nghf;Ftuj;Jk; tsh;r;rp bgw;wJ. cyfg; nghh; Koe;jJk; jdpahh;
fhh; kw;Wk; nfhr; gaz';fs; ntfkhf tsh;e;jd. ,uz;L cyfg;
nghUf;fpilna jdpahh; nkhl;lhh; fhh;fs; kw;Wk; ngUe;J kw;Wk; nfhr;
gazk; Kf;fpa tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; nghhpd; Kotpy;
tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J kpfg;bghpastpy; tsh;r;rp vw;gl;lJ. tpkhdk;
fth;rr
; pahd nghf;Ftuj;J tsu Cf;fkspj;jJ. 1950fspy; ,it
95
gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh tsu Cf;fkspj;jJ. gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh vd;gJ
thd;nghf;Ftuj;ijr; rhh;e;J bray;gLfpd;wd.
9.4.4 mjpntf tpiut[ uapy;fspd; tUif
nghf;Ftuj;J Jiwapy; Mh;tj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w tsh;r;rp

gpw;gFjpapy; vw;gl;lJ. 1974 Kjy; Vw;gl;l vhpbghUs; gpur;ridapy;
kpfg;bgUk; ,ilbtsp Vw;gl;lJ. mjpfntfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gz tPf;fj;jhy;
thd; nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; jdpahh; fhh; kw;Wk; nfhr; nghf;Ftuj;J
mjpfkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. xU gazpf;F MFk; vhpbghUs; bryt[ uapy;
gazj;ij tpl ,uz;L Kjy; ehd;F kl';F nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fk;
gj;J kw;Wk; mjw;F nky; tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fk; gpoj;jJ. vz;bza;
tpiy cah;t[ uapy; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; ntfkhf kw;Wk; Fiwe;j fl;lz
khw;w';fs; Vw;gl;ld. fl;lzj;ij jtpu uapy; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; tpkhdg;
nghf;Ftuj;ij tpl gy ed;ikfs; ,Ue;jd. uapy; epiya';fs; efhpd;
eLg;gFjpapy; mike;jpUe;jd. nkYk; uapy;fspd; neuKk; kf;fSf;F
trjpahf ,Ue;jJ. tpkhd nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;jpy;
beUf;fo uapy; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; xU cj;ntfj;ij mspj;jJ.
nkw;brhd;d vy;yh fhuzpfSk; ,ize;J uapy; nghf;Ftuj;jpy;

kWkyh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpd. uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Muk;gfhy FGr;Rw;Wyh
tsh;r;rpf;F Kd;ndhoahf mike;jd. Inuhg;gpa ehLfs; mbkhpf;f
If;fa ehLfs; Mrpah kw;Wk; gy ehLfspy; g[ul;rpfukhd khw;w';fs;
Vw;gl;L mjpntfj;ija[k/; brhFrhd gazj;ija[k; eilKiwg;gLj;j gy
eltof;iffs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld.
vhpbghUs; gpur;ridapy; nghUf;F Kd; uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

tsh;r;rp bjspthdjhf ,y;iy. Inuhg;ghtpy; ntf kw;Wk; brhFR
uapy;fs; Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. 1960y; gphpl;o#; uapy;nt jdJ
yz;ld; khd;br!;lh; uapiy kpd;kakhf;fpaJ. ,jdhy; xU kzp
neuj;jpy; 160 fp.kP. J}uj;ijf; flf;f Koe;jJ. g[jpa mjpntf uapy;fs;
,g;ghijapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L 3.14 kzp neu gazj;ij 1 kzp
neukhff; Fiwj;jJ. gazpfs; nghf;Ftuj:J Ie;J tUlj;jpy;
,Ukl';fhf cah;e;jJ. nkw;F b$h;kdpapy; g[jpa efu';fSf;F
,ilnaahd Kiw 1971y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,uz;L kzp neu
,ilbtspf;F ,uz;L Kf;fpa efu';fSf;fpilna uapy; trjpfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,jd; fhuzkhf Kjy; 12 khj';fSf;Fs; 30 rjtpfpjk;
96
mjpfkhd gazpfs; uapypy; gazk; bra;aj; bjhl';fpdh;. gazpfSf;F
bjhiyngrp brayf njitfs;/ rkPgj;jpa g';F epytu';fs;/ ve;j
neuKk; czt[ bgWk; trjp nghd;w trjpfs; bra;J bfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
,ijg; nghd;W gpuhd;!; xUkzp neuj;jpy; 160 fp.kP bry:Yk; lh;igd;
uapy;nrit 1970y; mwpKfg;gLj;jp ghhp!Pf;Fk; tlf;F gpuhd;rpYs;s
fhapd; tiu mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L gaz neuj;ij Ie;jpy; xU kl';fhff;
Fiwj;jJ. Kjy; tUlj;jpy; gazpfs; 25% cah;e;jJ. mjpntf uapy;
nritfs; Inuhg;ghtpy; ghhp!; Kjy; yahd;!; (gpuhd;!;) tiu nuhk;
Kjy; kpyhd; tiu (,j;jhyp) kh!;nfh Kjy; bydpd; fhh;l tiu
(nrhtpaj; u#;ah) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;oy;/ uapy; fg;gy;gazk; kw;Wk; uapy; ngUe;J

gazk; ,ize;j Mk; ouhf; (Amtrack) 1974y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L
1973 tpl 1974y; gazpfs; vz;zpf;if 11.2% cah;e;jJ. ePz;l J}ug;
gaz';fs; epa[ahh;f; Kjy; rhd;gpuhd;rp!;nfh tiu Mk;ouhf;
etPdkakhf;fg;gl;lJ. nkYk; Mk;ouhf; uapy; gazpfis ftu ,U
mLf;F g[y;nkd; nfhr;Rfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. mjpntf uapy;fs;
kf;fs; beUf;fo mjpfkhd th#p';ld; ghy;onkhh;/ gpybly;gpah
epa{ahh;f; gh!;ld; Mfpa efu';fspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Mrpahtpy; $g;ghd; etPd; bjhHpy; El;gj;ij ifahs tuyhw;W

Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd Koit vLj;J nlhf;fpnah Kjy; xrhfh tiuapyhd
515 fp.kP. J}u ,Ug;g[g; ghijia mjpfntfj;jpw;F <LbfhLf;Fk; tifapy;
khw;wpaikj;jJ. ,e;j jpl;lk; 1964y; epiwntwp mjpfntf uapy; "Qpfhhp
vf;!;gpu!; g[y;yl;uapy; epa{nlhf;fha;nlh ghijapy; kzpf;F 210 fp.kP;.
ntfj;jpy; gazj;ij nkw;f;bfhz;lJ. ,jdhy; 61/2 kzpneu gazj;ij
3 kzp neukhff; Fiwj;jJ. ,jd; btw;wpahy; cw;rhfkile;J epa[
rhd;nah ghij 565 fp.kP. ,Ug;g[gg
; hij khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;L kzpf;F
260 fp.kP. ntfj;Jld; uapy; gazk; nkw;bfhz;lJ. Mrpahtpy; g[jpa
kw;Wk; mjp tpiut[ uapy;ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. uapy; gazpfs;
vz;zpf;if kny#pah/ gpypg;igd;!; kw;Wk; jha;yhe;jpy; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';fpaJ.
,e;jpahtpy; g[jpa bjhHpy; El;gj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpfs;

1964y; bjhl';fp uapy;ntfk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy; Kaw;rpahf
mjpntf uapy; "uh$jhdp vf;!;gpu!;" g[Jbly;ypf;Fk;
fy;fj;jht[f;Fkpilna bts;nshl;lk; tplg;gl;lJ. KGf;f Fsh;rhjd
97
trjp bra;ag;gl;l brhFrhd uapy; jw;nghJ kzpf;F 130 fp.kP. ntfj;jpy;
Xof; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. g[jpa rpwg;g[ uapy;bgl;ofs; ,e;jpahtpy;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1972y; ,nj nghd;W uapy; g[Jbly;ypf;Fk;
gk;gha;fFkpilna mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
"uh$jhdp vf;!g
; pu!;" uapyhy; Vw;gl;l ed;ikia fUj;jpy;
bfhz;L mijg;nghd;W mjpntf uapy; ghijfs; gy mikf;fg;gl;ld.
mjpfkhd mjpntf uapy;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. g[jpa uapy;nt
Kiwfs; cyfpy; gy ghf';fspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. brg;lk;gh;
1981y;murpd; SNCF uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J fk;bgdp cyf rhjid g[hpe;jJ
kj;jpagpbu";r; lhd;dpnuh efhpy; mjpfntf cyf rhjid
epfH;j;jg;gl;lJ. nrhjid xl;lk; gpuhd;!; ehl;oy; cUthf;fg;gl;l T.G.V
uapypy; epfH;j;jg;gl;lJ. T.G.V. th;j;jf nghf;Ftuj;J brg;lk;gh; 1981y;
ghhp!; Kjy; ypahd; tiu mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd;ntfk; kzpf;F
236 iky;fs; TGV upay; vd;gjd; bghUs; oiuapd; fpuhd;o tpl;orp
(Train a grande vitesse) mjpntfk; vd;gjhFk;.
1980fspy; yz;ldpypUe;J fpsh!;nfh tiuapyhd 644 fp.kP.

J}ug;gazj;ij 3 kzp neuj;jpy; etPd gpuahzpfs; uapypy; (Advanced
Passanger Train) nkw;bfhs;s Koe;jJ. ghuk;ghpa ghijfis g[jpa fhw;W
epug;gpa g[jpa bjhHpy; El;gj;jpd; \yk; khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,J rj;jkpy;yhj
gazj;jpw;F cjtpaJ. $g;ghd; kw;Wk; gpuhd;rpy; ,k;Kiw Vw;fdnt
btw;wpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,dptUk; Mz;Lfspy; uapy;
gazpfs; uapy; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l g[ul;rpfukhd khw;wj;jpd;
tpisthf xU efhpypUe;J kw;nwhh; efUf;F rj;jkpd;wp Mlk;gukhd
mjpntfj;jpy; gazj;ij nkw;bfhs;syhk;.

1. mjpntf uapypd; bgah; vd;d?
m) MTRACK M) uh$j;jhdp vf;!;gpu!;
,) g[y;nkd;nfhr; <) muz;kid uapy;
2. ePz;l gazk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3. Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLKiw gw;wp tpthp.
4. uapy; nghf;Ftuj:J tsh;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
5. rhiyg;nghf;Ftuj:Jg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
98
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; g[dpj gaz';fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgw;wd. ePz;l

gaz';fs; ,';fpyhe;jpy; 17k; E}w;whz;oy; nkw;bfhz;ljhy; Rw;Wyh
tsh;r;rpapd; mLj;j epiyia mile;jJ. mLj;J Vw;gl;l Kf;fpa tsh;r;rp
nghf;Ftuj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;w';fs; MFk;.
fiyr; brhw;fs;
hpituh - gpuhd;!; gazpfs; ,d;gr; Rw;Wyh nkw;f;bfhs;Sk; gFjp
rhl;lh;ehypah - nuhk; efhpy; bfhz;lhlg;gLk; xUtpHh.

1. M) uh$jhdp vf;!;gpu!;
4. ,e;jg; gphptpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ghlg;gphpt[fs; 9.3.1 Kjy; 9.4.4I
gad;gLj;Jf.
99
gphpt[ 10
Rw;Wyhtpd; mog]gilf; TWfs;
mikg]g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
10.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; mog;gil
10.2 Rw;Wyh cs;slf;fpa gFjpfs;
10.2.1 kfpH;tspf;fpd;w gUt epiy
10.2.2 Mtiyj; J}z;Lk; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;
10.2.3 tuyhw;W kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuf; fhuzpfs;
10.3 Mh]tj;ijj; J}z;Ljy;
10.3.1 trjpfs;
10.4 vspjpy; brd;wila[k; trjp
10.4.3 rhiyg] nghf;Ftuj;J
10.4.4 thd;tHpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
10.5 j';Fkpl';fs;
10.5.1 mog]gil j';Fkpl';fs;
10.5.2 Jizj; j';Fkpl';fs;
10.6 cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhit Cf;Ftpj;jy;
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr;brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
Rw;Wyh vd;gJ ehk; mwpe;j tiuapy; etPdkhfj; njhd;wpa xd;W.

,J gytpj mk;r';fis cs;slf;fpaJ. Kd;dh; ,J gazk;
Rw;Wyhtpd; mog;gilf; TWfs;
nkw;bfhs;tijg; gw]wp Fwpg;gpl;lJ. Mdhy; jw;nghJ ,Jgytpjkhd
mk;r';fis Fwpf;fpwJ. jw;nghJ bgUkstpy; Rw;Wyh
nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,J gyUf;F ,d;gj;ij Vw]gLj;JfpwJ. ,J
jdpj;Jiw my;y. ,J \d;W Kf;fpa mk;r';fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k;.
 Rw;Wyh cs;sl';fpa gFjpfis gw;wp mwpa Koa[k; .

 Rw;Wyhtpd; gy;ntW mog;gilf; TWfis tpsf;f Koa[k.;
 nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsh]rr
; p kw;Wk; j';Fkpl';fs;
kw;Wk; trjpfisg;gw;wp mwpe;J bfhs;s Koa[k;.
10.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; mog;gilf; TWfs;
Rw;Wyh vd;gJ kf;fs; gazk;; nkw;bfhs;tJ kw;Wk; j';Ftjd;

btspg;ghlhFk;. xU Rw;Wyh gazp jhd; tpUk;g[k; ,lj;jpw;F bry;y
gazk; nkw;bfhs;sntz;Lk;. tpLKiwf;fhf bry;Ykpl';fs; ,aw;if
NHy; epiwe;jjhf cs;sJ. Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpa mk;r';fs; nghf;Ftuj;J
kw;Wk; j';Fkpl';fshFk;. ,j;jifa mk;r';fs; gazpf;F Mh;tj;ij
J}z;Ltjhf cs;sd. ,J ,aw;if/ kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit/
kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; r\fj;jpy; Mtiyj;J}z;Lk; tp#a';fis
cs;slf;fpa[s;sJ. tpUk;g[k; ,l';fSf;F bry;yg; nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;
cjt[fpd;wd. ,J \d;W fhuzpfshd fl;lzk;/ trjpfs; kw;Wk; ntfk;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa[s;sJ. j';Fkplk; trjpfs; Kf;fpa mog;gil
g';Ftfpf;fpd;wd. j';Fkplk; vd;gJ czt[ kw;Wk; ,Ug]gpl trjpiaf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.
Rw;Wyh vd;gJ jdpna ,a';fKoahJ. ,J \d;W Kf;fpa

tp#a';fis cs;slf;fpa[s;sJ. mitahtd nghf;Ftuj;J Rw;wpg;
ghh;f;Fk; ,lk; kw;Wk; j';Fkpl';fs;.
xU Rw;Wyh gazp jhd; tpUk;g[k; ,lj;jpw;Fr; bry;y rpy

nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; njitg;gLfpd;wd. nkhl;lhh]fhh]/ nfhr;/ tpkhdk;/
fg;gy; my;yJ uapy; ,itfspy; VjhtJ xd;whf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,itfs;
gazpfis Vw;fdnt eph;zapf;fg;gl;l ,lj;ij mila cjt[fpwJ.
101
epfH;r;rpfs; ele;j ,l';fs; vd;gJ tpLKiw !;jy';fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,j;jifa tpLKiw !;jy';fs;/ Nhpa xsp/ ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;/
tpisahl;L trjpfs; nghd;w mk;r';fis tH';FfpwJ. j';Fkplk; vd;gJ
kw;bwhU Kf;fpa mog;gilf; TwhFk.; ,J czt[ kw;Wk; j';f Vw;ghL
bra;fpwJ. Vw;fdnt epidj;j ,lj;ij mile;jt[ld;/ Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;
j';Fjw;F trjpfs; ntz;Lk; mit mth;fSf;F czt[ kw;Wk; J}';Fk;
trjpfisj; juntz;Lk;.
Rw;Wyhj;bjhHpy;
bjhHpy; cs;slf;fpaitfs;
j';Fkpl';fs; nghf;Ftuj;J Mtiyj;J}z;Lgit
tpLjpfs; thd; nghf;Ftuj;J

,aw;if kdpjdhy;
cUthdit
nkhl;lhh;fs; uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J kiyfs; epidtpl';fs;

xa;t[ tpLjpfs; rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J Vhpfs; bghUl;fhl;rp
ePh;trjp fhLfs; flw;fiu
jpUtpHhf;fs;
fiyfs;
iftpid
bghUl;fs;
10.2 Rw;Wyh cs;slf;fpa gFjpfs;
\d;W Kf;fpa Rw;Wyh cs;slf;fpa gFjpfs; ;nghf;Ftuj;J/ epfH;r;rp

ele;j ,l';fs; kw;Wk; j';Fkpl';fs; Mfpatw;Wld; Rw;Wyhtpy; rpy
mog;gil TWfs; cs;sd. ,itfs; Rw;Wyh tsh]r;rpf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
fPH; tUgit g[tpapay; TWfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
1. vspjpy; brd;wila[k; trjp kw;Wk ; ,l';fs;

2. ,l';fs; (Space)
3. ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;
102
m) epy mikg]g[ - kiyfs;/ gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;/ gtsg;ghiwfs;/
kiy cr;rpfs;/
M) ePh] - MWfs;/ Vhpfs;/ mUtpfs;/ btz;zPh] Cw;Wfs;/ fly;fs;/
gdpf;fl;og; ghs';fs;.
,) jhtu';fs; - fhLfs;/ g[y;b;tspfs;/ ghiytd';fs;/ Kl;g[jh;
fhLfs;.
4. gUtepiy: Nhpa xsp/ nkf';fs;/ rPnjh#;z epiyfs;/ kiy kw;Wk;
gdp.
5. tpy';Ffs; m) tdtpy';Ffs; - gwitfs;/ kpUff;fhl;rp rhiyfs;
M) ntl;ilahLjy; kw;Wk; kPd; gpoj;jy;.
6. Fonaw;w mk;r';fs;
m) efu';fs;/ khefu';fs;/ fpuhk';fs;
M) tuyhw;W vr;r';fs; kw;Wk; epidtpl';fs;
,) mfH;thuha;t[ gFjpfs;
7. fyhr;rhuk;: thH;f;ifKiw/ ghuk;ghpak;/ kf;fs; kug[ tHp gHf;f
tHf;f';fs;/ fiyfs; kw;Wk; iftpidfs;. ,itfs; Rw;Wyhtpd;
mog;gil mk;rkhfj; jpfH;fpd;wd. mitahtd.
i) kfpH;tspf;fpd;w gUtepiy
ii) Mtiyj; J}z;Lk; ,aw;if fhl;rpfs;
iii) tuyhw;W kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu fhuzpfs;
iV) vspjpy; milaf;Toa trjp
V) trjpfs;
VI j';Fkpl';fs;
10.2.1 kfpH;tspf;fpd;w gUt epiy
Rw;Wyh gazpfis ftUk; Rw;Wyh !;jy';fs; bgUk;ghYk;

kfpH;tspf;fpd;w gUtepiy cilajhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. ey;y gUt
epiy tpLKiw Rw;Wyh ika';fSf;Fj; njitahd mog;gil
mk;rkhFk;. ,itfs; tpLKiwia kfpH;r;rpfukhdjhf khw;Wfpd;wd.
,yl;rf;fzf;fhd Rw;Wyhg;gazpfs; mjpf Fsph; ehLfspypUe;J ey;y
gUt epiyf;fhf flw;fiu gFjpfSf;F Nhpa xspf;fhf tUif
jUfpwhh;fs;.
103
Nhpa xsp kw;Wk ;flw;fiu bjd;wy; fhw;W gyiu <h;f;Fk; rf;jpahf
bray;gLfpd;wd. gy ehLfspy; flw;fiunahu';fspy; ey;y gUtepiy
Nhpa xspia Mfpatw;iw mDgtpf;f Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tpUk;g[tjd;
tpisthf kw;Wk; Xa;t[ tpLjpfs; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. ,j;jhyp/ !;bgapd;/
kw;Wk; fphP!; nghd;w Inuhg;gpa ehLfspy; mHfhd flw;fiu Rw;Wyh
tpLjpfs; bgUfp tUfpd;wd. tlf;F Inuhg;gpah;fs; kj;jpa jiuf;fly;
flw;fiu efu';fshd khz;o fhh;nyh/ ie!; kw;Wk; fz;zP!; Mfpa
hpituh gFjpfSf;Fk; ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; !;bgapd; flw;fiu g[jpa
,l';fSf;Fk; brd]W tUfpwhh;fs;. fyhg;hpah/ rprpyp/ kw;Wk; rhh]odpah
Mfpa ml;hpahl;of; kw;Wk; kj;jpa jiuf;flw;fiu gFjpfSk; ,jkhd
NH;epiyahy; gy mHfpa tpLKiw !;jy';fis ,j;jhyp
mike;Js;sJ. bkf;rpnfh Rw;Wyh !;jy';fs;/ gRgpf; kw;Wk;
fypnghh;dpah Rw;Wyh !;jy';fs; mbkhpf;f Qtha; jPt[fs; Mfpait
kfpH;rr
; paspf;Fk; gUtepiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tps';Ffpd;wd. mHfpa
flw;fiufs; ,e;jpah/ ,y';if/ jha;yhe;J ,e;njhnd#pah/
M!;jpnuypah kw;Wk; gpwgFjpfs; ey;y gUt epiyf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshf cs;sd.
Fsph; jl;gbtg;gepiy/ ,jkhd Fsph; kw;Wk; Nhpa xsp Mfpait

Rw;Wyhg;gazpfis mjpfk; fth;fpd;wd. gy gFjpfs; rpwe;j Rw;Wyh
ika';fshf gy gazpfis fth]ej
; pUf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa ika';fs;
gazpfs; tpUk;g[k; gy;ntW tpisahl;L trjpfisr; bra;J gazpfspd;
tpUg]gj;ij epiwntw;Wfpd;wd. gy btg]g ehLfspy; "kiy
thr!;jy';fspd;" gazpfis mjpfk; fth]fpd;wd. ,jw;F kpfr;rpwe;j
cjhuzk; ,e;jpahtpYs;s rpk;yh.
10.2.2 Mtiyj; J}z;Lk; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;
ey;y gUtepiy kw;Wk; Mtiyj; J}z;Lk; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;

Rw;Wyh gazpfisf; ftUk; Kf;fpa tp#a';fshFk;. kiyfs;/ Vhpfs;/
mUtpfs;/ gdpg;ghiwfs;/ fhLfs;/ ghiytd';fs; Mfpait Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfis mjpfk; fth;fpd;wd. tpag]gpy; MH;j;Jk; kiyf;fhl;rpfs;
kw;Wk; flw;fiu fhl;rpfs; gazpfis mjpfk; fth;fpd;wd. kpfg;
gpukhz;lkhd kiyj;bjhlh]fs; mikjpahd NHiyj; jUfpd;wd.
gazpfs; Rtpl;rh]yhe;J/ M!;jpnuypahtpYs;s tlf;F My;g;!; kiyg;
gs;sj;jhf;fpw;Fk; kw;Wk; ,j;jhypapYs;s bjw;F gs;sj;jhf;fpw;Fk;/
,e;jpa kw;Wk; neghs ,kakiyg] gs;sj;jhf;fpw;Fk; mjpf gazpfs;
104
gazk; bra;fpwhh;fs;. mbkhpf;fhtpYs;s kpfg;bghpa br';Fj;jhd
gs;sj;jhf;F/ tlf;F mah;yhe;jpYs;s gpukhz;lkhd eilghij/
eahfuh ePh]tPH;r;rp/ I!;yhe;jpYs;s bte;ePh] Cw;Wfs;/ My;g;!;
kiyapYs;s gdpg;ghiwfs;/ Mg;gphpf;ff; fhLfs;/ mw;g[jkhd MWfs;/
Vhpfs;/ ghiytd';fs; Mfpait Rw;Wyhg;gazpfis mjpfk;
fth;fpd;wd. ,it Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpy; tsh]rr
; pf;F mog;gilahf
jpfH;fpd;wd.
10.2.3 tuyhw;W kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuf; fhuzpfs;
tuyhW kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw;wpa Mh;tk; gy gazpfisf;

fth;fp;d;wd. ,';fpyhe;jpy; n#f;!;gpanuhL bjhlh]g[ila !;ouhl;nghh]L
Md; Mtd; vDk; ,lk; xt;bthU Mz;Lk; mjpf gazpfis
fth]e;jpGf;fpwJ. ,ijg;nghynt ,e;jpahtpy; Mf;uhtpYs;s jh$;kfhy;/
,j;jhypapYs;s igrh rha;e;j nfhg[uk; Mfpaita[k; mjpf gazpfis
fth;[e;jpGf;fpwJ. Mapuf;fzf;fhd mbkhpf;fh;fs;;kw;Wk; fdlhitr;
nrh;e;jth;fs; Inuhg;ghtpw;F gazk; bra;J tuyhw;W ghuk;ghpa kpf;f
gFjpfisf; fz;L fspf;fpwhh]fs;. ,';fpyhe;jpw;F gazk; bra;a[k;
midtUk; yz;ld; khefUf;F tp$ak; bra;fpwhh]fs.; Vbddpy; mJ
jiyefh] vd;gjpdhnyh my;yJ kpfg;bghpa efh; vd;gjpdhnyh my;y
mJ tuyhw;nwhLk;/ ghuk;ghpaj;njhLk;/ fyhr;rhuj;njhLk; beU';fpa
bjhlh]g[ bfhz;ljhy; jhd;. ,nj nghd;nw gpuhd;!; ehl;ow;F bry;nthh;
ghhp!; efUf;Fk;/ ,j;jhyp bry;nthh; nuhk; efUf;Fk;/ nrhtpaj; a{dpad;
bry;nthh] kh!;nfh efUf;Fk; tp$ak; bra;fpwhh;fs;/ gy ehLfspy;
tuyhw;W gpurpj;jp bgw;w gFjpfshy; Rw;Wyh tsh]e;J tUfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; m$e;jh kw;Wk; vy;nyhuh Fif Xtpa';fs; ,jw;F
cjhuzkhFk;. ,itfs; ,e;jpahtpd; gHikahd/ kpft[k; mHF tha;ej
;
rka fl;olf; fiyf;Fk; Xtpaf; fiyf;Fk; cjhuzkhfj; jpfH;fpd;wd.
10.3 Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;Ljy;
cs;Sh; epfH;tf
[ s/; trjpfs; Mfpait Rw;wyhit tsh;f;Fk;
Kf;fpa fhuzpfshFk;. ,itfs; ,y;yhtpoy; Rw;Wyh gazpfs;
Fwpg;gpl;l ,l';fSf;F gazk; nkw;bfhs;skhl;lhh;fs;. Rw;Wyh
gazpfspd; Mh;tKk; mth;fsJ tpUg;gKk; ntWgLfpd;wd. gy;ntW
Rw;Wyh ika';fs; mth;fis fth;e;jpGf;fpd;wd. gy ,aw;if mHif
urpf;f rpy trjpfs; epiwe;j ,lj;ijr; njor; bry;fpwhh;fs;. gPl;lh;!;
105
vd;gth; Rw;Wyh gazpfis <h;f;Fk; gy;ntW fhuzpfis Muha;e;J/
mitfis Ie;J tiffshff; gphpj;Js;shh;. mitfs; gpd;tUk;
ml;ltizapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
gPl;lhpd; Rw;Wyhitf; ftUk; tp#a';fspd; gl;oay;
1. fyhr;rhuk; mfH;thuha;r;rp rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,l';fs; tuyhw;W

