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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 1
บทที่ 2 สมการเชิงเส้นตัวแปรเดียว
❖ ทบท นลำดับการดำเนินการทางคณิต า ตร์ ☺
ลักการ :
การดำเนินการทางคณิต า ตร์ คือ การคำน ณ าผลลัพธ์จากประโยค ัญลัก ณ์ทางคณิต า ตร์
ซึ่งอาจจะเป็น การบ ก ลบ คูณ าร และยกกำลัง เป็นต้น ซึ่งลำดับการดำเนินการ รือ ลำดับการคำน ณ
ก่อน ลัง เป็นดังนี้
1. ใ ้ดำเนินการภายใน งเล็บก่อนเป็นลำดับแรก
2. ยกกำลัง
3. คูณ รือ าร (ตามลำดับจากซ้ายไปข า)
4. บ ก รือ ลบ (ตามลำดับจากซ้ายไปข า)
➢ มการ ☺
ลักการ :
มการ มายถึง ประโยค ัญลัก ณ์ทางคณิต า ตร์ที่แ ดงถึงค ามเท่ากันของจำน น
(โดยมี ัญลัก ณ์ = ทีแ่ ดงถึงค ามเป็น มการ ) เช่น
5+4 =9 เป็น มการที่เป็นจริง
10 – 3 = 7 เป็น มการที่เป็นจริง
5 + 2 × 3 = 21 เป็น มการที่เป็นเท็จ
มการที่มีตั แปรปรากฎอยู่จะเรียก ่า ประโยคเปิด ซึ่งทำใ ้ไม่ ามารถบอกได้ ่า มการดังกล่า เป็น
จริง รือเป็นเท็จ จนก ่าจำนำตั เลขมาแทนตั แปร เช่น
5+4 =x
10y – 4 = 28
3x
=1
4
2. มบัติถ่ายทอด
ตั อย่างการใช้ มบัติถ่ายทอด
1. ถ้า a = b และ b = 5 แล้ a = 5
2. ถ้า x + y = z และ z = 20 แล้ x + y = 20
3. ถ้า 3(2 + 5) = 3(7) และ 3(7) = 21 แล้ 3(2 + 5) = ……………..
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 5
3. y + 24 = 15
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4. m - 25 = 17
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5. 5 + x = 8
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6. m – 4.37 = 7.65
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4. การคูณและการ าร
มบัติการคูณ ลักการ : เมื่อนำจำน นที่เท่ากันมาคูณทั้ง องข้างของ มการ
ของ มการ ค่าแต่ละข้างของ มการจะยังคงเท่ากันเ มือนเดิม
รูปทั่ ไป (ทางพีชคณิต) ตั อย่าง
a=b 6=6
ac = bc 6(2) = 6(2)
12 = 12
ข้อควรระวัง การตรวจคาตอบ
จะไม่มีการย้ายข้างนะคะ
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 8
2. −𝟒𝒙 = -16
−𝟒𝒙 −𝟏𝟔
ิธีทำ . =
−𝟒 −𝟒
𝒙 = 4
ตร จคำตอบ แทนค่า x = 4 ใน มการ
. −𝟒(𝟒) = -16
-16 = -16 เป็นจริง
ดังนั้น คำตอบของ มการคือ 4
a
=2
3. 4
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4. 2.4y = 1.2
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 9
5. 48 = -16x
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a
6. 0.5 =
7
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จะแก้สมการได้เก่งๆ ต้องฝึกทาแบบฝึกหัดเยอะๆนะครับ
ไปลองทาแบบฝึกหัดกันเลย.....
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 10
x
5. 14w = 7 6. 7 = 10
m
7. 0.6 = 1.2 8. -3n = 183
3. 4x – 9 = 7
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4. 1.2 + 6y = 3.6
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 15
y
3. + 3 = 27
8
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4. 35 = -18x – 1
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 16
5. 2.7 - x = 1.3
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y −5
6. 12 = 3
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 17
x
3. −5=2 4. 1.5x + 8 = 12
0.3
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ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ ........................ ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ ......................
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 18
x − 0.2
5. 6 – 2y = -8 6. 4 =
5
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ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ ........................ ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ ......................
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓
2. = 𝟏𝟎
𝟒
𝟑𝒙 −𝟓
ิธีทำ (𝟒) = 𝟏𝟎(𝟒)
𝟒
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟒𝟎
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓 + 𝟓 = 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟓
𝟑𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓
𝟑𝒙 𝟒𝟓
=
𝟑 𝟑
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓
ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ 15
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 20
2
3. x −9=7
5
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5x + 7
4. =6
12
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 21
3 3k
1. x + 3 = 33 2. − 5 = 16
4 2
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ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ ...................... ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ ......................
2 6 + 5x
3. 17 − x =5 4. = −10
3 2
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ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ ...................... ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ ......................
