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 his unit, you learn how to:

desrnbe d1íferent aspects of c1t1es and c1ty life

emphas1se and reinforce ideas in d1fferent ways
t.alk about urban problems and how to tackle them
talk about changes in urbana reas
t,eJI urban myths

talk about different aspects of culture and sociefy

polítely disagree with people's opm1ons
express feelings and opinions more emphatically
talk about useful objects in the home
dliscuss your own personal I nat1onal 1dentit1es

talk about people you know

give your impression of people you don't know weil
express opinions in more tentative ways
cliscuss 1ssues surrounding divorce
share and ta lk through problems

give opmions about politics

talk about consequences of political proposals
describe politicians and their qualities
tell JOkes
talk about votmg and elect1ons

Review 01 p 1g1· l.J Th s Review 11nit revises units 1-4

WritingOl p1gl' 120 De cribi ng visual data
Writing 02 ¡, 1gL· L:.:' Ex ressing your upinion

• talk about feelings

c:omment on what you hear
• change the subject
• understand and comment on a guide
describe books

describe what people do dunng and <ifter argument.s

give negative I prívate information
talk aboul how you'd l1ke things to be different
discuss war and social conflict
talk about peace and justice

explain and discuss news stories aboul sc.1ence

express surprise and disbelief
discuss lhe uses and abuses of statistics
talk about what d1fferent kmds of sc1ence entarl

describe natural landscapes

use tags to emphasise your opínions
describe different ways of talking
cjesrrihe anima Is, their hab1tats and lheir habits
 City life
Changes overcome problems Recovering from disaster
Binom1als (bits and Perpetuating the myths rh ree u r ba n myths
pieces, etc )

phatic structu res Society and culture Foreign objects Society ;md culture 111 • D1sagreeing
Household objects Nat1onal nnd mdividual d1fferent countries
Express1ons w1th thing identity Feelings c1bout British
culture

uld Describ1ng people • The bitter end What're they l1kel G1ving your impression
Divorce Relationships Whats up?
Phrasal verbs

Consequences Beyond a JOke! Goverment proposals • Giving opinions

Politicians • The electoral system Political JOkes
Elections and politics Swiss style Voting

Feelings
• noun+of
Describing books

Adverbs Hope springs eternal Two conflicts G1ving negat1vc I

War and peace The Truth and Disputes in the news private inform;ition
Socia 1 conflict Reconciliation The Truth and
Comn11ss1on Reconciliation
Cornmiss1on
·---
ss ves Talking about science Truth and slalistics Discussing news storiec; Expressmg surprise
• Statistícs about science and disbeltf'f
Forming words rive sc1ent1sts disc.uss
their JObs

Aux1liaries Describing scenery Why 1 love ... natural Two difterent landscares • E:rnphat1c tags
Communicating history rrogrammes A lecture by a ltnguist1cs
• Animals • Endangered animals professor
Animal habitats and
 In this unit, you learn how to:

• describe what people do at work

s1gnal that you are making deductions
talk about the nature of work
discuss terms and conditions of employment
discuss issues related to dismissal and tribunals

describe differenl medica! and surgical procedures

show you are not being exact when describ1ng thin
describe medica! conditions and their symptoms
make comments aboul past and present situation~

talk about sports you watch or do

recognise and use irony
explain how to play different games
recognise and discuss playful language
use sports and games metaphors

• describe key events in people's lives

lalk about how people have built success
use si miles to make descriptions more interesting
ask for clarification
d1scuss key h1storical events

Review 03 ¡__;;ge 88 This Review unit revises units 9-12

Writing 05 :. "l'' -_ l 8 A covering letter
Writing 06 :.- :.ge : 30 A magazine article

understand news programmes better

comment on news stories
recognise and use rhetorical questions
• ta lk about the media
report what people said

discuss different aspects of running a firm

talk about how your business is doing
network and make small talk
• talk about problems with banks
take minutes and hold meetings

describe hairstyles and clothes

corred misunderstandings
give opinions on style
talk about trends

describe accidents
use and understand a range of interjections
talk about laws - risk and safety
think critically about texts
discuss the pros and cons of Internet use
 ning Developing conversation

• Company JObs and tasks The fírst day at work • Deductions

• Adverb adjective Underemployment
collocations • Five news stories a bout
The world of work work

alverbs Operations East meets West • Two su rgical procedures • Vaguelanguage

Body actions Two different medica! • A mindfu lness
Medica! conditions conditions e>:perience
A miracle cure

king words Doing and watching • Not just child's play Sports success and failure • lrony and humour
sport A short lecture on play1ng
Games c¡;,rds
Sports and games Stories about different
metaphors games

Dramat1c inversion Personal histories • Ancient history? • An amaz1ng life Si miles

Presenting arguments Recent histoncal Ask1ng for clarification
and theories rr ilestones
Recent history

• Did you see > • Rhetorical questions

patterns Newspapers • Future of news and common opinions
publishing
• T11e evening news

Relative clauses How's business? Laughing al! the way Two phone calls between • Small talk
Business situations from the bank colleagues
• A business meeting in a
footwear company

Prepositions Style and design • An extract from Adorned • Four conversat1ons about Backtracking and
Fashion and the media in Dreams S'tyle correcting
Ata costume museum • A lecture about fashion
and society

Other future forms Accidents and injuries Bureaucrats back down • Scar stories • 1nterjections
Laws and regulations on tan ban • A. hea lth and safety
Dangers and risks officer
• A. radio phone-in
programme
 CITIES

SPEAKING VOCABUU~RV City life

A Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
What are the advantages I disadvantages of living in
a city?
Wh1ch 1s the best c1ty 1n your counlry? Why?
In your opinion, wh1ch is the worst city} Why?
A Match the adjectives in the boxto 1-9.
well-run congested spotless
run-down polluted vibrant
dangerous sprawling affluent
---
1 The nightlife's wtld. There's so much going on.
2 There are a lot of muggings and shootings.
3 Everything is very efficient and works very smoothly.
4 There's a permanent cloud of smog hanging over the
city You somietimes choke on the fumes
5 People are obviously rolling in money.
6 There was no rubb1sh on the streets and no graffit1
anywhere. lt was amazing to seet
7 The transport system is non-existent and cars JUSt
crawl along bumper-to-bumper.
8 lt just goes on far miles and miles. lt's enormous
9 The houses a re crumbling and there are lots
of derelict buildings, wh1ch seem to have been
abandoned a ltogether.

B Spend two minutes reading and memorising the

adjectives in t.h.e box. Then work in pairs.
Student A: say sentences 1-9.
Student B: without looking at the box, say the adJect1ve
that matches each sentence.

C Which adjectives in exercise A are opposites of the

words in the bc1x below?

filthy deprived dull chaotic compact safe

D Work in group!;. Think of different places that each

of the adjective~s in exercises A and e could describe.

., ' , Builder at the back of this book has

ion on what new words mean and
m. lt also contains explanations and
n collocations.

8 OUTCOMES

LISTENING
You are going to hear two conveISations about cities.
A ~ 1.1 Listen and ta.ke notes on what the two cities a.re
like.
B Compare your ideas. Which place would you rather
live in? Why?
e Listen again and complete the sentences.
1 a lt's really wild lt ........................., actually.
b Honestly. The people there party .........................
c Actually, that was .......................... the congestion.
d ............................ Are you sure it's so great?
e lt does ...........................• but as 1 say, 1t just has a
real buzz.
2 a lt is. 1f you like .......................... .
b lt's more lively. There's ............................
you know.
c So you ........................... to live there?
d Don't .......................... it is a good place to live if
you're bringing up kids.
e So if 1...•....................• 1 might move back.
lt's just not what 1 want right now.
D Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
What places. people. etc. have taken you by surpnse?
Have you ever been out till four? Where? When?
What downsides are there to the place you live in?
• What 'scenes' are there where you live?
Where's a good place to sett le down in you r country
I region? Why7
DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
Emphasising and reinforcing
We can emphaslse by:
• usl"I extreme words: oppolllng, padtMI, aawl, dlM
• adctlna adverbs: lncmllbly m-.... t1t11cu1ow1y
apensJw
• uslna repetltlon: ~ tHl/y nla: mlln tHltl ,,,,_
• USl"8 llR: Nt. ~ llle fftelR~ no fomonDw
.. ... .... ......... ......... ........... ......... . ....... .
We often relnfarce what we say uslna
serfous~ I sweor ancl then adding •
"°""*
further
desalptlon or example.
A Find at least one exa.rnple of each of the ways of
emphasising and reinforcing in audioscript on page
160.
B Wríte a reinforcing sentence to follow each of 1-6.
1 The amount of building work is incredible.
2 lt's an absolutely huge sprawling city.
3 The city's a complete dump.
4 lt's ridicu lously cheap there.
5 lt's like a war zone in sorne parts of the city.
6 lt's an incredibly vibrant place.
C Work in pairs. Have conversations like the one
below, using the sentences you wrote. Ta.ke turns
being student A.
A: The amount of building work is incredible.
B Really?
A: Seriously. There are buddings springing up absolutely
everywhere. You could see hundreds and hu nd reds of
cranes from our hotel.
B: Wow! That sounds amazing.
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE
You are going to have similar conversations about
cities to the ones you heard in Listening.
A Write the na.mes of two cities you've been to. Ma.ke
notes about aspects of the cities, etc. and think of at
least one thing that happened to you in each city.
Use as much language from these pages as you can.
8
 READING VOCABUU~RY Changes
You are going to read about places that have A Replace the words in italic:s with the corred form of
overcome serious problems. the verbs in th1~ box.

A Before you read, discuss these questions in groups. emerge undergo demolish flourish
1
Has your town or c1ly ever been affected by any triple decline regenerate overcome
ofthe things in the box below? When? What
happened? 1 The city has gone through huge changes since the
Which do you lhink is most damag1ng lo a city? war.
Which do you think is the most difficult to recover 2 A strong cornmunity spirit come out from the
from - or which leaves the most lasting effects? disaster.
3 The city has recovered from a hu ge array of problems.
an economic downturn a hurricane a war 4 Many old buildings were knocked down in the 1960s.
an earthquake flooding crime 5 The area has been done up-you might say
severe pollul1on terronsm a fire gentrified.
6 Unemployment has nsen threefold 1n the last year.
B Divide the class into three groups. 7 The whole area has gone downhill beca use of
Group A: look at File 1 on page 152. neglect.
Group B: look at File 12 on page 156. 8 Businesses a re springing up and thriving.
Group C: look at File 18 on page 159.

Read your text and answer these questions.

NATM ~RENGUSH
1 What problem did the city suffer from? gentrified
2 How did it affect the city? We use gentrify or gentrification to describe what
3 What is the city like now? happens w hen a poor a rea changes as more middle
4 What brought about its recovery? class people buy the (cheap) properties and do them
5 Has the recovery had significance beyond the city? up to live t her e.

C With a person from your group, check your answers
and discuss any vocabulary you are not sure of.
D Work with students from the other two groups.
Discuss the three different cities, using the questions
in exercise B and your own ideas.
Decide which is the most remarkable and I or the
most interesting story. Explain why.
E Choose two new words from your text that you think
are useful. Explain the words to your partners.
lt used to be q.uite rough. but it's become quite
gentrified.
The area's undergoing a process of gentrification.
B Work in pairs. :Oiscuss the questions below. Try to
use sorne of th•! language in exercise A.
Do you know any places that have suffered any of
the problems in Reading exercise A? What happened?
What changes took place?
What changes have taken place where you live over
lhe last ten years?

10 OUTCOMES
 GRAMMAR Pe rfect tenses
...
.....,. fanN . . farmed .... ,,,,,,. + Pllt pilftldple.
,......,...~ ,...~--
, . . .......... ~fl'Olll•,.o1nt~
delclllettnlshidactkmot ..............
...,.............
MhedlldlOnstweaftendlMillmoi;.......,_,..
A Work in pans. Decide ü one or both of the forros in
italics is corred in the sentences below. lf only one is
corred, say why the other form is wrong.
1 New York may hove been I a/ways be a major city
for many years, but il has had to overcome many
problems.
2 Murders hove fallen I fa// more than fourfold over the
last 20 years and sorne believe the figure w11l hove
dipped I dip below 400 ayear by the next election.
3 Tangshan had been I was a major industrial city until
28th July 1976.
4 Tangshan is now a symbol of that change, having
been I being completely rebuilt since 1980.
5 The in1t1al drop 1n crime is thought to hove
contributed I contnbute to further reductions in
crime rates over the last 20 years.
6 He said heé:I been I was from Dortmund.
B Which of the perfed forros above refer to finished
actions and which to continuing states?
.., Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 136.
Mourners l1ght candles to remember the victims ofthe
Tangshan earthquake.
LtSTENING
You are goin@: to hear an inte.rview with lloyd Iones,
an expert on 1disaster recovery.
A .. 1.2 Listen and decide what the main point of lloyd
Iones' answe1rs is.
B Work in pairn. Explain what Uoyd and the
interviewer say about:
1 the hurricane
2 rubble and shelter
3 an opportunity
4 fishing villages and the tsunami
5 Chicago.
C Listen again and read the audioscript on page 160 to
check your id.e as.
D Work in pans. Discuss these questions.
How far do you agree w ith Lloyd Jones?
Think again aboul cha nges that have happened
where you live. How far was the local community
involved in the decisions? Who did the decisions
benefil?
How important is 1t to preserve a place's heritage?
SPEAKINtG
Oldbury is a !:mall city of 150,000. There's a chemical
works nearbJr which produces nasty fumes. The
dty has a nwnber of deprived areas and high
unemployme:nt. The small historical centre, which is
very run-dov.m, dates baclc 300 years. It is to receive a
[50 million I•egeneration grant.
A Work in grou.ps. Put the following in order of
priority. Then decide how much should be spent on
each project.
set upa recycling centre
provide gr¡¡¡nts for people starting up new businesses
renovate the historical centre and build a tourist
centre
provide low interest loa ns to improve homes
shut down the chemical works and relocate it on the
coast
set up youth cent res to give young unemployed
people something to do and to keep them off the
street
recruit more officers to police the poorer parts of the
city
plant trees in every street and increase the amount
of green space available for public use
B Compare youi.r ideas with another group and create
one proposal to present to the class.
C Work in pan:~ and say what you'd spend the money
on ü it was for your town I city.
01 cmEs 11
 READING 1
CULTURE
1

You axe going to read an article about UJban rnyths.

:.
A Before you read, discuss these questions in pairs.
What do you t hink urban myths - or legends - are ?
What kind of t hings are they generally about?
Why do you th ink people tell t h1s kind of story?
Do you t hink they are a pure ly modern phenomenon?

B Read the article on the right and answer the

questions.
1 How is folklore genera lly defi ned in academic m cles?
2 In w hat d1fferent w ays can urban myths be anaylsed ?
3 Wh at kind of t opics do urban myths generally ta ckle?
4 Why do we create t hese st ories?
5 Why do popular urban myths spread so quickly?