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fl;ol';fs; kw;Wk; epidtpl';fs;/ tuyhw;W
gpurpj;jp bgw;w ,l';fs;; mU';fhl;rpafk;/ etPd fyhr;rhuk;;
murpay; kw;Wk; fy;tp epWtd';fs;; rka epWtd';fs;.
2. ghuk;ghpa';fs; : njrpa jpUtpHhf;fs;/ fiyfs/; kw;Wk; iftpidg;
bghUl;fs;/ ,ir/ kf;fs; kug[tHpfs;/ cs;~h;thrpfspd; thH;f;if
kw;Wk; gHf;f tHf;f';fs;.
3. fhl;rpfs; : njrpa g{';fhf;fs; td caphpd';fs; jhtu ,dk; kw;Wk;
tpy';fpdk; flw;fiu Xa;tpl';fs/; kiy thr!;jy';fs;
4. bghGJnghf;F : tpisahl;oy; fye;J bfhs;sy; kw;Wk;
ghh;itapLjy; bghGJnghf;F kw;Wk; bghGJ nghf;F g{';fhf;fs/;
kpUff;fhl;rp/ rhiy kw;Wk; flYaphpd fhl;rpafk;. jpiug;glk;
kw;Wk; ehlf';fs; ,ut[ thH;f;if rikay; fiy.
5. gpw <hg;g[ rf;jpfs; : rPnjh#;zepiy Rfhjhu xa;tpl';fs; my;yJ
!;gh!;/ gpw ,l';fspy ,y;yhj mk;r';fs;. (Mjhuk;;: gd;dhl:L
Rw;Wyhtpay; Ql;rpd;fd/; 1969/ PP148- 149) fhl;rpfs; my;yJ
gs;sjhf;F Mfpait ,ize;jitahFk;. rPnjh#;z epiy
Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ. tpy';fpd thH;f;if Kf;fpa g';F
tfpf;fpwJ. gwitfis fz;L kfpH;tJ/ Rw;Wyhit tsh;f;Fk;
Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;. kPd;gpoj;jy; ntl;ilahLjy; Kf;fpa g';F
tfpf;fpwJ.
<h;f;Fk; fhuzpfs;
1. vspjpy; mila[k; trjp kw;Wk; miktplk;

2. ,ltrjp
3. fhl;rpfs;
4. epymikg;gf
[ s; kiyfs;/kiycr;rp/ br';Fj;jhd gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;/
gtsg;ghiwfs;;
106
5. ePh;/ MWfs;/ Vhpfs;/ mUtpfs;/ bte;ePh; Cw;Wfs; gdpg;ghiwfs;
fly;
6. jhtu';fs;: fhLfs/; g[y;btspfs/; Kl;gj
[ h;fhLfs;
7. jl;gbtg;gepiy : Nhpa Xsp/ nkff;Tl;lk/; btg;gepiy/ kiy
kw;Wk; gdp
8. tpy';Ffspd; thH;f;if
1. tdtpy';Ffs;/ gwitfs;/ kpUff; fhl;rprhiy
2. kPd;goj;jy; kw;Wk;ntl;ilahLjy;
9. Fonaw;w gFjpfs;
m) efu';fs/; khefu';fs;
M) tuyhw;W vr;r';f';fs; kw;Wk; epidtpl';fs;
,) mfH;thuha;r;rp Kf;fpa ,l';fs; fyhr;rhuk; thH;f;if Kiw
ghuk;ghpak; fiy kw;Wk; iftpidg;bghUl;fs;.
10.3.1 trjpfs;
Rw;Wyh ika';fSf;F rpy trjpfs; bra;a ntz;oaJ kpft[k;

mtrpak;. flw;fiu Xa;tpl';fspy; ePr;ry;Fsk;/ glF trjp/ jdpahh;
cyhg;glF nghd;wit jtpu eldk; bghGnghf;F kw;Wk; gpw mk;r';fs;
Mfpa trjpfs; bra;tJ kpf mtrpakhFk;. ,j;jifa trjpfs; xt;bthU
Rw;Wyh ikaj;jpw;Fk; kpft[k; mtrpakhFk;. trjpfs; ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. ,aw;if trjpfs; cjhuzkhf flw;fiu Fspay;/ kPd;gpof;f trjp
kiynaw;w trjp/ eilg;gaz trjp/ fhl;rpfisg; ghh;f;f trjp
2. kdpjh;fshy; bra;ag;gLk; trjpfs;/ cjhuzkhf gy;ntW tifahd
bghGJnghf;F trjpfs; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;Fhpa njitfis
epiwntw;Wk; bra;J jug;gLk;. rpwg;ghd trjpfs; mUikahd
flw;fiukzy; Nhpa xspapypUe;J epHy;jUk; bjd;id kw;Wk; gid
ku';fs;/ Fspg;gjw;F trjpfs; nghd;w trjpfs; Rw;Wyh gazpfis
mjpfk; fth;fpd;wd. ,ijj; jtpu kpjg;gjw;F trjpahd nj';Fk; ePnuhil
trjp/ kPd;gpof;f trjp nghd;w ,aw;if trjpfs; kpft[k;
Kf;fpakhditfshFk;.
fPH:;tUtd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis kpft[k; ftUk; gy

mk;r';fshFk;.
107
mfH;thuha;r;rp bkhf";rjhnuh/ Qug;gh/ ngSh;/ QhsngL.

eilbgw;w ,l';fs;
epidtpl';fs; Mf;uhtpYs;s jh$;kfhy; ,j;jhypa[s;s igrh
nfhg[uk;.
tuyhw;W nuhk;/ ghl;dh/ j";rht{h;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd
,l';fs;
mU';fhl;rpaf';fs; gphpl;o#; mU';fhl;rpafk;/ yz;ld;/ $yjh;$';
iQjuhghj;/ nrht;hp ghhp!;.
rka epWtd';fs; thl;ofd; efuk;/ fh";rpg[uk;/ mkph;jru!;/
bkf;fh bgj;jynfk;/ b$URnyk;.
njrpa g{';fhf;fs; vy;nyh!; (k";rs;) !;nlhd; njrpag{';fh
mbkhpf;fh/ fph; njrpa g";fh F$uhj;.
tdtpy';Ffs; KJkiy tdtpy';Ffs; ruzhyak;/
ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak;
flw;fiu kpahkp flw;fiu/ g[nshhplh/ nfhtsk; flw;fiu/
Xa;tpl';fs; nfush/ bkhpdh flw;fiu/ brd;id.
kiy th!;jy';fs; rpk;yh/ Cl;o/ lhh;$pyp';.
epy mikg;gf
[ s; bgUk; br';fj;jhd gs;sj;jhf;F/ mbkhpf;fh.
kiyfs; ,kakiy.
ePh; mikg;gf
[ s; My;g;!;/ bte;ePh; Cw;Wf;fs;/ eahfuh mUtp/
fU';fly; flw;fiu.
jhtu tiffs; Mg;gphpf;ff; fhLfs;/ mnkhrhd; rkbtsp/
nfush kw;Wk; m!;!hk; fhLfs;.
fl;olf; fiyfs; j';ff;fjt[g; ghyk; rhd;gpuhd;rp!;nfh/
Rje;jpunjtp rpiy/ vk;gah;!;nll; fl;olk;/
epa{ahh;f;/ gf;fp';fhk; muz;kid yz;ld/;
<gps; nfhg[uk; ghhp!;.
10.4 vspjpy; brd;wila[k; trjp
Rw;Wyh ika';fSf;F vspjpy; brd;wila[k; trjpfs; kfpt[k;

Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. Rw;Wyh ika';fs; ve;j tifahf ,Ug;gpDk;
108
vspjpy; milaf;Toa trjpfs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mitfs; mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgWtjpy;iy. Rw;Wyh ika';fs; nghf;Ftuj:J trjpfs;
,y;iybad;why; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgWtjpy;iy. Rw;Wyh ika';fs;
Kf;fpa rhiyfSld; ,izf;fg;gLk; thd;nghf;Ftuj;jpd; \yk;
vspjpy; mila[k; trjp ,Ue;jhy; mjpf Rw;Wyhg; gazpfisf; ftUk.;
Rw;Wyh gazpfspd; btFbjhiyt[ vd;gJ xU Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ.
J}ukhf cs;s ,l';fSf;F mjpf nghf;Ftuj;J bryt[fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
,jw;F cjhuzkhf ,e;jpahitf; Twyhk;. yl;rf;fzf;fhd Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfis ,e;jpahf tutpy;iy. Mdhy; J}uj;jpYs;s mbkhpf;fh/
Inuhg;;gh/ fdlh/ $g;ghd; kw;Wk; M!;jpnuypah Mfpait mjpf J}uj;jpy;
,Ue;jhYk; gazpfs; bry;fpwhh;fs;. J}uk;/ gazpfs; Fiwthf
tUtjw;F xU fhuzkhf mikfpwJ. Muk;gj;jpy; Inuhg;gh kw;Wk; bjd;
mbkhpf;fh gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyht[f;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ. ,';F
elf;Fk; gd;dhl:L Rw;Wyhtpd; tUifapy; 80% xnu gFjpapYs;s
ehLfSf;fpilna gazk; nkw;bfhz;lth;fs; mbkhpf;fh kw;Wk;
fdlhtpy; gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh 50% Mf cs;sJ. Inuhg;ghtpy; xnu
gFjpiar; nrh;e;j ehLfspilna eilbgw;w Rw;Wyh gazpfs;
vz;zpf;if 80% Mf cs;sJ. vdnt vspjpy; mila[k; trjp Rw;Wyh
trjp Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa fhuzpahf mike;Js;sJ.
19k; E}w;whz;oy; uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J mwpKfkhdJ. ,J Rw;Wyh

tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa fhy fl;lkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. 1830y; ,';fpyhe;jpy;
Kjd; Kjypy; uapy; gazpfis Vw;wpf;bfhz;L gazj;ij
nkw;f;bfhz;lJ. ypth;g{y; Kjy; khd;br!;lh; tiuapyhd uapy;ghij
Kjypy; nghlg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; Kiwahd uapy; gazk; 1841y;
bjhl';fg;gl;lJ.
Kjypy; FGg;gazk; 570 gazpfSld; jhk!;Ff; vd;gtuhy;

bjhl';fg;gl;lJ. ,th; kpff; Fiwe;j uapy; fl;lzj;jpy; kpl;nyz;l;
ehLfSf;fpilna gazj;ij nkw;f;bfhz;lhh;. ,jidj; bjhlh;e;J
,ijg; nghd;w gaz';fs; mjpf mstpy; nkw;f; bfhs;sg;gl;ld.
1843y; 3000 gs;spf; FHe;ijfs; bya; br!;lh; Kjy; blh;gp

tiuapyhd gazj;ij nkw;f;bfhz;lhh;fs;.
109
1848 Kjy; 1863 tiu jhk!;Ff; Rw;Wr; Rw;wyhit !;fhl;yhe;jpy;
5000 gazpfSld; gazj;ij btw;wpfukhf elj;jpdhh;.
,g;gazk; Inuhg;ghtpd; gpwgFjpapy; ,ijg;nghd;W gazj;ij

nkw;bfhs;sj; J}z;Lnfhyha; mike;jJ. uapy;nt ghijfs; gpuhd;!;/
M!;jphpah kw;Wk; Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,k;Kiw
mbkhpf;fhtpYk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; Inuhg;ghtpy; clodahfr;
Rw;Wyh tsuj; bjhl';fpaJ.
1870 G.M.g[y;nkd; Kjy; tFg;g[ uapy; gazj;ij mbkhpf;fhtpy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. mth; g[y;nkd; nfhr;Rfis Mlk;gukhd trjpfs;
kw;Wk; czt[ cz;qk; trjpfSld; mikj;jhh;. ePz;l J}u gazk;
,jd; \yk; kfpH;r;rpfukhdjhf mike;jJ. 1872y; g[y;nkd; fk;bgdp 700
fhh;fs; 30/000 iky;fs; gazk; bra;J ,J 150 fk;bgdpfSld; thzpg
xg;ge;jk ;bra;jpUe;jJ. ,e;j tHpapy; gazk; ntfkhf tsh;e;jJ.
19k; E}w;whz;od; fg;gy; gazk; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F mjpfk;

cjtpaJ. mbkhpf;fhtpy; gy fg;gy;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. ,f;fg;gy;fs;
Inuhg;ghtpy; fl;lg;gl;litfis tpl nkyhdjhf fUjg;gl;lJ.
,';fpyhe;jpy; rhKnty; fdhh;L vd;gth; 1840y; fdhh;L ePuhtpf;

fg;gy; fk;bgdpiaj; bjhl';fpdhh;. ,J tl ml;yhz;of; fg;gy; gazj;ij
tsh;j;jJ. mbkhpf;f Inuhg;gpa ehLfis fg;gy; gazk; nkw;;bfhs;s
<h;j;jJ. ,jdhy; mjpf Inuhg;gpah;fs; mbkhpf;fhtpw;F gazk;
nkw;bfhz;ldh;. Na!; fhy;tha; bjhl';fpat[ld; fg;gy; gazk; nkYk;
mjpfhpj;jJ.
10.4.3 rhiy nghf;Ftuj:J
nkhl;lhh; fhh; mwpKfg;gLj;jpajhy; Rw;Wyhtpy; xU g[ul;rpia

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Rw;Wyh bjhHpy; g[jpa nghf;Ftuj:J rhjd';fs; kpfg;bghpa
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. nkhl;lhh; fhh; tpLKiw bghGJnghf;fpy;
kpfg;bghpa khWjy;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mbkhpf;fh kw;Wk; ,';fpyhe;jpy;
ePz;l gaz';fSf;F nkhl;lhh; fhh; kw;Wk; nkhl;lhh; nfhr;Rfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
110
nkhl;lhh; fhh; kw;Wk; nkhl;lhh; nfhr;Rfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
nkhl;lhh; fhh;. 19k; E}w;whz;od; ,Wjpapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhYk; Kjy;
cyfg;nghh; tiu kpff; Fiwe;j fhh;fns gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,uz;lhk;
cyfg; nghUf;Fg;gpd; fhh;fspd; vz;zpf;if kpf ntfkhf mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';fpaJ. ,J bghGJnghf;fpw;fhft[k; Rw;Wyht[f;fhft[k; mjpf
mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Rw;Wyhit mikg;gth;fs; rhiyg;
nghf;Ftuj;ij mjpfk; gad;gLj;jj; bjhl';fpdhh;fs;.
b$h;kdp/ !;bgapd;/ gpuhd;!; kw;Wk; gpw Inuhg;gpa ehLfspy;

rhiy kw;Wk; beL";rhiy mikf;Fk; gzpfs; 1930 Kjy; kpf mjpf
mstpy; eilbgw;wd. ,jdhy; cyfpd; gy ehLfspy; g[jpa kw;Wk;
ntfkhd rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,itfs; rhiy nghf;Ftuj;ij
ntfkhdjhft[k; brhFrhft[k; khw;wpd.
10.4.4 thd;nghf;Ftuj:J
thd; nghf;Ftuj;J gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpapy; mjpf

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgwj; bjhl';fpaJ. kpf mjpf tsh;r;rp ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;nghUf;Fg;gpd; thd; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ. gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyh
thd;nghf;Ftuj;jhy; kpf mjpf tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.
b$l; gazk;
b$l; gazk; 1958y; bjhl';fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j gazk; xU Kf;fpa

epfH;thff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,J ntfk;/ brhFR gazj;jpy; xU g[jpa
ghpkhzj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jp thd; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; vjph;fhyj;ij
gpufhrkhdjhf;fpaJ. thd;nghf;Ftuj;J gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyhit mjpf
tsh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghUf;Fg;gpd; rptpy;
tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J kpfg;bghpa tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. jw;nghJ ehk;
fhqk; gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp thd;nghf;Ftuj:jhy; Vw;gl;lJ.
10.5 j';Fkpl';fs;
Rw;Wyh ika';fSf;F kpf mog;gil njit j';Fkpl trjpahFk;.

tPl;il tpl;L btFJ}uj;jpw;F bry:Yk; gazpfSf;F j';Fkpl trjp
njitg;gLfpwJ. j';Fkpl';fs; vd;gJ czt[ kw;Wk; j';Fkplj;ijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. fle;j 25 tUl';fshf j';Fkpl';fspd; tiffs; gy;ntW
khw;w';fis mile;Js;sd. rpwpa tpLjpfspd; gad;ghL Fiwe;J
111
bfhz;nl te;Js;sd. bghpa tpLjpfs; kpf mjpf tsh;rr
; p bgw;Ws;sd.
bgUk;ghYk; tpLKiw Rw;Wyh ika';fspy; j';Fkpltrjpfs; g[fH;bgwj;
bjhl';fpd. Inuhg;ghtpy; ghuk;ghpa tpLKiw Xa;tpl';fs; kw;Wk; rpy
flnyhu Fiwthd msnt gad;gl;ld. kpfg;bghpa rpy tpLjpfs;
\lg;gl;ld. Mdhy; rkPg fhyj;jpy; rpy khw;w';fs; j';Fkpl';fspy;
Vw;gl;ld. Kiwrhuh j';Fkpl';fSf;fhd njit mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';fpa[s;sd. tpLKiw fpuhk';fs; mLf;Fkho tPLfs; Kfhk;fs;
nfutd;fs; Rw;Wyh Foirfs; nghd;witfspd; njitfs; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';fpd. j';Fkpl';fs; Rw;Wyh gazpfs; mjpf mstpy; fth;fpd;wd.
rpy ,l';fSf;Fr; bry;yf;fhuzk; Rtpl;rh;yhe;J/ Qhyhe;J/
M!;jphpah/ kw;Wk; bejh;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfs; rpwe;j czt[/ Mlk;guk;
kw;Wk; Rj;jk; Mfpatw;why; g[fHile;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,nj Kiw gy
ehLfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L ey;y czt[ tiff;fhd rpwg;ghd nrit
nghd;w trjpfis tH';fpd. cjhuzkhf gpbu";R muR fhh;nfhit
fhh;rpfhtpy; xU bghpa fl;olj;ijf; fl;o Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F tHp
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
10.5.1 mog;gil j';Fkpl';fs;

gd;dhl;L tpLjpfs;
gd;dhl;L tpLjpfs; etPd nkw;fj;jpa ghzpapy; fl;lg;gl;l
tpLjpfshf ,Ue;jd. ,itfs; bgUk;ghYk; khefu';fspYk; bgUk;
efu';fspYk; Kf;fpa Rw;Wyhika';fspYk; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
Xa;t[ tpLjpfs;
xa;t[ tpLjpfs; bgUk;ghYk; tpLKiwia kfpH;t[ld; fHpf;f
epidg;gth;fspd; njitiag; g{h;j;jp bra;jJ. ,itfs; bgUk;ghYk;
kiyg;gFjpfspYk; flnyhu';fspYk; kw;Wk; gpw gFjpfspy;
mikf;fg;gl;ld.
th;j;jf tpLjpfs;
th;j;jf tpLjpfs; Rw;Wyh gazpfs; mjpfk; tUk; ,l';fisj;
njh;e;bjLj;J m';F mikf;fg;gl;ld.
FoapUg;g[ tpLjpfs;
,j;jifa tpLjpfs; FoapUg;g[ tPLfs; nghy; mike;jpUe;jd.
Mdhy; tpLjp nritfs; midj;Jk; tH';fg;gl;ld. ,j;jifa tpLjpfs;
FoapUg;gf
[ ; fl;lz tpLjpfs; vd miHf;fg;gl;ld.
112
kpjit tpLjpfs;
,j;jifa tpLjpfs; ePhpd; nky; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vy;yhtpj
trjpfSk; kw;Wk; tpLjp nritfs; midj;Jk; tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
,j;jifa tpLjpfs; gy ehLfspy; kpft[k; gpugykhfpa[s;sd. rpy
ehLfspy; Mlk;gu fg;gy;fs; kpjit tpLjpfshf khw;wg;gl;L Rw;Wyh
gazpfspilna gpugykhfpa[s;sd.
tpkhd epiya tpLjpfs;
,itfs; tpkhd epiyaj;jpd; mUfpy; mike;Js;sd. ,';F
tpkhdg; gazpfSf;Fj; njitahd gy;ntW trjpapid tH';fp
tUfpd;wd.
rpwpa tpLjpfs;
,j;jifa tpLjpfs; rkPgfhyj;jpy; njhd;wpait. ,t;tpLjpfspy;
fl;lz';fs; Fiwthf cs;sd. ,j;jifa Kjy; tpLjp $g;ghdpy;
X!hfhtpy; 1979y; bjhl';fg;gl;lJ.
tpd;btsp tpLjpfs;
,j;jifa tpLjpfs; g[jpa tuthff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. tpz;btsp
tpLjpfs; tpd;btsp gazk; nkw;bfhs;snthUf;fhfmikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,itfs; n#hl;ly; (Shotel) vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
gLf;if kw;Wk; fhiy czt[ epWtd';fs;
rpy ehLfspy; FoapUg;g[ tpLjpfs; bgUfptUk; tpLjpj;
njitfisg; g{h;j;jp bra;a[k; tifapy; th;j;jf gazpfspd; njitfis
epiwntw;WfpwJ.
10.5.2 Jizj;j';Fkpl';fs;
,;';Fs;s Rw;Wyh j';Fkpl';fs; ehl;od; gd;dhl;L kw;Wk;

cs;ehl:L Rw;Wyh gazpfspd; njitfisg; g{h;j;jpbra;a ntz;Lk;.
nkhl;ly;
,j;jifa tpLjpfs; Kjypy; mbkhpf;fhtpy; njhd;wpaJ. cs;Sh;

thfd';fspy; gazk; bra;nthhpd; kw;Wk; btspehl;Lg; gazpfs;
rhiyapy; gazk; bra;nthh;fspd; njitiag; g{h;j;jp bra;a[k; tpjj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,itfs; bgUk;ghYk; khefUf;F vy;iyf;F btspna
mike;Js;sd.
113
,is"h; tpLjpfs;
,J b$h;kdpapy; 1900y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gazpfspd;

njitiag; g{h;j;jp bra;a bjhl';fg;gl;lJ. ,J Rj;jkhd tpiy Fiwe;j
fl;lzj;jpy; tpLjpfis ,is"h;fSf;F tH';FfpwJ.
tHpg; nghf;fh; tpLjp kw;Wk; Kfhk; ika';fs;
gy tpLKiw ika';fspy; ,j;jifa tpLjpfs; nritia

bra;J tUfpd;wd. ,itfs; btl;lbtsp tpLjpfs; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Xa;tpl';fs; (Pension)
,j;jifa tpLjpfs; Inuhg;gpa ehLfspy; gpugykhfptUfpd;wd.

,itfs; jdpahh; tpLjpfs;/ tpUe;jpdh; ,y;y';fs; my;yJ j';Fk;
czt[tpLjpfs; vdf Twg;gLfpd;wd.
Rw;Wyh tpLKiw fpuhk';fs;
,itfs; rpy Inuhg;gpa ehLfspy; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;

nghUf;Fg;gpd; Vw;gLj;jg;;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jifa fpuhk';fs; j';Fkpl trjp
tpisahl;L trjpfs; kw;Wk; bghGJnghf;F trjpfis tH';fp
tUfpd;wd.
10.6 cs;ehl;L Rw;Wyhit Cf;Ftpj;jy;
Rw;Wyhtpy; xU Kf;fpa mk;rk; cs;ehl;L Rw;WyhthFk;. Rw;Wyh

gazpfs; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; btspehl;Lg; gazpfs; vd
tifg;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. cs;ehl:Lg; gazpfs; vd;gth;fs; j';fs;
tHf;fkhf trpf;Fk; ,l';fspypUe;J j';fs; ehl;ow;Fs; ntW
,l';fSf;F bry;tijf; Fwpf;Fk;. btspehl]Lg; gazpfs; j';fs; ehl;L
vy;iyia tpl;L btspehLfSf;Fg; gazk; bra;gth;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; btspehl;L gazpfspd; mog;gil ntWghL mth;fsJ
gaz vy;iyahFk;. cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh vd;gJ j';fs; ehl;L
vy;iyf;Fs; eilbgWfpwJ. Mdhy; btspehl;L gazpfSf;F gazk;
nkw;bfhs;s rpy mog;gilf; fl;Lg;ghL Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
,itfs; cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpw;F njitapy;iy. vdnt cs;ehl;L
gazk; vspjhf cs;sJ. ehzakhw;wk;/ bkhHp/ gh!;nghh;l;/ tprh/
cly;epiy mwpf;iffs; vJt[k; cs;ehl;L gazpfSf;F njitapy;iy.
114
gazpfs; j';fs; bkhHpfspnyna jfty;fisg; ghpkhWfpwhh;fs;.
j';fs; brhe;j ehzaj;ijna gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. cs;ehl:Lg;
gazp rpy gad;fisg; bgw gazj;ij nkw;bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. g[s;sp
tptuj;jpw;fhf cs;~h;g; gazp vd;gth; ve;j xU gazpa[k; Fiwe;j
gl;rkhf 24 kzp neuk; my;yJ xU ,ut[ gazk; bra;gtuhf ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;. nkYk; mtuJ gazj;jpd; nehf;fk;.
1. Xa;t[f;fhf (bghGJnghf;F/ tpLKiw/ Rfhjhuk;/ fy;tp/ kjk;/

fy;tp/ tpisahl;L.
2. tpahghuk;/ FLk;gk;/ Tl;l';fs; mog;gil mk;r';fs; ,jpy; ,lk;
bgw;Ws;sd.
i. j';Fkpl';fs;
ii. gazk; ve;j ,l';fSf;F bry;tJ vdj; jPh;khdpj;jy;
gaz neuk;
,uz;L mk;r';fs; cs;ehl;L gazpfisg; gw;wp Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mitahtd:
i. gazk; nkw;bfhs;Sk; J}uk;
ii. gazj;jpd; nehf;fk;
gaz J}uk; 25 Kjy; 100 iky;fs; tiu (40 Kjy; 160 fp.kP tiu)
gazj;jpd; nehf;fk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhff;; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
tpLKiw my;yJ Xa;t[f;fhf cs;ehl;L Rw;Wyh
nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

1. vJ kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mk;rkhFk;.
m) nfhtsk; flw;fiu M) eahfuh mUtp
,) jh$;kfhy; ,) kiy
2. Rw;Wyhtpd; \d;W Kf;fpa mk;r';fs; ahit>
3. mog;gil j';Fkpl';fisg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
4. gy;ntW tpjkhd Rw;Wyh gazj;jpw;fhd J}z;Ljy;fis tpsf;Ff.
115
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
Rw;Wyh vd;gJ kdpjh;fspd; mog;gil kw;Wk; Kf;fpa

eltof;ifahFk;. Rw;Wyh vd;gJ xhplj;jpypUe;J ntbwhU ,lj;jpw;Fg;
gazk; nkw;bfhs;tjhFk;. Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpa mk;r';fs; Rw;Wyh
tsh;r;rpf;F ,l:Lr;bry;tjhFk;.
fiyr;brhw;fs;
Scenic - Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;Lk; fhl;rpfs;
Ingredients - xU bghUspd; mog;gil gFjp.
c';fs; Kd;ndw;wj;ijr; nrhjpj;jwpa[k; gapw;rpf;fhd tpilfs