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 22
การแก้ มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย กรณีที่มีตั แปรอยู่ทั้ง องข้างของ มการ และแต่ละข้างมีตั แปรซ้ำ
กันมากก ่า 1 ตั
ลักการ :
1. ยุบร มพจน์ตั แปรแต่ละข้างของ มการเข้าด้ ยกัน ใ ้เ ลือเพียงพจน์เดีย
2. ใช้ ิธีการแก้ มการตาม ลักการแก้ มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย กรณีที่มีตั แปรอยู่ทั้ง อง ข้างของ
มการ
-11 = x
x = 11
ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการคือ 11
2. 4 – 1.7x – 3.4x = 15 – 2.9x
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 24
แบบฝึก ัดเรื่องที่ 2.5 การแก้ มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย กรณีที่มีตั แปรอยู่ทั้ง องข้างของ มการ
จงแก้ มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย ต่อไปนี้
1. -2y – 3 = -4y + 5 2. x + 4 = -3 + 2x
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3. -5m – 8 = 5m + 22 4. 3x – 5 + x = 3x + 20 – 2x
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ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ ...................... ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการ คือ ......................
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 25
y = 23
ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการคือ 23
2. 4(x + 5) = 3
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 26
3. 2(3x – 5) = 4x
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3. 3(x + 4) = 2(4 – x)
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4. 4(x – 5) – x = 4(x – 1)
ิธีทำ 4x – 20 – x = 4x – 4
3x – 20 = 4x – 4
-20 + 4 = 4x – 3x
-16 = x
x = -16
ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการคือ -16
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 27
1
5. 3[2(x + 1) – (x + 2)] = 2(x + 1)
3 [2x 2 x 2) 2x 2
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= +
-
+
-
3(X) 2x + 2
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=
3x =
2X + 2
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3x 2x 2
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- =
X =
2
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ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการคือ 2
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7 1 3
−
6. 2 4 x = 7 − x
8
ิธีทำ นำ ค.ร.น. ของ ตั ่ น นั่นคือ 8 คูณตลอด มการ
𝟕 𝟏 𝟑
(𝟖) − (𝟖) ( 𝒙) = (𝟖)(𝟕) − (𝟖) ( 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
28 - 2x = 56 – 3x
-2x + 3x = 56 – 28
x = 28
ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการคือ 28
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 28
x 3 x 5x 1 x
7. − + = + −
2 4 2 2 4 2
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2x − 3 3x − 4
8. 5 = 2
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 29
y −1 y + 14
9. + 3 =
3 9
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5m 3 m − 1 6−m
10. − = 2 m −
6 4 3
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 30
ไปลองทาแบบฝึกหัดกันเลย เยอะหน่อยนะ
สูๆ
้ นะคะ
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 31
3 2
3. (p − 5) = 6 4. 4 = (x − 12)
10 3
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5. 2(x - 3) = x + 15 6. 3(2y + 3) = 6y – 15
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ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการคือ ................... ดังนั้นคำตอบของ มการคือ ...................
7. 5(2 – 3y) – 15 = –y – 7
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3 1 3 5
8. 2 x − = + x
4 2 4
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 33
2x − 5 4x + 3
9. =
4 5
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สุดยอดด !! เก่งมากเลยค่ะทุกคน
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 34
ถ้าเป็นเลขคู่กบ
ั เลขคี่จะกาหนด
ตัวแปรแบบไหน ลองคิดดูซิ
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 38
ตั อย่างที่ 9 จำน นเต็มคู่ ี่จำน นเรียงติดกัน มีผลบ กเท่ากับ 60 จง าจำน นทั้ง ี่จำน นนั้น
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เขียน มการได้เป็น ............................................................................................................................. .
ิธีทำ ......................................................................ตร จคำตอบ...............................................................
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ตั อย่างที่ 10 จำน นเต็มคี่ ามจำน นเรียงติดกัน ถ้า ี่เท่าของจำน นมาก มีค่าเท่ากับผลร มของจำน น
น้อยกับ 31 มี จง าจำน นที่อยู่ตรงกลาง
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 39
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5. จง าจำน นเต็มคี่ ามจำน นเรียงติดกันที่มีผลร มเท่ากับ -153
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 41
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 42
กำ นดตั แปร
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ิธีทำ ......................................................................ตร จคำตอบ...............................................................
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Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 43
❖ เรื่องที่ 2.10 โจทย์ปญั า มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย (เกี่ย กับค ามยา รอบรูปและพื้นที่☺
โจทย์ปัญ าเกี่ย กับค ามยา รอบรูปและพื้นที่
ตั อย่าง ด้านยา ของรูป ี่เ ลี่ยมผืนผ้ายา เป็น องเท่าของด้านของรูป ามเ ลี่ยมด้านเท่า และยา ก ่าด้าน
ก ้าง 1 เมตร ถ้าค ามยา รอบรูปของรูป ี่เ ลี่ยมผืนผ้ายา ก ่าค ามยา รอบรูปของรูป ามเ ลี่ยมด้านเท่า
อยู่ 18 เมตร จง าพื้นที่ของรูป ี่เ ลี่ยมผืนผ้า
ิธีทำ เขียนรูป
ไปลองทำแบบฝึก ัดกันดูนะคะ
Bangkok Christian College มการเชิงเ ้นตั แปรเดีย 46
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2. ในกระปุกออม ินใบ นึ่งมีเ รียญทั้ง มด 58 เ รียญ เป็นเ รียญ ้าบาทและเ รียญ ิบบาท ร มเป็น
เงิน 480 บาท จง า ่าในกระปุกออม ินนี้มีเ รียญ ้าบาทคิดเป็นเงินกี่บาท
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