C Discuss with a partner what the words in bold mean

in the article. Then complete the collocations below.
1 - hope/ - your congratulations I - advice PERPETUATING THE MYTHS
2 - changes / - surgery I - a ra dical t ra nsformation
3 - you r opinion I - f ea rs / - concern I - doubts
at's the similariry berween a story abour

4 - possibil ities I - solut ions I - t he 1ssue 1n depth
5 - gossip / - the news / - like w ildfire / - the word
6 - releva nt I - confident I - a serious issue
7 - a message I - sym bols / - dreams
8 - as a global power I - from recession I - fro m the
shadows
D Can you remember which words in the article went
with each of the verbs in exercise C? Look again to
check.
Ci!JAGUAII.E NS_ _~
WrltetbaHnteaclllln,.Ul........'nanllate
them badc htto Enaltft. Coinplft JOUrlngQsh ID
the ortafnal.
Sorne JX!Ople just spread the stones. out of
boredom
How mudf waJ lt, out of lnterest1
1dld lt out .f1f curiosity: just to see what would
~n.
No~ ~Ot.ltof respea for loca
ttádítlóns..
~ only l8'ffd te go on a date wtth hlm out of pttyl
W
hildren finding a house built of sweets
nd one abour someone waking up in
a bath ol 1ce having had a kidney removed m their
sleep? Academ1cs argue that they are both examplcs of
fo lklore, simply separatcd by time.
Throughout hlStory. folklore has servcd comple..\'.
social fu nctions, anc..l with the circulation of urban
rnyths today. it remains meaningful, cYen if the storie~
themselves have changed dramatically. ln academic
terms. folklore means stories that are n:pcated by
differenr individuals and that undergo ,·ariations over
time, often becoming exaggeratt:cl or scnsationalise<l.
Most scholars attcmpt to decode thc mcanings of
stories in onc of threc main ways. firstly, there are
those who focus on the structurc and litcrary merils oí
stories: seconclly, thcre ·s the more cultural approach .
which explores historical, social anc.1 cconomic
context.s; and finally, thcrc's thc more psychological
approach, which concentrates on the reasons why
people creare and spread swries.
Many urban myths <leal \\ith Lopics such as crime.
accid rnts ancl Jeath, ancl seem Lo emerge from decp-
roo tccl fears peopk ha'c abom the world and from the
need to oller lcssons about these anxieties.
\Vhile urban legends aren' t necessarily true, the
popular ones nevertheless ha\'e a ring of truth about
them. Listcncrs thcn spread thcm or a wholc rangc of
differenc rcasons: out of boredom, to voicc personal
worrics, to get attention. to haim pcople or simply w
make srnall talk.

12 OUTCOMES
 LISTENING
You are going to heu three different people
talking about urban myths they have heud
in their countries.
A ~ 1.3Listen to each person. You won't hear
the end of each story yet. Take notes on
what happened.
B Compare what you heard with a pélltner.
Try to use all the words below.
1 reported - driveway- note - 111- concert -
wha le of a time
2 col lapsed - rushed - diagnosed incident -
the case
3 desperately sad - grabbed - freaked out -
run out of - cashier - trolley the spitting
image-favour-good deed
e Listen again to check your ideas ü you need
to. Then discuss how you think each story
willend.
D ~ 1.4 Listen to the end of each story. See
ü you guessed correctly. Explain what
happened in each story.
E Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
Which story do you like best? Why?
What do you think of each of lhe people in
the three stories? Why]
Do you think the stories are true? Why? I
Why not?
What do you think the moral message of
each story is?
Do you agree w1th the messages?
VOCABULARY Binomial s
A Work in pairs. Which four binornials are the wrong way
round?
by and large quiet and peace
take or g1ve long and hard
on and off now and then
tired and sick there and here
B Complete the sentences with the binornials in exercise A.
1 l've been studying Russian for about six years now,
2 Sorne buildings are crumbling a bit, but ······- ..•............. the old
town seems very well preserved.
3 1 still like to party ..........................., but l've calmed down a lot.
4 lt can be quite hard to flnd ........................... 1n lhe cily.
5 1 thought ...................... about it before mdking a decision.
6 lt's a fairly affluent a rea. but there are still pockets of
deprivation .......................... .
7 1 can't take it any more. l'm ...... .. ofthe constant no1se.
8 The population's about ten million, .......................... .
SPEAKING
You ue going to tell your own urban myths.
A Work in groups. The pictures below are from urban myths.
Discuss what you think happens in each one.
B Choose one of these stories - or a story you have heud
yourself - to tell. Plan what you ue going to say. Then tell
your partners. Who has the best story? Why?
01 CrTIES 13
 CULTURE ANC> IDE
02
VOCABULARY Society and cu lture
A Work in pairs. Discuss how you feel about your country with
regard to ea ch of the categories below. Explain your ideas.
1
bureauuacy
climate
religion
cultural life
crime
family I community life
l cowntries.
B Match each of the categories above to two sentences.
1 lt's a very close-knit town Everyone knows everyone
2 Most people 1met there seemed to be very devout.
3 A lot of wmpan1es are t rying to cut red tape a b1l
4 They are cracking down on fraud
5 The winters are incred1bly mild.
6 We got burgled three times last year!
7 lt's managed to rema in a secular state
8 Doctors are too busy filling in forms to do the r job properly.
9 We get month after month of damp and drizzle
10 There's a really thriving music scene
11 lt's still a very male-dominated society, in my opinion.
12 There's sttll a ot of censorship in the media.
C Which sentE!nces in exercise B do you think describe positive
things and which describe negative aspects? Why? What
might be thi! possible causes and I or results of each sentence?
14 OUTCOMES
LISTENING
You éll'e going to heéll' two conversations
about society and culture in two different
A '5' 2.llisten and take notes on what you
hea:r about each place. Compéll'e what you
hea.:rd with a partner.
B Deciide if these sentences éll'e true or false.
Listim again to check your ideas.
Conversation 1
1 She thinks it must be a dangerous country
to visit.
2 People lead very 1solated lives there.
3 The power balance in families perhaps
wasn't what sorne people might expect.
4 He agrees that there's sorne truth in one of
the stereotypes about the country
5 He found the traffic absolutely infuriating.
Com1ersation 2
6 He was surprised at how quiet people were
at concerts.
7 There's a healthy art1stic comm unity there.
8 The films are ali heavily censored.
9 One recent film dea lt w1th sorne
controversia! issues.
10 The economy is in recession.
C Work in gyoups. Discuss these questions.
Do you think your country is similar to
e·ther of the two places discussed? In what
way?
What do you th ink are the common
stereotypes of your area I country?
How much truth do you lhink there 1s in
these stereotypes?

DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
Disagreeing
We use severa! dlfferent expresslons to dlsagree.
We usually then explaln why we have a dlfferent
opinion.
A. lt's a very male dom1nated soclet}'. lsn't 1t?
B· I don t know about that. lt may have that
reputat1on, but that wasn't really my expenence
ofthe place
A Put the words in the correct order to malee
expressions.
1 not that l'm about su re
2 exaggeration isn't that of abitan?
3 far that 1 go wouldn't
4 isn't over that's a top the it bit?
5 looking well at way of things t hat's one
6 of that's overstatement a bit it an isn't ?
7 really 1see don't like it myself t hat
B 'SI 2.2 Listen and check your answers. Practise saying
the expressions.
C Work in pairs. Talee tums giving the opinions below
and disagreeing with thern. Explain why you disagree.
1 Films have a duty to tackle soc1ally sensit1ve issues.
2 There shou ld be no censorship of anything.
3 lncome tax should be completely abolished.
4 Wars are often good for the economy.
5 Corrupt government officials shou ld get life in jail.
6 The police don't do anything about most crimes!
GRAMMAR Emphatic structures
To emphaslse a feellng or oplnlon, we often use these
structures:
that ...
the fact that ...
What the amount of ...
The thing that verb be the lack of ..
One thing that phrase the number of ...
the way that ..
etc
To show we don't share someone's opinion - and
that we have a dlfferent oplnlon - we can use thls
structure:
A. Do they real y drive as badly as the stereotype
has F
B: To be honest, 1t wasn't thatthat eally bothered
me. lt wos more JUSt the total lack of a y decen
pubhc transport
A Look at aud.ioscript 2.1 on page 161. Find exarnples of
emphatic structures in conversations 2.
B Write full sentences using the ideas below.
1 thing I d1sturbs me I lack of democracy
2 worries / most / amount I censorship
3 thing / annoys I way / pres1dent talks to everyone
4 one I drives me mad / the traffic I the city
5 thíng /seares/ amount / money spent / weapons
6 bothers I lack I investment I art and culture
7 concerns me I power I judges have
8 one I gives I hope I future I fact I young people I so
much more tolerant nowadays
.,. Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 137.
C Work in pairs. Talee turns saying your sentences
from exercise B.
If you agree with a sentence, respond by saying
I know and then give an example. H you disagree,
say Really? It's not that that ... me. lt's ... - and explain
your own ideas.
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE
You are going to have a conversation about the place
where you live now.
A Malee a list of things that you like about the place
and another list of things that annoy you.
B Work in groups. Explain your ideas. Agree or
disagree with your partners. Use as much language
frorn these pages as you can.
•
02 CULTURE AND IOENTITY 15
 SPEAKING READING

A Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
In what ways do you think homes I rooms
I household objects can reflect a person's
culture or 1denl1ty~
Have you ever been in any homes 1n other
countries? lf yes. did you notice anything
unusual about them?
What do you think a fore1gner m1ght find
unusual about your home or about other
homes in your country?
VoCABULARY Househol d objects
A Check you know the objects in the box.
You are going to read an article about objects people noticed
when they travelled or lived in other countries.
A Read the introduction and d.iscuss these questions.
How far do you agree w1th the writer?
Can you think of anything that:
-you take for granted?
-you've reacted to w1th bemusement or d isgust?
-your culture has adopted from abroad?
Forelp obJecb
In our globalised world we can often take it for granted that
the thinss that surround us are universal, sensible or normal.
So when we travel or live abroad and discover new objects or
the absence of things we're familiar with, it can be surprising.
We may react with bemusement or dlsgust, but at such times

l
bucket toilet smk nail we should bear m mmd that vis1tors travelling to our country
needle cloth ladder tap would no doubt have the same experience and that what
pin string oven pan we see as extraordinary or ridlculous today. we may adopt as
glue drill d1shwasher our own tomorrow. Take an English aristocrat's comment on
seeing a blzarre lnstrument In l 7th century ltaly. •why should
B Decide which objects in exercise A you a person need a fork when God had given hlm hands?"
usually do the actions in the box below to. -----·--· · · · ·-··-•·..-·~· ... -.... __.

stick m thread climb cut NATIVE SPEAKER ENGUSH

cover knot hit turn off
un block heat load plug in take for granted
spread flush run w ring out lf yo u take someth 1ng (or someone) far granted, you assumc
it w íll never change and you don't value itas you should.
e Take tums to act or draw the actions. Yow
partner should say the action and the noun. We ojten take it for granted that it's universal.
We take runníng water for granted and often waste ít.
D Discuss the difference between: I don't take anythingfor granled
rope and string a mop anda brush My boss will rea/ise he took me for granted when l leave.
wire and cable a nail anda screw
a cloth anda sponge a ladder and stairs
a bucket anda bowl a knee pad anda bandage
a drill and a hammer soap a nd washing-up
liquid

E Decide if the following are problems or

solutions.
spill sorne water protect yourself
rip your Jea ns sweep the floor
soak your jea ns drop my glass
stam a shirt rinse my glass
mend your sh1rt wipe the table

'F Work in groups. Take turns thinking of an

object you want. Then say sentences like this:
1 1e sp1I mj drink. OR 1need to wipe the table.

Yom partner should offer the object:

Do you want a mop and bucket , cloth?

See who guesses the most objects correctly.

16 OOTCOMES
 B Now read the four people's a ccounts and D Work in groups. Discu.ss the following.
decide: Which household objects do yo u think most reflect your
if any of the things are usual in your national culture? In what w ay?
country. Say three objects that remind you strong ly of ot her countries
if you think any of them will become or places.
common in the future. Why? I Why not? Have you seen anythi ng in someone's house which you really
liked? What? Why?
C Read again and decide who: What crazes did you have at school / when you were y ou nger?
1 expresses annoyance. • Which objects would you miss the most if you went t o live
2 found something they liked a lot. abroad ? Why?
3 is impressed by someone.
4 couldn't adapt to something. ~~~.~.•plJ'f NS~~~~~~
5 has adopted a foreign taste. Wrlte the 1Mt811CeS ,aur .........Translate them lledc
6 could be overstating how common 1n1D EngÍsh. Coft..l#a yati--tothe od8fnaL
something is. At tlm~ lt's not nea as straightfo,rward as lt soundsl
7 felt restricted by something. lt's far easier than tt ks.
8 is rem inded of something. Me's reallyhot quite lald-back as he seems
lt was nów~ near. bid as t expecte9.
9 didn't agree with someone. lt was miles better n 1thought ii'd be.

IN-HA, SOUTH KOREA

1 got used to many odd things 1 found in Britain, but one thing 1 still struggle
to understand is why so many places still use separate hot and cold taps at
the sink rather than a mixer tap. You have to fill the basin to get the water at
the right temperature, but then you can't rinse your face properly because
the soap stays in the water. lt's much better with the mixer tap beca use you
can leave it running. In fact, what drives you mad even more is if there's no
plug. Then you end up either getting freezing hands, or burning them. or
trying to move between the two. Useless!

-
ED. UK

-----------
ere are, of course, loads of things you notice in Germany, which are
erent to back home like steins, litre jugs of beer which people drink, not
1 don't know how
widespread sorne of
these things are because
mention the waitresses that sometimes carry three or four in each hand. Chinese people don't tend
ose women have wrists and forearms of iron. However. the thing which to invite you to their home
·ays comes up sooner or later in conversation with foreigners is German that much - you arrange
ilets. Unlike our traditional bowl with steep sides down to the water. most to meet out somewhere.
rman toilets have a shelf so that you can check everything is as it should The flat 1rented when 1
You then flush it ali away - something which at times is not nearly as lived there was furnished
ightforward as it sounds! 1 had a friend who used to really rant about and there were a couple
em - but they never bothered me. of thlngs that struck me.
The first was that there
wasn't an oven, which
MAGGIE, IRELAND somewhat reduced the

-----------·
1 was staying with a friend. Sheila, and she had this thing. lt was like a tall
scope of rny cooking.
1 also found a massive
meat cleaver, which was
mug, but wit hout a handle, and made out of horn. lt also had this metal
straw. lt was lovely. She told me she'd picked it up when living in Uruguay. a bit disconcerting as 1
You brew this tea called mate in it and then drink it together. She's fallen associate it more with
in lave with the thing and has taken to using it quite a iot, but she didn't a butcher or with serial
persuade me to have much, though - it was a weird taste. The other t:hing killers! One thing 1 really
1saw while 1was with her was her son playing with a spinning top. lt really took to, though, was the
took me back. At school there was a mad craze for them. lt only laste1j about rice cooker. 1 should've
six months, but we were ali really into it. brought one back.

02 CULTURE ANO IDENTITV 17

SPEAKING LISTENING

Work in groups. Discuss these questions. You are going to hear three people talking
What do you know about British culture? Think about: about their feelings about British culture.
literature, theatre, music, broadcast1ng, visual arts, fashion .
relig1on, cuisine, sport. bu1ldings. monuments, etc. A 'JI 2.3 Listen and find out which of the
How much do you know about the things in the box below? things in Speaking they mention - and
How do you think each might be connecled lo British cu lture? what they say about them.
How 1mporlanl is Bnfüh culture in the world' In your country?
For you personally? B Listen again and decide which speakel':
1 has a fairly global world v1ew.
God Save the Queen Shakespeare 2 was surpnsed to find out what acquiring
f1sh and chips Islam British nationality mvolved.
curry punk 3 has sometimes had to deal with abuse.
kilts cricket 4 seems a b1l confused about the whole
the Costa del So l in Spaín Harrods issue of cultural identíty.
ballet car bool sales 5 retains a sense of fam1ly roots.
hip-hop St George's Day 6 is annoyed by a common false assumption.
football Easter
bowler hats Jamaica C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
D1d anythmg the speakers sa1d surprise I
amuse I interest you? What? Why?
Are there strong regional differences in
your counlry?
Do you think it's good for regions to have a
lot of autonomy from central government?

VOCABULARV
Expressions with thing
In the llstenln8I the sp . . . . sald:
lt's no big thing and it's a petSOnal thlng

There ........., expresslons wHh the word

tlllrtg In Enallsh·

A Translate the expressions with thing. Aie

any the same in yoUl' language?
1 Don'l make a fuss. lt's no big thing.
2 lt's rude lt's not the done thing in our
society.
3 l'd lave lo do ít, but chance would be a fine
thmg1
4 /t's the furthest thing from my mind at the
moment.
5 1always do itjirst thing in the morning
6 Jt's the sort of thing that makes you glad to
be alive.
7 lt's d1fficult, what with one thing and
another
8 1 d1dn't plan it - just one thing led to
another

B Worlc in pairs. Discuss what 'it' could be in

each of 1-8 above.