1. ,) jh$;kfhy;
116
bjhFjp IV
mwpKfk;
Rw;Wyh eltof;if gy nfhz';fisf;; bfhz;lJ. gytpj

JiwfSld; bjhlh]g[ bfhz;Ls;sJ/ gynuhL bjhlh]g[ilaJ kw;Wk; gy
bghUshjhu eltof;iffSld; bjhlh]gi
[ laJ. bghUshjhu/ fyhr;rhu/
r\f kw;Wk; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Rw;Wyh Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ. gd;dhl;L
th]j;jfj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ bghpa bghUshjhu eltof;ifahff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,d;W gy ehLfs; me;epa bryhtzpia <l;l Rw;Wyh xU
ey;y fUtpahfg] gad;gLfpwJ. Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wp gy Ma]t[fs;
elj;jg]gLfpd;wd. Rw;Wyh bghUshjhu/ r\f fyhr;rhu/ ghuk;ghpa/
Rw;Wg]gw
[ r;NHy; tsh]r;rpf;F mjpf re;jh]gg
; j;ij mspf;fpwJ. rkPgfhykhf
bghUshjhuk; kpf ntfkhf tsu Rw;Wyh fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ.
gphpt[ 11 : ,g]gphpt[ Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPH; ehl;od;

bghUshjhu tsh]r;rpapidg] gw;wpf; TWfpwJ. bfd;ah/
jha;yhe;J kw;Wk; ,e;jpah nghd;w ehLfs; neuoahf
tUkhdk;; bgWfpd;wd.
gphpt[ 12 : tsh]e;j kw;Wk; tsUk; ehLfisg]gw;wpf; TWfpwJ. Rw;Wyh
xU ,af;f rf;jpahFk;. ,g;gphpt[ Rw;Wyh tsh]r;rpf;fhd jpl;lk;/
jdpahh] epjp kw;Wk;; gy;ntW epjpbgWk; tHptiffisf;
TWfpwJ.
gphpt[ 13 : ,g]gphpt[ Rfhjhu Rw;Wg]g[wr;NHiyg;gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. ,g;gphpt[
,aw;if/ fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; kdpjdhy; cUthf]fg;gl;l
Rw;Wg]g[wr;NHiy gw;wp TWfpwJ. Rw;Wg]g[wr]NHy] ed;F
ghJfhf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
gphpt[ 14 : ,g]gphpt[ gutyhf;fy; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. Rw;Wyh rl;l';fspd;;
Kf;fpa nehf;fj;ijg; gw;wp TWfpwJ. Rw;Wyh gazpfis/
ika';fis ghJfhj;jiyf;; Fwpf;fpwJ. nkYk; ,g]gphpt[ nQf;
jPh]khdj;ijg] gw;wpf; TWfpwJ.
gphpt[ 11
Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk;
mikg]g[
mwpKfk;
nehf]f';fs;
11.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk;
11.2 Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; bghUshjhu tsh]r;rp : tsUk; ehLfisg]
gw;wpa Ma]t[
11.3 cyfr; Rw;Wyh bjhlh;ghd kzpyh nguwpf;if
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr; brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
Rw;Wyh bjhHpy; cyf bghUshjhuj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg;
gpoj;Js;sJ. ,g;gphptpy; Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpiyg; gw;wpa[k; mjd; gy;ntW
nfhz';fisg; gw;wpa[k; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ. gazk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh vd;gJ
kf;fis kfpH;tpf;Fk; xU bjhHpyhf cs;sJ. gy Mz;LfSf;Fg] gpd;
Rw;Wyhj;bjhHpy; Kf;fpakhd gzpia mile;Js;sJ.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k;.
 Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpiyg] gw;wp mwpat[k;/

 tsUk; ehLfspd; gy;ntW tiffisg; gw;wp mwpat[k;/
 kzpyh nguwpf;if gw;wp tpsf;ft[k; Koa[k;.
11.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk;
tsh;e;J tUk; bghUshjhuj;ij caph;g;gpf;Fk; rf;jpahf Rw;Wyh

bjhHpy; MfpapUf;fpwJ vd;gJ midtUk; mwpe;jpUf; fpd;wdh;. Rw;Wyh
118
Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk;
vd;gJ j';Fkpl';fSf;F/ czt[/ nghf;Ftuj;J/ bghUl;fis
th';Ftjw;F bryt[fs; bra;tJ kl;Lkpd;wp Rw;Wyh nrit
bra;gtUf;Fk; gzk; mspg;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Rw;Wyh vd;gJ
bghUshjhu eltof;if kl;Lkpd;wp fyhr;rhuj;ij cyf ehLfspilna
ghpkhw cjt[k; mhpa rhjdkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Rw;Wyh me;epa
brythzpia <l;Lj; jUfpwJ. mjpf ntiy tha;g;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.
jw;nghJ Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij midtUk; czuj;
bjhl';fpa[s;sdh;. Rw;Wyh cyf ehLfisg; gw;wp mwpa cjt[k;
rf;jpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ghujj;jpd; Kjy; gpujkh; $tQh;yhy; neU
bjhHpw;g[ul;rp ,e;jpahtpd; thH;it khw;wp mikf;Fk; vd;W
typa[Wj;jpdh;. ,d;W ehk; g[jpa rfhg;jj;jpy; ,Uf;fpnwhk;. Rw;Wyhit
vy;yhjug;g[ kf;fSk; j';fs; thH;tpd; xU gFjpahff; fUJfpwhh;fs;.
ntiy neuk; Fiwf;fg;gl;L Xa;t[ neu';fs; mjpfhpj;Js;sd. ,jdhy;
gyh; gazk; nkw;bfhs;s tpUk;g[fpwhh;fs;.
1987y; 355 kpy;ypad; btspehl;L Rw;Wyh gaz';fs; cyfk;

KGtJk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld. khyj;jPt[fs; kw;Wk; gQhkh!; nghd;w
rpy ehLfspy; Rw;Wyh njrpa tUkhdj;ij mjpfhpf;f cjt[k; Kf;fpa
bjhHpyhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Rw;Wyh tsh;;r;rpf;fhd tha;g;gf
[ is
mjpfhpf;fr; bra;J Rw;Wyh g[ul;rp vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. Rw;Wyh
g[ul;rpapy; gy ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; gy rthy;fis tH';fpa[s;sd.
11.2 Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp tsUk; ehLfisg;

gw;wpa Ma;t[
cyf ehLfs; midj;Jk; Rw;Wyhtpd; gad;fis mile;J

tUfpd;wd. gy ehLfs; Rw;Wyhtpdhy; neuoahf mjpf tUthia
<l:Lfpd;wd. jha;yhe;J ,jw;F Kf;fpa cjhuzkhFk;. jha;yhe;J gy
Rw;Wyh gazpfs; tpUk;g[k; Rw;wyhikakhfj; jpfH;fpwJ. ,';F elf;Fk;
murpay; gpur;ridfshy; gyh; ,';F gazk; bra;tij jtph;j;J
tUfpwhh;fs;. 1987y; "jha;yhe;jpw;F tUif jUk; Mz;lhf" mwptpj;J
Rw;Wyhit nkk;gLj;j eltof;iffs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld. xnu
tUlj;jpy; gazpfspd; tUif 23.6% cah;e;jJ. fle;j rpy tUl';fspy;
,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyh mjpf tsh;r;rpia vl;oa[s;sJ. mjpf me;epa
bryhtzpia <l;oj;jUk; bjhHpy;fspy; Rw;Wyh ,uz;lhk; ,lj;ijg;
gpoj;Js;sJ. muR Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;e;J Rw;Wyhit
nkk;gLj;j jpl;lkpLjy;/ bfhs;if cUthf;Fjy; nghd;w gy
119
eltof;iffs; vLj;J tUfpwJ. Rw;Wyhthy; neuo tUkhdj;ijj; jtpu
gy ,uz;lhe;ju ed;ikfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspy;
gzj;ij gy epiyfspy; brytpLfpd;wdh;. Rw;Wyh neuoahd kw;Wk;
kiwKfkhd ntiy tha;g;ig tH';FfpwJ. ,J nkYk; gy;ntW
trjpfisg; bgUf;f cjt[fpwJ. ,aw;if ts';fs; Fiwthf cs;s
,l';fis Rw;Wyh nkYk; tsh;f;f cjt[fpwJ.
Rw;Wyh tUkhdj;ij/ ntiy tha;gi

; g kw;Wk; trjpfisg;
bgUf;FfpwJ. ,t;tp#aj;jpy; ehLfs; rpy Kf;fpa tp#a';fis
ftdj;jpy; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
(i) Rw;Wyhit tsh;f;f rpy bryt[fis bra;a ntz;oaJs;sJ.

rpy mog;gil trjpfisa[k/; czt[ trjpfisa[k; kJghd
tiffs; fhh;fs; nfhr;Rfs; kw;Wk; bghGJnghf;F
fUtpfisa[k; trjp bra;a ntz;oaJs;sJ. xU ehl;oy;
Rw;Wyh ,y;iybad;why; m';nf jahh; epiyapy;
mDgtkpf;f bjhHpyhsh;fs; fpilg;gjpy;iy. ,j;Jld;
ehl;oy; me;epa kw;Wk; gd;dhl:L fk;bgdpfs; KjyPL bra;a
mDkjpf;f ntz;Lk;. ekf;Fj; njitahd midj;ija[k;
,wf;fkjp bra;jhy; me;epa bryhtzp mjpfk; brYj;j
ntz;oaJ tUk;. ,jdhy; yhgk; ehl;il tpl;L bry;Yk;.
(ii) Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp : ve;j tifapYk; gaDs;sjhf
miktjpy;iy. brytHpf;Fk; bjhiff;F <lhf tUkhdk;
fpilf;f ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpy; tptrha tsh;r;rpf;F mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ek; ehl;oy; vy;yh ts';fSk;
ehl;od; tYthd mog;gilia mikf;f xJf;fg;gl;ld. ehk;
gy Jiwfspy; Ra jd;dpiwt[ mile;njhk;. Rw;Wyhtpy;
ftdk; brYj;jpdhy; yhgk; mjpfk; <l;oj;jUk;.
(iii) cs;ehl:L Rw;Wyhtpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl
ntz;Lk;. mg;go mspf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ ehl;oy; gd;dhl;L
gazpfSf;F njitahd trjpfis ehk; Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhs;s
Koa[k.;
cyfr; Rw;Wyh bjhlh;ghd kzpyh nguwpf;ifapy; cs;ehl;Lr;

Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpaila "tpLKiwf;fhd chpik kw;Wk; jd;Dila
Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHiy mwpa Fokf;fSf;F re;jh;g;gkspj;jy;/ jdJ njrpa
milahsj;ij jpUk;g typa[Wj;Jjy; kw;Wk; xnu ehl;ilr;
120
Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk;
nrh;e;jth;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;L jisapypUe;J tpLtpf;f ntz;Lk;. vd;w
vz;z';fs; mog;gilahf mikfpd;wd". ,e;jpah nghd;w ehLfspy; gy
,dkw;Wk; bkhHp ntWghLfs; cs;sd. ehk; cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhit
njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;f;f Kf;fpa fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
kw;Wk; ,J ek; Fokf;fspilna ek; ehl;ilg; gw;wpa mjpra';fis
mDgtpf;f tha;g;gspf;fpwJ. cs;ehl;L Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp g[jpa kw;Wk;
Vw;fdnt cs;s trjpfis (ey;y nghf;Ftuj:J/ fg;gy; nghf;Ftuj;J
kw;Wk; bghGJnghf;F trjpfs;) bgUf;fpf; bfhs;s KofpwJ. ,jdhy;
mog;gil trjpfisg; bgUf;fpf; bfhs;s KofpwJ.
11.3 cyfr; Rw;Wyh bjhlh;ghd kzpyh nguwpf;if
cyfr; Rw;Wyh khehL gpypg;igd;!pYs;s kzpyhtpy; brg;lk;gh;

1980 27/ Kjy; mf;nlhgh; 10/ tiu cyf Rw;Wyh mikg;ghy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; 107 ehLfspd; gpujpepjpfSk; 91 ghh;itahsh;
gpujpepjpfSk; fye;J bfhz;ldh;. Rw;Wyhtpd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia
tpsf;ft[k;. Rw;Wyhtpd; midj;J mk;r';fs; kw;;Wk; tsh;e;JtUk;
cyfpy; Rw;Wyhtpd; g';F kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhit tsh;f;f ehLfspd;
bghWg;gf
[ s; kw;Wk; ehLfs; kw;Wk; kdpjh;fspd; bghUshjhu
eltof;iffs; gw;wp Muhag;gl;ld.
gpypg;igd;!; Foaurpd; mjpgh; bgh;odhz;L E.khh;f;nfh!;

kzpyh bgUefuj;jpd; MSeh; kw;Wk; kdpj Fonaw;wj;Jiw mikr;rh;
khz;g[kpF nklk; ,bky;lh uhKy;bl#; khh;nfh!; MfpnahuJ ciufs;
kw;Wk; gy;ntW ehl;Lj;; jiyth;fspd; bra;jpfs; khehl;oy;
gpujpepjpfspd; bra;jpfs; kw;Wk; cyfr; Rw;Wyh mikg;gpd; bghJr;
brayhshpd; mwpf;iffs; jpUg;jpaspg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ.
cyf Rw;Wyh/ mikjp kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd NH;epiyapy; tsUk;.

,r;NH;epiy vy;yh ehLfspd; Tl;L Kaw;rpahy; mila Koa[k;.
gd;dhl;L mstpy; gpur;ridfs; Fiwe;jJ. el;g[wt[/ gd;dhl;L
xj;JiHg;g[/ kdpj chpikfis kjpj;jy;/ vy;yh ehLfspilna g[hpe;J
bfhs;Sk; jd;ik tsh;e;jhy; cyfr;Rw;Wyh Kd;ndw;wkila[k;.
cyfr; Rw;Wyhthy; cyf mikjpia Vw;gLj;j Koa[k;. nkYk;

,J xUtiu xUth; g[hpe;J bfhs;st[k; xUtiu xUth; rhh;e;J
121
,Ug;gjw;Fk; mwpthh;e;j kw;Wk; eyk; rhh;e;j mog;gilia mikf;f
cjt[fpwJ.
cyf Rw;Wyhthy; g[jpa gd;dhl;L bghUshjhu Kiwia

cUthf;f Koa[k;. ,jd; \yk; tsh;e;j kw;Wk; tsUk;
ehLfspilnaahd Vw;wj;jhH;t[fis ePf;fpl Koa[k; tsUk; epiyahd
bghUshjhu kw;Wk; r\f tsh;r;rpia vl;ol cjt[fpwJ. Kiwfspy;
,Uf;Fkhdhy; cyfr;Rw;Wyhthy; rkj;Jtk;/ ,iwik/ rkepiy/
cs;tptfhu';fspy; jiyaplhik kw;Wk; ehLfspilna ghFghlw;w
bghUshjhu kw;Wk; r\f Kiwfspy; xj;JiHg;g[ mjd; ,Wjp ,yf;if
mile;J midj;J kf;fspd; thH;f;iifj; juj;ija[k; kdpj
bfsutj;ija[k; tsh;j;jpl Koa[k;.
,k;kehl;oy; Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gl;litfs;
1. Rw;Wyh vd;gJ ehLfSf;F mtrpak;/ njitahd xd;W. Vbddpy;

,J r\f/ fyhr;rhu/ fy;tp kw;Wk; bghUshjhuj; Jiwfspy;
neuoahd ghjp;g;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp ehl;od;
r\f kw;Wk; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpnahL bjhlh;g[ilaJ. nkYk;
kdpjd; Xa;t[ kw;Wk; tpLKiwfis cUthf;fpf; bfhz;L/ jdf;F
fpilf;ff; Toa Xa;t[ neuj;jpy; Rw;Wyh gazk; bra;a mtDf;F
tha;gg
; [ bfhLf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;. tsh;r;rp vd;gJ mikjp epyt[k;
nghJ Vw;gLk;. mikjpahd NHypy; jhd; Rw;Wyh tsh;rr
; p mila[k;
2. 21k; E}w;whz;od;; EiHt[ thapypy; kdpj ,dk; gy gpur;ridfis

vjph; nehf;fpa[s;sJ. ,r;NHypy; Rw;Wyhtpd; mtrpaj;ij Ma;t[
bra;tJ kpft[k; mtrpakhFk;. Rw;Wyh mog;gilapypUe;J gy
nfhz';fspy; tsh;eJ
; te;Js;sJ. bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F
Cjpaj;Jld; Toa Mz;L tpLKiwfs; tH';fg;gl;ljpypUe;J
Rw;Wyhtpd; gug;gst[ tphpaj;bjhl';fp midtuJ r\f kw;Wk;
bghUshjhu thH;tpy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; gpoj;Js;sJ.
3. Rw;Wyh bry;tjw;fhd kf;fspd; Mirfspd; gydha; ehLfs;

Rw;Wyhit nkk;gLj;j rl;l';fs; \yKk; gy;ntW jug;gl;l kf;fs;
,lk;bgw;Ws;s jd;dhh;t mikg;gf
[ spd; rpwg;ghd mjpfhhpfspd;
bjhHpy;El;g g';fspg;g[ Mfpatw;why;/ Rw;Wyh kdpj eltof;ifapy;
xU Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ. ehLfs; ,e;j cz;ikahd
m';fPfhpf;f ntz;Lk;. mjpf ehLfs; Rw;Wyhtpy; R\fkhd
122
Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk;
epiyiaa[k/; epiyahd tsh;r;rpiaa[k; Vw;gLj;Jk; Kf;fpa
gzpapid cyfr; Rw;Wyh mikg;g[fsplKk; If;fpa ehLfspd;
gpw rpwg;g[ mikg;g[fsplk; xg;gilj;Js;sJ.
4. xa;t[ neu';fis bgWk; chpik/ tpLKiwfisg; bgWk; chpik

kw;Wk; gazk; bra;a[k; chpik Mfpaitfs; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F
cjtpd. ntiy bra;a[k; chpikia gd;dhl;L kdpj chpikfs;
nguwpf;if kw;Wk; gy ehLfspd; rl;l';fs; tH';fpa[s;sd.
Fokf;fSf;F rpwe;j eilKiwia ve;j tpj;jpahrKkpd;wp
vy;yhtpj bray;fis bra;a Mtz bra;a ntz;oaJ
rKjhaj;jpd; Kf;fpa flikahFk;. ,e;j Kaw;rpapy; jdpg;gl;l
ehLfspd; ghuk;ghpa';fs; kw;Wk; epWtd';fSf;F Kd;Dhpik
mspf;f ntz;Lk;.
5. Rw;Wyh tsh;rr
; papy; gy ,lh;g;ghLfs; cs;sd. ehL kw;Wk;
ehLfspd; FGf;fs; ,e;j ,lh;g]ghLfis Ma;t[ bra;J jPh;khdpf;f
ntz;Lk;. nkYk; ,itfis tYtpHf;fr; bra;J njitahd
eltof;iffis nkw; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
6. Rw;Wyh cs;ehl:Lg; bghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L th;j;jfk;

tsh;r;rpaila Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ. ehl;od; bghUshjhu
eltof;iffspYk; gd;dhl:L th;j;jfg; ghpkhw;wj;jpYk; bfhLg;g[
epiyia rkepiyg;gLj;jt[k; Rw;Wyh Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ.
7. xt;bthU ehl;oYk; cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh ehLfspy; njrpa

tUkhdj;ij Kiwahf kWgfph;t[ bra;tjd; \yk; njrpa
bghUshjhuj;ijr; rkepiyg;gLj;JfpwJ. cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh
bghJthd/ Mh;tj;ij mjpfhpf;fr; bra;fpwJ. nkYk; bghJg;
bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fj; njitahd r\fkhd eltof;iffis
Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp gytpjj;jpy; ed;ik
mspg;gjhy;/ cs;ehl]L Rw;Wyhit nkk;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
8. Rw;Wyhtpdhy; fpilj;jpLk; bghUshjhu gad;fs; cz;ikahdit

kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit. ,Ug;gpDk; ,ij kl;Lnk
fUj;jpy; bfhz;L ehLfs; Kf;fpa jPh;khd';fis vLf;ff; TlhJ.
tpLKiwfs; bgw chpik/ Fokf;fSf;F jdJ Rw;Wg;g[wj;ijg;
gw;wp mwpa re;jh;gg
; kspj;jy;/ jd; njrpa milahsj;ijg; gw;wpa
MH;e;j tpHpg;gz
[ h;t[/ jd; ehl;ilr; nrh;e;jth;fsplk; xw;Wika[ld;
,Uf;Fk; czh;t[/ fyhr;rhuj;Jld; xd;wpapUf;Fk; czh;t[
123
,itfs; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyhit jdpegh;
nkw;bfhs;sf; J}z;Lnfhyha; mikfpwJ.
9. yl;rf;fzf;fhd ek; rkfhy egh;fs; Rw;Wyhtpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;Js;sdh;. j';fs; Xa;t[ neu';fspy;
Rw;Wyhg; gazj;ij nkw;bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. murh';fk; ,jid
kdjpy; bfhz;L Rw;Wyht[f;F Mjutspf;f ntz;Lk;.
10. rKjhaj;jpy; fPH;kl;lj;jpy; cs;sth;fs; j';fs; Xa;t[ neuj;ij

ed;Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp Rw;Wyhg; gazj;ij nkw;bfhs;sr;
bra;tJ r\fr; Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fkhFk;.
11. Rw;Wyhtpd; tpist[fs; jdpeghpd; cly; kw;Wk; cs;sr;

Rfhjhuj;njhL bjhlh;g[ilaJ. r\fepiyj; jd;ik/ rKjhaj;jpd;
ntiyj;jpwid cah;j;JtJ/ jdpegiua[k; kw;Wk; Tl;lj;jpdiua[k;
cah;j;JtJ/ nghd;w gzpfis Rw;Wyh nkw;bfhs;fpwJ.
12. Rw;Wyh nritfis mjpfhpf;fr; bra;fpwJ. g[jpa nritfis

cUthf;FfpwJ. ,jdhy; g[jpa ntiy tha;g;g[fis
cUthf;FfpwJ. ,e;j tifapy; vy;yh ehLfspYk; Rw;Wyh r\f
tsh;r;rpf;F neh;kiwahd mk;rkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
13. gd;dhl;L cwtpy; mikjpia Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;/ ePjpapd;

mog;gilapy;/ jdpegh; kw;Wk; ehLfspd; mgpyhirfSf;F
kjpg;gspg;gjpy; Rw;Wyh neh;kiwahd/ vg;nghJk; bray;gLk;
fhuzpahf cs;sJ. nkYk; gu!;gu mwpitia[k;/ g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk;
jpwida[k;/ cyf kf;fs; kdjpy; ek;gpf;ifa[k; tsh;f;fpwJ.
14. bjhHpyhsh;fs; Cjpaj;Jld; Toa Mz;L tpLKiwfisg;

bgwj;J}z;Lnfhyhft[k; kdpj chpikfis kjpf;ft[k;/ j';fs;
Xa;it kfpH;;rr
; pfukhf nghf;fp;lt[k;/ Rw;Wyh tHptfpf;fpwJ. nkYk;
r\f epiyj;jd;ik/ gu!;gukhf g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy/; jdpegh;
nkk;ghL MfpaitfSf;Fk; Rw;Wyh fhuzkhfj; jpfH;fpwJ.
,ijj;jtpu bghUshjhu Kd;ndw;wk;/ fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; epjpf;
nfhzj;jpYk;/ Rw;Wyh gadspf;fpwJ. bghJ epWtd';fs; Rw;Wyhj;
bjhHpiy tsh;j;jplt[k; Cf;Ftpf;ft[k; njitahd
eltof;iffisa[k; njitahd KjyPLfisa[k; bra;jpl ntz;Lk;.
15. ,is"h;fSf;F Fiwe;j Cjpak; bgWtjhYk;/ Fiwe;j

tpLKiwfs; cs;sjhYk/; ,is"h; Rw;Wyhtpw;F mjpf ftdk;
124
Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk;
njitg;gLfpwJ. ,jid nkk;gLj;j ,is"h;fSf;F Cf;fkspj;J/
ntz;oa trjpfisg; bgw Vw;ghLfs; bra;a ntz;Lk;. ,nj
nghd;W tajhdth;fs; kw;Wk; cly; CdKw;nwhh;fSk; Rw;Wyh
nkw;bfhs;s Cf;fkspf;f ntz:Lk;.
16. cyf mstpy; g[jpa gd;dhl;L bghUshjhu Kiwia Vw;gLj;j

Kaw;rp bra;a ntz;Lk;. ,jid Rw;Wyhthy; bra;a Koa[k;.
R\fkhd NHypy; neh;kiwahd gzpfisr; bra;J rkepiy
Vw;gLj;Jjy;/ xj;JiHg;g/[ gu!;guk; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
ehLfspilna xw;Wik nghd;w gzpfisr; Rw;Wyh bra;fpwJ.
17. Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; gzpahw;Wk; bjhHpyhsh;fspd; epiyia muR

nkk;gLj;jpl ntz;Lk;. mth;fsJ chpikfs; ghJfhj;jpl ntz;Lk;.
mth;fs; r';f';fs; mikj;J j';fs; eyid ghJfhf;f cjt
ntz;Lk;.
18. Rw;Wyhts';fs; gy;ntW ehLfspy; cs;sd. mjid fl;Lg;ghod;wp

bray;gLj;j KoahJ. Rw;Wyhtpy; jpUg;jpaspg;gJ vd;gJ kpft[k;
mtrpakhFk;. r\f kw;Wk; bghUshjhu eyd;fis ghFghod;wp
fpilf;fr; bra;a ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHy;/ ,aw;if ts';fs;
Rw;Wyh gazpfis <h;f;Fk; mog;gilf; fhuzpahf cs;sJ.
tuyhw;W kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu ika';fisg; ghJfhf;f ntz;Lk;.
vy;yhr; Rw;wyh ts';fSk; kdpj ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; Xh; m';fkhff;
jpfH;fpd;wd. njrpa rKjhak; kw;Wk; cyf rKjhak; ,jid
ghJfhj;jpl njitahd eltof;iffis nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; kjrhh;ghd
Rw;Wyh ika';fis ghJfhg;gJ ehl;od; Kf;fpa flikahFk;.
19. gd;dhl;L xj;JiHg;g[ Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F kpft[k; mtrpakhFk;.