18 OUTCOMES
 READING 5PEAKING

You are going to read an extract from an article in a
sociology journal about identity.
A Before you read, discuss with a partner how far you
agree with each of the statements below. Explain
why.
1 Globalisation has led toan increase in nationalism.
2 lndividuals in any society are ikely to share many
common cultural characteristics.
3 Our cultural identities are not fixed; lhey change over
time.
4 The Internet and big multi national companies have
an influence on the kind of people we become.
5 The different kinds of roles we play and identities we
have in life often lead us to feel conflicted.
6 National cultures are rooted in history and lradition.
7 All nat1ons cons1st of a diverse range of peoples.
8 Nations are partly founded on negatives.
B Now read the extract below and decide which tour
sentences above best surnmarise the points it malees.
C How would you summarise the main message of the
extract? Compare your ideas with a partner - and
discuss whether or not you agree with this message.
A Work in groups of th.ree. Choose ONE of the speaking
activities below to do.
1 Wnte down the top e1ght cultural icons from your
country. They could be people, cultural I youth
movements, kinds of food I drink. special days. places.
sports, etc.
2 What eight things do you think people should
know about your country as a mínimum to gain
citizenship? Think about:
• history
• the law
· arl, music and culture
• facts and figures about the country
• re igions, traditions and special days
• polit1cs and the government
• publ c services like schools, healthcare, etc.
3 Make a list of your own eigr l personal cultural
markers. The l1st should include people. historical
events. books. films. mu sic. kinds of food I drink.
places. sports and sporting events, ele. These can
come from anywhere in the world, but should be
important for you personally
B Work on your own. Spend a few minutes preparing
for the adivity. Then present your ilists to youz group
and explain them. Your partners should comment or
ask questions to find out more.

The notion of a unified national culture which ali !hose who inl1aoit a
particular tand share and participate in is o comtorting one. e-;pecially in
times of global uncertainty. ll is, however, sornething o~ a myn1.

The individual cultural identity ot those living in any given socic:?ty will vary so
widety as to mal<e the extraction of common teotures very difficult indeed
Furthermore. identity is not stotic: it emerges through our interoctions with
others. and in an increasingly globatised world driven by comrnerce. such
interactions are becoming ever more complex ond multi-layen~d.

Through our retotionships with others. we grow into the many <jistinct rotes
we play in lile. Each role moy well be negotioted seporotely from !he others.
and may involve interacting only wilh those offected by the rote in question.
Given this. it is ctearly quite possible for one person to be. soy a mother.
a wife, o ballet lover. Welsb. British. Jama·can. 01ack. anda morketing
manager without ony controdiction

Where does oll lhis leave nationol identity? Historian Eric Hobsbawn nas
argued that o notion·s so-called troditions are not based in historical
fact. but rolher are propagated through certain kinds of educotion. public
ceremonies ond monuments. tor the purooses of the ru!ing elite.

Perhaps the final word, though, should go to Witt am Ratph Inge. a priest
and Carrbridge protessor. who cla:med tnat ·a nation is a society thot
nourist1es a common delusion about its ancestry and shares a common
halred tor its neighbours!'

02 CULTURE ANO IDENTITY 19

 RELATIONSH 1PS

SPEAKING C Work in pairs. Test each other.

Student A: say the follow-up comments a J
A Spend two minutes noting down words that you feel Student B: clase your book. Say the descriptions 1-10.
describe your personality.
D Work in g:roups. Discuss which descriptions in
B Compare your ideas in pairs. Then discuss these exercise A are the best I worst. Then discuss which
questions. suit people you know, and why.
Do you think other people see you in the same way?
Is there anything about your character you'd like to
change1 Why? LISTENING

You are going to he ar three short conversations

VOCABULARV Describing people about different people.

A Discu.ss whether you think the descriptions below are A ~ 3.1 Listen and answer these questions.
usually positive or negative. Explain your ideas. 1 What kind of person 1s described in each
1 She's completely incompetent. conversation 1
2 She's very direct. 2 How 1s each person described?
3 She's such a snob.
4 She's quite absent minded. B Work in pairs. Can you remember the missing verbs
5 She's quite hard work. from each of the sentences below? Sorne are phrasal
6 She's really b1tchy. verbs.
7 She's very laid back. 1 a He's ........................... the rest ofthe team down
8 She seems very principled. w1th him.
9 She's very strong-willed. b He always just ........................... really defensive and
10 She's quite thick-skinned. ........................... th1s great big barrier
c Maybe you need to .......................... his head.
B Match the follow-up comments below to the 2 a l've always thought he....................... as a really
descriptions in exercise A. decent guy.
a She's prone to forget things from time to time. b 1JUSt think you've ........................... him wrong.
b Once she's set her heart on something. there's no e He's done a lot to ......................... awareness of
stopping her various d1fferent causes.
e She's one of those people who never worry about 3 a We ........... ... ...... it .......................... straightaway.
anything. b The only problem is she kind of .........................
d She's not the easiest person in the world to talk to. the bathroom.
e She certainly stands up for what she believes in. e He ............. ..... me as a bit of a slacker.
f She looks down her nose at everyone
g She never seems that bothered by criticism or bitchy e Listen again to check your ideas.
comments.
h Honestly, she hasn't gota clue what she's do1ng! D In g:roups, tell each other whether any of the people
1 She doesn't mince her words, 1'11 say that for her. described rernind you of anyone you know. In what
1 wou ldn't trust her an inch. She'll stab you in the back way?
the minute you're nol there.

20 OUTCOMES

DEVE LOPI NG CONVE RSATIONS
Giving your impression
To afve our oplnlons •bout famous people or about
....,.. . . ......, mellUftJtlnm.weoftlln use
theM dnldlnll
Ht I Sht seems really nlce and bright and chatty.
Ht I Shtstnm nv as a bit ofa sJader.
Ht I Sht comet oams as a rtally dtcmt person
I get the lmpmslon I feellng he's I she's very
pr nclpled
A Work in pairs. Together, thinlc of ñve people
currently in the public eye. Then spend two minutes
thinking about your individual irnpressions of them
and why you feel like this.
B Share your irnpressions of each person using the
structures above. Start like this:
..... ..,,,,,....................... ...
GRAMMtAR wou ld 1
.....
~
. . . . . . . . . . . lllluc'lmlttD
.,w'lilhnt......................... .....
kzllllia.. is...,...1w.-W111,..t.._.-
...-.... ~--flae~
_ ne wlth }Otl on that (tentatlve)
agree
__.,.... wtth you (more-direct)
A Using the words in brackets, rewrite the sentences
without wori ld to make them more direct.
1 l'd imagine that they'll buy a new one (probably)
2 l'd expect it to arrive sometime next week. (should)
3 l'd say it was your own fault, to be honest. (think)
4 l'd have to agree with you on that. (couldn't, more)
5 1would've thought that most people could see
through the marketing. (surely, can)
6 1wouldn't have thought it'd be that hard to organ1se.
(can't)
B Divide the sentences below into tour g1oups of two
to show different uses of would.
1 Would you mind jusl keep1ng the mus1c down a bit?
2 He'd always hog the remate control and watch what
he wanted t o watch.
3 l'd like h1m more if he wasn't so self centred
4 Would you ca re to explain what you mean by that?
5 1wouldn'-: have said anything if l'd known he was
going to react like thatl
6 She prom ised she'd stop, but she never did.
7 1 knew that would happenl
8 1wouldn't see him very often. He'd only visit during
the holidays
C Compare your ideas with a partne1 and explain the
different uses of would.
.. Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 138.
(ONVER!SATION PRACTICE
A On a piece c1f paper, write the narne of someone:
you find a bit annoying
you don't get on very well with
you get on really well with
quite umrsual or eccentric
you admire.
B Swap pieces of paper with a partner and ask each
other about. the people on the lists. Explain who
each person is, how you get on with them and what
they're like.
03 RElATIONSHI PS 21
 VOCABULARY Divorce
A Check you understand the words in bold. Then discuss
the questions with a partner.
1 Why do couples sometimes sign a pre-nuptial
agreement?
2 What do you think are t he most common reasons
couples file for divorce?
3 What happens at the end of a custody battle?
4 What can happen du11ng an acrimonious divorce?
5 Do you believe it's possible to have an amicable divorce?
How?
6 What do you think of people who throw parties after
the1r divorces go through?
7 What usually happens if a father (or sometimes a
mother) refuses to pay maintenance for the children?
8 Wh1ch of the grounds for divorce below do you think
are most / least understandable? Why?
unequal burden of housewo1k adultery boredom
lack of physical intimacy greed physical abuse
READING
You are going toread an article about the history of
divorce.
A Read the article on the opposite page and think about
why the Wiiter rnentions each of the things below.
1 Sweden. Finland and Belarus
2 celebrity drvorces and custody battles
3 Mesopotamra. the Greek Empire and Cairo
4 Emperor Charles the Fifth
5 the Church of England
6 1857
7 TV.junk food, social networking sites
8 a heated argument ata wedding reception
B Work in pairs. Cover the article and explain why the
writer rnentioned the things in exercise A.
C Complete the sentence starters about the article. Then
explain yom ideas to a partner.
1 was quite surprised to learn that ...
lt didn't surprise me at ali toread that ...
1 honestly couldn't believe that ...
1 wonder why I how / what I when ...
l'd like to know a bit more about ..
D Look at the words in bold in the article. Undezline the
words that collocate with them. Sorne words will have
more than one collocate. Compare youz ideas with a
partner.
E look at the article again and find as rnany collocations
for the word divorce as you can. The collocates could be
adjectives, verbs, other nouns, etc. For example:
(One in every two marriages) ends in divorce
22 OUTCOMES
F Work in groups. Discuss these questicms.
Do you think the divorce rate in your country is high
or low? Why do you think this might be?
What do you th1nk of lhe divorce laws rn your
country? Do you agree that it's too e.asy to get
divorced?
Is it easy for someone who has been divorced to
remarry in your country?
Have there been any high-profile divorce cases in the
news recently? Do you know why the couples split
up?
Why do you think people continue to get married
these days?
GRAMMAR would 2
We can use wouldn't + verb to talk a thlnpthat
people- or objects- refused to do In past.
. the Pope·- would not comply with
Her husband wouldn't stop eating ju
A Complete the sentences wityh would111 't + a verb frorn
the box below.
come
liste n
hear
put
leave
start
---::1 let
stop
1 1 tried to make hi m change h1s mind, but he
2 1 slept really badly. My son just ........................... crying
last night. I don't know why.
3 1 realised things weren't going well when he
........................... to my mum's 60th birtlhday party.
4 1 begged her father to open t he door, but he
........................... me see her.
5 l'm not surprised she left him. He never lifted a
finge r round the house. 1 mean, he ........................... even
........................... the rubbish out!
6 Sorry l'm late. My car ........................... .
7 1 offered to pay for my share of the meal, but he
simply ........................... of it.
8 lt was so an noying! 1 was trying to work, but my little
brother JUSt ........................... me alone.
~ Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 138.
B Tell a partner about two things that people you
know wouldn't do - even ü you asked thern to.

Arecent survey found that slightly
more than one in every two marriagcs 1n
the Un1ted States now ends in divorcc. with
Swe1Jt>1 '·Fin and and Belarus sharing this
dub1 is distinction. Given ,u1..'1 11 w
:om ,~ s il does against a backdrop of
1
endless high-proflle celebr"lty divo :e~ 1nd
custody hattles. 1t would be easy to assume
that ctuonically high d1vorce rates werc a
sir ctly modern phenomenon.
The truth. however. is rather more
nterest111g. In fact. even in ancient times.
divorce was comrnonplace. lt is known to
tiave eXJsted in ancient Mesopotamia and
:erta1nly occurred during the Greek Empire.
Bythe 15tt1 century. around 30% of all
,,
marriages in Cairo were ending 1r. ra11u ~
and many people were marrying two or
even three times.
The concept arrived 1n f:.ngland at
around the same time. as a result of a rather
unusual set of circumstances.
In 1533. King Heriry the Eighth decrded
he wanted to leave Catherine of Aragon.
his wife of 18 years. due to her tailure to
provide him with amale helr to the throne
All divorces had to be offlc1al1y sanctioned
by the Pope. who would not comply
with Hcnry's wishes for fea1 vr o·-e d1nL
Catherine's uncle. Emperor Charles the
Fifth. thcn the most powerful man 1n
Europe. Furious at thís decision. Henry
persuadcd an English archbishop to grant
h1m his divorce. There was a subsequent
split from the Church of Rome and the
Church of England was born.
However. ítwas not until 1857 that
ordinary British peoplc (which tended to
mean íust men!) were allowed to file for
d1vorce through a court of law. and even
then the only legal grounds were adultery
and cruelty. Nowadays. around 70% of all
divorces 1n the country are 1nst1gated by
women and tt1e grounds nre much broader
and 1nclude 'mutual separation' and
urire. on.it e t> iavim r'. wh1ch can cover
a multitude of si ns
lndeed. nany beheve that divorce has
now become too easy and po1nt to the
increas,ng number of divorces flled for
ridiculous reasons. There was the English
couple who went the•r se par ate ways
because they could never agree wtiat to
watch on IV; then there was the lrnlian
man who claimed he was allerg1c. to h1s
wite's sweat- and the Jama1ca11 woman
who claimed her husband wouldn't stop
eating ji..nk food and loved fnecl ch1cke11
more than he loved her! A remnrkabte
number of divorce cases now also me11t1on
socia! networkmg s1tes su h J F:icP.book.
What happens ifyoL follow such
t·ends to therr logical extff m. .vds receritly
demonstrated by the painfully short
'Tlamage of a young Pohsh couple who
".ot into a heated argument w!iile cutt1ng
the cake at their reception - and ended
up seeking an annulment there and then!
Given all this. it's amazrng that people still
want to get married at ali!
 SPEAKING LIS'TENING

A Work in pairs. Discuss which items in the list below usually You are going to hear five conversations
go with the people in the different age groups in the box. abo\Jlt different relationships.
More than one person is possible. Explain your reasons.
A S 3 .~! Listen and decide which of the
a todd ler a thirty something a pensioner relationships below are being discussed.
a teenager a middle-aged person

D
couple • teacher and pupil
being frad and unsteady being cheeky and neighbour • doctor and pat1ent
on your feet answering back )lleagues • coach and player
feeling very self-consc1ous goíng bald sters • mother and baby
being very affectionate going offthe ra ils
fancying someone losing your facultíes B Listen again and answer the questions.
wetting t he bed est ablishíng a career 1 a Why is th e main speaker worried?
going ínto a home paying off a mortgage b What shows the old lady is st rong-
settling down havíng no com mítments wi l led?
2 a What two reasons does t he woman give
fo r the behav1our7
B What else do you thi.nk is typical of these age groups? Which b Wha t solut1ons do they each gíve7
age do you thi.nk is the best / most difficult? 3 a What do they agree abouP
b What happened at t he Open and why
is it mentioned7
4 a What w as sweet?
b What w as amazmg7
5 a Why was t he first speaker unhappy7
b What does the second speaker advise
an d why?

C Discu'SS in pairs.
Do you know anyone líke the people in
th e conversat1ons? In what way are t hey
similar?
What t raits are there in your family7
What relationsh íps do you have wíth
different professionals that you know? Are
they good? Why? I Why not?

~~ SPEAkER ENGUSH - ----~~

havi~ a ... streak

We say someone has, far example, a
competitive streak, to show an 1mportant
part of their character, especially one wh ich
contrasts w1th their normal behavíour.

He hcrs a strong compet1tive streak.

He hGfs a vicious streak, ifyou get on lhe
wrong side of him.
She seems easy-going, but she's gota
stubborn streak.
YouCi be surprised. He has an adventurous
streat
 VOCABULARY Phra sal verbs SPEAKING

As wlh ............. lt'I .......... to nallat Clllorallons md A Work in groups .

.... 11...Dltlwlllcft•Wllh~ ...... Student A: look at File 2 on page 152.

.,............,.
Student B: look at File 14 on page 157.
--fonnplltGf• ........... ~ . . . . . . . Student C: look at File 17 on page 158.

Hrwint8/1,.fflllswheuf1ewas)ll»U,..M',tat••-.. Read the problems and choose one which

you think is the most interesting. You are
going to talk about the problemas if it was
really happening to you. Think about sorne
details you could add.

B Role-play a conversation about each

problem. Ask someone What's up? As
they explain the problem, you should
TMJm11hllwmorethlnonemanlft11 sympathise and share experiences / give
Tott aj/your jacket. / The plane's toen off. advice I reassure. Use expressions such as:
Oh dearl
A Look at the undel'lined phrasal verbs in audioscript 3.2 on That must be difficult.
pages 162-3. Discuss which other words go with each one. How awful!
1know exactly what you're going through!
B Complete each sentence with one of the phrasal verbs from Something similar happened to a friend of
exercise A. mine.
1 We had big plans, but nothing ........................... them. l'd ta lk it over with them (if 1 were you)
2 He's ............................. 1 think he's in his m1d-80s. Have you been in touch with the police?
3 lt'd be better if she ........................... her energy ... .... .. ............ l'd have thought they could help.
something useful, rather than sticking her nose into my l'd imagine it'll all blow over.
business. 1wouldn't worry about it.
4 You shouldn't ........................... being treated like that. You should What an idiot!
tell him to get lost!
5 They were really pleased with our work and they ........................... e When you have discussed one problem
you ........................... for particular praise each, choose another one or invent your
6 1 really don't want to ........................... an ordeal like that again. own relationship issue. Have another
conve.rsation.
C Find six more phrasal verbs in audioscript 3.2 on pages 162-3
and think of your own examples of how to use them.

DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
What's up?
We often .... ~ ,,,,. ~. ,,,,,,,.,, .,. . ttllnk
somethln's ....... We oft9n &M a WfY short answer
,.,...d .., detallst
lt's Oust) work. l'm completely snawed under.

A Decide what the problem could be in 1-6.

1 Jt's th1s ............................ l'm sick of this drizzle. Jt's depressing.
2 lt's my .. ............. She's always singling me out and she
gives me bad grades.
3 lt's my ............................ 1 don't seem to be making any progress.
4 lt's my ........................... They keep me up all night partying " 1 thought we agreed not to fight in front of
5 lt's my ............................ 1 twisted it really badly and 1 can hardly the children."
walk on it.
6 lt's the ........................... She's teething at the moment and she
doesn't stop screamingl

B Practise short conversations, starting What's up? / What's the

matter?

03 llHATIONSHIPS 2 5
 POLITICS
DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
Giving opinions
A Find six pairs of sentences with a similar rneaning.
1 l'rn a huge fan of the idea.
2 1don·t know where 1stand, really.
3 l'rn totally against it.
4 1thmk the negatives far outweigh the positives.
5 1can't pass judgernent. 1don't know enough about it.
6 lt's a good idea 1n theory.JuSt not in practice
7 1arn in favour l just have sorne slight reservations.
8 1have sorne rnajor doubts about it.
9 lt's OK in principie. 1just think it's unworkable
10 l'rn cornpletely opposed to it
11 lt's not without problerns, but on the whole 1like it.
12 l'm totally in favour of it.
B Work in groups. Give opinions about the following.
a rnaxirnurn wage
nuclear energy
globalisation
US foreign policy
free health care
banning golf
• six week school holidays
hosting an international event
a 30-hour working week
allowing only electric cars
LISTENING
You a.re going to hear two conversations discussing
topics frorn Developing Conversa Hans, exercise B.
A 'S 4.1 Listen and decide what the topics a.re and
where each person stands on the issue.
B Choose the words that you hea.rd. Then listen again
to check.
1 a Sorne of these salaries are obese I obscene
b lt puts I pushes up prices.
e They'd j ust declare I detail itas part of their
in come.
d l'm su re they'd be able to find ways round /
through it.
e 1 did. l'rn just playing devil's advert I advocate.
2 a Did you hear about th1s proposal to bet I bid to
hold the Olympics here7
b Won't the games earn I make a lot of rnoney?
e They always talk about them leaving a good
Jacility / legacy.
d lt's lucky we don't have a hope in he/// earth.
e lt'd be a recipe I receipt for d1saster.
C Work in pairs. Discuss the following.
Explain what the sentences in exerme B refer to.
· Which people do you sympathise with more? Why7

GRAMMAR Conditionals 1
A Match 1- 5 to the best endings a-e.
1 lf people don't have to pay for a service,
2 lfthey go ahead with the proposal,
3 lfthe New Party gets elected,
4 1think if we hada shorter working week,
5 What if you were on a low wage, though,
a what would happen then? You m1ght not get by.
b they say they're going to end nuclear power.
e it could lead to energy shortages.
d they take 1t for granted.
e there'd be less unemployment.
In if-clauses, we talk about general or likely
condltlons wlth a present tense, and unllkely
condltlons about now or the future wlth the past
simple I contlnuous. Thls choke may be dependent
on the speaker's polnt of vlew. The condltlon Is
sometlmes impliclt, so people don't say the if-dause
but only refer to the consequence.
We can talk about the consequences of a condltion
using present tenses or wlll, golng ta, would, mlght
or could - dependlng on how certaln we are of the
result.
B Look at the sentences in bold in audioscript 4 .1 on
page 163 and answer the questions.
a What's the condilion for each of the sentences?
b Does the speaker see the condition as generally true,
likely or unlikely?
e Does the speaker think the consequence is likely?
lil> Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 139.
VOCABULARY Consequences
A Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
compound
undermine
tngger
benefit
devastate
bankrupt
'"'b d;"º""~
lead boost
'--~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1 lt m1ght ........................... people from working.
2 lt's a bad idea. lf anything, it'll ........................... the
existing social problems.
3 lt m1ght ........................... the rich, but it'll harm t he poor.
4 lt might .......................... an election ea rlier than they
wanted.
5 lt could ........................... the a rea and le ave thousands
dead.
6 lt'll create division and ........................... to tension.
7 lt 'll ........................... the economy and create jobs.
8 lt's bad. lt'll .......................... relations between the two
countries.
9 lt might help to ........................... drug addiction.
10 lt'd put an enormous strain on finan ces. lt could
........................... the country.
B Can you think what conditions might be needed for
each of 1-10 to happen? For example·:
lf they put up taxes, it might discour ge people from
working.
C Use the verbs below to rewrite five sentences from
exercise A so that they mean the opposite. You need
to change more than just the verbl
1 encourage strengthen damage sort out delay
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE
You are going to have similar conversations to the
ones you heard in Listenin9.
A Think of two proposals in areas such as education,
health, the economy, housing, cultur1e or transport,
one you would like to see happen (Personally, I'm
infavourof ... ) and onewhich youhave heard is
happening - good or bad (Did you he4:ir about this
proposal to ... ?). Malee notes about the consequences
of each.
B Work in pairs. Take tums to start con:versations and
then discuss the proposals.
04 POUTICS 27
 VOCABUILARY Politicians

A In your view, which of the qualities below

do politician1; rnost need? Rank thern frorn l
(rnost irnportant) to 10 (least irnportant).
honesty compass1on
ruthlessness flexibility
passion bravery
charis ma excellent communication skills
self-confidence t he ability to com promise

B Explain your ch oices to a partner.

C Work in groups. Can you think of any

politicians you would describe using the
words below?' Explain your ideas.
pass1onate hum ble and down t o earth
arrogant sincere
shrewd indecisive
no substa nce hypocritical
charismatic brave

READING

You are going t o read a short article about the

effect of hurn·our on politics and politicians.

A Read and dedde if 1- 8 are true or false,
according to the article. Underline the
sentences in the article that help you decide.
1 The old say1 ng teaches people not to use
violence
2 Professor Peterson claims comedia ns spend
too m uch time mocking politicians'track
records and theories.
3 The j okes 011 late-night comedy shows
reaffirm rather than challenge the public's
perception c:>f politicians.
4 Sorne comedians like to suggest t hat pol1t1cs
is justa waste of time.
5 Ben Lew1s suggest s t hat humour helped to
underm ine the syst em in sorne total1ta rian
states.
6 The humou r that emerged under t hese
systems wa s racist.
7 People used t o laugh at their own misfortunes
as a way of voici ng t heir frustrations.
8 Sorne dictat ors w ere very fond of t elling JOkes.
B Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
• How far do you ag ree that comedy is bad for
democracy?
What satírica ! shows are on TV at t he
moment ? Do you ever watch them? Why? I
Why not?
Have you seen any 1mpressionist s? Were they
any goodJ
Can you do .any 1m press1ons of famous
people? Whc:>?
'1'1he old saying cl.airns that
J. 'sticks and stones will break
my bones, but words will never
hurt me'. However, according to
two new books, this might not
quite be true for p o:liticians.
ln Strange Bedfe•llows:
How Late-Night Comedy Turns
Democracy into a jol<:e, Professor
Russell Peterson argrues that
comedians are having a harmful
effect on politics as a result of the
way they constantly ridicule ali
politicians, irrespec'tive of track
records, theories or qualifications.
Because the main target of
most jokes is the character and
personal qualities olf politicians,
audiences are left with the
impression that ali politicians are
equaliy awful, a feel:ing which
increases already Wl!despread
explams, and so we come to
believe that 'every candidate
every party is, has, and always
will be the same: corrupt,
inadequate or self-interested.
They turn political engageme
into a joke by implying that it's
just a silly game and futile.'
In Hammer and Tick/e: A
Hislory o! Communi sm 'Ibld
Through Communist jokes,
Ben Lewis argues that hwnour
played a rather different role
in totalitarian states. The black
humour that emerged under
systems represented not justa
release for people living in •
circumstances, but was an act
of defiance against oppressio
As such, the more extreme
dictatorships tended to regard
comedians as a threat and the
telling of jokes was frequently

28 OUTCOMES
 LISTENING SPEAKING

You are going to hear three jokes.
A ~ 4.2 Listen and decide which book's argument each
joke illustrates - Russell Peterson's or Ben Lewis's.
8 Work in pairs. Compare your ideas. Which jokes did
you fi.nd amusing? Why?
You are going to tell each other jokes lilce the ones
you heard in Listening.
A Work in pairs.
Student A: look at File 5 on page 153.
Student B: look at File 7 on page 154.
Read out yo¡.u jokes and decide which you prefer.

.......................,........,...
..... 1nsleldofplllt......_W..,soaftM .......
B Spend a few minutes trying to remember the joke
you chose. Tlnen tell the jokes to each other - from
•afPIMor• •Rtedwrbs Md lldthal out memory. USE! present tenses. Act out sorne of the
attlte ..... tllne. actions and 1:he way the characters speak. Which
joke do you like best? Why?
C Listen again and complete the sentences.
1 a Two friends are ........................... the road when one C Work in gyoups. Discuss these questions.
turns to the other Do you know any other jokes about politics or
b 'Follow me.' And he ........................... off down a side politicians?
street. Have you heard any funny- or crazy- anecdotes
c 'Not here. lt's not safe.' And they ........................... the about politics or politicians? What happened?
stairs. Do you know any funny books or films about politics
d The other one ........................... nervously. 'Well' he or politicians? Tell your partner about them.
What other things make you laughJ
2 a The son arrives home and they ............_. _ ...... out
towatch h1m
b He picks up the money, holds it up to the light and
then ........................... it into his pocket.
c He picks up the Bible, ........................... it and then
pockets that as well
d Finally, he ........................ the bottle. opens it and
........................... it to check it is good quality.
befare sticking it into h is bag
e He then happily ........................ up the stairs to go
for a nap.
3 a A man is walking down the street ........................... to
himself. cursing the government.
b They ali suddenly ........................... on him and
........................... him down to the stat1on.
c The man's scared stiff and ......................... in fear.

D Take tums to say the sentences in exercise C and act

them out at the same time.

"At last, a politician we can trust!"

~ sw:.ct
V~' ~o ~1'Ac;.E

~~
10~'j¡-,......._-
~~'(¡·
"Think about it- 1f you were a politic1an, would
you want more prison space available?"

04 POLmcs 29
 READING VOCABULARV Elections and politics

You are going to read a text about the Swiss
electoral system.
A Read the text. In the m.argin, tick . / what
you think is positive, and cross X what you
think is negative about the system.
You can lmprove yo:jstenln1 and fluency by leamlng
mllocatlons of key e words. MaftJ exerclses In Outromn help
wlth thls. You may know the by words, but not the collocates.
1he VocallalaJy Bu"""1 has lnfonnatlon on these.
A Match a key word to its collocates. Two are extra.

1
8 Work in pairs. Compare and explain your
l
election victory figure vote MP 1
ideas. consensus sca nclal strike poli party
1
C Work in groups. 1 she's a prominent - in t he anti war movemcnt I a hate - I be
1 Discuss what the words in blue mean. seen as a - of fu n I a div1sive -
2 Find t he word forms based on these words. 2 the - takes place 1n May I callan - I trigger an early - I fix thc - I
what'll decide the -? / the run up to the -

represen t
devolve
normal

D Discuss what is similar too I different from

l 3 go to the -s I carry out a - I conducta - among students I in the
lates t - I have a low standing in the -s
4 reach a - I establish a - I an emerging - /a bread -
5 a bribery - I a sex - I expose a - I the - erupted I he's mixed up
the system in your country. in a - I be hit by a senes of -s/ cover upa -
6 stand asan - I a long standing - I a prominent - I a right-wing -
I an outspoken - I lobby -s
7 a unanimous - I cast your - I a protest - I a no - I an
overwhelmi ng - in favour I alleged --rigging
8 a narrow - I a landslide - I a stunning - I a hollow - I claim - I
ensure their - /pul! off a surprise -

B Underline the collocaticms which you hadn't heard before or

needed to look up in thE? Vocabulary Builder.

C Compare the words you underlined with a partner. Say an

example sentence for eatch.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM
SWISS STYLE
Sw1tzerland has a long tradition of
democracy - sorne claim it dates back to
the 13th century. lt is also perhaps unique
in the amount of power it devolves from
central government to regional and local
institutions. Parliament only sits 12 weeks
a year and MPs are paid modest salaries
compared to counterparts abroad. Most
have second jobs in the community.
In fact, this devolut1on of power
extends to individual citizens. Even
when parliament decides to change
federal law individuals can challenge the
decis1on by collecting 50,000 s1gnatures
on a petition. This triggers an automatic
referendum. Furthermore, anyone
can propase laws by getting 100,000
s1gnatures. Similar processes ex1st at a
local level. People may vote on these
single issues 15 times a year or more.
Most of these votes are done via post
rather than heading to a polling station.
The Swiss have a federal parliament
with two bodies - the Nat1onal Council
and the Senate - which chooses the
government. The Senate is formed by
the individual states (cantons) electing
two representat1ves each, irrespective
of population size. The 200 MP's
In the National Council are elected
via a complex form of proportional
representation. Each cantan is allocated a
number of seats according to population,
ranging from 34 (Zurich) to one (Uri). The
política! parties provide lists of candidates for
each cantan, which are sent to the electorate
Voters can vote not only for the party, but for
specific candidates. They can even make th ·
own list.
The number of seats each party gains in
any cantan is determined by the percentage
of party ballot papers returned. The specific
people who are then chosen for each party
depends on the individual votes cast for each
candidate. Because of this system, individual
representatives mamtam a d1rect relationshíp
with their voters, often rejecting the party line
Special interest groups often lobby voters to
support MPs favouring their cause.
Coalitions are the norm in Switzerland as
parties don't gain an absolute ma¡ority, w1th
the result that a tradítion of consensus has
become established. This may partly explain
why voter turnout is often only 40% of the
electorate.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 LISTENING
You are goíng to hear five people talkíng about votes.
A Before you listen, work ín groups. Look at the words
ín the box and answer the questions.
a general election an opinion poli
a local election a strike ballot
a referendum election for student council
a talent show vote a parliamentary vote
In which do you vote for a person or party? In which
for a law or action?
Who votes in each case?
Which ones have you voted in and why? What was
lhe outcome?
• Can you think of any other times you might vote?
Have you ever stood for election or ca mpaigned in a
vote? When? What happened?
B ~ 4.3 Listen and say which of the votes ín exercise A
they are talkíng about.
C Listen agaín. Decide ín which extract someone does
the followíng. One is extra.
a mentions a broken promise
b talks about vote rigging
e lalks aboul voter lurnout
d talks about standing for parliament
e expresses surprise at something
f is defending an unpopular decis1on
D Compare and explaín your choices.
GRAMMAR Conditionals 2
The past simple or contlnuous In an if-c:lause shows
a real past event oran lmoglned pment I future
conclltlon. Past perfect In an ff-clause shows an
lma1lned ptnt condltlon. 1he consequences of the
conclltlons rnay refer to now (would be) orto befare
now (would'n bnn).
A Work ín pairs. Try to write the missíng parts of the
sentences from Listening. Listen if you need to.
1 lt ...................................................... if they hada kind of
hate figure.
2 1 might not have minded so much if ........................... .
3 lf it hadn't been for their intra nsigence,
4 1 guess if .................................................... . they'd be keener
to bring about electoral reform.
5 On another day 1 ••• ••••.•..••••••••.•••••.••••••••••.••.......•.•••.••, but 1 was
ata bit of a loose end when t he researcher called
6 lt's unlikely we ...................................................... if we didn't
have a body like th is.
B Compare your sentences with audioscript 4.3 on
page 164. Explaín the use of the verb forros ín the six
sentences.
.. Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 139.
e Think about the effects of the followíng things.
Write two cond.itional sentences about each.
the result of the last election
a famous figure in your country
• an important moment in your life
NATIVE SPEAKER ENGUSH
Tokenism
We accuse an organisation or leader of tokenism 1f
they do something to show they are being fair or
trying to change. but it's not really true or genu1ne.
He's the token disab/ed person on TV
Her appointment in the government is tokenism.
lt's a token gesture to try and win votes
lt's just tokenism with no real power.
SPEAKING
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
What's voter turnout like in your cou ntry? Why?
How do you think you could improve democracy?
Which elections were s1gnificant for you personally I
your country I the world? Why?
Have you heard of any sca ndals? What happened?
Have you heard of any results that were fixed?
Can you think of any examples of token ism ?
What would be your proposals if you stood for a
school body I a local elect1on I parliament?
04POLmcs 31
 Two MINUTES
Work in groups. You are going to give a short two-minute tallt on one of the topics in the list below. Spend five
minutes thinldng about what you are going to say. Look back at your notes to check language if you like.
• A c1ty that's changed Divorce
Culture Relationships
A political system A política! party