,jpy; cyfr; Rw;Wyh mikg;g[ kpft[k; Kf;fpa g';fpid
bra;JtUfpwJ. R\fkhd epiyia Vw;gLj;j mikg;g[ cjtp
tUfpwJ.
20. ,U jug;g[ kw;Wk; gyjug;g[ bjhHpy;El;g kw;Wk; epjp cjtp nghd;wit

cjtp eltof;ifahf fUjg;gltpy;iy. gpd;dh; ,jd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;e;J njitahd eltof;iffs;
nkw;bfhz;L midtUk; gyidg; bgw Mtd bra;ag;gl;lJ.
125
21. Rw;Wyh eilKiwapy; bjhHpy; El;g kw;Wk; bghUshjhu mk;rj;ij
tpl Md;kPf mk;rk; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgw;Ws;sJ. ,itfs;
gpd;tUkhW :
 kdpj Fyj;jpd; KGj;njit
 fy;tpapd; g';fspg;ig epiyahf cah;j;JtJ.
 ehLfSf;F rkj;Jtkspj;jy;
 kdpj Rje;jpuk; ngqjy/; bfsutk; kw;Wk; milahsj;ij
kjpj;jy;
 fyhr;rhuj;ij ngqjy;
22. Rw;Wyht[f;F jahh;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ Fokf;fis bghWg;g[fis

bra;tjw;F gapw;rp mspg;gJld; xd;wpize;J cs;sJ. ,jpy;
muRfs; fy;tp kw;Wk; jfty;fs; mikg;gf
[ isa[k; <LgLj;jpl
ntz;Lk;. tpLKiwfs/; gazk/; ,is"h; fy;tp/ epue;ju
mikjpia tYg;gLj:JtJ nghd;wit Rw;Wyh nkk;ghl;ow;F
kpft[k; mtrpakhFk;.
23. kdpj Fyj;jpd; rKjhak/; fyhr;rhuk/; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp gw;wpa

ePz;l Ma;tpy; njrpa kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh kw;Wk;
bghGJnghf;F eltof;iffSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
juntz;Lbkdf; TWfpwJ. ,e;j eltof;iffs; etPd njrpa kw;Wk;
gd;dhl:L rKjhaj;jpd; Kf;fpa m';fkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
Rw;Wyh vd;gJ ,jpy; gphpf;f Koahj m';fkhfj; jpfH;fpwJ. vdnt
mjpfhuj;jpypUg;nghh; njrpa kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh bghGJ
nghf;F eltof;iffs; tsu ntz;oa ftdj;ij nkw;bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; tpLKiwfspy; gazk; nkw;bfhs;s
Cf;Ftpf;f ntz;Lk;.
24. khehl;oy; fye;J bfhz;l ehLfs; kw;Wk; gpwg';nfw;gg

; hsh;fs;/
cyf Rw;Wyh mikg;g[ Mfpaitfs; Rw;Wyhit jpde;njhWk;
elf;Fk;bray;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs/; mijj;jPh;f;f
tHpKiwfis vLj;Jf; Twp cyfr;Rw;Wyhtpw;F g[j;Japh;
mspj;jdh;.
25. ,k;khehL cyfr; Rw;Wyh mikg;ig cs;ehl;L \ykhfnth

gd;dhl;L mikg;g[ \ykhfnth/ muRfSf;fpilnaahd
mikg;g[fs; \ykhfnth/ muR rhuh mikg;g[fs; \ykhfnth
njitahd eltof;iffs; nkw;bfhs;s typa[Wj;jpaJ. nkYk;
126
Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk;
khehl;od; tHpKiwfs; eilKiw Mtz eltof;if vLf;f
typa[Wj;jpaJ.

1. cyfr; Rw;Wyh khehL kzpyhtpy; ele;j Mz;L
m) 1949 M) 1980 ,) 1990 <) 1998
2. Rw;Wyh tsh;rr
; pf;Fj; njitahd Kf;fpa tp#a';fs; ahit>
3. r\fr; Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; ,is"h; Rw;Wyhit tpsf;Ff.
4. Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpa mk;r';fs; ahit>
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
Rw;Wyh vd;gJ tsh;e;JtUk; nritj; bjhHpyhFk;. ,J tUkhdk;

ntiytha;g;g[ bry;tk; Mfpatw;iw tsh;f;f cjt[fpwJ. ,J ehl;od;
bghUshjhu/ Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHy; r\f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;ij khw;w
cjt[fpwJ.
fiyr; brhw;fs;
Dynamic - ,af;f Mw;wy; cila egh; my;yJ ehL
Delesation - mjpfhuj;ij xU eghplk; mikg;gplk; bfhLj;jy;.

1. ,) 1990
127
gphpt[ 12
tsh;e;j kw;Wk; tsUk; ehLfspy; ftdk;
brYj;Jjy;
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
12.1 tsh;e;j kw;Wk; tsUk; ehLfspy; ftdk; brYj;Jjy;
12.2 Rw;Wyhj; jpl;l tsh;rr
; p
12.3 Rw;Wyh epjp tsh;r;rp
12.4 cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; gFjp Rw;Wyh
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr;brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
,g;gphptpy; tsh;e;j kw;Wk; tsUk; ehLfspy; Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp

gw;wpa tp#aj;jpy; ftdk; brYj;jg;gLfpwJ. cyfpy; kpf ntfkhf
tsUk; bjhHpyhf Rw;Wyh ,Uf;fpwJ. KjyPl;oy; Vw;gLk; cghpg;
gzj;ij tsUk; ehLfSf;F vt;tpj f#;lKk; ,d;wp Rw;Wyh mDg;g
Koa[k.;
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k.;
 tsh;e;j kw;Wk; tsUk; ehLfspy; cs;s Rw;Wyhit tpsf;ft[k;/

 Rw;Wyhj;jpl;l kw;Wk; epjptsh;r;rp gw;wp mwpat[k;/
 cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; gFjp Rw;Wyhit tpthpf;ft[k; ,aYk;.
tsh;e;j kw;Wk; tsUk; ehLfspy; ftdk; brYj;Jjy;
12.1 tsh;;e;j kw;Wk; tsUk; ehLfspy; ftdk; brYj;Jjy;
tsh;e;j ehLfspy; Rw;Wyh
"mjpfhpj;J tUk; btt;ntW r\f/ fyhr;rhu murpay; kw;Wk;
bghUshjhu mk;r';fspd; njitfisr; re;jpf;f xU ehl;od; epWtdk;
kw;Wk; mikg;gpd; jpwid tsh;f;Fk; Kiwia" tsh;;r;rp vd;fpnwhk;.
bghUshjhu kw;Wk; r\f eltof;iffspy; khw;w';fis cl;gLj;jp
epWtd khw;w';fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; Kiwia tsh;rr
; p vd;fpnwhk;.
jpl;lkpLjy; tsuhj ehLfSf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;/ jpl;lkpl;l
tsh]r;rpf;F FWf;F tHpfs; cs;sd.
xU ehl;od; xl;Lbkhj;jg; bghUshjhu mjpf gl;r tsh;r;rpf;F

,l;Lr; bry;fpd;w jpl;l';fSk; bghJthd bghUshjhuf; bfhs;iffSk;
bghWj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ gpw bghUshjhu bray;ghLfs; nghd;W
Rw;Wyht[k; ed;F tsh;r;rpailfpwJ. Rw;Wyhtpd; njrpa nehf;f';fSk;
jpl;l';fSk; njrpaj; jpl;l';fspy; ed;F tpsf;fg;gl;oUf;fpd;wd. ey;y
gyd;fisg; bgw jdpahh;; bghJj; jpl;l';fis filg;gpof;ff; ntz;Lk;.
njrpa Rw;Wyhj; jpl;lj;jpy; fl:Lkhd trjpfspd; tpiy kw;Wk; bghJr;
nritfs; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Rw;Wyh vd;gJ xU
bjhHpy; kl;Lk; my;y. Mdhy; gy bjhHpy;fis mJ cl;gLj;JfpwJ. gy
fhuzpfis kjpg;gPL bra;tjd; thapyhf ,e;j gy:Kfj; bjhHpypd; KG
ed;ikfis cWjpg;gLj;j Koa[k.;
xU ehl;od; fl;Lkhd kw;Wk; gpw trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; ehd;F

Kf;fpakhd fhuz';fs; bghJthf vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
KjyhtJ tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy; Kd; chpikfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
xt;bthU ehl;ow;Fk; cldoj; njitfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mjd; trjpfs;
Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; nghJ mjd; njitfisr; re;jpf;f rpytw;wpw;F
Kd;Dhpikfisf; bfhLg;gjw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mJ gy;ntW
tphpthf;fj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgo ,Uf;fpwJ. czt[j;jl;Lg;ghl:Lg; gpur;ridfs;/
jz;zPh; nghjpa mstpw;F ,y;yhjpUj;jy/; nghjpa mstpw;F Rfhjhu
trjp ,y;yhjpUj;jy/; cly;eykpd;ik/ tPL kw;Wk; fy;tp trjpapd;ik
Mfpa rpy mog;gilg; trjpfis tsUk; ehLfs; rkhspf;f ntz;oaJ
,Uf;fpwJ. bghJthf xt;bthU ehLk; FWfpa kj;jpa kw;Wk; ePz;l
fhyj;jpl;l';fisj; jPh;khdpj;J mtw;iw totikf;fpd;wdh;.
129
,uz;lhtjhf/ bghJthd trjpaikg;gf
[ spd; Fiwt[ gutyhd
xd;whFk;. mitfs; tPL/ bjhlh;g[ trjp/ nghf;Ftuj;J nritfs; kw;Wk;
md;whl thH;tpd; gpw r\fj; njitfshFk;. \d;whtjhf KjyPL/
btspehl;Lr; bryhtzp/ fUtpfs;/ bjhHpy; El;gk; gapw;rp bgw;w kdpj
Mw;wy; Mfpait Fiwthf bjhlh;e;J ,Ug;gjhFk;. xt;bthU ehLk;
mjpfgl;r ed;ikiag; bgwt[k; gad;gLj;jt[k; ntz;Lk;. ehd;fhtjhf
xU ehl;oy; rkkhd r\f bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
mila Kf;fpa bray;jpl;lk; bfhz;oUf;f ntz;Lk;. r\f kw;Wk; gpw
tsh;r;rpf;Fj; njitahdit Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;f ntz;Lk;. tsh;r;rpf;F
Kuzhf ,Ug;gtw;iw ePf;f ntz;Lk;.
xU ehl;od; fl;Lkhd kw;Wk; gpw trjpfis 3 tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

m) btt;ntW kl;l';fspy; thH;tjw;fhd bghJthd fl;Lkhd trjpfs/;
M) Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd chpa fl;Lkhd kw;Wk; gpw trjpfs;
,) Rw;Wyhtpw;Fkl;Lkhd Fwpg;gpl;l trjpfs;/ nkny Fwpg;gpl;l
bghJthd tsh;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;F nkyhf Rw;Wyhtpw;Fhpa njitahd
bjspthd/ bghWj;jkhd fl;Lkhd trjpfis cUthf;f ntz;Lk;.
mitfs;.
 jz;zPh; tpepnahfk;/ Rj;jk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhug; gzpfs;

 tPl;L trjp kw;Wk; nQhl;ly; trjp
 czt[ tpepnahfk; kw;Wk; rpw;Wz;o tpLjpfs;
 kpd;rhu rf;jp kw;Wk; vhprf;jp Mjhu';fs;
nghf;Ftuj;J
rhiyfs;/ ngUe;Jfs;/ ngUe;J epiya';fs/; fhh;fs/; lhf;!pfs;
kw;Wk;
thliff; fhh;fs;
1. uapy;fSk; uapy; epiya';fSk;
2. flw;fiufs;/ ejp Xl';fs;/ kw;Wk; ePr;ry; trjpfs;
bjhlh;g[fs;
1. thD}h;jpfs; - tpkhdjsk; kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz trjpfs;
2. bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ -bjhiy mr;R(blyf;!f
; s); nfgps; mikg;gf
[ s;
3. Jizj; bjhHpy;fs; - bghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;jy;/ thH;tpw;Fj;
njitahd nritfs; Mw;Wjy;.
130
epidt[r; rpd;d';fs; kw;Wk; njrpa/ fyhr;rhu tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;g[
kpf;f ,l';fisg; guhkhpg;gJk; ghJfhg;gJk;.
kf;fspd; jukhd thH;tpd; fz;nzhl;lj;jpy; ehl;oYs;s jhtu

tiffs; kpUf';fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wg[wr; NHiyg; ghJfhg;gJ. cs;ehl;L
ifj;bjhHpy; bghUl;fs; fiy kw;Wk; mJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l Jizj;
bjhHpy;fs;.
nkny Twpa tiffspy; ,.y; Twpa[s;sgo Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpy;

cjt[tjhf tps';Fk; Rw;Wyhtzpf tshf';fs; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis
tuntw;Fk; ikak;/ nQhl;ly;fs;/ nkhl;ly;fs; ,isg;ghUk; tpLjpfs;/
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; g';fshf;fs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; btspehl;L
RW;Wyhg; gazpfSf;fhdg; gpwtrjpfs;;. nkYk; murh';fk; khWtjw;Fj;
jFe;jthW Rw;Wyhtpd; jpl;l';fSk; khWk;. Rw;Wyh kf;fspd; jukhd
thH;it nkk;gLj;jf;ToaJ. kf;fs; trjpahf thH;tjw;fhd tpiy
cah;e;j epy';fisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
Rw;Wyh kpft[k; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;Ltd. gpw bjhHpy;fs; xg;gpLk;

nghJ Rw;Wyhtpy; KjyPl;oypUe;J tUk; yhgk; Fiwthfnt ,Uf;fpwJ.
btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazp bghUl;fis th';Ftjw;Fk;/
nritfSf;fhf mth;fs; brYj;Jk; gzKk; mjpfk;. rhjhuz kf;fs;
mt;thW brytHpf;f ,ayhJ Kf;fpakhd bghUl;fSf;Fhpa tpiyia
mth;fs; mjpfhpj;J tpLfpd;wdh;.
Rw;Wyh gazpfSf;Fg; g[jpa mDgt';fisf; bfhLf;fpwJ.

cs;~h; kf;fspd; thH;f;if Kiwia gy tHpfspy; Rw;Wyh jd;
bry;thf;fpw;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ. kw;Wk; tsj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhz;lhy;
Rw;Wyhthy; bgWk; me;epar; bryhtzpapd; gaid jpl;lkpLgth; jd;
ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf;bfhs;fpwhh;. gy tsUk; ehLfs; Rw;Wyhtpw;fhfj;
bjhlh;e;J bghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp bra;fpd;wd. fl;olg; bghUl;fs;
jl;LKl;Lg; bghUl;fs;/ nQhl;ly;fis brk;ikg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;
eph;tfpj;jy; fhh;fis th';Fjy; mtw;iwg; guhkhpj;jy;/ ngUe;Jfs;/
thD}h;jp;fis ,af;FtJ kw;Wk; gpw ,tw;wpy; ml';Fk;.
,wf;Fkjpia mjpfk; ek;gpapUe;jhy; me;epar; bryhtzp

Rw;Wyhtpd; \yk; tUtJ Fiwthfnt ,Uf;Fk; flDf;F tl;o fl;l
brYj;Jk; gzj;jhy; me;epa bryhtzp tUtha; Fiwe;J tpLfpwJ.
131
Rw;Wyhtpy; bghUl;fSf;Fk; nritf;Fk; brYj;j ntz;oa gzk;
mjpfhpj;jhy; tut[f;Fg; gjpy; bryt[fs; mjpfhpj;J tpLfpd;wd. vdnt
vy;yhtw;iwa[k; kdjpy;bfhz;L jpl;lkpl;L btspehl;Lr; bryhtzpahy;
tUtha; mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a ntz;Lk;. tsUk; ehLfspy; Rw;Wyhtpdhy;
Vw;gLk; gad;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ftdKld; kjpg;gpLtJ mtrpak;.
tsh;r;rpf;F Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; ehLfs; Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpiy
btw;wpfukhf khw;w bghJthd mog;gil trjpfis Vw;gLj:Jtijr;;
rhh;e;nj ,Uf;fpwJ. gad; ePoj;jpUf;f Rw;Wyh Kf;fpakhd kjpg;g[kpf;f
njrpaj;bjhHpyhf kpFe;j ftdj;JlDk; kw;Wk; bghJkf;fs; Mjut[ld;
tsh;f;f ntz;Lk;. mt;thW bra;a ntz;oait.
 nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwia tsh;j;jy;./ jiu kw;Wk; Mfhakhh;f;f';fs;

 gd;dhl;L tpkhdj;js';fs; cUthf;Fjy;
 jiu khhf;;fj;ij ed;F gad;gLj;Jjy;
 vy;yhg; bghJg; gad;fisa[k; gl;oaypl;L jpl;lkpl;L tphpthf;fk;
bra;jy;
 tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;gpl';fisg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; nkk;gLj;Jjy;/
mfHpfisr;Rj;jk; bra;J jz;zPh; tpl;L epug;g[jy;
 khiy neu Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;Lk; epfH;r;rpfis elj;Jjy;/ rpw;Wz;o
rhiyfspy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F ey;y czit tH';Fjy;
MfpaitfshFk;.
12.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpf;Fj; jpl;lkpLjy;

 Rw;Wyhtpd; jpl;l';fs; Rw;Wyhtpd; njrpa nehf;fj;jpw;F mDrhpj;J
,Ug;gJ
 Rw;Wyhtpd; jpl;l';fs; njrpag; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpj;jpl;l';fspd;
xU m';fkhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyhtpd; rpwe;j jpl;lk; vjid Vw;W ,Uf;f ntz;Lbkd;why;
m) bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nehf;f';fs; M) fpilf;Fk; ts';fs;
,) jpl;lj;jpd; xl;Lbkhj;j tsh;r;rp bghJj;Jiwapd; Rw;Wyhj;
jpl;lKk; Tl bghJj;jpl;lj;jpd; gojhd; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
 mjd;jpl;lk; r\f/ fyhr;rhu/ bghUshjhu kw;Wk; ,ju tpistpd;
mst[ (Output) tpiyapd; Mjhaj;ijg; bghWj;J ,Uf;fpwJ.
132
 bghUshjhu r\f kw;Wk; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;Lk; re;ij khw;w';fs;
mt;tg;bghGJ Vw;gLfpd;wd. bfhs;iffs;/ jpl;l';fs/; Kiwfs/;
eilKiwfs; mjd; btt;ntW epiyfis mwptpf;fg;glntz;Lk;
 KjyPL bra;jy;/ mDgtk; tha;;e;j kw;Wk; bjhHpy; bjhpe;jth;fspd;
tsk; kw;Wk; mog;gil trjpfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F mtrpaf; ftdk;
juy; ntz;Lk;.
 jdpahh; Jiwf;F rpwg;g[f; fld; v';F njitnah m';F tH';Fjy;.
 ,Uf;Fk; Mjhu';fisf; bfhz;L tsh;r;rpia mjpfhpf;fr; bra;jy;.
 Rw;Wyh tsh;rr; pj; jpl;l';fs; bkhj;j tut[fs; mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a
ntz;Lk;. me;epar; bryhtdp kw;Wk; khepy tUtha;fs;.
 Rw;Wyh jpl;lk; kl;Lkpd;wp bghJ tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lKk; ,aw;if
ts';fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F cWjpg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. njrpaj;
ju';fs; kw;Wk; cWjpahd tiuaiwfs; vw;gLj;jp; epyk/; Mfhak;/
jz;zPh;/ kw;Wk; gpw ,aw;if ts';fis gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
 bghUshjhu eltof;iffs/; Fwpg;ghfg; gd;dhl;L thzpgk; mjpf
mst[ bghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp bra;jy; Mfpait Rw;Wyhj;jpl;l';fs/;
epWtd';fs; kw;Wk; epfH;r;rp epuYf;F Vw;ghL bra;jy;
Mfpatw;Wld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ.
 Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpypy; KjyPL bra;a jdpahh; Mh;tj;ij J}z;Ljy;/
Cf;f Cjpak; jUjy; filrpahf/ kpft[k; Kf;fpakhf/ jhdhfnt
,a';Fk; gaDs;s jpl;l mikg;g[ ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
12.3 Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F KjypLjy;

rhpahd jpl;l';fs; ahtw;wpw;Fk; nkyhf/ fl;Lkhd trjpfs;/ epjp/
btspehl;Lr; bryhtzp/ bjhHpy; El;g mwpt[[ gapw;rp bgw;w Ms;/ gpw
bghUl; njitfs; Mfpatw;wpy;; cs;s Fiwfs; fhuzj;jhYk;
gpur;ridfs;; Vw;gLk;. bghJg; gad;fs; kw;Wk; bghJthd fl;Lkhd
trjpfs; bghJthf tsUk; ehLfspy; murh';f';fshy;
bra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mJ nghd;w gzpfs; rhiyfs;/ ghy';fs;/ fHpt[
ePh;f;fhy; tha;fs; jz;zPh;/ kpd;rf;jp/ g{';fhf;fs/; bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[
trjpfs; kw;Wk; nghf;Ftuj:J trjpfs; (Jiw Kf';fs/; tpkhdj;
js';fs/; uapy; ghijfs;) tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; tuyhw;W epidt[r;
rpd;d';fisg; guhkhpj;jy;/ fhty;/ jP kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy tsh;r;rpj;
133
jpl;l';fSf;Fk; murh';fk; epjp tH';FfpwJ. trjpfis Vw;gLj;j muR
kw;Wk; bghJepjpfs; fPH;fz;ltw;wpypUe;J tUfpd;wd.
 Fwpg;gpl;l jpl;l';fSf;F my;yJ xU jpl;lj;jpd; fPH; XJf;fg;gl;l
murh';f epjp
 Fwpg;gpl;l jpl;l';fSf;F jpul;lg;gl;lg; bghJf; fld;fs;
 bghUshjhu tsh;rr
; pj; jpl;l';fSf;Fj; jug;gLk; gpw ehLfspd;
cjtpepjp
m) gd;dhl;L mikg;gf
[ spd; jpl;l';fspd; fPH; cjt[k; mikg;g[fs;
(UNESCO, UNDP FAO) kw;Wk; gpw.
M) cyft';fp (World Bank) nghd;w gd;dhl;L epjp epWtd';fs;

kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L epjpf; fHfk; (International finance
corporation) Mrpa tsh;r;rp t';fp kw;Wk; gpw.
 ,!;yhkpa t';fp/ bfhGk;g[j; jpl;lk; nghd;w rpwg;g[ gpuhe;jpa
mikg;g[fspd; xj;JiHg;g[ jpl;l epjp.
 jdpahh; gd;dhl;L epjpepWtd';fs;.
fyg;g[j;jpl;l';fSf;fhd epjp (Finance for mixed projects programme)
 murhy; m';fPfhpf;fg;gLk; jpl;lk;

 tpfpjhr;rhuj;jpy; Kot[fs;
 ehLfspd; chpikfs; kw;Wk; bghWg;gf
[ s; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd
tpsf;f';fs;
,J nghd;w jpl;l';fSf;F epjp Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
(Finance for such projects can be raised for example from)
m. murh';f';fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l khdpa';fs;
M. murh';fj;jpd; \ykhf KjyPLfs;
,. bghJg;gpur;ridfs;
<. gd;dhl;L epjp epWtd';fspypUe;J bgwg;gLk; fld;fs;
c. btspehLfspd; bghUshjhuj;jpl;l cjtpfs;
C. rpwg;g[ epjp epWtd';fsplkpUe;J fld;fs;
v. jdpahhpd; epjp Mjhu';fs;
134
kWkyh;r;rp tsh;r;rpj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; bray; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd jdpahh; epjp
(Private finance for tourism development plans and projects
can be raised)
 jdpahh; epjp
 bghJkf;fsplkpUe;J jpul;lg;gLk; KjyPLfs;
 fld; jUk; epWtd';fs; kw;Wk; t';fpfsplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk;
fld;fs;
 t';;fp kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp mikg;g[fsplkpUe;J bgWk; fld;fs; kw;Wk;
 Fwpg;gpl;l Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf; fld;fs; epjpapypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
fld;fs; gy ehLfspy; ,Uf;Fk; nQhl;ly; tsh;r;rp fld; cjtp
M) gd;dhl;L Mjhu';fs; \ykhfg; bgWtJ
 muR bfhs;ifapd; fPH; m';fPfhpf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; btspehl:L Rw;Wyh

bjhHpy;fspd; Tl;L kw;Wk; btspehl;L KjyPL mikg;gpypUe;J
 gd;dhl;L epWtd';fsplkpUe;J bgWk; fld;fs;.
 gy ehLfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;oUf;Fk; epWtd';fsplkpUe;J bgWk;
tsh;r;rp epjp
 me;epa ehLfspy; th';Fk; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l bghUl;fSf;F fld; trjp
murh';fk; Vw;gLj;jpj; jUfpwJ.
 btspehl;L jdpahh; epjp epWtd';fs; jdpahh;jUk; fld;fs; kw;Wk;
btspehl;oy; j';fpapUg;gth;fspd; nrkpg;gpypUe;J bgWk; fld;fs;
 gpw murh';f';fspd; gpw mikg;gf
[ spd; epjpfs;
epjpiag; bgWtjw;fhd gy;ntW tHpfs;
 Xl;Lbkhj;j bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;F ,izahd

jpl;l';fs;
 Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,Uj;jy;
 Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; yhgj;ij cWjpgLj;Jk;jpl;lkhf ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;. mjd; epjp kw;Wk; bjhHpy;El;g bray;ghl;il mJ ep+gpf;f
ntz;Lk;.
 gpw vy;yh gFjpfs; (fld;fs; bgw;wJ nghf) jahuhf fpilg;gij
cWjpg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
135
 ,j;jpl;lk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; jhnd ,a';ff; Toajhf ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;. mJ gpw rYiffisr; rhh;eJ
; ,Uf;ff;TlhJ.
 murh';fj;jpd; bghJ mDkjp kw;Wk; gpw mjpfhhpfspd; gad;;ghL
rk;ge;jg;gl;l m':fPfhu';fs; kw;Wk; gpw Kf;fpa Mtz';fisg;
bgw;wpUj;jy;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F gd;dhl;L Mjhuj;jpypUe;J fld;fs;
bgWtjw;fhd ntz;Lnfhspy; murh';fj;jpd; Mjut[ ifbahg;gk;.
 ,e;jj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; fpilf;f ,Uf;Fk; me;epar; bryhtzp
tUthapd; kjpg;gPilf; fhz;gpf;f ntz;Lk;.
 jpl;lk; cs;~h; kf;fSf;F ntiy jUtija[k; rhjfkhd
vjph;fhyj;ija[k; bjhptpj;jy;. cs;;~hpnyna kdpj rf;jpiag;
bgWtijg;gw;wpa jpl;lj;ijf; fhz;gpg;gJ.
 gpwnjr';fspd; Mjha';fis jpl;lk; fhz;gpf;fpwJ. kw;Wk; rpy
bghUs;fis th';Ftjhy; cs;Sh; cw;gj;jpg; bghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
bjhHpy;fs; vt;thW tsh;r;rp bgWfpd;wd vd;gijj; bjhptpj;jy;
 jpl;lk; cldoj; njitiag; g{h;j;jp bra;fpwJ. rKjha tsh;r;rpf;F
mjd; g';fspf;fpwJ. ,aw;if ts';fisa[k; Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHiya[k;
ghJfhg;gJ rk;ge;jkhd bfhs;iffSf;F ,j;jpl;lk; cl;gl;ljhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
 muRf;F ,j;jpl;lj;jhy; brYj;j ,UF;Fk; thpfspd; kjpg;gPl;ilf;
rkh;g;gpg;gJ.
 jpl;lKk; mjd; bray;fisa[k; gw;wp ty;Yeh;fshy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l
mwpf;if kjpg;iga[k; jpwikiaa[k; gd;dhl;L epjpaj;jpw;F
ep+gpg;gjhf ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;.
 Kothf/ Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;rr
; pf;F cldoj; jPh;nth my;yJ FWf;F
tHpnah VJk; ,y;iy. chpa jpl;lk; jhd; Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp
btw;wp bgw cjt[k;.
12.4 cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa Rw;Wyh
Kjypy; cs;ehl:Lr; Rw;Wyhtpw;F ehl;od;bghUshjhu jpl;lj;jpy;

chpa Kjd;ik ,lk; jug;gl;oUf;fpwJ. ehl;od; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fk;
njrpa xUikg;ghl;ow;Fk; cWJizahf cs;Sh; Rw;Wyh tps';FfpwJ.
tskhd kw;Wk; cs;Sh; Rw;Wyh gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpf;F
cWjpahd m!;jpthuk; Vw;gLj;JtJld; njrj;jpw;F gy tifapy;
136
ed;ika[k; bra;fpwJ. cs;Sh; Rw;Wyhtpd; mst[ mjd; tsh;r;rp
kf;fspd; ruhrhp tUkhdj;ijg; bghWj;;J ,Uf;fpwJ.
Rw;Wyh trjpfis ed;F gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;gf