Give each other rnarks out of ten for language, interest and clarity. Who got the rnost marks?

GAME

Work in pairs. Student A use only the green squares; student B use only the yellow squares. Spend ti.ve minutes
looking at your questions and revising the answers. Then take tums tossing a coin: heads = rnove one of your squares;
tails = move two of your squares. When you land on a square, your partner looks at the relevant page in the book to
check your answers, but you don 't! H you are right, rnove forward one square (but don't answer the question until
youz next turn). lf you aren't right, your partner tells you the right answer and you miss a go. When you've ñnished
the game, change colours and play again.

1 2 3 4
• Developing Conversations Grammar p. 11: tell you r
...._..---------~ p. 9 your partner wtll say partner f1ve th 1ngs about
sentences 1-6 in exercise you or you r city using four
••••••••••lf'. A. You should saya different perfect forms.
reinforcing sentence

5 "l 8 9
Grammar p. 15; say five Native Speaker English Vocabulary p. 18:
things about your family note p. 16: if you can say MI• a gol six expressions w~
or your country usmg what the Native Speaker thmg.
three different emphat1c English note was and give
structu res. an example, throw again.

10 11 12 13 14
Nat1ve Speaker English note
Miss a go! p. 24 if you can say what
the Native Speaker English
note was and give an
example, throw again.

16 l"l 18 Finish
Develop1ng Conversat1ons Vocabulary p. 30: your
p. 26: say eight of the partner will say the eight
expressions for giving key words. Give two
your opinion. collocations for each
For eac:h of the activities below, work in groups of (OLLOCATIONS
tluee. Use the Vocabulary Builder ü you want to.
Take tums to read out collocation lists from Unit 1 of
the Vocabulary Builder. Where there is a '-', say'blah'
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE instead. Your partner should guess as many words
as they can. Eac:h time you c:hange roles, move to the
Choose one of the following Conversation Practice nextunit.
activities.
C1t1es p. 9
Culture and ldentity p. 15 IDIOMS
Relationsh1ps p. 21
Pol1t1cs p. 27 Discuss the meaning of the idioms and try to think
of a real example about you - or about someone you
Two of you should do the task. The third person know.
should listen and then give a mark between 1 and 1 l'm just play1ng dev11's advocate.
10 for the performance. Explain your decision. Then 2 l'm at a bit of a loase end.
c:hange roles. 3 He can be very hard work
4 She's really set her heart on 1t
5 She d1dn't mmce her words.
ACTOR DRAW 6 He stabbed me n the back
7 1tend to take things in my stnde.
One person should act or draw as many of these 8 You should put you r foot down.
words as they can in three minutes. The others 9 We d1dn't rea\ly hit it off
should try to guess the words. Do not speak while 10 He never lifts a finger in the house.
you are acting or drawingl 11 lt carne completely out of the blue.
12 Chance would be a fine thrng!
a pin peer sweep curl up 13 They're rolli ng in money
drip rinse sneak mutt er 14 lt's just not the done t hing.
suck wring glance demolish 15 lt spread like wildfire
knot flush a crane shelter
leap choke dr1zzle thread
soak a pad a st raw a st ain

Qu1z
Answer as many of the questions as possible.
1 l1ow would you describe an a rea w1th crumbling or
derelict buildings?
2 What do you need to do if you rip you r sh irt?
3 lf a situation is grim, 1s it very good or very bad?
4 What happens when an economy is thriving7
5 What's happened if you need to clear rubble?
6 How do you feel if you're thrilled wit h somethmg?
7 What is burgled and who does it?
8 Why might an area go downhill?
9 Why might you single someone out?
10 What does close-knit describe7
11 What do politic1ans try to cover up ?
12 What happens if there's a craze? G1ve an exam ple.
13 lf someone one is bltchy, what do they do?
14 What kind of things might be cracked down on7
How7
15 Say tour different grounds for d ivorce

01 REVIEW 33
 CHECK W • •
LISTENIN G B Complete the second sentence with 2- 5 words and the
word in bold so it has a similar meaning to the fust.
A ~ R 1.1 Listet:1. and choose one answer for each 1 Debt was three times lower when they won the election.
speaker. The e a.re two extra. Decide which speaker since
is talking ab ut: Debt ................................................... they carne to power.
a a referend Jm 2 íhe policies they followed compounded the problem.
b falling out with a friend so
e mak1ng a ~1end With a diffe ent policy, the problem
d a historica perspective (on a current issue) ...................................... bad
e an urban n generation 3 Losing the vote, will definitely force an early elect1on
f a pol1tic1a trigger
g doing up t eir house lf lhey lose 1he vote 1t's ....................................... early
election.
B &o R 1.1 Listetl again and choose one answer fo1 each 4 There's a lot of red tape, wh1ch 1s 1nfuriat1ng
speaker. The:re are two extra. Which speaker: mad
a complains about losing their communíty? What ............................................... of bureaucracy there 1s
b exprcsses rncerlainly about what they're going 5 1wouldn't r~~commend 1t after lhe ordeal we
to do~ underwenl.
e suggests a theory is not true? th rough
d regrets sor cthing thcy d1d? Hav•ng ................................................... a terrible experience, I
e shows sym pathy with someone? wouldn't re(,ommend it.
f revea Is the reason for someone's behaviour? 6 We would'v1~ won, but they fixed the result.
g crit1cises a governrnent pol1cy? rigged
lf they ........................ .............. election, we'd be in
[... / 10) power now

[.. / 12]
GRAMM R

A Complete wilth one word in each gap. LANGUAGE PATTERNS

1 The thing .. . ........ concerns me is the power
they have. Find the four $1entences with a rnistake and conect
2 lt sounds reat. I w1!:.h 1. . ...... ... . . seen it. them.
3 1 ... .... .. imagine there might be sorne 1 She's one ofrt:hose people that she's always moaning.
opposition to the demolition of the building. 2 lt's nowhere nearly as complicated as it sounds.
4 1wouldn't ouy a car without ..................... driven it. 3 lt was miles better than l thought it'd be.
5 When 1wa • a teenager. 1 ................ often sneak 4 He utterly una ble to make up his mind.
out at n1g to play with friends aftcr 1had 'gane to 5 He's one of those people who'll always play dev11's
bed'. advocate.
6 What 1hat •is the ..... . ............. of public transport at 6 1read 1t three times out of disbelieving.
night
7 lt s the ...................- ... they've done nothing to curb [... / 6]
pollut1on tt at bothers me
8 lf 1wasn't v orried. 1wouldn't ........................... talking to
you now. PREPOSITIONS

[... I 8] Choose the cor rect preposition.

1 The whole r rgion 1s prone to I w1th earthquakes
2 Comedia ns r ock politicians irrespective to I of their
track record.
3 Once she's s~et her heart at Ion something there's no
stopping herl,
4 He's very laicl back. He takes everything in Ion h1s stride.
5 The building does not comply for / wíth regulations.
6 The controversy comes against I to a backdrop of ethnic
tension
7 He's regardecj as I of a very shrewd polittc1an.
8 We should lorok into the 1ssue in I w1th depth

[... / 8]
34 OUTCOMES
0PPOSITl:S WORD FAlll\ILIES

Replace the Words in italics with their opposite from
thebox.
deprived prawling
v1bra nt ?ecular
1 t's a comp~rct city
2 lt was an am1cable d1vorce
3 lt's quite a tul/ area.
4 lt's a devou, community.
5 The place was spotless.
6 The industry 1s struggling
7 lt's a very aff!uent area.
8 lt's quite a tecent problem.
[... / 8)
Complete the gaps with the correct forrn of the words
in CAPITALS.
There's always this 1......................... that ASSUME
acrimonious long-standing love will conquer ali in marriage so
fi:thy thnving couples 2 • • . • • . . • • the stress that ESTIMATE
basic things suc as housework can put
on a relationship. The way you squeeze
the toothpaste tube can be J...... .. ......... .. RIDICULE
d1visive. So ifyau have any 4 ......................... RESERVE
about your part er, you should resolve
them befare YDl.I make a •.... ....... .. .. COMMIT
to marriage. Of rnurse people have the
6
........................... tc1 change, but in pract1ce we CAPABLE
tend to be quite 7 ......................... to change WI LL
if we perceive a ha bit as being part of our
personality.

- - [... /7]
MISSING WORDS

Complete ead1 set of three sentences with one word. VOCABUU~RY

1 don't knovv where 1...... on the issue.
1

He dec1ded not to ...... again in the next election.
She's princi oled. She'll ... . up for what she believes in.
2 The murdel rate has fallen threefold and it is hoped the ...... wil l
dip below 300 this year
She's a prorninent ...... in the green movement.
You don't ni~ed to diet You have a lovely ... .
Complete the book review by choosing the correct
wordsA-C.
Mariarn is getting on. She's 1..... anda little unsteady
on her feet. but her mmd is as sharp as ever She
1
...... doubts that the new election w ill ' ...... old-

3 lt must've fallen through the hole in my trouser ...... .
The c1ty's flounshing now, but there s st&ll the odd ... of
deprivation,
l've never S(?en him give a receipt. I think he must just ...... the
money.
4 lt was a very .... victory. They only won by two votes.
There's a 101: of prejudice and ..... .-mindedness here.
The street's too ...... to get the car down.
5 1 think she's, seven months old She's just started .......
lt took ages. The traffic was ...... along.
1 saw a cockroach ...... a long the k1tchen floor.
[... / 5]
age pens1oners. 'Th1s country 1s undergoing a
transformation, but 4 • • it's one driven by young peo ple
1 think they feel older generations have let them down,
and they may bj~ rightl"
Certainly. Nigeria has ..... many difficulties with a
number of the ruling elite being 6 ...... bnbery and
corruption scandals. However, 1n the 7...... to new
elections there are signs of change. The country is
emerging from l'ecession and w1th a popu lation that is
predom1nantly under the age of 30, a new generat1on
of politicians are 8 ...... hope that the many remaining
problems can be overcome. However, having seen it al i,
you can understand why Mariam may be a little cyn1cal.

NO U NS 1 A grim B frail e thick·skinned

2 A voices B inst1gates e strikes
Complete the collocations with a household object. 3 A flounsh B shelter e benef1t
1 wring out the - I wipe the table with a - ......................... 4 A by and large B now and then e give or take
2 switch on the - I load the - I empty the - ........................... 5 A got by B devastated e been through
3 flush the - / clean the - I un block the - .... .. 6 A mixed up in B involved e got away w1th
4 plug In the ~ I - a hole I hold the - ........................... 7 A leading B aftermath e run-up
5 climb the - I hold the - steady I fall off a - ...................... .. 8 A offe11ng B tackling e grant1ng
6 cut the - I knot the - I t1e it up with - .. .. ................ .
7 a hammer ¡ind - I hit the - 1- it together ....................... [ ... / 8]
8 rinse it under the - / leave the - running I turn the - on

[... / 8] [Total ... /80]

01 REVIEW 35
 NIGHT IN, NIGHT OUT
VOCABULARY Feelings
A Use the extra information in 1-10 to guess the
meaning of the words in bold. Translate them.
1 We were in stitches. lt was hilarious.
2 1was bored to death. 1just couldn't stop
yawning.
3 She was in bits - JUSt in floods of tears.
4 1 was stuffed after the mea l. 1 thought l'd
burst.
5 l'm exhausted. 1was tossing and turning all
night.
6 He was off his head. He was shouting loudly
and he couldn't walk straight.
7 The film didn't live up to the hype. I was really
disappointed.
8 1 was a bit overwhelmed. I couldn't take it all
in.
9 l'm feeling a bit rough. I think 1 overdid it last
night.
10 Honestly, 1 was mortified. 1 went bright red
and just wanted to curl up and die.
B Work in pairs. Take turns giving a reason for
the feelings in 1-10. Your partner should say
the expression. For example:
A: 1 was really stressed and couldn't get to sleep.
B: l'm exhausted. 1 was tossing and turning ali
night.
LISTENING
You are going to hear two conversations where people talle
about a night out and. something else.
A '5 5.1 listen and answ-er these questions.
1 What did they do on the night out?
2 What is the other thing they talk about?
3 What phrases from Vocabulary do you hear?
B Compare the phrases you heard and discuss why the
speakers used them. 1rhen listen again and check.
C Complete 1-12 with th.e correct preposition I adverb. Then
read the audioscript cm pages 164-5 to check.
1 She actually burst ...... tears.
2 She's been ...... a lot ~ecently.
3 She got ...... it pretty quickly.
4 He's so full ...... himself.
5 Anyway, talking ...... dancing, are you still going to those
tango classes?
6 l'm still a bit prone ...... treading on toes.
7 lt's all ...... hand.
8 1just couldn't switch .......
9 Tell me ...... it.
10 Thanks for being so ...... top of things.
11 ...... the way. how was your meal?
12 He just burst ...... shouting ata waiter.

SPEAKING
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
Have you ever been to a surprise party? How was 1t?
Explain a time when someone reacted unexpectedly
Do you know anyone who's a really good I bad
dancer? In what way? Are you any good? What do
you dance to1
Do you ever t ake the mickey? Out of w ho? Why?
How good are you at dealing with stress?
NATIVE SPEAKER ENGLISH
strut your stuff
We can say so meo ne struts their stuff when they do
somelhing very well. but more commonly it is an
ironic way to talk about dancing ata party or club.
You've never seen him strutting his stuff. then?
Are you ready to strut your stuff {on the dance jloor}?
We were strutting our stuff ali night.
0EVELOF11NG CONVERSATIONS
I bet I imagine
We often gt1re our oplnion about what someone says
uslng I bd) lmagln~ or You must I must'w.
I bet she waJ pleased
You must b gettmg quite good
You must·~ en stuffed by the end
A Rewrite 1-6 111sing must be/ must've been.
1 1 bet that was pretty d ull
2 1 bet you're glad you d idn't go now
3 l 1magine he was a bit disappoi nted.
4 1 bet you're feeli ng a bit rough now.
5 1 bet you were m ortified
6 1 imagine she was quite upset.
B ~ 5.2 Listen :md check. Notice the responses.
We usually respond to oplnlons llke those In 1-6
by agreelns or dlsagreelng. We often also add a
comment.
C Take turns s::iying 1-6 in exercise A. Your pa.rtner
should agret! I d.isagree and comment.
(ONVER'SATION PRACTICE
You are going t o have sim ilar conversations to the
ones you he;ud in Listening.
A Think of a night which resulted in at least one of the
feelings in Vocabulary. Think about what happened.
B Work in pai1·s. First d.iscuss the night out and then
change the subject to something else. Use language
from these pages.
 READING VOCABULARY Noun + of

You are going toread an online What's on guide for ~ny nouns often go wlth of, such as these from the
London on the opposite page. 1ulde:

A Before you read, discuss these questions in groups.
Where do you get information about what's on?
Do you ever read reviews of films, plays, etc.? How
much attention do you pay to them?
B Work in pairs. Read the What's on guide and decide:
1 what you think of each event.
2 how much you·d be prepared to pay for each thing.
the secrets ofsurgery; theformat afthe classes; a
wealth of hlnts; the centenaty of hls blrth; the loss af
both his legs: the onset o/war: the Battle of Britain:
the existence of ice; a set ofquestions; the d1sposal of
worlcs of art
A Think of one more ending for each of the nouns in
italics in the explanation box.

Use sorne of these expressions: B Match the nouns + of to the possible endings.
lt sounds too weird I pretentious I gory. etc.for my 1 a bundle of slavery I the death penalty I VAT
Jiking. 2 a fraction of enquiries I complaints I people
lt doesn't sound like my cup of tea I my kind of thing 3 a nsk of life I weakness I things to come
lt sounds interesting I brilliant I dreadful. etc. 4 a flood of my tengue I the island I the iceberg
lt sounds like a laugh I the kind of thing l'd like, etc. 5 a sign of the cost / an inch /a second
6 the supply of fun / measures / wood / clothes
C Work in groups. Choose the three things you would 7 the abolition of water I drugs I blood to the brain
all most like to go to. Then compare with the rest of 8 the tip of accidents I cancer I failure
the class.

D Which event(s) / person: GRAMMAR Noun phrases

1 aims to make you laugh? ...... and ......
2 is an updated version of something old? .... and ..... A baslc pattern In Ensllsh Is subject-verb-object.
3 is part of a public campaign? Rory McCreadle reveals secrets.
4 has already been successful? ......, ...... and ......
5 helps you get a better figure? ...... and ...... We can add extra lnfonnñlon to ttte bask subject I
6 offers suggestions on how to improve? ...... and ..... . object In dlfferent ways, to make noun phrases.
7 is a bit scary in parts? Rory McCreodie, o borber surgeon from the l 7th
8 is about space? century. reveols the gory secrets of surgery in the post
9 can help you get rid of something you own?
10 overcame something? A Look at the underlined words in the guide and
discuss these questions.
1 What are they?
· adjective
• noun
· relative cla use
• a participle clause
· a prepositional phrase
2 Which noun do they go with?
3 How many words are in the whole subject I object
phrase?

~ Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 140.

B Work in pairs. Choose one of the sentences in 1-4.

SPEAKING Add information to the subject and object. Which
pair can WYite the longest sentence?
Work in pairs. Answer these questions and explain 1 Leona Hart won the award.
your choices. 2 A policeman found a boy.
What's the best m useum you've ever been to? 3 The exhibition presents sculptures.
lf you could re-release a film, what wou ld it be? 4 Man seeks woman.
lfyou could put any art in Art Bin, what would it be?
lfyou could put on an exhibition about someone,
who would it be of and what would you display?
lf you had time to do any course, what would you do?

38 OUTCOMES
 http://www.wherecanwego.com
Barber Surgeon: leeches,
lancets and blood-lettlng
From trepanning (drilling a hole
1n lhe skull) to blood-letting
with leeches, Rory McCreadie,
a barber surgeon from the
17th century, reveals the
gory secrets of surgery in the
past. Audience participation
encouragedl
Blues Brothers Banned Uve
at The 100 Club
Eleven young mus1cians deliver
a twist on Blues Brotbers'
~- The Banned packed
London's legendary Hard
Rock Cafe last year. A gig for
everybody.
Can~
Polestars Can-Can course is a
fun-filled, high-intensity ~
class for legs, bums and tums.
Each week you learn a routine
that will have you in stitches!
Douglas Bader Centenary
Exhibition
In this display, marking the
centenary of his birth, we
examine Bader's early career,
the accident that led to the loss
of both his legs and his legacy
to the disabled community.
Despite his disability, with the
onset of war in 1939 Bader
reJoined the RAF becoming
a crack pilo! in the Battle of
Britain and a national hero.
Ice Worlds
Discover the importan! role
ice plays throuahout the Solar
~ in the fascinating Ice
Wor1ds planetarium show
Take an awe-inspiring JOurney
exploring Earth's frozen
extraterrestrial neighbours and
see how the existence of ice
shapes the landscape.
London Treasure Hunt: Ideal
Qulrky Winter Trip Outl
Spitalfields is one of London's
most vibrant areas: our exciting
Treasure Hunt takes in the
soaring 'Gherkin' building,
passes Hawksmoor's stunning
Christ Church, and then creeps
down a creepy burial chamber
before ventunng along Brick
Lane Two sets of questions
(easy/cryptic) for all ages
Michael Landy: Art Bin
Michael Landy transforms the
South London Gallery into Art
Bin, a container for the disposal
of works of art. Over the course
of the six-week exhibition,
the enormous 600m3 b1n will
gradually fill up as people
discard their art works in it.
ultimately creat1ng , in Landy's
words, 'a monument to creativa
failure'. Anyone can dispose of
their art works.
ses
Learn how to make and
decorate delicious cupcakes.
The formal of the classes
will be demonstration and
interactive participat1on. You
will take home your own
creations, rec1pes used during
!he class and a wealth of hints
and tips relating to baking and
decorating.
------
Odyssey UK Tour
Theatre Ad lnlfinitum reinvent
Homer's timeless Greek myth
w1th Odyssey. One actor One
hour One man's epic quest
to reunite with his family and
seek h1s bloody revenge. This
passionate rettelling was an
Edinburgh Fri1nge sell-out show,
rece1vjnq tour·· and fiye-star
reviews across the board.
Rainman
Re-ralease of the 80s film ~
follows the joumey of Charlje
Babbjt and his autistic brotber
Raymond acrqss Amerjca, to
coincide with mental health
awareness week. Funny and
incredibly moving. Take a
handkerchief.
Re/Landscape - lmpossible
Photographs.
Re:Landscap1:! presents illusory
photographs of English rural
scenes and ooastlines. Us1ng
mirrors when photographing
each landscape, Karen
Grainger blurs the boundary
between the reflected and
~. pres1~nting an
extraordinary take on the
traditional landscape genre.
Rlchmond and Twlckenham
Th1s thriving weekly Jazz club ,
featuring sorne of the fines!
names in jan: and hosted by
saxophonist ~<elvin Christiane
and vocahst L esley Chnstjane.
has different guest artists
each week and an outstanding
rhythm section.
Weight Loss through
Ayurveda
This two-day workshop looks at
simple guidelines for quick and
effective we1ght loss. 11 explores
the cause of weight gain, and
shows yoga and breathing
exerc1ses ~lt.ab.l.e for los1ng
weight along with anti-aging
therapies.
05 N oGHT IN, NIGHT OlJT 39
 SPEAKING B Work in pairs. Compare your notes.

A Work in groups. Discuss these questions. C Matcltt the verbs to the nouns they were used
• Which of the things in the box below do you ever read~ with in Listening.
Wh1ch do you enJOY reading most / least? Why? 1 endorse a a number of different factors
How often do you read in English? What kind oí thrngs do you 2 bo.ast b the spread
usually read? 3 share e over two million members
Do you know anyone who's ever belonged to a book club? 4 be down to d the movement of 1tems
Would you consider joining one? Why? I Why nol? 5 see e the trend in a positive íght
6 halt f a book
wspaper art1cles poems instruction manuals 7 lrack g free copies
ademic books nove Is Internet forums 8 fund h their thoughts
mies blogs
------ D Comp1are your answers with your partner.
Discuss who or what each of the verb-noun
LISTENING collocations in exercise C is connected to.

You are going to hear a radio programme about book clubs. E Listen again and read the audioscript on page
165 to check your ideas.
A ~ 5.3 Listen and complete the summary below with your own
notes. F Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
Who do you thi nk are the most influential
tastemakers 1n your country~ Why?
Do you think tastemakers have a positíve or
negative influence? In what way?
Do you think any of Brian Sewer's critícisms of
book clubs are fa ir? Why~ I Why not?
Do you llke the idea of Book Crossing? Would
you consider takrng part in it?
\'ll~featur~ 2.............. ............................... . Do you think the One City, One Book idea
would work 1n your town I city? What book
would work best?

- •····································.

l
2 6

H.owevu, thet'e)r be.e-t'\I ~~~ 01'\I t;M.. !ft'"~

_ tJw.t: nu;ui(~, ftYO«pr 7 ~ • • .• •• . ... .• . • . .. ••

fw.-r-ra4o-voí.ced- about" ~ cuu:Ue.nce!r~for

•........ ············ ······················ .
On.e-pop~ booJ<,, 'R~ Lo-Ulzt, IKV TeJu.-íMlf, w
about"9 .... .. ............ .... .. .................... .

Book-Cl'~a4o-fYOW~Í.+'1.lpop~ify.

~Ct.i+v idea,, w t& et\CCW'~-peópl.e- - - - - - - - - !

10 ..............................................

On.e- CíXy, 01'\.€/Book- idea,, - ~ Í.+'1.1 Sea.td&

B~ idea,, w eve+y&n.e- 11 .. .. .................................... .

CIM'll et4o- iNWolNe- 12 ........... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... • • • • • • • • • .. .. • •

- ---------1
 VOCABULARY Describing books

A Complete the reviews by choosing the correct words.

0------~
Tove Jansson Anya Seaton
Falr Play Katherlne
This slim novel concains seventeen loosely connected chapters and This vivid portrayal of love and politics in
'centres I revolves on the lives medieval England is 1rooted I based on a true story
.\ .... .._~.----- ... fliCNh...,.....
~.fltal
.......................
and loves of two elderly female and manages to 2 bring I carry its characters and
anises. There is very little 2p/ot / era to life through its rich, vibrant language. lf you
orgument as Jansson is far more believe that love conquers all and enjoy stories
3
interested in the minutiae of held / set in the past. then this uplifting 1history I
everyday life and in the way the
relationship between her two
Tove Jansson fair play 3
stars I protagonists is realised
through the sparse, minimal
1dialogue I speech.

o Kaylle Jones
Lles My Mother Never Told Me
In this moving 1memoir I memory. Jones confronts
her childhood and her troubled relationship with
her abusive mother, whose 2con~ia I struggle to

o
Megan McDonough
Step By Step
This gripping non-fiction work
1
traces I discovers the history
of the feminist movement in
twentieth-century America and
2
explores I ~nds the impact it had
on women. 3Basing I Revolving
around the lives of ten women.
the book 1sorts out I tackles such
issues as marriage and divorce,
domestic violence and the civil
rights movement.
overcome her alcoholism is explored in heart-
w renching decail. The book 3treats I deals with the
themes of acceptance and t ranscendence and is a
real page-turner from start to finish. 1 can't 1suggest
I recommend it highly enough.
Mil Milllngton
Th lngs My Glrl frlend and I Hove Argued About
This comic novel is so freq uently laugh-out-loud funny that you might not want
to read it in public! Told in the 1moin I ~rst person, the book explores the many
arguments between the 2narrator I commentator and his German girlfriend - to
hysterical effect! By 3turns I episodes. absurd, dark and full of 1insight I judgement, it's a
must-read for anyone w ho's ever been in a relationship!

B Underline any new adjective + noun SPEAKING

collocations in the book reviews in exercise
A. Compare and discuss what they mean.
C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Would you recommend any ofthe five
books to people you know? Which ones?
Whoto? Why?
Which ofthe books would you most I least
like toread? Why?
Have you ever read anything similar to any
of the books described?
Imagine you and sorne of your dassmates have joined a book
club and you are going to decide what to read first.
A Think of the book you would most like other students to read.
Who's it by and what's it called? Decide how t o describe it. Use
sorne of the language from Vocabulary.
B Work in groups. Try to persuade your partners to read your
choice fust - and explain why it's so good.
C Vote to decide which book to read first.

OS NIGHT IN, NIGHT OUT 41

 CONFLICT

SPEAKING NATIVE SPEAKER ENGUSH

A Check you understand the words in bolcl. Then tell I hasten to add
a partner which of the things below you sometimes To clarify or comment on a previous statement, we
do. can use I hasten to add. lt can be used either formally
lose your temper and scream and shout or jokingly.
storm off and slam the door behind you
throw things across the room - or at someone A: 1do understand I made a mistake.
have a big sulk 8: And not for the first time, I hasten to add.
hold a grudge against someone after an argument
apologise first and try to make up 1wasabsolutely furious about it - not that l'm
normal/y an angry person, I shou/d has ten to add!
B Look at the list of things people often argue about
in the box below. With a partner, discuss how each
rnight lead to argurnents and which you think cause DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
the worst argurnents. Giving negative I private information
money politics Whm we 8fve nepthe.or prfwdeinfOnnatlon, we
religion work often use sentence.,.thet WMlthe.......,
sport homework •bout wlullt's to CDIM.
careers kids
stress a nd ti red ness exes To be frank wlth you, l'm really not-sure there's a
time spent together household chores future for you here at all
silly annoyances in-laws
A Work in pairs. Imagine the sentence starters below
C Which of the things above do you argue about most were all used in an office over the space of a week.
often? Who with? How do the argurnents usually Complete each one in a hurnorous or serious way.
end? 1 1 don't mean to be rude, but

2 To be brutally honest, ...................................................... .

LISTENING
You are going to hear two conversations in which
conflicts occur.
A ~ 6.1 Listen and answer these questions about each
conversation.
1 What's the relationship between the people?
2 What are the conflicts about?
3 What happens in the end?
3 With all due respect, ...................................................... .
4 To put it bluntly, ........................... .......................... .
5 lfyou want my honest opinion,
6 Between you and me, and this shouldn't go any
further. ..................................................... .
B Compare your sentences with another pair. Who has
the best ideas?

42 OUTCOMES
 VOCA BU LARY Adverbs
5ome aclverbs commonly ID wlth parikular verbs.
We also use adverbs at the sbrt af ,....... to show
our attltude toMrds the lnfonnatlclt1 that follows.

·;·~;~~·~~;~~~~·~·~~"~~~~ ~ ~~;·rec~;;¡~ ......

dellvery.
l'm really sony. Honestly, lt won't ha pen agaln.

A Complete the sentences with the adtverbs in the box.

bitterly desperately d"mal•cally exp<e'<ly 1

freely strongly stupidly vaguely

1 1 ···- ····················· told you never to contact me at

home!
GRAMMAR I wish 2 He's a real snob - and to make it worse. he
.......................... admits 1t!
A Divide the sentences below into tluee groups of two 3 1 ........................... recommend that you try it before you
according to the grammatical patterns. buyit.
1 1just wish you were a bit less selfish. to be honest' 4 1 ........................... need to find a job! rm really short of
2 1 wish l'd never started th1s conversation money.
3 1wish 1didnt have such a short temper! 5 1 ...................•....... remember him saying something
4 1 wish he'd understand that people do have exes' about 1t last time we spoke, but 1 rnight be wrong.
5 1 wish l'd told him what 1 thought of him earlier, to be 6 l'm such an idiot. 1 ......... . ..•• left my bag on the
honest! bus!
6 1 wish you wouldn't always make fun of me in front 7 1 •......••.••.••.•••••.••••• regret what 1 did. lt was totally wrong
of ali my friends. ofme
8 The number of ongoing civil wars has increased
B Compare your ideas with a partner and explain the ........................... over the last 20 years.
different u ses of w ish.
B Work in pairs. Think of one more v1erb that goes with
~ Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 141. each of the adverbs in the box.