[ is
cs;Sh; Rw;Wyh Vw;ghL bra;J jUfpwJ. cs;Sh; Rw;Wyh
ciHg;ghspfSf;F xU tug;gpurhjkhf tps';FfpwJ.
I.eh.tpd; gd;dhl;L gazk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh khehl;oy; (Rome

1963) cs;Sh;g; gazj;ij btFtha;g; ghpe;Jiu bra;jJ. "brHpj;J
tsUk; cs;ehl;L Rw;Wyhj;bjhHpy; btspehLfspypUe;J
ghh;itahsh;fis tuntw;Fk; Mjhukhf cUthf;FfpwJ" vd;W nuhk;
khehl;oy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. gd;dhl;Lr; Rw;Wyh bry;yKoahj
gFjpfspYk; cs;Sh; Rw;Wyh bry;fpwJ.
rpy khWghLfSld; gpuhe;jpa Rw;Wyh ew;gad;fs; bgWfpd;wd.

gpuhe;jpa kf;fs; ,jid Mjhpf;fpd;wdh;. gpuhe;jpa kf;fSf;Fs;nsna
gazk;bra;tij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. Mrpa ehLfspy; cs;s Rw;Whytpd;;
tsh;;r;rp xU ey;y cjhuzkhFk;. cs;Sh; Rw;Wyh mz;ila
ez;gh;fSf;Fpilna ,Uf;Fk; jdpik vDk; jilia ePf;FfpwJ.
mth;fsplk; xj;JiHg;g[ gu!;gu cjtp kw;Wk; ed;ikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
Rw;Wyh rk;ge;jkhd gpuhe;jpa nehf;f';fis tpsf;FtJ mtrpak;.

mitfs; fPnH jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 r\f fyhr;rhu bghUshjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp gad;ghLfs;

Rw;Wyhtpdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 gFjp kf;fspilna Rw;Wyhtpd; thapyhf g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk;jd;ik
xj;JiHg;g[ el;g[ Mfpait tsh;fpd;wd.
 gFjpfspy; Rw;Wyhtpd; fl;Lkhd trjpfs; tsh;r;rpa[k; guhkhpg;gk
[ ;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ/ tsh;r;rpf;Fj; J}z;LfpwJ.
 gpuhe;jpag; gFjpfspy; njrpa Rw;Wyh mikg;g[fSf;Fk; mjd;
rk;ge;jkhd mikg;gf
[ splj;Jk; xj;JiHg;ig Rw;Wyh
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 jpl;l';fisj; jahhpf;f eilKiwg;gLj;j Mjuita[k;
xj;JiHg;iga[k; jUfpwJ.
137
 vjph;fhy Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F bjhHpy; El;g cjtp/ mDgtk;
kw;Wk;trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpj; jUfpwJ.
 ,aw;if/ tuyhw;W kw;Wk; fyhr;rhug; bgUik cila ,l';fisg;
ghJfhf;f Cf;fk; jUfpwJ.
 gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; Rw;Wyhtpw;F Kuz;ghL jUgit gw;wp
milahsk; fhz;fpwJ.
 bjhlh;g[fSf;F Rw;Wyh nritahw;WfpwJ.
 gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L mikg;gf
[ splk; gzpfs; rk;ge;jkhd
cwit Vw;gLj;jp gu!;gu cjtpa[k; ed;ika[k; mspf;fpwJ.

1. Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;fhd jdpahh; epjpj; jpl;l';fs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
2. fl;Lkhd trjpfspd; njitfis tifg;gLj;Jf.
3. Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpj;jpl;lk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
4. gpuhe;jpa Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
njr eydpw;F mtrpakhdjhfr; Rw;Wyh fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vbddpy;

mJ r\f/ fyhr;rhu/ fy;tp kw;Wk; bghUshjhuj; Jiwfspy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jp ,Uf;fpwJ.
fiyr;brhw;fs;
Disparities - ,uz;Lf;Fk; cz;lhd ntWghL my;yJ Kuz;ghL
Inflation - bghUspd; tpiy Vw;wk;.
c';fs; Kd;ndw;wj;ijr; nrhjpj;jwpa[k; gapw;rpf;fhd tpilfs;;

138
gphpt[ 13
,aw;if kw;Wk; fyhr;rhur; Rw;Wg;g[wr;
NH;epiy
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
13.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpapy; ,aw;if kw;Wk; fyhr;rhur; Rw;Wg;g[wr;
NH;epiy
13.1.1 ,aw;if bgsjPf NH;epiy
13.1.2 kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l bgsjPf NH;epiy
13.1.3 fyhr;rhur; NH;epiy
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr;brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
,aw;if kw;Wk; fyhr;rhur;Rw;Wg;g[wr; NH;epiy Fwpj;J ,g;gphptpy;

fhz;fpnwhk;. Rw;Wyhtpd; ,d;iwa epiy bray;ghLfs; gytw;wpd;
fyitahf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J ,aw;if mHifg; ghJfhf;fpwJ/ epidt[r;
rpd;d';fs; kw;Wk;bjhy;bghUs; cs;s ,l';fisa[k; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k;.
 ehl;oy; fpilf;Fk; tsk; gw;wp mwpat[k;/

 epidt[r;rpd;d';fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp tpsf;ft[k/;
 ,aw;if kw;Wk; bgsjPfr; NHiy vt;thW ghJfhg;gJ vd;gJ gw;wp
tpsf;ft[k; ,aYk;.
13.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpapy; ,aw;if kw;Wk; fyhr;rhur;
NH;epiy
bjhHpw;g[ul;rp cyfpw;F bgUk; bghUshjhu ed;ikiaf;

bfhz;Lte;jJ. mJ kl;Lk; my;yhky; bjhHpyhsh;fs; iftpid
fiy"h;fs; ghjpf;ff; Toa ntiy tha;g;gpd;ikiaa[k; bfhz;L te;jJ.
mJ gy thH;tpd; ghuk;ghpa eilKiwia eRf;fpaJ kw;Wk; ekJ jukhd
thH;it mr;RWj;jf; Toa bgsjPf NH;epiyf;nfl;ila[k; je;jJ. rpy
,l';fspy; caph; thH;tjw;nf bgUk; mr;RWj;jyhfj; bjhlh;e;J ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ. Rw;Wyhtpd; rpwe;j gad; vd;dbtdpy; mJ g[ifnghf;fhj xU
bjhHpyhf ,Ug;gJ MFk;. ve;jj; bjhHpy; jukhd thH;it
mr;RWj;jtpy;iynah/ ek; ehl;od; mHifg; ghJfhf;fpwnjh/ mJ gazk;
jUk; bjhHpyhFk;.
Rw;Wyhg; gazp fle;j fhyg; bgUikfisg; gw;wpj; bjhpat[k;/

,aw;if mHif fhzt[k; tUfpwhh;. neh;j;jpahf guhkhpj;J tug;gLk;
epidt[r; rpd;d';fs/; Kf;fpakhd fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; gz;ila eyk;
bghUe;jpa ,aw;ifapd; NHy; Mfpatw;iwg; ghh;f;Fk; Rw;Wyhg; gazp
mjpf gyd;bgWfpwhh;. mjpf Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUtjhy; mjpf yhgk;
fpilf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; epidt[r; rpd;d';fisa[k; gpwtw;iwa[k;
ghJfhg;gjw;F cs;Sh;thrpfSf;F xU Mh;tnehf;F Vw;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; fhztUk; gazpfSk; cs;Sh; kf;fSk; ,t;tifapy; gyd;
milfpd;wdh;.
,e;jpahtpy; beUg;ig xU rpd;dkhff; fUJfpd;wdh;. jPapdhy;

mt;tg;nghJ mHpt[fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. jP Mf;ft[k; mHpf;ft[k; bra;ak
[ ;
eyd;jUk;jP ekJ tPl;il c#;zg;gLj;Jk;/ ekJ czt[fis rikf;Fk;
vhp rf;jpiaj; jUk; kw;Wk; btspr;rj;ijj; jUk.; gut[k; jP rpy rka';fspy;
ekf;F tpUg;gkhdtw;iwa[k; mHpj;J tLfpwJ.
ekJ fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; jP gy ,d;dy;fis

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. cjhuzkhf fh#;kPhpy; cs;s jhy;nyf; (Dal Lake)
Inuhg;ghtpy; xU mHfpa fpuhkk/; gy Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis fth;e;J
epd;w fpuhkk; mHpe;J tpl;lJ. jP gz;ila ehfhpfr; rpwg;g[ila ,l';fis
mHpj;J tpLfpwJ.
140
,aw;if kw;Wk; fyhr;rhur; Rw;Wg;g[wr; NH;epiy
Rw;Wyhtpw;Fj; njitahd ,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpjhy; Mf;fg;gl;l
ts';fs; ehl;Lg; g[w';fspYk; flw;fiufs;/ ejpfs;/ jPt[/
kiyj;bjhlh;fs;/ fhLfs;/ tdtpy';Ffs; cs;s fhLfs; tuyhw;Wr;
rpwg;gi
[ la kw;Wk; epidt[r;rpd;d';fs; cs;s ,l';fs; Mfpatw;wpy;
,Uf;fpd;wd. jw;fhyj;jpy; Rw;Wyh ,l';fspy; gy njitahd trjpfs;
Vw;gLj;j ntz;oaJ ,Uf;fpd;wd. rhiyfs;/ nQhl;ly;fs; rpw;Wz;or;
rhiyfs; kw;Wk; bghGJnghf;F trjpfs; Mfpatit tsh;;r;rp
fhqk;nghJ Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; ,l';fSk; khWjy; milfpd;wd.
bgsjPf kw;Wk; fyhr;rhur; NHy; ghJfhg;g[ kw;Wk; nkk;ghL

Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpia cWjpg;gLj;Jk;/ Kf;fpa mHpitj; jtph;f;Fk;
bghUl;L jpl;lkpLtJk; fl;Lg;ghLk; mtrpakhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
$hh;$; th#p';ld; gy;fiyf;fHfKk; cyf Rw;Wyh mikg;g[k;

nrh;e;J jahhpj;j mUikahd mwpf;ifapy; ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wyhtpd;
gy gpur;ridfs; gw;wp tpthjpj;Js;sJ. mjpy; 3 ,l';fspy; ghJfhg;g[j;
njit vd;W bjhptpj;Js;sJ.
1. ,aw;if bgsjPf Rw;Wr; NHy;

2. kdpjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l bgsjPf Rw;Wr; NHy;
3. fyhr;rhu Rw;Wr; NHy;
13.1.1 ,aw;if bgsjPf Rw;Wr; NHy;
,e;jpahtpy;; ,aw;if ts';fs; cs;sd. mJ mjpf

$dj;bjhifapdhYk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfshYk; ghjpg;g[f;F cs;shfpd;wd.
bghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; NH;epiy ,ay; ,ilna rkd; mila ehk; xU
bfhs;ifia Fwpg;gpl;l ,l';fs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; Toa tsh;r;rp
(Selective and controlled development) filg;gpof;fpnwhk;.
cjhuzkhf gPr;Rf;F mUfpy; 500 kPl;lUf;Fs; fl;ol';fs; fl;lf;TlhJ
vd;W fl;Lg;ghL cs;sJ. me;jkhd; epf;nfhghh; Mfpa jPt[fspy/;
j';Fkpl';fspYk; gy fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,itfs; aht[k;
eilKiwg;gLj;j nkny Twg;gl;l mikg;g[fs; WTO tp";"hdpfs;
kw;Wk; rpwg;g[ ty;Yeh;fs;/ tH';fpa ghJfhg;gpw;F chpait bra;a cjtp
tUfpwJ.
,e;jpah xU $dehaf ehL. xt;bthU FokfDk; eyd;fisg;

gfph;e;J bfhs;Stij njrpa jj;Jtkhfj; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l
141
gFjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fSf;Fr; rYifj;jUtijj; fl:Lg;gLj;Jtjhy;
rz;ilfs; vGfpd;wd. tskhdth;fSf;Fk; mt;thW fl;Lg;ghLfis
tpjpj;jhy; rz;il mijtpl tYthf Vw;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpjk; bra;tjhy;
mjpfg;goahd bghUshjhu ed;ik fpilf;fpwJ.
mbkhpf;fhtpy; kf;fs; behpriyj; jtph;f;f btt;ntW

Kiwfisf; ifahSfpd;wdh;.
13.1.2 kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; bgsjPf Rw;Wr; NHy;
gy ehLfspy; tuyhw;Wr; rpd;d';fisg; ghJfhf;f ntz;oa

bghWg;g[ bjhy;bghUs;Jiw kw;Wk; murh';fj;jpd; fyhr;rhu my;yJ
fy;tpj; Jiwfisr; nrUfpd;wd. Rw;Wyhj; Jiwf;Ff; bfhLf;ftpy;iy.
vdnt rpy rr;rut[fs; ,Uf;fj;jhd; bra;fpd;wd. tuyhw;Wr; rpd;d';fs;
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfisf; ftUk; fhe;jkhf ,Ug;gjhy; Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpiy
ve;j mst[f;F bjhlh;gk
[ ; fth;r;rpa[s;sjhf Mf;f Koa[nkh me;j
mstpw;F Mf;Fjy;ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW epidt[r; rpd;d';fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; tp#aj;jpy; ehk;

mwp"h;fs; ty:Yeh;fSf;F xj;JiHg;g[ ey;f ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; ekJ
kuig; fhg;gjw;fhd bghWg;gf
[ is cilath;fs;. epidt[r; rpd;d';fisf;
fhg;gJ ekf;F mtrpakhdJ kw;Wk; mjw;fhf ek;khy; Koe;j mst[
cjt[ ntz;Lk;. nkYk; ,jid tUk ;jiyKiwapdUf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[ld;
tpl;Lr; bry;y ntz;Lk;.
13.1.3 fyhr;rhu Rw;Wr; NHy;
gpw NH;epiyfshYk; fyhr;rhur; NHYf;F mjw;fhd mHpt[k;

Vw;gLfpwJ. guk;giuahf tUk; fiy"h;fs; bjhHpy; tpid"h;fs;
kw;Wk; fiyf;Tj;jhofs; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; Mh;tj;ij vspjpy;
mwpe;J bfhs;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; bghUshjhu eyd;fisa[k;
milfpd;wdh;. ekJ r\fk; g[Jikfis Vw;Wf; bfhs;tjhYk; kw;Wk;
bjhHpy;kaj;jhYk; gy kug[rhh;ej
; fyhr;rhu milahs';fs; kiwe;J
tUfpd;wd. vdnt fiy"h;fs; fhyj;jpw;Fj; jFe;jthW rw;W j';fis
khw;wpf;bfhs;s ntz;oa[s;sJ. Rw;Wyh mjpfhhpfs; ,d;W
mj;Jiwf;fhd rthy;fisa[k; rkhspg;g[fisa[k; re;jpj;J tUfpd;wdh;.
g[jpa tifapyhd Mjut[ je;J kug[hPjpahf fyhr;rhuj;ijg; ngqtjw;F
Rw;Wyhitg; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
142
,aw;if kw;Wk; fyhr;rhur; Rw;Wg;g[wr; NH;epiy
,e;jpahtpy; ekJ fiy tot';fs; tskhdjhft[k; gy;ntW
ntWghLfisa[k; bfhz;lJ. gy tHpfspy; mtw;iwg gad;gLj;Jfpnwhk;.
,jidr; rpwg;gpf;f Nu$;Fd;l; fpuhg;;l;!; nksh vd;w tpHhit kf;fs;
bfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;. ,jpy; kj;jpa Rw;wyhj; Jiw mikr;rfk; kw;Wk;/
njrpa fpuhg;l;!; kpa{rpak; khepy Rw;Wyhj;Jiw fye;J bfhs;fpwJ.
,jpy; ,e;jpahtpYs;s rpwe;j fiy"h;fs; g';nfw;fpd;wdh;.,J kpft[k;
btw;wpfukhf cs;Sh; kw;wk; njrpa kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L gazpfisf;
fth;e;J tUfpwJ. ,jpy; bjhHpy;tpid"h;fs; j';fs; bghUl;fis
tpw;fpd;wdh;. ,jpy; ve;j jufh;fSk; ,y;yhky; neuo tpahghuk; elf;fpwJ.
1989y bly;ypapy; (PATA Heritage workshop) ‘ghl;lh’–tpd; ghuk;ghpa
fUj;ju';fk; eilbgw;wJ. Nu$; Fd;l; nksh eilbgWk;nghJ ,J
fyhr;rhu Rw;Wr; NHiy ghJfhg;gij vLj;Jf;fhl:Ltjhf ,Ue;jJ.
bgsjPf kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Rw;Wr; NHy;fs; ,uz;ila[k;

ghJfhf;ifapy; jpwt[nfhyhf ,Ug;gJ Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ty:Yeh;fs/;
tp";"hdpfs/; mwp"h;fs; kw;Wk; ts';fSf;Fg; bghWg;ghd
mjpfhhpfSf;F ,ilna cs;s xj;JiHg;g[ Nu$;Fd;l;nkshtpd;
btw;wpf;fhuzk; njrpa fpuhg;l;!; kpa{rpaj;jpy; xj;JiHg;g[. kpa{rpak;
fiy"h;fisj; njh;e;bjLf;fpwJ. mJ rpwg;ghd kug[f;fiyia
btspg;gLj;Jfpwjh vd;gijf; ftdpf;fpwJ. njrpa kw;Wk; khepy Rw;Wyh
epWtd';fspd; <LghL tsh;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mJ
,e;jpahtpYk; btspehl;oYk; njitahd trjpfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

1. mHfhd "Vhpapd; glFtPL" ,Uf;Fkplk;
m) fh#;kPh; M) g";rhg; ,) ghfp!;jhd; <) cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
2. ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ntz;oa \d;W gFjpfisf; TW.
2. kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Rw;Wg;g[wj;ijg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3. Nu$;Fd;l; fpuhg;l; nkshitg;gw;wp xU Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
Rw;Wyh xU kfpH;r;rpjUk; brayhFk;. Xhplj;jpy; rk;ghjpf;fg;gl;l

gzk; gazk;nkw;bfhs;Sk; ,l';fspy; brytplg;gLfpwJ. Rw;Wyhg;
gazp bgUk;ghYk; g[jpa ,l';fisr; brd;W ghh;f;f tpUk;gf
[ pwhd;. ekJ
ehl;ow;Fr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis tutiHg;gJ kpff; fodkhd brayy;y.
143
,aw;if kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHiy ghJfhg;gJ Kw;wpYk;
mtrpakhdjhFk;.
fiyr;brhw;fs;
Conservation - ghJfhg;g[
Ipsofacto - cz;ikapy;.

1. m) fh#;kPh;
144
gphpt[ 14
gd;Kfg;gLj;Jjy; (gutyhf;Fjy;)
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
14.1 gd;Kfg;gLj;Jjy; xU jtph;f;f Koahj Rw;Wyhf;bfhs;if
14.2 jpnQf; jPh;khdk;
14.2.1 bghUshjhu kw;Wk; r\f tsh;r;rpapy; Rw;Wyhtpd;
,lk;
14.3 Rw;Wyhtpd; trjp/ Rw;Wyhg; gazk;/ ghh;itapLjYk;
j';FjYk;
14.4 ghJfhg;g[ kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ghJfhg;g[ ,l';fSk;
trjpfSk;
14.5 Rw;Wyh rk;ge;jkhd rl;l';fs;
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr; brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
,g;gphpt[ gd;Kfg;gLj;Jjypy; ftdk; brYj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Rw;Wyhtpd; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; eph;thfk; ikag;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wyh jUk;
btFkjpfs; vz;zpf;ifaw;wit. tsUk; kw;Wk; tsh;e;j ehLfspy;
Rw;Wyhit ikag;gLj;j ntz;oabjhU njit Vw;gLfpwJ.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k;.
 ikag;gLj;Jjy; vd;gbjd;d vd;gij tpsf;ft[k;/

 Rw;Wyh rl;l';fspd; Fwpf;nfhs; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;ft[k;/
 trjpfis tpthpf;ft[k;
 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; ghJfhg;g[/ ,l';fs; j';Fkpl';fs; gw;wp
tpthpf;ft[k; ,aYk;.
14.1 gd;Kfg;gLj;Jjy; jtph;f;f Koahj Rw;Wyhf;bfhs;if
Rw;Wyhtpd; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; eph;thfk; ikag;gLj;jntz;Lk; vd;gJ

ehl;oDila murpay; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; ,jw;F Kd;g[ Rw;Wyhtpy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;oUf;Fk; trjpfs; tsh;r;rp ,tw;iwr; rhh;e;J cs;sJ. njrpa
mstpy; Rw;Wyh mikg;g[ xd;W my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l
(nfhMg;gnul;ot;) Tl;Lwt[ mikg;gf
[ s; cilajhFk;. Rw;Wyhtpd;
Kf;fpa btFkjpfs; vz;zpwe;jit. Kf;fpakhd gpur;ridfs;
tsh;r;rpiag; ghjpf;ff; TLk;.
xU Rw;Wyhg; gazp xU g[jpa/ kdJf;Fg; gpoj;j ,lk;/ my;yJ

btspehl;Lf;Fr; bry:Yk; tha;g;ig tpUk;g[fpd;whd;. mt;thW tUgth;fs;
,';F ey;y mDgt';fisg; bgw ntz;Lk;.
Kf;fpakhf Rw;Wyhr; rl;lj;jpd; mtrpakhd nehf;fk; ahbjdpy;

Rw;Wyhg; gazpisg; ghJfhg;gjhFk;. Muk;gr; rl;l';fs; rpy fPH;tUkhW.
1. nQhl;ly;fs; kw;Wk; rpw;Wz;orhiyfis tifg;gLj;jt[k; Fiwe;j

gl;rkhf juj;ij nkk;gLj;jt[k; mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jt[k; ntz;Lk;.
2. mog;gil Rw;Wyh trjpfs/; tpiy tpgu';fs;/ tHpfhl;Ljy;
Mfpatw;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
3. Rw;Wyhg; gazpiar; Ruz;lhkypUf;f ghJfhg;g[j;jUk; rl;l';fs;.
4. Jah;Jilf;ft[k; rl;l mkyhf;fj;jpw;Fk; chpa eilKiw.
Rw;Wyhtpy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfspypUe;J Rw;Wyhg; gazp
ghJfhf;fg;gLtjw;F Vw;ghLfs; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
1. bghUshjhu Cf;fk; Vw;gLj;jJy;.
2. Rw;Wg;g[wj;ijg; ghJfhf;f rl;lk;.
Rw;Wyhg; g[ul;rp Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lbkd;why; vz;zk;/ mwpt[
Mf;fg{h;tj; jpl;lk; Mfpait ,Uf;f ntz:Lk;.
146
gd;gKfg;gLj;Jjy; (gutyhf;Fjy;)
14.2 jpnQf; jPh;khd';fs;;
1992 Mk; Mz;L bejh;yhe;jpy; jpnQf; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;

Rw;Wyhtpd; gd;dhl;Lg; ghuhSkd;w khehL (The Hauge Resolution
Interparlimentary conference on Tourism) eilbgw;wJ. cyf Rw;Wyh
mikg;g[ld; ,ize;J gd;dhl;L ghuhSkd;w a{dpad; khehl;ilf;
Tl;oaJ. ,jpy; 46 njrpa FGf;fs; g';bfLj;Jf; bfhz;ld. bkhj;jk; 246
cWg;gpdh;fSk; 128 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fSk; ,Ue;jdh;. fPnH mjd;
ghpe;Jiufs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
14.2.1 bghUshjhu kw;Wk; r\f tsh;r;rpapy; Rw;Wyhtpd; ,lk;

 nghf;Ftuj;J/ bjhHpy; Rfhjhuk; tptrhak; bjhlh;g[ trjpfs; gpw.
 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; g';F rl;lk; \yk; gFj;jha ntz;Lk;.
xU';fpizg;g[ cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F
trjpfisa[k; rPh;gLj;jt[k; ntz;Lk;.
 j';fs; njrpa tpUg;gj;ij ehLfs; jPh;khdpf;f ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyh fl;likg;g[ trjpfs; tsh;r;rpf;F ftdk; brYj;j ntz;Lk;
Vbddpy; Rw;Wg;g[wj;ija[k; cs;~h; kf;fisa[k; ghJfhf;f ntz;Lk;
bghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; NH;epiy ,ay; (ecological) Mfpatw;wpw;F
,ilna ,zf;fkhdjhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;wg;g[wj;ija[k; Rw;Wyh ,l';fisa[k; nrjKwhky; ghJfhf;f
ntz;Lk;.
 fjph; ,af;fk; jUk; fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; ,Uf;ff; TlhJ. mJ
,aw;ifiaa[k; kdpjida[k; mHpf;fty;yJ. njrpa kw;Wk;
gd;dhl;L mikg;g[fs; ,tw;wpw;Fg; bghUg;bgLj:J mtw;iwr; rhp
bra;a ntz;Lk;.
 Ma;t[fs; bra;tJ mtrpak;. ehl;od; Rw;Wyh tsh;rr
; pf;F Mtd
bra;jy; ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpy; mjd; gzpfs; bra;a mjpf
tha;g;gf
[ is Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
 njrpa mstpy; Rw;Wyhg; gw;wpa fy;tpia kf;fSf;Fj; juntz;Lk;/
Fwpg;ghf gs;sp khzth;fSf;Fj; ju ntz;Lk;.
 vy;iyfs; jhz;Lk; ,l';fspy; tpkhd js';fspy; jhkj';fs;
bra;af; TlhJ.
147
 Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F mog;gil trjpia murh';fk; Vw;gLj;j
ntz;Lk; Muk;gepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpYf;F Mjut[
ju ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis tuntw;Fk; ehLfs; Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfsplkpUe;J mjpf gad; bgw ntz;Lk;
 tsh;e;j ehLfs;/ tsUk; ehLfSf;F rpwg;g[ cjtpfisj; ju
ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyhtpw;F epjp Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; murh';f';fSk; njrpa Rw;Wyh
mikg;g[fSk; xt;bthU Kaw;rpiaa[k; nrh;e;nj bra;a ntz;Lk;.
murh';f';fs; Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpYf;F mjd; tsh;r;rpf;F cjt
ntz;Lk; vy;yh murh';f';fSk; Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpYld; ,ize;J
gaDs;s Rw;Wyh bfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
 kug[tHpf; fyhr;rhuj;ij tsh;g;gjw;F ehLfs; bghWg;g[f;fis
Vw;Wf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
 jpl;lkpLjYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jYk; njrpa mstpy; ,ize;J
eilbgWtJ mtrpak;
 gd;Kfg;gLj;Jtjw;F tuk;g[fs; cs;sd.
 cs;ehl;L Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F murh';f';fs; Cf;fk; ju ntz;Lk;.
Rw;Wg;g[wj;ijg; gw;wpa mwpitj; bjhpag;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyh rl;lk; 3 nehf;fj;njhL Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
m) Rw;Wyhg; gazpiag; ghJfhf;f M) xt;bthU ehl;ila[k;
ghJfhf;f ,) Rw;Wyhit nkk;gLj;j.
14.3 Rw;Wyhit vspikg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhg; gazk;/

ghh;itapLjy; kw;Wk; j';Fjy;
 Rw;Wyhit vspikg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhtpd; fl;Lg;ghl;ilj;
jsh;j;jpaJ rk;ge;jkhd rl;l';fspd; jhf;fj;ij muRfs; kjpg;gPL
bra;a ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyhg; ghJfhg;g[ kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh trjpfs; vspikg;gLj;jypy;
.murh';f';fs; mjpf ftdk; brYj;j ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyh czh;it murh';f';fs; Cf;Ftpf;f ntz;Lk;/ gazpfis
tuntw;Fk; epiy/ kdpj khpahijia kjpj;jy;.
148
 cyf Rfhjhu mikg;g[ Twpa[s;sgo juk; xG';FgLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;
jfty;fs; juy; Mfpatw;iw muRfs; gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;. k";rs;
fha;rr
; Yf;F Crp nghl;ljw;fhd Rfhjhu rhd;wpjH;fisg; bgw
ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyhit vspikg;gLj;Jtjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpdh; Mjut[
mspf;f ntz;Lk;. nkk;ghL tsh;r;rp Mfpatw;wpw;F neuo kw;Wk;
kiwKf Mjut[ mspf;f ntz;Lk;.
14.4 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; ghJfhg;g[ ,l';fs; kw;Wk; trjpfs;

 Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; ghJfhg;gpw;Fhpa rl;l';fs; Rw;Wyh ,l';fs;
kw;Wk; trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jp Rw;Wyh ,l';fspy; cs;s Rw;Wg;g[wj;ijg;
ghJfhg;gJ.
 rpwg;g[ ika mikg;g[ xt;bthU khepy';fspYk; ,Ue;J bfhz;L
njrpag; ghJfhg;g[ kw;Wk; gazpfs; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; Vw;ghLfisr;
bra;a ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf Rw;Wyh ,l';fspy; bjhw;Wneha; kw;Wk;
jPtputhjpfs; mr;RWj;jy; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F
Vw;gLk; Mgj;Jf;fs; (neha;/ jpUl;L jha;ehl;Lf;Fj; jpUk;g[k; nghJ)
jtph;g;gjw;F chpa eltof;iffis nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyh gazk; nkw;bfhs;tjw;F Kd;g[ gazp gd;dhl;L ,d;Nud;!;
mikg;gplk; ,d;Nud;!; vLj;Js;shuh vd;gij cyf Rw;Wyh
mikg;gpw;Fk; (WTO) fz;fhzpf;Fk;.
 gazpfspd; ghJfhg;g[ eilKiwg;gLj;j trjpahf ehLfs; chpa
muRj; JiwfnshL gaDs;s xj;JiHg;g[ juntz;Lk;.
 Rw;wyhg; gazpfs; bry;Yk; ,l';fspy; trjpfis cWjpg;gLj;j
rl;lg;g{h;tkhd eltof;iffs; vLj;Jf;bfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 Efh;nthh; ghJfhg;g[ mYtyfk; Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. mjpy;
jfuhWfisj; jPh;j;Jf;bfhs;s Koa[k;.
 Rw;Wyhg; gazpf;F fPH;fz;l Fwpg;gpl;l chpikfs; Fiwe;j
brytpy; tH';fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
m) Fw;w';fs; g[hpe;J mtjpg;gLk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; chpik.
M) Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; chpik.
,) Fw;wk; g[hpe;jpUf;Fk; Rw;Wyhg; gazp njitahd rl;l cjtp
bgw chpik.
149
vy;yh chpa eltof;iffSk; vLf;fg;glntz;Lk;
m) jhafk; jpUk;g[tjw;fhd cldo Vw;ghLfs; bra;jy;.

M) Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; jpUl;Lg; bghUisj; jpUk;g ve;j ehl;oy;
jpUodhnuh me;j ehl;olk; jUjy;.
bghJ kw;Wk; jdpahh; Jiw bra;a ntz;oaJ
m) Rw;Wyh mjpfhhpfsplKk; kf;fsplKk; jfty;fisg; gug;gp/

Rw;wyhg; gazpfs; ghJfhg;g[ gw;wpa tpHpg;g[zh;it
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
M) Rw;Wyh ghJfhg;gpw;F mjpfhhpfSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspj;jy;
gazpfis tuntw;Fk; ehLk; gazpapd; ehLk;
ghJfhg;gpw;fhd tHptiffSf;F xj;JiHg;g[ juntz;Lk;.
ehLfs; bra;a ntz;oaJ
m) Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; ghJfhg;gpw;F gu!;gu cjtpfisj;jUjy;

M) Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ghJfhg;gpw;F gd;dhl;L xg;ge;j';fis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
14.5 Rw;Wyhr; rl;lk;

 xU Fwpg;gpl;l mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp mjdplk; Rw;Wyh rk;ge;jkhd
tprhuizfs; nfl;ly;.
 ghuhSkd;w';fs; rl;l';fis Ma;t[ bra;a ntz;Lk;: Fiwe;j gl;r
juk;/ jpl;l';fis tifg;gLj;jy;/ tpiyfs;/ trjpfs;/
Ruz;lg;gLtjpypUe;J Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ghJfhf;fg;gly; Rw;Wyh
rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; btspehl;L
KjyPl;lhsh;fSf;F epjp Cf;Ftpg;gspj;jy;/ Rw;Wyhg; gFjpfs;
kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;g[wg; ghJfhg;g[ kw;wk; gpw
 murh';f';fshy; / rpy Fwpg;gpl;l ftd';fs; brYj;jg;gl ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyh rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp#a';fspy; ghuhSkd;w';fs; ftdk;
vLj:Jf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
 (c-k;) bghUshjhuk;/ gpuhe;jpa tsh;r;rp/ r\f/ fyhr;rhu/ fy;tp/
Rw;Wg;g[w kw;Wk; ghJfhg;g[ gpur;ridfspy; ghuhSkd;w';fs;
bjhlh;e;J gd;dhl;Lj; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUf;f ntz;Lk;.
150
 cyf Rw;Wyh mikg;gl
[ d; gd;dhl;Lg; ghuhSkd;w a{dpad;
xj;JiHf;f ntz;Lk;.
 cyf Rw;Wyh mikg;g[ IPU(Inter Parlimentary Union) t[ld;
xj;JiHj;J Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; ghJfhg;g[ Fwpj;j njrpa rl;lj;ij
Ma;t[ bra;a ntz;Lk;.

1. Rw;Wyhtpd; gd;dhl;Lg; ghuhSkd;w khehL eilbgw;w ,lk;
m) kzpyh M) nQf; ,) epa[ahh;f; <) ,e;jpah
2. nQf; jPh;khd';fis tpsf;Ff.
3. Rw;Wyhg; gazpah; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; trjpfs; ahit>
4. Rw;Wyhg; gazpiag; ghJfhg;gJ/ ,l';fs; kw;Wk; j';Fkpl';fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;F eP vd;d bra;tha;>
5. Rw;Wyh rl;l';fs; gw;wp tpthp.
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
cyfpy; cs;s xt;bthU ehLk;/ ,d;W njrpa tsj;jpw;F Rw;Wyh

Kf;fpakhd fhuzk; vd;W czh;e;Js;sJ. jpl;lKk; eilKiwa[k;
njrpa mstpy; xU';fpize;J bray;gLfpwJ mtrpakhFk;.
fiyr;brhw;fs;
WTO - cyf Rw;Wyh mikg;g[
Resolutions - Kiwg;go fUj;ijj; bjhptpg;gJ
ICAO - gd;dhl;L rptpy; thD}h;jp mikg;g[.
c';fs; Kd;ndw;wj;ijr; nrhjpj;jwpa[k; gapw;rpf;fhd tpilfs ;

1. M) nQf;
151
bjhFjp V
Kd;Diu
bjhFjp 5-y; Rw;Wyh cyfpy; kpfg; bghpa bjhHpyhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

vd;gija[k; gd;dhl;Lg; bghUshjhuj;jpy; ,jw;F Kf;fpa g';F
,Uf;fpwJ vd;gija[k; gw;wpj; bjhptpf;fpwJ. Rw;Wyh vg;bghGJk;
tphptila[k; bjhHpyhf ,Uf;fpwJ. xU ehl;od; bghUshjhuk; r\f
kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;g[wk; Mfpatw;wpy; khw;w';fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Rw;Wyh
ey;y tpisita[k; jPatpisita[k; Vw;gLj;jf;ToaJ. gz;ghl;Lg;
gutYf;Fr; Rw;Wyh thfdkhf (Ch;jpahf) ,Uf;fpwJ. gpw gz;ghl;Lld;
bjhlh;g[ Vw;gl ,J cjt[fpwJ. Rw;Wyh xU bgUe;bjhHpyhf
khwpapUf;fpwJ. gy kf;fSf;F gutyhf nrit tha;g;gf
[ is
mspj;jpUf;fpwJ.
gphpt[ 15 : xU gFjpapd; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F Rw;Wyhtpd; bjspthd

g';fspg;g[ gw;wpf; TWfpwJ. ,jd; ed;;ik v';Fk; gut[fpwJ.
cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyh bghUshjhu
tsh;r;rpf;F cjt[fpwJ.
gphpt[ 16 : r\f gz;ghl;Lr; jhf;f';fspy; ftdk; brYj;JfpwJ.

thH;f;ifapd; gy mog;gil kjpg;gf
[ is ,J khw;Wfpd;wJ.
,J ey;cwita[k; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk; jd;ikiaa[k;
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J r\f gz;ghL Mfpatw;wpd;
ew;gad;fisj; bjhptpf;fpwJ.
gphpt[ 17 : cs;Sh; fiy kw;Wk; iftpidg; bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; kug[tHp

gz;ghl;L eltof;iffisg; g[Jg;gpg;gjpy; Rw;Wyhtpd; g';F
gw;wpf; TWfpwJ.
gphpt[ 18 : Rw;Wyhtpd; jPa tpist[fs; gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwJ. ,J r\f

thH;f;if kw;Wk; xGf;f kjpg;g[fSf;Ff; nfL tpistpf;fpwJ.
,J Rw;Wg;g[wr;NHiyg; ghjpf;fpwJ. ,J ePh/; Mfhak; kw;Wk;
gpwtw;iw khRgl tHptFf;fpwJ.
Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk;
gphpt[ 15
Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk;
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
15.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk;
15.1.1 tUkhdj;jpd; Mjhuk;
15.1.2 btspehl:Lr; bryhtzp
15.1.3 thpfs; \yk; tUkhdk;
15.1.4 gd;dhl;L thzpfk;
15.1.5 njrpa tUtha; kWtpepnahfk;
15.1.6 bghUshjhu gyd;fs;
15.1.7 ntiyfis cUthf;Fjy;
15.1.8 gy;Kid tpist[fs;
15.1.9 may;ehl:L brYj;J epiy
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr;brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
xU ehl;od; bghUshjhuj;ij mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k; xU Kf;fpa

Mjhukhf Rw;Wyh fUjg;gLfpwJ. btspehl:Lg; gazpfspd; tUifmjpf
me;epar; bryhtzpia <l;LfpwJ. ,J may;ehl;L brYj;J epiyg;
gpur;ridia jPh;f;ft[k; (Balance of payment problem) kw;Wk;
ntiytha;g;g[fis cUthf;ft[k; bra;fpwJ.
153
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k.;
 bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;fhd ,jd; g';fpid tpthpf;ft[k;/

 btspehl;L bryhtzpia nkk;gLj;Jtij tpthpf;ft[k;/
 may; ehl;L brYj;J epiyapd; g';if tpsf;ft[k;/
 Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; mjd; nritiag; gw;wp tpthjpf;ft[k/;
 ,jd; gy;Kid tpist[fis vLj;Jr; brhy;yt[k; ,aYk;.
15.1 Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk;
j';fSila ,Ug;gplk; tpl;L btspna bry;Yk; kf;fisg; gw;wpa

gog;g[ Rw;Wyh MFk;. nkYk; j';fSf;F tpUe;jspg;gth;fspd; trjp/
bghUshjhuk; Mfpatw;wpd; jhf;f';fs; gw;wpf; TWtJk; Rw;WyhthFk;.
Rw;Wyhtpd; gy;ntW jhf;f';fs; gy tHpfspy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
gy tHpfspy; mJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. bghUshjhu r\f kw;Wk;
fyhr;rhu ed;ikfs; jUfpd;wd. ntiy tha;;g;g[fis cUthf;fpa[k; gpw
rKjha';fs; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;J bfhs;st[k; bghUshjhu kw;Wk; r\f
gad;ghLfis juf;ToaJkhd Kf;fpa rf;jpahf Rw;Wyh tps';FfpwJ.
Rw;Wyhtpy; bghUshjhuk; Kf;fpa g';F vLj;Jf;bfhs;fpwJ.

,d;W cyfpy; gy ehLfs; bghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp ed;F
mwpe;Js;sd. cyfpy; Rw;Wyh kpfg;bghpa bjhHpy;fspy; xd;whfg;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. bghJthd Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; gaz';fs; kfpH;tf
[ ;fhfnt
bra;ag;gLfpd;wd. kw;witaht[k; tUkhdk; bgWk; tifapy;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLgitahFk;. me;epar; bryhtzpf;F xU ey;y tUtha;
fpilf;fr; bra;tJ Rw;Wyh MFk;. xU ehl;ow;F Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpy;
tUkhdj;jpd; kpfg;bghpa Mjhuk; vd;gjpy; ve;jtpj Mr;rh;aKk; ,y;iy.
15.1.1 tUkhdj;jpd; Mjhuk;
tUkhdj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf ,Ug;gJ Rw;Wyh. Rw;Wyh

tifapy; ,e;jpah 1988 Mk; Mz;L rk;ghjpj;j tUkhdk; +gha; 200
nfhofshFk;. fPnH jug;gl;Ls;s ehLfs; Rw;Wyhtpd; \ykhf mile;j
tUkhdk; tUkhW :
154
Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk;
mbkhpf;fh - 10223 kpy;ypad; lhyh;
,j;jhyp - 7522 kpy;ypad; lhyh;
gpuhd;R - 6308 kpy;ypad; lhyh;
gphpl;ld; - 5041 kpy;ypad; lhyh;.
15.1.2 btspehl;Lr; bryhtzp (me;epar; bryhtzp)
Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpiy nkk;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpa bghUshjhug; gad;

me;epar; bryhtzpia <l;LtjhFk;. me;epar; bryhtzpapypUe;J
fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk; njrpa tUkhdj;ij mjpfhpf;fr; bra;fpwJ.
rw;Wyh \ykhf rpy rpwpa ehLfs; mjpf tUtha; bgWfpd;wd.
btspehl;Lg; gazpfSf;Fg; bghUs;fis tpw;Fk; nghJk;
nritfSf;fhf mth;fsplk; ,Ue;J bgWk; me;epag; gzk; xU tifapy;
tuthFk;. bghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp bra;a[k; nghJ mtw;iw (Visibile
Exports) fz;qf;Fj; bjhpa[k; Vw;Wkjp vd;fpnwhk;. nritfis
Vw;Wkjp bra;jhy; mJ fz;qf;Fj; bjhpahj Vw;Wkjp (Invisible
exports) Rw;Wyh fz;qf;Fj; bjhpahj Vw;Wkjp Rw;Wyh ,uz;lhk;
btspehl;L bryhtzpia <l;oj;jUfpwJ. gy Kd;ndwpa ehLfSf;F
Rw;Wyh tUthiaj;jUk; Mjhukhft[k; cgnahfKs;s rhjdkhf
,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j tutpdk; (balance of payment) xU tYthd
neh;tpisit (Positive effect) Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
15.1.3 thpfs; \yk; tUkhdk;
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfshy; brytpLk; gzk; murh';fj;jpw;F xUrpwpa

mstpyhd tUkhdk; jhd;. mth;fs; tpLjpfSf;Fk; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fk;
kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhg; bghUl;fSf;Fk; mjpf mst[ brytpLfpwhh;fs;.
mth;fs; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; thp brYj;j ntz;Lk;. (c-k;) jz;zPh; thp/
kpd;rhu thp kw;Wk; gpw rpythpfs; neuoahdjhft[k; rpy kiwKfkhd
thpahft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,t;tpj thpfshy; njrpa tUtha;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
155
thpfs; \yk; tUkhdk;
brhj;J ,wf;Fkjp tpw;gid tUkhd tpLjp nghf;Ftuj;J bghGJnghf;F

thp thp thp thp thp thp thp
15.1.4 gd;dhl;L thzpgk;
Rw;Wyh gd;dhl;L thzpgj;jpw;F tHp tfpf;fpwJ. rpy kf;fs;

tzpf nehf;fj;jpw;fhf gaz';fis nkw;bfhs;th;. j';fs;
fk;bgdpfSf;F \yg;bghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp bra;th; (c-k;)
fk;g;a{l;lh;fSf;fhd \yg; bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gpw.
15.1.5 njrpa tUkhdj;ij kW tpepnahfk; bra;jy;
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; j';fspd; tUkhdj;jpypUe;J te;j gzj;ij

gazj;jpw;fhf te;j ,lj;jpy; brytpLfpd;wdh;. ,jd; gyd; njrpa
tUkhdj;ij kWtpepnahfk; bra;tjhFk;.
15.1.6 bghUshjhu gad;fs;
gd;dhl;L Rw;Wyhthy; tUk; tutpd';fs; ,Uf;fpwJ. tsh;;e;j

ehLfSf;Fk; kjpg;g[s;s tUtha; Mjhukhf Mjhpf;Fk; ehLfs;
bghUshjhu eyid bghpjhff; fUJfpd;wd/ gpw Kjd;ikahd
bghUl;fis tpl Rw;Wyh epiyahd tUkhdj;ijj; jUtJ jhd;
fhuzkhFk;. gy ehLfs; bghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp bra;fpd;wd. trjpa[s;s
ehLfspypUe;J trjpaw;w ehLfSf;F gzk; bry;fpwJ. Rw;Wyh gy
ehLfSf;F Kf;fpa tUkhd Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf 1881y;
gy gazpfs; (40 kpy;ypad;) !;bgapDf;F tUif je;jdh;. !;igapd;
ehl;od; bkhj;j $dj;bjhifna 36 kpy;ypad; jhd;. g[jpjhfj; njhd;wpa
ehLfs; fhpgPad; ehLfs; btFthf Rw;Wyh tUkhdj;ijna
ek;gpa[s;sJ. tsh;e;j ehLfspy; fdlh Rw;Wyh tUkhdj;ijj; jUfpwJ.
!;bgapd/; nghh;r;Rf;fy;/ M!;jphpah/ a{nfh!;nytpah kw;Wk; fphP!;
Mfpa ehLfspy; may;ehl;L brYj;J epiy (balance of payment) tif
ey;y tpisit Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
156
Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk;
Rw;Wyhtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Kf;fpakhd bghUshjhu ed;ik (balance
of payment) <l;oj;jUtJ jhd;. 1988 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfshy; <l;oa tUtha; 2100 nfho +gha;fshFk;.
fPH;f;fz;l ehLfs; Rw;Wyh \ykhfg; bgw;w tUtha;fs; tUkhW:
mbkhpf;fh - 10223 kpy;ypad; lhyh;

,j;jhyp - 7522 kpy;ypad; lhyh;
gpuhd;R - 6308 kpy;ypad; lhyh;
gphpl;ld; - 5041 kpy;ypad; lhyh;.
15.1.7 ntiyfis cUthf;Fjy;
Rw;Wyhtpd; kw;bwhU neuoahd bghUshjhu tpist[ ntiyfs;

cUthf;Fjy; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ. tsUk; ehLfspy; ntiyapy;yhj;
jpz;lhl;lKk; Fiwthd Cjpaj;jpw;F ntiyghh;j;jy; Mfpait
mjpfkhf cs;sJ. Rw;Wyh bjhHpy; nrit Mw;Wk; xd;whf ,Ug;gjhy;
ntiyfis cUthf;Fk; Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ. vy;yh jug;gl;l
kf;fSf;Fk; ,jdhy; ntiy fpilf;fpwJ. eph;thfj;jpw;F gyh;
njitg;gLfpwhh;fs; fzf;fh;fs;/ rikay; ntiyf;fhuh;fs; fhtyh;
kw;Wk; gpw/ ,Jnghf RikJ}f;Fnthh;/ gzpg;bgz;fs;/ rikayiwapy;
gzpg[hpnthh/; njhl;lf;fhuh;fs; kw;Wk; gpw ntiyahl;fSk; gzpfs;
Rw;Wyhtpdhy; bgWfpd;wdh;. kiwKfkhf Rw;Wyh btspapYk; ntiy
tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. bghUl;fis tpepnahfpj;jy;/ nrit bra;jy;
Mfpatw;wpYk; ed;ik bgWfpd;wdh;. ,J nghd;w kiwKfkhf gyd;
bgWgit bghUl;fis tpw;Fk; epWtd';fs;/ gj;jphpf;ifj; Jiw kw;Wk;
czt[ tpepnahfpf;Fk; epWtd';fs;.
fl;ol';fs; fl;Lk; epWtd';fs; Rw;Wyhtpdhy; gy ntiy

thag;g;[fisj; jUfpd;wd. rhiyfs;/ tpkhdj;js';fs/; jz;zPh;trjp
tpepnahfk;/ nQhl;ly;fisf; fl;Ljy;/ gpw j';Fk; tpLjpfs; fl;Ljy;
Mfpait Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fSf;F ntiy tha;g;gf
[ isj;
jUfpd;wd. bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F bjhHpy; tha;g;g[fs; kpft[k; mtrpak;.
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw xU rpy gUt fhy';fspy; bjhHpy;fis tH';ff; Toad.
Rw;Wyh xU nritj; bjhHpy;. mJ bjhHpy; Kidg;ghdJ.

btt;ntW jpwik bfhz;l kf;fSf;F ,J ntiyfis cUthf;fpj;
157
jUfpwJ. Rw;Wyhtpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; ntiyfis \d;whf
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
neuo ntiy - Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F nrit bra;tjw;fhd

ntiyfs;.
kiwKf ntiy - kur;rhkhd;fs;/ tptrhak;/ rikay;/ bert[

Mfpa bjhHpy;fs; Mfpad gy tsUk; btspehLfspy; Rw;Wyhit
nkk;gLj;Jtjhy; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp Cf;fk; bgWfpd;wd.
15.1.8 gy;Kid tpist[fs;
nkny brhy;yg;gl;litfspypUe;J xU ehl;od; njrpa

tUkhdj;jpw;F Rw;Wyh xUKf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ vd;gJ bjspthfpwJ.
cs;ehl;L Rw;Wyhtpd; tUthiaf; fzf;fpy; vLj:Jf;bfhs;shknyna
btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpd; tut[fs; kl;Lk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
Rw;Wyhg; gazp brytpLk; gzk; bghUshjhuj;jpd; gy gphpt[fspd;
tHpahf gy kl';fhfpwJ. Rw;Wyh tut[f;F Mjhukhf ,Ug;gnjhL gy
vz;zw;w gpw bghUshjhu ed;ikfisa[k; jUfpd;wJ.
mikg;g[ trjp KjyPLfspypUe;J tUk; gyd;fnshL tpkhd

epiyak;/ rhiyfs/; jz;zPh; tpepnahfk;/ kw;Wk; gpw bghJg;gad;fSk;
gpw gphpt[fspd; bghUshjhu KjyPLfspypUe;J gy ed;ikfs;
bgWfpnwhk;. nQhl;ly;fs/; rpw;Wz;o rhiyfs/; kpa{rpa';fs; fpsg;gf
[ s/;
tpisahl;L mu';Ffs;/ tzpf tshf';fs;/ bghJg;nghf;Ftuj;J
epiyak; njrpag; g{';fhf;fs; Mfpa Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd trjpfis cs;~h;
gazpfshYk;/ tzpfh;fshYk;/ mnj ,lj;jpy; thGk; kf;fshYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; nkw;Twpatw;wpw;F MFk; bgUk;ghyhd
bryt[ gd;dhl;Lg; gazpfshy; jug;gLk; gzj;jpypUe;J vLj:Jf;
bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ vd;gij ehk; kdjpy; bfhs;jy; ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfs; thpfs; neuoahf tpw;gid thpfs; kiwKfkhf brhj;Jthp
Mfpatw;iwr; brYj;Jfpd;wdh;. Rw;Wyh ntiyfisj; jUjy;/
trjpfis nkk;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;wpd; \yk; gpuhe;jpag; gFjpfspd;
tsh;r;rpf;F cjt[fpwJ.
Rw;Wyh xU tUkhdj;jpd; Mjhukhf vspjhf fzf;fpl KoahJ.