C Complete the sentences below by a dding the correct
forms of the ve.rbs in the box.
can have le ave sent think
1 1 wish 1 ............. ..... ...... longer to stop and talk, but l'm
afraid l'm actually in a bit of rush.
2 1 wish 1 •. ....... ............. her that e-mail! lt JUSt made
everything worse.
3 1 wish you ........................... your things lying around all
over the place all the time. lt's so annoying!
4 1 wish 1 ......... ......... ..... turn back ti me and start again.
5 You always talk such rubbish! 1 wish you .......................... .
sometí mes before you open your mouth!
6 lt's the fact that you lied to me that really hurts. I
just wish you ........................... more honest with me!
D Write down five things you wish using the patterns
below. Explain your sentences to a partner.
1 1 wish l'd never ..................................................... .
2 1 wish 1 wasn't ..................... ...................... .
3 1sometimes wish 1could ...................................................... .
4 1 wish my ...................................................... wouldn't
5 1 wish my ........................... would sometí mes
C Choose the correct adverb in each s1!!ntence.
1 Apparently I Evidently. ·'m wasting my breath here.
You're clearly not listening to me.
2 Personal/y/ Hopefully. we'll just be able to make up
and put it all behind us.
3 Realistically I Theoret1calfy, it's possible, but let's see
how it works in practice
4 Presumably / ldeally,you think that's funny!
5 Surprisingly I Techmca/ly, you're not supposed to be
using that phone to make person.;il cal Is.
6 Frankly / Luckily. 1 think that's totally ridiculous.
(ONVERSATION PRACTIC:E
You are going to have two conversations similar to
the ones you heard in Listening.
A Student A: read File 3 on page 152.
Student B: read File 10 on page 156.
B Prepare for both conversations. Try to u se sorne of
the new Ianguage from these page:s. Then role-play
eachone.

06 CONFUCT 43
 VOCABULARY War and peace
A Read the short editorial from a newspaper and discuss these
questions.
Are the examples given also true for your la nguage]
In what other a reas of life might war vocabulary be used in
English (or in your language)?
• Do you agree with the points made in the fina l two sentences?
e must be violent people by nature. Just consider the
W way the language of war invades ali sorts of aspects
of our lives. Advertisers bombard target groups; politicians
get involved in wars of words as they anack plans and defend
policies: lobby groups want to combar poveny: companies
mightjoinforces to gain [?rmmd in the market. they might
fighl o.ffa hostile takeo1·er or engage in a price war. Patients
might banle cancer or surrender to a disease.
Much less common seems to be the language of peace
and negotiation. Is this reflected in other languages'? lf so.
perhaps this is why conflict resolution is so difficult. People
find it difficult to forget about aggression because so much
of our lives is framed in terms of victory and defeat. We
need to find a new language if we are to work together.
C Try to rnernorise the words in exercise B.
D Work in groups. Try to think of an exa.mple
The peace talks collapsed when the doga
inslsted the sandbox had to go out
In the hall.
44 OUTCOMES
B Put each group of verbs into the most likely
order that they happen, starting with the
words in 'bolcl
1 is called a truce I conflict escalates I
tension rises I sorne fighting breaks out I
war rages
2 have a row I fall out I take offence I get in
touch I make amends
3 defend yourself I be lnvaded I join forces I
defeat the enemy I gain ground I lose
ground
4 restart negotiations I signa peace
agreement / declare a ceasefire / begin
negotiations I talks break down I reach a
settlement.
5 return to democracy I seize control of the
country / plot to overthrow the president /
suffer sanctions I stage a coup I undermine
the economic stability
6 be under siege for weeks / be surrounded /
run out of food I become a prisoner of war/
surrender
7 seek a UN resolut ion I receive reports of
human rights violations I withdraw troops
I send in international troops I re-establish
security
8 put on trial / arrest I cause casualties
and fatalities I track down / claim
responsibility I planta bomb
Then test each other.
Student A: say an expressron rn bold.
Student B: try to say the rest of the verbs in
arder.
of each of the following and explain what
happened - and what the causes and
results of each were.
an invasion
a crvil war
a terrorist attack
a srege
a coup
a fallrng-out
an international intervention
a peace process
 LISTENl~IG

You are going to hear four news stories about

different issues, all using vocabulary of war and
peace.

A ~ 6.2 Listen and decide which issue is the most

serious.

B Work in pafrs and explain your choices. weapons thitn ever on our stNets.
ana~tocatm~~
C Listen again and decide which sentences are true. f, as M r. COfllfTltttlifto peace.
1 a Dan Craddock has been found guilty of spying.
b Mr Craddock was a manager for Pit-Pots.
e Jazz Dr• nks has a bigger market share now. SPEAKINC~
2 a Jonas Bakeman 1s in danger of losing his job.
b Bakeman spoke to the press and fully apologised. A As a class, cho·ose two of the following statements to
e Ms Campbell claims she didn't initiate the affair debate. Then divide into groups - half the class will
3 a A court decided people didn't have to submit to agree with th1e two statements and the other hall
body scans at airports. will disagree.
b One lobby group funded the woman's defence. You should never negotiate w1th terrorists.
e The government has accepted the ru ling. There should never be international intervention in a
4 a Pig farrning 1s an important industry in Paulston. country's interna! affairs.
b Both sides in the dispute inflicted sorne kind of • Wars are a necessary ev1I.
damage. • You can't win a war on drugs.
e The sides agreed a settlement between Peaceful protests are the only ones that work.
themselves. Companies are too concerned with market share or
growth.
D Match the W'ords from the listening. Then check in There should be more restrictions on advertising.
the audioscript on page 166.
1 a fierce a wrongdoing B In your group, spend ten minutes preparing
2 deny b invasion of privacy yow ideas and think how you might attack your
3 a lapse of e symbol opponents. Choose a spokesman for your group.
4 claim d eyesor
5 a gross e battle C One group sh1:>uld speak for two minutes, presenting
6 split f victory their ideas agreeing with one statement. Anothe.r
7 a h1deous g into two camps group should then speak against. When they have
8 a proud h JUdgement finished, anyone can comment or aslc questions.

E Discuss any stories that you have heard which are D Repeat exercise C with the other statement.
similar to tll.ose in Listening.
 SPEAKING B Worlc: in p airs. Test each ot h er.
Stude:nt A: say the nouns in l he box.
In groups, discuss what you know about South Africa. Stude:nt B: close your book. Say at least one
col loe ate.

VOCABULARY Social conflict C Wit h a partner, discuss how the nouns in

the b ox in exercise A might be connected to
A Match the nouns in the box to their collocates. the history of South Africa. Try t o use sorne
of the collocates in your discussion.
oppression support condemnation dissent boycott
unrest sanctions segregation ma rch massacre

1 a policy of racial - / strict - of men and wom en

2 call for a - I a consu mer - I a mass - A Read the article about South Africa's recent
3 a - of innocent c1vil1ans I carry out a cold-blooded - history and see if your predictions were
4 draw widespread intern ational - / issue an official - right.
5 - of non whites I suffer racial - I battle -
6 impose - on the country I lift economic - B W ith a partner, discuss how the ten nouns
7 go o n a pro-democracy - I brea k upa protest - in bold are connected t o South Africa's
8 express - I crush - I growing - I t olerate política! - r ece11.t hist ory.
9 growing popular - I a wave of social - I spark fresh -
10 strengthen - for the resist ance I enjoy popular -

HOPE SPRINGS ETERNAL

A mere twenty years before, the man who
was to become the country's first black
president, Nelson Mandela, was released
from jail after 27 years, having initially
been imprisoned for his role as leader of
the banned African National Congress and
for planning acts of sabotage against the
state. The road to freedom had been littmed
with obstacles, and for a long time it had
seemed as if the destination wou ld neve1r be
reached.
The system of apartheid that was
s the eyes of the world focused on
The repeated massacres of demonstrators
drew widespread international condemnation
and, of course, served to strengthen support
for resistance organisations. By the 1970s,
the country was also embroiled in a
number of military missions in neighbouring
countries in an attempt to crush all dissent,
while interna! repression and censorship
reached new levels. By the mid-80s, South
Africa's economy was one of the weakest in
the world and the writing was clearly on
the wall.

A
South Africa at the start of the 2010
football World Cup, national pride
was at an ali-time high. The new stadiums
glittered, the national anthem was sung
as never before and the multiracial team
took to the pitch fully aware of what their
presence on the global stage meant to their
nation, for behind the choice of location
for the tournament líes one of the most
remarkable transformations undergone by
formalized in the 1940s, and which laste,d Following Mandela's release and
until 1994, had its roots in the racial the dismantling of the apparatus of
segregation introduced during colonial apartheid, the issue of how to move
times, when the British and Dutch battled the country forward peaceably loomed
for control of the country's riches. The pc·licy large. The establishment of The Truth and
of oppression and relocation of non -whit1~s Reconciliation Commission was a major step
initially reaped huge rewards for the rulir,g in this direction.
white minority and by the 1960s the country
had economic growth second only to Japan.
At the same time, however, the effort to
maintain the rigid social structures imposed
upon the majority of the nation was
becoming ever more costly and com plicated.
lnternationally, calls for boycotts were
growing, and the country was becoming
increasingly isolated. Pressure was also
growing for sanctlons to be imposed.
lnternally, popular unrest was growing.
The government faced wave after wave of
strikes, marches, protests and sabotage by
bombing and other means.
C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions about the
article.
1 In what ways was t he 2010 World Cup significant?
2 Why was Nelson Mandela sentenced to jail?
3 When -and w hy- did lhe apart heid system begin?
4 What seems to have been th e main factor in its
collapse? What other facto rs played a part?
5 What do you think the goals and working met hods
ofThe Truth and Reconci liation Corn mission were?
D Read the Wiki about The Truth and Reconciliation
Commission and see if you guessed correctly.
Wiki:
The truth and Reconcilliation Commission
Following the abolition of aparthe1id, a court-
like body entitled The Truth and Reconciliation
Commission was eslablished. The main aim of
the Commission was to establish the truth about
human rights violations by giving both victims
and perpetrators the chance to describe their
experiences. The Commission had no explicit
power to prosecute, but in exchange for the truth
about their actions, !hose who had committed
crimes in the past could request amnesty from
prosecution, provided their actions had been
polilically motivated and proportionate.
Oespite this, the Commission exp1licitly set out to
focus primarily on the victims. lt was hoped that
through the process of revealing l:heir stories they
would reach sorne kind of closure•. Compensation
was also offered in sorne situations.
E Decide if these sentences are true or false.
1 The Truth and Reconciliation Comrn ission aimed to
punish those who had committed atrocities.
2 lt did not have t he power to sentence people to
prison.
3 lt had t he power to exempt people from
prosecution
4 Anyone wanting a pardon had t o show remarse
5 The Commission sometimes gave money to victims.
F Work in groups. Discuss these ques'tions.
How do you feel about the idea ofThe Trut h and
Reconciliation Com mission?
What do you imagine its main strengths and
weaknesses wou ld be?
How successful do you 1mag1ne the Commission
was when it ca rne to establishing the truth? Why?
How successful do you imagine it was at bringing
about reconciliation between people? Why?
llSTENING
You are going t o hea.r three people discussing
their experiences of The Truth and Reconciliation
Cornmission.
A 'Sr 6.3 Listen and decide how each sp«!aker feels
about the Cornmission and why.
B Listen again and decide which speaker:
1 speaks the most highly about the (<)mmission.
2 found telling the truth d1d not lead to reconcil iation.
3 hada minar crisis offaith
4 fea red the worst w hen apartheid was abolished.
5 l urned down com pensation.
6 found listen ing to testimony t raumatic.
7 wants a different solution to the pmblems ofthe
past.
8 complains about a delay.
9 feels the country's standing in the world has been
boosted.
C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Did any of the speakers mention any pros I cons that
you didn't think of in Reading?
What seems to have been t he b1ggest problem
with t he Commission? And what about t he biggest
strength?
Did the th ree speakers leave you feeling t hat t he
Comm ission was more a good ora bad idea? Why?
Have you heard of any simila r processes anywhere
else in t he world?
SPEAKING
A Discuss in groups how far you agree with each of the
ideas about justice below.
An eye for an eye; a too h for a tooth.
The more laws the e are, the less
justicc therc is.
In seeking justice, we must ensure
we do not become as evil as that
which we oppose.
lnjustice anywhere is a
everywhere.
06 CONFUCT 47
07 SCIENCE AND RESEARC

VOCABUILARY Talking about science LISTENING

A Replace the words in italics with the correct form of You are going to hear two conversations about
the synonyrns in the box. science-based stories in the news.

underlying 1mpaired devise ad verse A Work in pair!;. Look at the newspaper headlines and
slippery slope undertake insert lead to discuss what you think each story is about.
step forward duplicate disorder due a Researchers clone glow-in-the-dark dogs
b Hormone inhaler may help autism
1 lt's a major breakthrough in the fight against AIDS. e Cat owners are more intelligent
2 No-one knows the root cause ofthe phenomenon. d Backing for space sun shield
3 The huge noise left many with diminished hearing. e Gay penguins adopt chick
4 They stuck probes 1nto the skin. f DNA fragra nce with the smell of Elvis Presley
5 The experiment represents a thin end of the wedge. g Mind-reading a step closer
6 Researchers carried out the survey to establish a link h Scientists breed see-through frogs and fish
between attitudes and health. Scientist gets funding for time-reversa! experiment
7 The find1ngs could pave the way for new techniques. j Scientists successfully transplant mosquito nose
8 Other scientists are yet to successful ly reproduce the k One in five scientists on performance-enhancing
results under laboratory conditions. drugs
9 The lack of funding was down to the radical nature
of the theory.
10 There are concerns about negative s1de-effects to the
procedure.
11 The study found that the genetic condition was more
prevalent than first thought.
12 Scientists have created a way to detect seismic waves
before earthquakes hit.

B Test each other.

Student A: say the words in italics in 1-12.
Student B: say the synonyms.

B ~ 7.1 Listen a111d take notes on the news stories the

speakers talk about.