,J vjdhy; vd;why; mjd; gyKid tpist[fshy; MFk;. Rw;Wyhg;
gazpahy; brytpLk; gzk; gy gphpt[fSf;Fr; bry;Yk; nghJ mJ
158
Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk;
gythfg; bgUFtjhy; gy;Kid tpist[ my;yJ jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
,t;thW bgUFtJ tUthapd; fUj;jhFk;. ,e;jf; bfhs;ifia
cUthf;fpath;fs; fhd; kw;Wk; fPd;!; (kahn and Keynes)
Mfpnahuhth;.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l Rw;Wyh brytpdj;jpy; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhtpy;

gy;Kid bray; (Multiplier Mechanism) Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Rw;Wyhtpd; gy kl';F tpist[ (Tourism multiplier and its effects)
fPH;f;fz;lthW tpsf;fyhk;. Rw;Wyh gazp brYj;Jk; gzk;/
cjhuzkhf jdJ nQhl;ly; brytpw;F brytpKk; gzk/; czt[/
jz;zPh; kw;Wk; kpd;rhu ,jutw;wpw;F brytplg;gLfpwJ. Rw;Wyhg; gazp
brytpLk; gzk; Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpiy neuoahf cjt[tJld;
kiwKfkhf gy ,ju bjhHpy;fSf;Fk; cjt[fpwJ. bghUs;fs;
tpepnahfk; nritfs; nghd;wtw;wpw;F ,e;j tHpapy; Rw;Wyhg; gazp
brytpLk; gy Kiw gy gphpt[fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW gzk;
gy iffs; khwp njrpag; bghUshjhuj;ij mjpfhpf;fr; bra;fpwJ.
xt;bthU Kiwa[k; gzk; ifkhWk; nghJ mJ g[jpa tUthahf

khWfpwJ. ,ijg; bghUshjhu ty;Yeh;fs; (Multiplier effect) gy;Kid
tpist[ vd;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; btspehl;oypUe;J bghUis ,wf;Fkjp
bra;jhy; frpt[fs; (Leakages) Vw;gLfpd;wd. btspehl;L KjYf;F tl;o
brYj;Jjy; nghd;wit gyKid tpist[ (Multiplier effect) msitf;
Fiwf;fpwJ. bgUk;ghYk; Rw;Wyhg; gazp czt[g; gjhh;j;j';fSf;Fr;
brytpLfpd;wdh;. nrkpg;g[ Rw;Wyh gyKidia mjpfhpf;f cjt[k.;
,jdhy; btspehl;odiu tuntw;Fk; ehLfs; mjpf bghUshjhu
gad;fis milth;. ,jd; bghUs; Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; bryt[
bghUspapaypd; gygphpt[fSf;Fr; bry;fpd;wJ. mt;thW brytHpf;fg;gLk;
gzk; g[jpa tUkhdj;ij vw;gLj;JfpwJ. kPz;Lk; mJ bryita[k;
tuita[k; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,ijj; jhd; gy;Kid tpist[fs;
vd;wiHf;fpd;wdh;.
Rw;Wyhg; gazp brytpLk; gzk; Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpiy kl;Lk;

Mjhpg;gJld; gpw bjhHpy;fisa[k; kiwKfkhf Mjhpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW
Rw;Wyhg; gazp brytpLk; gzk; gyKiwg;gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;tpjk; gpw tzpfg; gphpt[fSf;Fk; ,g;gzk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
159
gy;Kid tpisit tpthpf;Fk; tiuglk;
(Diagram to explain multiplier effect)
Rw;Wyhit Mjhukhff; bfhz;l bjhHpy;fs;
Kjd;ik gaz thzpfk; ,uz;lhk; thzpfk;
nQhl;ly; czt[ nghf;Ftuj;J Rw;Wyh mYtyfk;
jiug;nghf;Ftuj;J uapy; fg;gy; thD}h;jp
!;lhy;fs; bghGJ nghf;F g[j;jf';fs; rY}d; ryit epiya';fs;

filfs; ,l';fs;
jpnal;lh; jpiug;gl';fs; tpHhf;fs; tpisahl:Lfs;
15.1.9 may;ehl;L brYj;Jepiy (Balance of payment)
may;ehl;L brYj;Jepiy vd;gJ xU ehL gpw ehLfSf;F

brYj;j ntz;oa bkhj;j gazj;jpw;Fk; gpw ehLfs; ,e;j ehl;Lf;F jUk;
tutpdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilna cs;s cwitj; Fwpg;gjhFk;. gd;dhlL:
fzf;fpy; ,jid tut[ bryt[f; fzf;F (Statement of Income &
expenditure) vd;W tpsf;fyhk;.
gd;dhl:L fzf;fpy; brytpd';fs; kw;Wk; tutpd';fs; 3

tifahdJ.
1. fz;qf;F g[yg;glf;Toa bghUl;fs; (Visible goods)

2. fz;qf;F g[yg;glhjbghUl;fs; (invisible goods)
3. Kjy; khw;wk; (capital transfers)
160
Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk;
fg;gy; nrit kw;Wk; ,d;Nud;!; Mfpatw;iw fz;fSf;Fj;
bjhpa[k; thzpgk; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ.
btspehl;L Rw;Wyhtpd; \yk; te;j tut[fs; fz;qf;F bjhpahj

Vw;Wkjp (Invisible export) MFk;. kw;wit fz;qf;Fj; bjhpahjit
nghf;Ftuj;J fg;gy; t';fp kw;Wk; ,d;Nud;!; KjyPLfspypUe;J tUk;
tut[fs; Mfpad.
rhjfkhd thzpg bfhLg;g[epiy me;epar; brythzp

(Favourable balance of payment) fPH;tUkhW
1. j';Fkplk; czt[ kw;Wk; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F brytplg;gLk; bjhif:

nQhl;ly;fs; j';Ftjw;Fk; czt[ cz;gjw;Fk; chpa bryt[fs;
kw;Wk; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F brytpLk; bjhif.
2. iftpidg; bghUl;fs; th';Ftjw;fhfr; brytpLk; bjhif
3. fhkpuh/ gpypk; kw;Wk; gpwbghUl;fs; th';Ftjw;Fr; brytpLk; gzk;.
4. nQhl;ly;fs; fl;Ltjw;F brytpLk; me;epa KjyPLfs;.
5. btspehl;L \yjd';fSf;F fl;lg;gLk; tl;oa[k; tut[k;.

1. ,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp bghUl;fis ,t;thW miHg;ghh;fs;.
m) fz;qf;Fj; bjhpa[k; bghUl;fs;
M) fz;qf;Fj; bjhpahj bghUl;fs;
,) ,wf;Fkjp
<) Vw;Wkjp
2. bkhj;j bryt[ kw;Wk; bkhj;j tut[f;Fk; cs;s bjhlh;ig ,t;thW
miHg;ghh;fs;.
m) gy;Kid tpist[ M) may;ehl;L brYj;J epiy
,) btspehl:Lr;bryhtzp <) bryt[
3. fl;Lkhdj; bjhHpy; gw;wp tpsf;F.
4. ntiy cUthf;Fjy; gw;wp tpthp.
5. gy;Kid tpist[ (Multiplier effect) gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
161
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
Rw;Wyh bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; murh';f';fs;

btspehl;Lg; gazpfspd; tUiff;F Mh;tk; fhl:Lfpd;wd. mitfs;
ehl;oy; Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd trjpfisa[k; nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
fiyr;brhw;fs;
Multiplier effect - tUtha; mjpfhpj;jy;
Invisible goods - ,d;Nud;!; nghd;w nritfs; (fz;qf;Fj;
bjhpahjit).

1. m) fz;qf;Fj; bjhpa[k; bghUl;fs;
2. m) gy;Kid tpist[
162
gphpt[ 16
r\fj; jhf;fk;
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
16.1 r\fj; jhf;fk;
16.1.1 njrpa xUikg;ghL
16.1.2 gd;dhl;L cld;ghL
16.1.3 fiyfisa[k; ehl;Lg;gw
[ f; fiyfisa[k; Rw;Wyh
ghJfhf;fpwJ
16.1.4 tuyhw;W epidt[r; rpd;d';fis Rw;Wyh
ghJfhf;fpwJ
16.1.5 Md;kPf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
16.1.6 cs;ehl;Lf; fyhr;rhhug; ghJfhg;g[
16.1.7 Rw;Wyh fy;tpapd; kjpg;ig tsh;f;fpwJ
16.1.8 kdpj cwit tsh;f;fpwJ
16.1.9 fUj;Jf;fs; ghpkhw;wk;
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr;brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
Rw;Wyhtpd; rKjhaj; jhf;fj;ij ,g;gphpt[ tpsf;FfpwJ. r\fk;

kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; kPJ Vw;gLk; gy;ntW Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk; gw;wpa[k;/
mJ vt;thW epidt[rr
; pd;d';fisg; ghJfhg;gJld; kf;fspilna
el;iga[k/; gu!;gukhf mwpe;J bfhs;tija[k; kdpj cwt[fis
tsh;f;ft[k; bra;fpwJ vd;gJ gw;wp ,g;gphpt[ TWfpwJ.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k.;
 Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fj;ijg; gw;wp tpsf;ft[k/;

 njrpa xUikg;ghl;od; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;ft[k;/
 fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;ft[k;/
 fiyiag; ghJfhg;gijg; gw;wp tpsf;ft[k; ,aYk;.
16.1 r\fj; jhf;fk;
Rw;Wyh ey;vz;zj;ija[k; el;iga[k; nkk;gLj:JfpwJ.

Rw;Wyhtpw;Fk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilna xU beU';fpa cwt[ ,Uf;fpwJ.
gd;dhl;L cld;ghl;ow;F ,J xU thfdkhf cs;sJ. mJ el;gw
[ it
Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. gy ghi#fisf; bfhz;l kf;fs; xd;W nrh;fpd;wdh;.
m';nf xU fyhr;rhu ,izt[ Vw;gLfpwJ. mjpf vz;zpf;if cila
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; cs;ehl;L kf;fspilna nrh;e;J mth;fis
ez;gh;fshf;fpf; bfhs;fpd;wdh;. thH;f;if/ cil/ eltof;iffs;/
czt[g; gHf;f';fs; gw;wpa mnef tp#a';fis ehk; bgWfpnwhk;.
gd;dhl;L mwpit tsh;g;gjpy; Rw;Wyhtpd; g';F mjpfk;/ me;jj;

Jiwapy; rpwg;ghd gzpiar; Rw;Wyh bra;J tUfpwJ. btt;ntW
kf;fis neuoahf bfhz;L tUtjd; \yk; Rw;Wyh gd;dhl;L mwpitg;
gutr; bra;a xU fUtpahfr; bray;gLfpwJ. gd;dhl;L ey;vz;zj;jpw;F
,J bgUk; g';fspf;fpwJ vd;W Rl;of;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. r\f fyhr;rhu
mwpit cyf kf;fspilna nkk;glr; bra;tjw;F Kjd;ikahd xd;whf
Rw;Wyh bray;gLfpwJ. gy;ntW ehl;L kf;fs; btt;ntW thH;f;if
Kiwfis bfhz;oUg;gth;fs; gy;ntW bkhHpfisg; ngRgth;fs;
Rw;Wyhtpw;F te;J xUtiu xUth; ez;gh;fshf;fpf; bfhs;fpd;wdh;.
,jdhy; fyhr;rhu ,izt[k; mjdhy; ey;tpist[fSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
Jau';fs/; jilfs;/ njr';fspilna re;njf';fisf; bfhz;oUg;gJ
Mfpa midj;Jk; Rw;Wyhtpy; kiwe;J tpLfpd;wd. gpw ehLfisg; gw;wp
ed;F mwpe;J bfhs;s rpwe;jbjhU tHp me;ehLfSf;F bry;tJ jhd.;
FWfpa/ ,Wf;fkhd vz;z';fs; kiwe;J gd;dhl;L cld;ghL Vw;glj;
Jt';FfpwJ.
164
r\fj; jhf;fk;
Rw;Wyh bghUshjhu eltof;ifia Kf;fpakhff;bfhz;L
tps';FtJld; xU ehl;ow;F me;epar; bryhtzpiaa[k; jUfpwJ. cyf
ehLfSf;F ,ilna ey;vz;zk; kw;Wk; el;g[ nkk;glt[k; r\ff; fyhr;rhu
tsh;r;rpapd; Kf;fpakhd xU fUtpahft[k; Rw;Wyh ,Uf;fpwJ. xU
ehl;od; gpuhe;jpa tsh;r;rpf;F tHptFf;fpwJ. ehl;od; gy;ntW
gFjpapYs;s kf;fsplk; r\ff; fy;tpiaa[k; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk;
jd;ikiaa[k; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. filrpapy; Rw;Wyhtpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd
g';fspg;ghf ,Ug;gJ gyjug;gl;l fyhr;rhu';fisa[k; thH;;f;if
Kiwiaa[k; bfhz;oUg;gth;fsplk; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk; jd;ikia
nkk;gLj;JtJ jhd;.
16.1.1 njrpa xUikg;ghL
njrpa xUikg;ghl;ow;F Rw;Wyh xU rf;jp tha;e;j fUtpahf

gzpahw;w Koa[k;. Rw;Wyhtpd; jpl;l';fshy; Fokf;fs; ehfhpfj;jpd;
gy;ntW epiyfis mwpe;J bfhs;s Koa[k;. njrpa XUikg;ghl;ow;F
Rw;Wyh jd; gzpiar; bra;fpwJ.
16.1.2 gd;dhl;L cld;ghL
Rw;Wyhtpdhy; kf;fs; gpwehLfspd; fyhr;rhuk;/ tuyhW/ g[tp

mikg;g[/ r\f fy;tp kw;Wk; murpay; Kiwfs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhs;s
Koa[k;. ,J gy ehl;L kf;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhs;sr; bra;fpwJ.
vg;bghGJk; ehk; tpUe;jhspfis ed;F tuntw;f ntz;Lk;.
16.1.3 fiyfs; kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;g[wf; fiyfis Rw;Wyh

ghJfhf;fpwJ
kug[ hPjpahd fiyfs; kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;g[wf;fiyfs; Mfpatw;iw

Rw;Wyh ghJfhf;ft[k; nkk;gLj;jt[k; bra;fpwJ. ehL KGtJk; tpHhf;fs;
bfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd. kug[tHp fiyfs; capUld; ,Ug;gjw;F Rw;Wyh
fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
16.1.4 Rw;Wyh tuyhw;W epidt[r; rpd;d';fisg; ghJfhf;fpwJ
Rw;Wyhtpy; tuyhw;W epidt[r; rpd;d';fs; bghpa mstpyhd

fth;rr
; pahf tps';FfpwJ. ,it fle;j fhyj;jpd; epidt[g; bghUl;fshf
cs;sd. ,tw;iwf; fhz;gjw;fhf tNypf;fg;gLk; bjhifia ,tw;iwg;
165
guhkhpg;gjw;fhd brytpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Rw;Wyh epidt[r;
rpd;d';fisg; ghJfhf;ft[k; cjt[fpwJ.
16.1.5 Md;kPf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
g[dpjg;gazk; vd;gJ Rw;Wyhtpd; Kf;fpakhd Xh; m';fkhFk;.

,jd; Kf;fpakhd nehf;fk; kf;fSila eynd MFk;. ,J kf;fspilna
xGf;fj;ija[k; ew;gz;g[fisa[k; bfhz;L tUfpwJ.
16.1.6 cs;~h; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; ghJfhf;fpwJ
cs;~h; fyhr;rhuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Kf;fpakhdit Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfisf; ftUgitfs;. ifj;bjhHpy;/ bkhHp/ tHf;fhWfs/; fiy
kw;Wk; ,ir/ fl;ol';fs;/ rkak;/ fy;tp/ cil kw;Wk; Xa;t[neu bray;fs;
cs;~h; fyhr;rhuj;ij Rw;Wyh ghJfhg;gjw;F cjt[fpwJ.
16.1.7 Rw;Wyh fy;tpapd; kjpg;ig tsh;f;fpwJ
g[jpa kw;Wk; gyjug;gl;l mDgt';;fis kf;fSf;Fj; jUtjpy;

Rw;Wyh rpwe;j g';F tfpf;fpwJ. xU Rw;Wyhg; gazp g[jpa ,l';fis
fhqfpwhd;. g[jpa rKjhak;/ g[jpa fyhr;rhuk/; g[jpa kf;fisr;
re;jpf;fpwhd;.
16.1.8 kdpj cwit tsh;f;fpwJ
kdpj cwtpd; kjpg;gf

[ is Rw;Wyh tsh;f;fpwJ. ,J xUth;
kw;wtiug; g[hpe;J bfhs;s Jiz bra;fpwJ. ,J xU ey;y kdpjida[k;
Fokfida[k; cUthf;FfpwJ. Rw;Wyh kdpj cwt[fis tsh;f;fpwJ.
16.1.9 fUj:Jf;fs; ghpkhw;wk;
re;jpg;g[fs; Vw;gLk;bghGJ fUj;Jf;fSk; brhe;j mgpg;uha';fSk;

gfph]e]J bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. my;yJ ghpkhwpf; bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,J
btt;ntwhd kf;fspilna el;g[wit tsh;f;fpwJ.

1. gd;dhl;L cld;ghL xU fUtpahf (thfdkhf) ,Uf;fpwJ.
m) fyhr;rhuk; M) Rw;Wyh ,) thzpgk; <) gazk;
166
r\fj; jhf;fk;
2. Rw;Wyh vt;thW ey;vz;zj;ij tsh;f;fpwJ>
3. Rw;Wyh vt;thW fiyia ghJfhf;fpwJ>
4. Rw;Wyhtpdhy; Vw;gLk; fy;tp kjpg;g[ gw;wp tpthp.
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
gd;dhl;L cld;ghl;ow;F Rw;Wyh xU thfdkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

btt;ntW kf;fis neUf;Fneh; bfhz;L tUfpwJ. vy;yhj;
jilfisa[k; ,J mfw;WfpwJ. fyhr;rhu';fs; ,jdhy; ,izfpd;wd.
,jd; Kf;fpakhd g';fspg;g[ gy fyhr;rhu';fisg; gw;wpj; bjhpe;J
bfhs;s cjt[fpwJ vd;gjhFk;.
fiyr; brhw;fs;
Leisure - Xa;t[
Folk Arts - ehl;Lg;g[wf;fiyfs;.

1. M) Rw;Wyh
167
gphpt[ 17
bgsjPf kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;g[wj; jhf;fk;
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
17.1 bgsjPf kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;g[wj; jhf;fk;
17.1.1 trjpfspd; tsh;r;rp
17.2 Rw;Wg;g[wj;jpd; jhf;fk;
17.2.1 ghJfhg;g[
17.2.2 kWrPuikg;g[
17.2.3 neh;tHp gad;fs;
17.2.4 fyhr;rhuj;jhf;fk;
17.2.5 ed;ikfs;
17.2.6 r\f fyhr;rhu gpur;ridfs;
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr;brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
Rw;Wyh g[ifapy;yhj xU bjhHpy;. Rw;Wyh gFjpapy;

trjpfisa[k; njitahd fl;Lkhd trjpfisa[k; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
fl;Lkhd trjpfis nkk;gLj;j Vw;ghL bra;fpwJ. cs;~h;thrpfSk;
,jd; gyid mDgtpf;fpd;wdh;.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k.;
 fl;Lkhd trjpfs; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;ft[k;/

 Rw;Wyhj;bjhHpypd; btt;ntW gphpt[fs; gw;wp kjpg;gplt[k;/
 Rw;Wyhg; gFjpfis nkk;gLj;j murh';fk; vLj;Js;s
eltof;iffis tpsf;ft[k; Koa[k;.
17.1 bgsjPf kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;g[wj;jhf;fk;
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; vjph;fhyg; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapd;

m!;jpthukhFk;. Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpy; mog;gil trjpfspd; njitia
tpsf;FfpwJ. ,J njrpa bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F mjpf g';fspf;fpwJ.
gpw gphpt[f;Fk; nritahw;WfpwJ. gy;ntW Jizj;bjhHpy;fs;
Rw;Wyhtpdhy; tUtha;fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wd. Rw;Wyh ,aw;ifr;
Rw;Wg;gwj;ija[k; Tlg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
17.1.1 fl;Lkhd trjpfspd; tsh;r;rp (Development of

Infrastructure)
Kd;ndw;wk;/ tsh;r;rp/ Mfpait fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; nghf;Ftuj;J

trjpfspy; ,Ug;gJ kw;bwhU Kf;fpa ed;ikahFk;. fl;Lkhd
KjyPl;oypUe;J bgWk; ed;ikfs; tpkhdj;jsk;/ rhiyfs;/ jz;zPh;
tpepnahfk; kw;Wk; gpw bghJg;gad;ghLfs.; g[jpa fl;Lkhd trjpfs; nghf
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis fth;tjw;fhf ,Uf;Fk; fl;Lkhd trjpfis
nkk;gLj;JfpwJ. Rw;Wyh brytpdk; kiwKfkhf gpw bghUshjhu
bray;fSf;Fj; J}z;Lnfhyhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mog;gil trjpfspy;
Fiwfs; ,Ug;gJ Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rpf;F kpFe;j gpur;ridfs; cilajhff;
fUjg;gLk;. fl;Lkhd trjpfs; cldo gyd;fs; juhtpl;lhYk; mJ
vjph;fhyj;jpd; tuyhw;W tsh;r;rpf;F m!;jpthukhFk;. ,Uf;Fk; trjpfs;
\yk; RwWyh njrpa tUkhdj;ij cah;j;JfpwJ. gd;dhl;L kw;Wk;
cs;ehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpdhy; nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; bra;a
ntz;oaJs;sJ. mjw;fhf gzk; brytHpf;f ntz;oaJk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
Rw;Wyh gaDf;fhf brytHpf;fg;gLk;; gzk; gpw JiwfSk;
gad;gLtjw;F trjpahf ,Uf;fpwJ (c-k;) bjhHpw;rhiyfs;/ tptrhak;.
kw;bwhU Kf;fpakhd cs;ehl;L tpist[ gpuhe;jpa';fspy; Vw;gLk;

Rw;Wyhr;bryt[fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lit. rpy bryt[fs; Kf;fpakhdjhf
,Uf;fpd;wd. nuhkpy; I.eh. elj;jpa gd;dhl;Lg; gazk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh
vDk; khehl;oy; Twpa Kf;fpa bra;jp Rw;Wyh me;epar; bryhtzpf;F
Kf;fpakhdjhfnt ,Ue;jJld; gy tifapy; bghUshjhu hPjpapy;
gpd;j';fpa gFjpfspd; bghUshjhuj;ij tsh;r;rpaila cjtpaJ.
169
ehl;od; Kd;ndwhj gFjpfs; Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpahy; bghpJk;
gydilfpd;wd. bghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd;j';fpa gFjpfs; fhl;rp mHFk;/
fyhr;rhu fth;r;rpa[k; bfhz;L cs;sd. ,e;jg; gFjpfs; Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfSf;fhf Kd;ndw;wg;gl;lhy;/ cs;~h; kf;fSf;F gy ts';fis
mspf;Fk;. Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp ,e;jg; gFjpfspy; vw;gLkhdhy; bjhHpy;
tha;gg
; k
[ ; tUkhdKk; bgUFk;. mjdhy; mg;gFjp kf;fspd;; Jau';fs;
mfYk;. xU Fwpg;gpll Rw;Wyh gFjpapy; bra;ag;gLk; Rw;Wyh bryt[
mg;gFjp Kd;ndWtjw;F tHp tFf;fpwJ. Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J tsUk;
kw;Wk; tsh;e;j ehLfs; ed;F czh;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. gpd;j';fpa gFjpapy;
Rw;Wyh trjpfisg; bgUf;Ftjhy; mg;gFjpfs; tsk; bgWk;.
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s f$%uhnQh (Khajuraho) vd;w ,lk;

,g;bghGJ xU gd;dhl;lstpy; gpurpj;jp bgw;w ,lkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. 20
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;g[ f$%uhnQh vd;w ,lk; xUtUk; bry;y Koahj/
vtUk; mwpahj xU Ff;fpuhkkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,g;bghGJ cyf
Rw;wyh tiu glj;jpy; ,lk; bgw;W cyfpd; Mapuf;fzf;fhd Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfis <h;j;J tUfpwJ. ,d;W ,e;jpa Vh;iyd;!; (tpkhdg;
nghf;Ftuj;J) xU b$l; tpkhdk;; bly;ypapypUe;J f$%uhnQhtpw;F
brd;W tUfpwJ. Mapuf;fzf;fhdr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,e;j ,lj;ij
tpkhd';fs;/ uapy;/ rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J \yk; te;J f$%uhnQhtpy; te;J
m';Fs;s nfhtpypd; fl;ol rpiy mHFfis fz;L urpf;fpd;wdh;.
,jdhy; f$%uhnQhitr; Rw;wp cs;s ,l';fspy; trjpfSk; ntiy
tha;gg
; f
[ Sk; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. ,J nghd;w gFjpfspy; Rw;Wyh trjpfis
Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. mt;thW bra;jhy; m';Fs;s kf;fSf;F ntiy
tha;gg
; [ jUtJld; bghUshjhu tsKk; Vw;gLk.; gpuhd;R muR g[jpa
fl;ol';fs; ,g;gFjpfspy; fl;oa[s;sJ. ,j;jhyp muR bjw;F ,j;jhypapy;
Rw;Wyhit tsh;f;f Kaw;rpfs; vLj;J tUfpwJ. vdnt Rw;Wyhtpy;
KjyPL bra;tjhy; bghUshjhug; gyd; Vw;gLfpwJ.
17.2 Rw;Wg;g[wj;jpd; jhf;fk;
Rw;Wyhit g[ifapy;yh bjhHpy; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J

Rw;Wg;g[wj;ijg; ghJfhf;fpwJ. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfspd;
mHF cs;~h; fyhr;rhuk;/ thH;f;if ghzp/ rkbtspfs;/ kiyfs;/
Mfpatw;wpy; mjpf Mh;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. Rw;Wyh Rw;Wg;g[wj;ij
mHFgLj;Jk; kw;Wk; nkk;gLj;Jk; xU fUtpahFk;. (c-k;) epyk/;
tpy';Ffs/; gwitfs; kw;Wk; jhtu tiffs;.
170
 Rw;Wyh ,aw;ifg; gFjpfs; tdtpy';Ffs;/ g{';fhf;fs;
Mfpatw;iwg; ghJfhf;fpwJ. ,itfs; ehl;ow;F
Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; fth;r;rpahf tps';Fk; bjhy;bghUs;
epidt[r; rpd;d';fs; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;g[ tha;e;j gFjpfisg;
ghJfhf;fpwJ. tuyhw;W rpwg;g[ kpf;f efu';fs; kw;Wk; khefu';fs;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L nkk;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 fhw;W/ ePh;/ Xir/ fhl;rp khRfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhy; ,J
Rw;Wg;gw
[ j;ij Rj;jkhf itj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. jz;zPh; tpepnahfk;
kw;Wk; fHpt[ ePh; jplf; fHpt[fis mfw;wp Rw;Wg;g[wj;ij nkk;gLj;Jk;
trjpfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Rw;Wyh cs;~h; Rw;Wg;g[wr;NHypd; tpHpg;g[zh;it mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 Rw;wg;g[wr; NHy; 3 Kf;fpa gzpfis cilaJ. Kjypy; Rw;Wg;g[wk;
jUk; ,aw;if ts';fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
 ,uz;lhtjhf Rw;Wg;g[wk; fHpt[g; bghUl;fisg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;Sk;
gzpfisr; bra;fpwJ.
 \d;whtjhf Rw;Wg;g[wk; xa;t[ eltof;iffSf;F trjpfis
tH';FfpwJ.
17.2.1 ghJfhg;g[ (Conservation)
,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpjd; cUthf;fpatw;iw Rw;Wg;g[wj;ij

mwpt[ld; gad;gLj;jpg; ghJfhg;gJ mtrpak;. ghJfhg;g[k; Rw;Wyht[k;
bgUk;ghYk; ,izahfr; bry;td. gy tuyhw;W epidtpl';fs; kw;Wk;
bjhy;bghUs; ,Uf;Fk; gFjpfis mHpt[whky; ghJfhj;J tUfpwJ.
gytifapy;/ cybf';Fk; ,aw;if NHy; Rw;Wyhthy; gad;bgw;W
tUfpwJ. tdtpy';Ffs;/ njrpag; g{';fh Mfpait ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Vbddpy; mit ,aw;if ts';fshf Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis btFthff;
fth;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. njrpag;g{';fhtpy; gy caphpd tiffisg; ghJfhj;J
tUfpd;wdh;. ,jpy; tUk; tUkhdj;ij Kf;fpakhd gGJghh;f;Fk;
gzpfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
17.2.2 kWrPuikg;g[ (Rehabilitation)
Rw;Wg;g[wj;ijg; gGJglhky; ngqtJ ghJfhg;g[ vd;fpw bghGJ

kWrPuikg;g[ vd;gJ Rw;Wg;g[w[j;ij rPh;jpUj;jp khw;wk; bra;J
171
gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Fk;. xU fl;olnkh my;yJ ,lnkh giHa
epiyapypUe;J khw;wpg; g[J cUtKk; capUk; jug;gLfpwJ. Rw;Wyhtpd;
fth;rr
; p fhuzj;jhy; kW rPuikg;g[ \yk; gy fl;ol';fs; Rw;Wyhtpdhy;
fhg;ghw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. cyfk; KGtJk; jdpegUila fl;ol';fs; g[jpa
capiuj; je;Js;sd. cjhuzkhf rpy bjhHpw;rhiy epy';fs; mHfhd
njhl;l';fshf MfpapUf;fpd;wd. kw;Wk;rpy nfhl;ilfSk; tPLfSk;
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; j';Fkplkhf khwp ,Uf;fpd;wd.
17.2.3 cWjpahd gad;fs;
Rw;Wyhtpd; r\fj;jhf;fj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd cWjpahd

gad;fs; fPH;tUkhW:
1. Rw;Wyh rpy bjhHpy;fsw;w ehLfspy; my;yJ gFjpfspy;nkk;ghL

bra;fpwJ.
2. Rw;Wyh btspehl:Lr; bryhtzpiaj;jUk; Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
gy ehLfspy; may;ehl;L brYj;J epiyia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. nkYk;
,J mjpf ntiy tha;g;g[fisj; jUk; Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
3. r\fj;jpd; kjpg;ig Rw;Wyh cah;j;JfpwJ. ,J xa;t[ kw;Wk;
,isg;ghWk; eltof;iffSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpwJ.
4. rhpahd ftdpg;ghy; fiy czh;t[ kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu kjpg;g[ cila
mHfpa ,l';fis ePz;l fhyj;jpw;Fg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; chpa
tsh;r;rp vw;glt[k; ,J cWjpaspf;fpwJ.
5. gFjpf;Fhpa jdpj;jd;ik \jhijahpd; kug[ kw;Wk; fyhr;rhur;
bray;fs; ghjpf;fg;glhj tifapy; Rw;Wyh bjhy;bghUs;
,l';fisg; g[Jg;gpf;fpwJ.
6. cs;~h; fiyfs; kw;Wk; ifj;bjhHpy;fs; kw;Wk; kug[ rhh;e;j
fyhr;rhur; bray;fSf;Fk; Rw;Wyh g[j;Japh; mspf;fpwJ.
7. cs;~h; kf;fs; thH;tpd; r\f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu thH;f;ifiag;
g[Jg;gpf;ft[k; Rw;Wyh bra;fpwJ.
8. Rw;Wyh gazpf;Fk; ,l';fspy; mjpf trjp Vw;gLj;jpj; jUfpwJ.
mjdhy; cs;Sh; kf;fs; gyd; milfpd;wdh;.
9. tpLKiw ehl;fspy; Rw;Wyhtpy; <Lgl;l gazpfs; cly;eyk;
bgWfpd;wdh;.
172
17.2.4 fyhr;rhuj ;jhf;fk;
fyhr;rhu kuig ngqjy; kw;Wk; ghJfhj;jy; gw;wpa gpur;ridfs;

kw;Wk; ;,J bjhlh;ghdtw;wpd; gpur;ridfs; Rw;Wyhtpd; fyhr;rhuj;jpd;
jhf;fj;jhy; Vw;gLfpd;wd. mitfs; fPH;tUkhW.
1. xt;bthU ehl;ow;Fk; rpy rkak; xt;bthU gFjpf;Fk; guk;giuahf

tUk; tHf;f';fSf;F Vw;gLk; mr;RWj;jy.;
2. tuyhw;W rpwg;g[kpf;f bghUl;fSk; kpUf';fSk; rl;lj;jpw;Fg;
g[wk;ghf thzpgj;jpy; <LgLj;Jjy;.
3. thzpg nehf;Fld; kughf eilbgWk; fyhr;rhu epfH;rr ; pfis
khw;Wjy;/ fiy czh;t[ kjpg;gPLfSf;F Vw;gLk; mHpt[.
17.2.5 ed;ikfs;
r\f ed;ikfs;
 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tuntw;Fk; ehLfs; tH';Fk; fyhr;rhu

mwpitg; bgWfpd;wdh;.
 btspehl;ltiu kjpg;g[lDk; ey;y cgrhpg;g[ld; elj;Jjy;.
 mjpfhpf;Fk; r\fj; bjhlh;g[fs;/ g[jpa fUj;Jf;fs; g[jpa kjpg;g[fs;/
g[jpa thH;f;if Kiw.
tuntw;Fk; ehl;od; fyhr;rhuk;
ghuk;ghpa epfH;r;rpfspd; njit/ kug[f; fiyfSf;Fj; njit

mjpfhpg;g/[ bjhHpy;fs; kw;Wk; ,irf;F njit mjpfhpg;g.[
ghh;itapl tUgth;fspd; g';if mjpfhpj;jy; (Enriching role of

visitors.)
ghh;itahsh;fis tuntw;Fk; ehLfs; nritfs;/ trjpfis

Vw;gLj;jpj; jUfpd;wd. r\f eltof;iffs; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. fy;tpf;F
cjt[jy/; kuigf; fhf;f Cf;fk; bfhLj;jy;/ ey;y eph;thfk/; fyhr;rhug;;
ghpth;j;jid/ mikjp kw;Wk; g[hpe;J bfhs;jy;. g[jpa mDgt';fs/; g[jpa
fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; g[jpa fyhr;rhu';fs; Mfpa midj;Jk; ghh;itapl
tUgth;fis Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
173
r\f fyhr;rhu ed;ikfs;
,J gy r\f fyhr;rhu ed;ikfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mitfs;

fPH;tUkhW:
 kf;fspd; thH;f;ifj; juj;ij nkk;gLj;JfpwJ. Rw;Wyhtpy; Vw;gl;l

bghUshjhu ed;ikfisr; rhpahf tpepnahfpj;jhy; r\f tsh;r;rp
Vw;gLk;.
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapd; fyhr;rhu kuigg; ghJfhf;fpwJ. Rw;Wg;g[w
NHy;jhf;fj;jpy; bjhy;bghUs; ghJfhg;g[/ tuyhw;W rpwg;g[ tha;e;j
gFjpfisg; ghJfhg;gJ Fwpj;J Rw;Wg;g[wj;jhf;fj;jpy; Vw;fdnt
brhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,irapy; fyhr;rhu khjphpfs; eldk;/ ehlfk/;
cil fiyfs;/ kw;Wk; bjhHpy;fs; tHf;f';fs/; thH;f;if epiy/
kug[ rhh;e;j bghUshjhu eltof;iffs; Mfpait Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd
fth;rr
; pfshf tps';Ffpd;wd. ,itfs; ,Hf;fg;gl;lhy; fyhr;rhur;
Rw;Wyh btw;wpfukhf mikahJ.
 mUk;bghUl;fisf; fhf;Fk; mU';fhl;rpafk; eph;tfpf;ft[k;/
nkk;gLj;jt[k;/ jpnal;lh;fs/; fyhr;rhu trjpfs;/ ,itfis
Rw;Wyh ghJfhf;fpwJ. gy bghpa mU';fhl;rpaf';fspy; EiHt[j;
bjhif mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
 fyhr;rhug; ghpth;j;jid Rw;Wyhg; gazpfsplk; bra;tjw;F
tha;gg
; f
[ is mspf;fpwJ. ,J fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhtpy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
17.2.6 r\f fyhr;rhu gpur;ridfs;
rhpahfj; jpl;lkplg;glhtpl;lhy; rpy r\f fyhr;rhuk;

gpur;ridfis Rw;Wyh Vw;gLj;jf;TLk;. Kf;fpakhd bjhy;bghUl;fs;
,Uf;Fkplk;/ tuyhw;W rpwg;g[ kpf;f ,lk/; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfshy; mjpfk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; rPh;nfL milfpwJ. mjpf tzpf nehf;Ffs;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; fyhr;rhu khjphpfs; ,Hg;g[f;Fs;shfpd;wd.
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; kJ mUe;Jjy;/ Fw;w';fs; g[hpjy;/

nghd;wtw;why; r\fg; gpur;ridfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
r\f fyhr;rhug; gpur;ridfs; jtph;j;jy;
gy Fwpg;gpl;l r\f fyhr;rhu jhf;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghLfis

Rw;Wyhg; gFjpapy; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. mitfs; fPH;tUkhW.:
174
 Kiwahd eldk;/ ,ir/ ehlfk;/ fiyfs; elj;jg;gl ntz;Lk;.
 cs;ehl;L bjhy;bghUs; Kiwiag; ghJfhf;f ntz;Lk/; g[jpa
tsh;r;rpia Cf;Ftpf;f ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; j';Fkpl';fs; trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpj;jUjy;
 cs;Shpy; j';fpapUg;gth;fs; Tl Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; bgWk;
trjpia mila ntz;Lk;
 btspehl;L Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; brYj;Jk; mDkjpf; fl;lzj;ijf;
fhl;oYk; Fiwthd fl;lzk; cs;Sh; kf;fsplk; tNypf;f ntz;Lk;
 cs;Sh; kf;fsplk; Rw;Wyh mjd; fUj:J/ ed;ikfs; kw;Wk;
gpur;ridfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp fw;gpf;f ntz;Lk;. vt;thW
Rw;Wyhtpy; mth;fs; fye;J bfhs;tJ vd;gijj;; bjhpag;gLj;j
ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wpa bghJkf;fs; tpHpg;g[zh;t[f;F
Vw;ghLfs; bra;a ntz;Lk;. nuonah/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp/
gj;jphpf;iffs;/ r";rpiffs; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk;
bghJf;Tl;lk; Vw;ghL bra;jy; ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wpa gog;g[
muR kw;Wk; jdpahh; fy;tp Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F cs;Sh; rKjhak;/ mjd; gHf;f';fs;
cilfs; rkak; Mfpaitg; gw;wpj; bjhptpf;f ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfs; ,tw;iw mwpe;jhy; mth;fs; ekJ fyhr;rhuj;ij
kjpg;ghh;fs;.
 Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpyhspfs; jpwikahfg; gzpahw;wg; gapw;rpfs;
juntz;Lk;. bkhHp/ kw;Wk; r\f czh;t[ Mfpatw;wpy; gapw;rp
jug;glntz;Lk;. mt;thW bra;jhy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;Fk;
Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpypy; <LgLnthUf;Fk; ,ilna fUj;J ntWghLfs;
njhd;whJ.
 bgUk; Fw;w';fshy; Mfpatw;why; Rw;Wyhtpw;Fg; gpur;ridfs;
Vw;gLkhdhy; fLikahd fl;Lg;ghLfis mtw;wpd; kPJ tpjpf;f
ntz;Lk;.

1. Rw;Wyhtpd; mog;gil trjpfis ,t;thW miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) fl;olk; M) fl;Lkhdtrjp ,) ghJfhg;g[ <) g[Jg;gpj;jy;
2. f$%uhnQh gw;wp xU Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
175
3. Rw;Wg;g[wj;jpd; jhf;f';fs; ahit>
4. r\f fyhr;rhug; gpur;ridfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
Rw;Wyh rhpahd mog;gil trjpfis Vw;gLj;j cjt[fpwJ.

Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis cgrhpf;Fk; kf;fs; gyd; bgWfpd;wdh;. tUtha;
mog;gil trjpfSf;Fr; brytplg;gLfpwJ. bghUshjhuj;jpy;
gpd;j';fpa gFjpfspy; cs;s mHfhd ,aw;if fhl;rpfis chpa ftdk;
vLj;J murh';fk; fhf;fpwJ. cs;~h; kf;fSf;F mJ mjpf
tsj;ijj;jUfpwJ.
fiyr;brhw;fs;
Infrastructure - nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; j';Fkpl';fSf;fhd
mog;gil trjpfis nkk;gLj;Jjy;
Secondary trade - Fiwe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cs;s bjhHpy;fs;.

1. M) fl;Lkhd trjp (Infrastructure)
176
gphpt[ 18
vjph;kiwj; jhf;fk; (The negative Impact)
mikg;g[
mwpKfk;
nehf;f';fs;
18.1 vjph;kiwj; jhf;fk;
18.1.1 vjph;kiwr; r\fj; jhf;fk;
18.1.2 r\f tpnuhjr; bray;fs;
18.1.3 Rw;Wr; NHYf;F vjpuhd jhf;fk;
18.1.4 jz;zPh; khR
18.1.5 fhw;W khR
18.1.6 rg;jk; (,iur;ry; khR)
18.1.7 fhl;rp khR
18.1.8 NH;epiy ,aypd; ,ila{W
18.1.9 tuyhw;W ,l';fspd; nrjk;
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
fiyr;brhw;fs;
mwpKfk;
Rw;Wyh ghjfj; jd;ika[k; cilaJ. Rw;Wyhtpd; vjph;kiwj;

jhf;fk; mjd; jd;ikapy; ntWghL cilaJ. mitfs; r\f elj;ij/
kjpg;gf
[ s; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj; jhf;f';fs;. mJ cs;ehl;L r\f
gHf;f';fisg; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. mJ r\f mikg;g[fspYk;/ vz;z';fspYk;
khw;w';fisf; bfhz;L tuyhk;.
nehf;f';fs;

bfhs;s Koa[k.;
 r\fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; Rw;Wyhit tpsf;ft[k;/

 mjpf Tl;l';fs; tUifahy; cs;~h; kf;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLtij
tpthpf;ft[k;/
 r\f tpnuhjr;braYf;F tHptFg;gij tpsf;ft[k;,aYk;.
18.1 vjph;kiwj; jhf;fk;

Rw;Wyh Rw;Wyhitf; bfhy;Ykh>
jpl;lkplhj tsh;r;rp mHfhd (gPr;Rfs;) flw;fiufs;/ kiyfs/;

rkbtspfs;/ Vhpfs; Mfpatw;iw mHpt[wr; bra;fpwJ. Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHy;
xU Kf;fpakhd fhuzkhf Rw;Wyhtpy; tps';FfpwJ. bjhHpy; bgUf;fk;/
Ru';fk;/ fhLfs; mHpg;g[/ mizfisf; fl;Ljy; Mfpait Rw;Wg;g[wj;ij
kpft[k; ghjpf;fpwJ.
njrpa kw;Wk; gd;dhl;lstpyhd Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rp njr

eydpw;F ey;y g';fspg;igj; jUfpwJ. mnj rkak; Rw;Wyhtpd;
vjph;kiwj; jhf;fk; gy fhuzpfnshL bjhlh;g[ilajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
18.1.1 vjph;kiwr; r\fj; jhf;fk;
btspehl;oypUe;J te;jpUf;Fk; Rw;Wyhg;gazpfs; j';fs;

elj;ijfshy; cs;~h; kf;fspd; r\fg; gH';f';fSf;F ,ila{W
tpistpf;fpd;wdh;. ,J r\f kd ,Wf;fj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; bry;fpwJ. ,J
xGf;f kw;Wk; rka kjpg;g[fis Fiwg;gjw;Fk; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
(c-k); gpr;ir vLj;jy;/ kJ mUe;Jjy;. Rw;Wyh ,aw;if kw;Wk; r\f
mikg;gpw;F mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Rw;Wyhtpy; bry;tj;ij
tpepnahfk; bra;tjpy; mjpf Vw;wj;jhH;t[ Vw;gLfpwJ. cs;~h; kf;fspd;
thH;f;if Kiwapy; khw;w';fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
18.1.2 r\f tpnuhjr; bray;fs;
xU ehl;od; KG r\f thH;it/ r\f tpnuhjr;bray;fs; bfLj;J

tpLfpwJ. tpUk;gj;jfhj mj;jifa r\f tpnuhjr; bray;fs; fPH;tUkhW:
178
vjph;kiwj; jhf;fk;;
 bghUs;fisf; flj;Jjy;
 nghijg; bghUs;fisf; flj;Jjy;/ bQuhapd;/ f";rh/ ,uhrhadg;
bghUl;fs;/
 AIDS nghd;w neha;fisg; gug;g[jy;.
18.1.3 Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHypw;F vjpuhdj; jhf;fk;
xU ehl;od; gy r\f bghUshjhu eyd;fis Rw;Wyh jUk;. mnj

ntisapy; ehk; Rw;Wyhtpdhy; Vw;gLk; jPa tpist[fisa[k; fhz
Koa[k;. mitfs;:
18.1.4 jz;zPh; khR
bgUk;ghyhd Rw;Wyh ika';fspy; fHpt[ePh;fis mg;g[wg;gLj;Jk;

Kiwapy; gpur;ridfs; vGfpd;wd. ,itfs; jiuao ePiuf; fHpt[ ePh;;
khRgLj;jf; TLk;. ejp/ Vhp my;yJ flw;fiug;gFjp Mfpatw;wpd; mUnf
fHpt[ ePiu tpLtJ ePh; epiyfis khRgLj;Jk.;
18.1.5 fhw;W khR
Rw;Wyh xU Rj;jkhd gzp cilajhFk;. Mdhy; Rw;Wyhg;

gFjpf;F tUk; thfd';fshy; Mfhaj;jpy; cs;s fhw;W khR milfpwJ.
fhw;W khR mile;jhy; mJ me;j ehl;L kf;fSf;F xU mr;RWj;jyhFk;.
18.1.6 rg;j khR
Rw;Wyhtpw;F tUk; thfd';fspd; rg;jk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfSf;fhd bghGJnghf;Fg; g{';fhf;fspy; rg;j';fis
Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; fhJ ghjpg;gilfpwJ.
18.1.7 fhl;rp khR
bghUj;jkpy;yhj fl;ol';fs;/ jpl;lkplhky; fl;lg;gl;l fl;ol';fs/;

rhpahfg; guhkhpf;fg;glhj fl;ol';fs; kw;Wk; epy mikg;g[fs/; Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfisf; ftuhJ.
18.1.8 NH;epiy ,ay; ,ila{W
fl;Lg;gLj;j Koahj Rw;Wyhg; gazpfshy; Vw;gLk; rpy

tpist[fs; gy NH;epiy ,ay; gpur;ridfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
179
 gRikahd ,l';fis mHpg;gjhy;
 fly; bry;fs;/ gts';;fs;/ flyhik/ gpw
18.1.9 tuyhw;W rpwg;g[ila ,l';fSf;F mHpt[
bjhy; bghUs;fisa[k/; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;gi

[ la ,l';fisa[k;
jtwhfg; gadgL:j;JtJ mHptpw;F ,l;Lr; bry;fpwJ. (c-k;) mjph;t[fs;/
fiyfis mHpj;jy/; mjpf $dg; bgUf;fk; Mfpait.

1. gRk; brofisf; bfhy;Yjy; kw;Wk; mHpj;jy; ,t;thW
mwpag;gLfpwJ.
m) NH;epiy ,ay; M) bjhy;bghUspay;
,) fiyfis mHpj;jy; <) mjph;tf
[ s;
2. vjph;kiw r\fj;jhf;f';fs; ahit>
3. cs;~h; kf;fspd; kdepiy gw;wp th;zpf;ft[k;.
4. r\f tpnuhjr; bray;fs; ahit>
5. fhl;rp khR gw;wp tpthp.
bjhFj;jwpnthk;
kut[ tHf;fhWfSf;F vg;bghGJnk mr;RWj;jy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L

,Uf;fpwJ. Rw;Wyh/ kug[fs; rk;ge;jkhd fiyfis thzpg
nehf;fj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; bry;fpwJ. kf;fSila thH;f;if Kiwapy;
khw;w';fs; Vw;gl;Lf; bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. bkhj;jkhf Twpdhy;
Rw;Wg;g[w NHypy; khR mile;Js;sJ. Kf;fpakhd tuyhw;W rpd;d';fSk;
fl;ol';fSk; rpijf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; Kot[ fyhr;rhu rPuHpt[f;Fk;
bjhy;bghUs; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W rpd;d';fSf;Fk; Iag;ghL Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
fiyr;brhw;fs;
Graffiti - nfhtpy; kw;Wk; epidt[f; fl;ol';fspd; Rth;fspy;;

vGj;Jf;fisg; bghwpj;jy.;
Archaeological - xU bghUis Ma;eJ

; gHikiag; gw;wp mwpa[k;
gog;g.[
180
vjph;kiwj; jhf;fk;;
1. m) NH;epiy ,ay;
181
TAMILNADU OPEN UNIVERSITY
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
Time: 3 Hrs Max Marks: 75

Part - A
Answer any Three of the following (3 x 5 = 15)
1. ,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpjhy; Vw;gLj;jpa fth;r;rp Fwpj;J xU Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

2. nehf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w tiffs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3. kWkyh;r]rpapd; jhf;fj;ijg; gw;wp RUf;fkhf bjhptp.
4. gy;Kid tpist[ gw;wp XU Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
5. Rw;Wyhtpd; tiffs; ahit>
Part - B
Answer any Four of the following (4 x 15 = 60)
6. Rw;Wyhtpd; mog;gilf; TWfs; ahit>

7. Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;Ff.
8. nghf;Ftuj;J mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
9. rhh;$d;l; fkpl;oapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp vGJf.
10. nQf; jPh;khdj;ijg; gw;wp xU Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
11. ,e;jpahtpy; gz;ghl;Lr; Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wp tpthp.
12. Rw;Wyhtpd; r\fj; jhf;fk; gw;wp tpthp.

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hp

tuyhW kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhtpay; gs;sp

MrphpaH; kw;Wk; kW Ma;T

Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;fKk; fUj:Jk; - ,aw;if/ tpsf;fk;/ rpwg;gk;r';fs/; Rw;Wyhf;

Rw;Wyhtpd; tsh;r;rpa[k; Kd;ndw;wKk; - Mrpah - ,e;jpah .

tuyhW/ gazKk; Rw;Wyht[k; - Rw;Wyh gw;wpa tuyhw;Wg; ghh;it/ kWkyhr;r;pa[k; nfs;tp

Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; - Rw;Wyht[k; bghUshjhu Kd;ndw;wKk; - tsh;e;j

2. Kaul R.M.- Dynamics of Tourism - A Triology, Vol I, New Delhi, 1997.

gphpt[ 1 Rw;Wyhtpd; tpsf;f';fSk; fUj;Jk; 2-8

gphpt[ 5 MrpahtpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; Rw;Wyhtpd; 38 - 43

gphpt[ 11 Rw;Wyhtpd; ,af;fk; 118 - 127

gphpt[ 15 Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk; 153 - 162

Rw;Wyh vd;gJ kdpjdpd; mog;gilahd kw;Wk; tpUg;gkhd

bjhHpw;g[ul;rp Vw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; jhd; gazk; kfpH;r;rpf;fhf

gpw ghlj;Jiw nghd;;W Rw;Wyht[k; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;lf;Toa

gphpt[ 1 : Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wp nguhrphpah;fshy; tpsf;fg;gl;lf; fUj;Jf;fs;

gz;ila kdpjd; czt[/ ,Ug;gplk; Mfpatw;iwj; njo xU

,e;jg; ghlg;gphptpd; Kotpy; c';fshy; fPH;fz;ltw;iw mwpe;J

 Rw;Wyhtpd; Muk;gj;ij mwpa/

Rw;Wyh xU Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. czt[/ ,Ug;gplk;

Rw;Wyh vd;w brhy; yj;jPd; brhy; ?h; (Tour) vd;gjpypUe;J

,r;NH;epiyapy;/ gazp vd;gth; ahh; vd;gijj; bjhpe;J bfhs;tJ

m) Kjypy; tPl;oy; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fj;jhd;.

Rw;Wyh vd;w brhy; tpLKiw ehl;fspy; ,l';fisg; ghh;f;fg;

Rw;Wyh vd;why; kf;fs; j';fs; brhe;j tPLfspypUe;J FWfpa

,uz;lhtjhf ,jd; bghUs; kf;fs; xU ehs; kl;Lk; tPl;il tpl;L

giHa mfuhjpapd; go Rw;Wyhit gazj;jpd; bfhs;if kw;Wk;

mjpfj; njitapd; mog;gilapy; jw;fhypf eltof;iffs; fhw;W

,g;goa[k; Rw;Wyh th;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gazj;jpd; tpisthf

m) bghUshjhu rk;ge;jKs;s xd;W gazp jdf;F ntz;oa

bgy;$pak; ehl;od; Mh;onkah; TWfpwhh;/ "Rw;Wyh vd;gJ xl;L

gazk; vd;gJ gpwpbjhU tifapy;/ fhyhnyh/ thfdj;jpd;

1.1.2 Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; bghUs;

gj;jhk; E}w;whz;od; mfuhjpapy; Rw;Wyhg; gazp gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

btspehl]L Rw;Wyhg; gazp vd;gjd; bghUs;fisf; Rw;Wyh

xU rpy nfh#';fs; kw;Wk; rpe;ijiag;gw;Wk; thh;j;ijfs;

1.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; fUj;J

Rw;Wyh vd;w thh;j;ij jw;fhyj;jpy; njhd;wpaJ. yj;jPd;

Qd;#pfh; kw;Wk; fpuhg;l; Mfpnahhpd;go gazj;jpypUe:J

mbkhpf;fhtpd; Rw;Wyhit gw;wpa ghlj;jpy; Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd

nkny brhd;d Rw;Wyhtpd; fUj;J Kothff; TWtJ gazk;

vdnt Rw;Wyh gy nrh;e;J cUthd xU fyit Rw;Wyh

gazp gazp my;yhjth;

kfpH;r;rpia nehf;fkhff; kfpH;rr

gy;ntW nehf;f';fSf;fhfr; Rw;Wyhitg; gw;wpa tpsf;fKk/;

c';fs; Kd;ndw;wj;ijr; nrhjpj;jwpa[k; gapw;rpf;fhd tpilfs;

Rw;Wyh xU gd;Kf eltof;ifahFk;. njrpa thH;tpd; vy;yh

Rw;Wyh kfpH;r;rp/ tpLKiw gazk; kw;Wk; v';nfDk; bry;Yjy;

Rw;Wyh vd;gJ Xa;thff; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 24 kzp neuk; gazp

2.2 Rw;Wyhtpd; mtrpakhd jd;ik

 kf;fspd; bray;fs/; bry;yy;/ j';fy;/ Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Rw;Wyh

 btspapl';fSf;Fr; bry;Yjy;/ FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fj; j';Fjy;/ rpy

 epue;jukhf FoapUf;fnth my;yJ rk;ghjpf;fnth ,y;yhky; gpw

2.3 Rw;Wyhtpd; eltof;iffs;

Rw;Wyh xU Kd;ndwpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; bjhHpw;rhiy. Rw;Wyhg;

1. me;epad; (Non resident) nkw;bfhs;Sk; gazk;

Rw;Wyh xU fyit epfH;r;rpahFk;. mJ re;njh#khf ,Ug;gjw;F

Rw;Wyhtpdhy; bghUshjhu ed;ik mjp[fk; cs;sJ. ehLfspd;

Rw;Wyh vDk; thh;j;ijia ehk; epidf;Fk; nghJ ehk;

tpkhdj;js';fs;/ rhiyfs;/ jz;zPh; tpepnahfk; kw;Wk;

fle;j fhyj;jpy; nkw;bfhz;l gazj;jpd; jd;ikapypUe;J

Rw;Wyh cyfpy; ntfkhf tsh;e;J tUk;bjhHpyhf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Rw;Wyh rpy Fz';fs; cilajhf cs;sJ. xU thh;j;ijiar;

Rw;Wyhj; bjhHpiy tpsf;FtJ fodk;/ Vbddpy; mJ