48 OUTCOMES

e Listen again and decide if 1-9 a:re true or false.
Conversation 1
1 The mosquito receptors are transferred to a frog.
2 The research is connected to preventing disease.
3 The researchers are going to produce a perfume.
4 The speakers are both concerned about the
implications of the research
Conversation 2
5 The shield is to stop the earth heating up.
6 They also want to build a stadium in space.
7 The 'cloud' could be fin1shed ten years from now.
8 The researcher has received funding far the propasa l.
9 One of the speakers thinks all the talk about climate
change 1s really only far the benefit of big business.
D Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
What do you think of the two stories you heard?
Do you have any concerns about genetic research?
Do you know anyone who is sceptical about climate
change or other scientific theo ries? What are their
reasons?
DEVELOPING CONVERSJ~TIONS
Express ing surprise and disbelief
.........
YouClllshow:_,..........~­
How4! Wlfh dQthey do
....«Htlfa.-thll)'Solñgtó"!t~~-­
~
A 45' 7.2 Listen and repeat the questiions. Pay attention
to the stress and intonation.
B Write questions in response to 1-6 using on earth.
1 We're developing a Nanobridge.
2 They've managed to grow a human ear on a rat's back.
3 Their head office is in Flitwick.
4 They're planning to send farm animals into space.
5 l'm going to take part in a drugs trial.
6 Apparently, t hey've bred see-through frogs to sell.
C Take turns saying 1-6 above. Yow: partner should
respond with their question from e.xercise B.
Continue each conversation for as: long as you can.
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE
You are going to read sorne articles and talk about
them in a similar way to the conversations in
Listening.
A Work in groups.
Student A: look at File 8 on page 155.
Student B: look at File 15 on page 157.
Student C: look at File 19 on page 1'59.
Read the articles quickly and choose one to talk about.
Read it again and make sure you understand it.
B Close your books and take huns sítarting
conversations by saying Did you r·e ad that thing
about ...? Your partners should ask questions
and make comments to find out more. Finish by
discussing your opinions on the s ubject.
e When you have discussed one artiicle each, choose
another one you read ora similar one you've hea:rd
about. Have further conversation.s.
07 se IENCE ANO RESEARCH 49
 VOCABULARY Stati stics READING

A Use the extra infonnation in 1-9 to guess the
meanings of the phrases in bold. Translate them.
1 The data showed a negative correlation between
income and birth rate: the richer the country, the
lower the birth rat e
2 The research d1dn't come up with the 'right' result so
the company twisted the figures to suit its own ends.
3 With the run-u p to the election. the government
has a vested interest in removing people from the
unemployment figures.
4 The figures don't stand up to scrutiny when you look
at them closely. They're full of holes.
5 Contrary to popular belief, the latest statist1cs show
crime has been falling, and not gettmg worse as the
papers suggest.
6 The research is seriously flawed. The sample group
wasn't chosen at random: they were self-selected
7 Beca use a number of variables weren't covered
by the data, it's d1fficult to establish a causal link
between gaming and bad behaviour.
8 ll's too early to say if these two figures are part of a
new upward trend or whether they are a statistical
anomaly.
9 There is conflicting evidence. Sorne data shows a
correlation, sorne doesn't.
You are going toread an article about statistics.
A Before you read, discuss why it might be important to
ask these questions about research.
1 Who was the research commissioned by?
2 How was data collected?
3 How big was the sample?
4 Are the numbers in their full context?
5 Does the data explain the conclusions?
6 Has the data been rev1ewed by peers?
B Read the article and find out why it claims the
questions in exercise A are important.
C Work in pa.irs. Discuss these questions.
Do you react to stat1sl1cs in lhe ways the author says?
Was there anything you didn't understand? Can your
partner explain?
Say two thmgs you agree I disagree with in the article.
Do you think there is anyth1ng else about stat1stics
people should know?
Agree on three new words you want to remember from
the text What are the collocations7

B Work in pairs. Choose five of the phrases in bold and

give a true example of them.

s1mply a way of 1nterpret1ng data and, as 1r Company A employed more people to gel

TRUTH
other walks of lite, lhe truth can be fuzzy
Even so, d1fferent 1nterpretations have
lesser or greater val1d1ly A survey w1th a
sample of 5,000 chosen al random w1ll be
the increase whereas Compa'"ly B ach1eveo
1t while reducing staff. Nor does one yea~
make a trend Sornelhíng unusual could
have happened that year

AND more va lid !han if you , ust asked five friends

who th1nk the same way as you A study
wh1ch has been checked by other experts 1s
In the case of probab1l1t1es, we also nee~
to ask whether variables are 1ndepende·.!
of ea':h other and the sarnpte aroup. íor

STATISTICS
e are bombarded by statistics every day
W from opm1on polls lo goverrirnenl figures on
cr1me, from measures of what 1s a healthy we1ght
or what our saLt intake should be, to product
cta1ms 1n advertising e1ght out of len owners
sa1d the1r cats preferred 11: and so on! What s
more, where there 1s a statistic, there 1s also
bound to be an argurnent w1lh counler stat1st1cs
Faced with th1s onslaught of figures, 1! is easy
to rur and h1de ar atlernal1vely lo s1mµly responcJ
w1th cyn1cism. Howe ...er, both responses are
probably born out of a fear of maths Statistics is
more l1kely to be accurate !han one wh1ch
1s publ1shed anonymously on lile Internet
Without any truth 1n stat1st1cs, we have no
sc1ence, no policy developments, no progress.
So part of eve1y respo11s1ble c1l1Len's arrnoury
should be a bas1c understand ng of how
stat1st•cs work and a certain sceptícisrn wh1ch
looks far underly•ng problems w1lh tt1e data
and research we are prnsented w1!h
For example, d1fferences between absolute
and relal1ve f:gures can be rnanipulaled.
Company A could report 1t had 1ncreaspd
production 100% more than a rival, by
comparing retat1ve 1ncrease5. Company A
may have started produc1ng 1,000 TVi; and
increased it to 1,400 (40%) wh1le Cornpany
B slarted frorn 10,000 and increased 11 to
12,000 (only 20%) Furthermore, the absolule
increase may d·sguise meffic1enc1es, because
exarnple, the chances of being 1nvolved 1°
a tra1n crash are lhe sarne each tin e you
board a tram in terms of lhe passenger, 11
1s essent1ally a randorn event, l1ke winn•ng
the lottery So experienci1·g a tra1n a~c1de•1
w1ll not increase your risk the next time )ti
take the !rain The probab1llty of having a
heart attack, however, rnay be dependen!
on vanous thirgs 1ncludmg whether yo~
have had one befare. lf you have, lhe risk d
another 1s very much 1ncreased
ímally, once you have checked the
figLres, you still r>eed to assess the
conclus1ons drawn: the fact that TV sa~es
mcreased in l ne w1lh crime does not prvre
that one affected the other The choice ol
slatislics and conclusions may be the •esu
of cyn1ca. self-irlerest if the researcher rs
not mdependent.

50 OUTCOMES
 GRAMMAR Passives
A Work in pairs. Look at the sentences from the texts
you read in Conversation Practice and:
1 underl1ne the passive construction(s).
2 decide who I what the doer of the actions 1s
3 decide how you would wrile it w1thout a pass1ve.
4 decide why an active sentence wasn"t used.
1 The frogs, which will be sold for around $100 each,
were bred for educational purposes.
2 Rather than getting killed for dissection in class,
the transparent frogs allow sludents to see all the
1nlernal organs in act1on
3 The fish. which are genetically similar to huma ns.
have cancerous cells insertcd 1n their bodies
4 The so-called 'love' hormone is thought to be
responsible for encouraging bonding.
5 This is just one finding of a census undertaken by the
Department of Clinical Vetennary Science
6 The two male penguins are rearing a chick after they
were given an egg to look aftcr
7 The research 1s seen as a step towards finding cures.
8 The DNA has been extracted from locks of ha ir.
1~ Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 142.
B Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
Have you heard of any scientific discoveries or
developments recently1 How were the breakthroughs
achieved?
Do you know anyone who's hadan operation? What
d1d they have done1
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
B 'f. 7.3 Listen ami see if you were right about the
C Complete the research reports by putting the verbs
in brackets in 1:he correct active or passive form.
1 Whenever there was heavy snowfall, a JOUrnalist
would call the headquarters of the traffic pollee, and
ask how many car crashes 1.......... .............. (report)
The news would then .. ........................ (lead) with a
story like 'A fierce winter storm ! ........................... (dump)
a foot of snow on the south today, •...........................
(cause) huge tailbacks and 28 accidents.' One day. the
journalist asked how many crashes were typ1cal for
clear, sunny cfays. The answer? 48!
2 A study ~.. .... . ................. (publish) in a child education
journal b ........ . .................. (find) that the toddlers in
pre-school were more aggress1ve than the k1ds who
7
•.• ...••••••.••••..• .•. .. . (keep) at home w ith mum In the study,
'aggression' F. .. ...... ............ ... ... (define) as steal ing toys.
pushing other children and starting f ights.
3 A small study conducted after motorcyclists
........... (oblige) by law to wear helmets
discovered that the actual number of inJunes
lº........................... (treat) in hospital leapt sudden ly.
4 /\poli in a magazine. where readers phoned in to
vote. revealed that 85% of people fe lt t hat rules
around experiments 11 ............. .. ......... (involve) live
animals ought .. ......................... (tighten).
5 The governrr ent cla1med lhat lhe murder rate in
the c.ty 1 .....•.•...•..•.....•..• (pi unge) by 30% in just eight
years as a re~.ult ofthe1r policies. falling from 130 a
year at the b•eginning ofthc period to JUSt 91 last
year.
LISTENING
What problerns do you think there might be with the
stat1stics in Grammar, exercise C above?
What lessons can be learned from each story?
problems.
 SPEAKING LISTENING

A Read the short text below. Then discuss the You are going to hear five different kinds of scientists
questions that follow in groups. talking abou t their jobs.

A Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.

Scientists are often seen as a homogenous bunch What do you know about each of the different kinds of
of geelcy men in white lab coats and protective scientist in t he box?
glasses, hunched over sorne kind of bubbling test What's the main po1 nt of each job?
tube while muttenng to themselves or frantically What do you th1nk their working lives involve on a day-
scribbling equations on a scrap of paper. Such to day basis?
stereotypes not onlyfail to represent the full
diversity of act1vities that scientists (of bot h agncultural scienl1sl hyd rologist
sexes!) engage in, but also serve to d1ssuade the anth ropologist 1mmunolog1st
young from contemplating a ca reer in science lt 's astronomer marine biologist
time for this l o cha nge!

Does t h1s text reflect your own v1ew of scient ist s1 B

l neurolog1st
geologist

~ 7.4 Listen and

military scient ist
educational psychologist

match each speaker to one of the

Do you agree t hat nega tlve sl ereotypes of scient ist s
may well put young people off entering the field?
Do you know anyone who works in t he f ield of
science? What do they do1
NATMSPIAIBBIGUSH
geeky
lfwe think someone is boring or socially inept
because they're only inlerestcd in computers I
science I academic study, we m1ght call them geeky I
a geek or nerdy I a nerd.
A homogenous bunch of geeky men in whíte lab coats.
My brother is a complete science geek.
He's a nice guy. but he looks a bit nerdy, ifyou ask me!
He's such a nerd! /-le only talks about computers and
has no social ski/Is whatsoever
different kincis of scientist in the box. What does each
job involve?
e Listen again and decide which speaker:
1 st udies the possible harm t hat d rought can do.
2 sometimes makes recom mendat ions about living
environ ment s.
3 says t heir li ne of work involves making policy
reco mmendations.
4 fi nds t heir job imm ensely satisfying.
5 says their li ne ofwork is more bori ng than 1s commonly
believed.
6 feels t he st ereotype about t heir job is out of dat e.
7 says work on family t raits is a part of thei r f1eld.
8 has done research on t he global spread of a particular
phenomenon.
9 not es a w ay in which their field 1s un usual.
10 is qu it e secretive about what t heir job involves

D Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.

Wh1ch of the five jobs do you t h 1nk sounds most
interesting? Why?
W h1ch do you th ink is li kely to be best I worst pa1d?
W hy?
Can you t hin k of any JObs w here the st ereot ype may
well be more g lamorous than the reality? In what way?

52 OUTCOMES
 VOCABlJLARY Forming words SP1EAKING
A Complete tlle sentences below by adding the correct noun As a class, choose one of the two activities
forros of the adjectives in brackets. below.
1 Continuing to invest in space ...................... is a total waste of 1 Work in groups of four or five. Look at the
money! (exploratory) different kinds of sc1entists in the box in
2 There are too many ........................... to be able to say for su re l.istening exercise A Choose a different
what causes críme. (varíed) one each Make su re you choose ones not
3 There's not much ........................... in my country. (diverse) featured in Llstemng exercise B.
4 Learning about statistics is beyond my ............................ (capa ble)
5 One of the main causes of depression is the ........................... of Working individually, use the Internet to
human needs and desires by advertising (manipulative) find out as muchas you can about what
6 .......................... plays an important and useful role in both the job involves, what qualifications you
business and sport (aggressive) need, what the career opportunities are.
7 When it i:omes to health ........................... is far better than cure. etc.
(preventative)
8 lt's healt11y to have a large degree of ............................ (cynical) Report back to your group on what you
9 There's currently an .................... of employment opportunit1es found. The others in your group should ask
in my town I city. (abundant) questions. Once you have ali firnshed, vote
10 We're not doing enough to reduce the number of ........................... to decide which job sounds best.
on the rciad . (fatal)
11 In all ............................ 1'11 end up working overseas at sorne point 2 Work in groups Discuss these questions
in my ca1 eer. (probable) What do you think are the most
12 The desire of scientists to explore the limits of what 1s poss1ble 1mportant scientific discoveries of recent
has serious ........................... for both human and animal rights. times? Why~
(1mpl1ed) What future scientific breakthrough
would have the most positive 1mpact on
B Which six of the adjectives in brackets in exercise A can be the world? Why?
made into 1¡,rerbs? What are the verb forros? Compare your Did I Do you enjoy science subjects at
ideas with a partner. school? Why? I Why not? What was the
most useful th1ng you learned?
C Work in gmups. Discuss the degree to which you agree with How many examples of scientific
each of the statements in exercise A. Explain your ideas. developments that we take for granted
in our daily lives can you think of?
Which would you miss the most 1fyou
had to live without it?

07 SCIENCE ANO RESEARCH 53

08 NATURE

VOCABUlARY Describing scenery

A Label the picture with the conect numbers in the box.

1 a mountain range 2 plains 3 a peak 4 a crater 5 t he mouth of the river 6 a glacier

7 wetland 8 a stream 9 cliffs 10 a bay 11 a gorge 12 woodland

B Work i.n paiw. Decide if both or only one of the words in italics is C W1t>rk in pairs. Discuss these questions.
conect. Which parts of your country do you
1 lt's a beautiful a rea - ro//ing I barren green hills, winding lakes / think are the most beautiful? Which are
streams and thick I dense woodland. the worst? Why?
2 lt's very arid I deserted. We passed through a!I these little villages Have you been to these areas? When?
on the edge I fringes of the desert - and then we hit the sand Why?
dunes I hills Which of the features in exercises A
3 The countryside I /andscape is very lush and green. The land's very and B do you have in your country?
jertile I barren. Whereabouts?
4 We drove a long this bumpy dirt track I road, through an industria/
I rugged landscape of mount ain peaks and deep c/iffi I gorges.
5 The scenery was breathtaking I stunmng. Around every bend were
views of sandy I rocky beaches and crystal c/ear / coastal seas.

54 OUTCOMES

LISTENING
You are going to hear two people talking about the
scenery in places they have visited.
A ilf. 8.1 Listen and answer these questions about each
conversation.
1 Where have they visited?
2 What were they doing there?
3 What was the scenery like?
B Work in pairs. Do you remember what the speakers
said about the following?
Conversation 1 Conversation 2
a a border f ali over the place
b vineyards g the other day
c the Internet h global warming
d being fit snow-capped mountains
e her hometown conclusive
e Listen again to check your ideas.
D Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Had you heard of either of the two places they
vis1ted?
Which ofthe two visits sounds better to you? Why?
Have you ever been hiking? Where did you go?
Do you think climate change is affecting your
country at ali? lfyes. in what way?
NG
Wrlte the sentences In your language. Translate
them back lnto Engllsh. Compare your En1llsh to the
orilinal.
lt's really mountainous, with all these gorges
dropping down into the valleys.
We rented one of those foot pedal boats.
Our HQ was rlght on the edge of ali thls dense
woodland.
We stayed in that hotel you recommended.
1 haven't felt this fit in years.
lt wasn't that bad.
DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
Emphatic tags
We often add tap to ernphasise our oplnlons. We
usually beiln wlth a pronoun + reolly and we then
repeat the auxillary tf there Is one (or add do/ don I
dld lf there lsn't).
A: So how was your holiday? Did you have a good time?
B: Yeah, 1t was amazmg, 1t real/y was.
A Add ernphatic tags to the sentences below.
1 1wouldn't drive it if 1 were you.
2 The views were j ust stunning.
3 The scenery ta kes your breath away.
4 1just love it there.
5 lt made no difference whatsoever.
6 He'll never change.
7 l've never been anywhere like it.
8 That sounds amazing.
B .r, 8.2 Listen and check your ideas. Then practise
saying the sentences with the added tag. In the tag,
stress really.
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE
You are going to have conversations like the ones
you heard in Listening.
A Think of two places you have visited that had
interesting scenery. Think about what you were
doing there, how you travelled around and what
the place was like. If you want, you can use yow
imagination and pretend you have been to a place
that you know of.
B Have conversations with other students about your
places.
e Which was the best place you heard about? Why?
08 NATURE 55
 SPEAKING LISTENING

A Read the short text below. Then discuss the You are going to hear a lecture about language and gender by
questions that follow in groups. a professor of linguistics.

A is. 8.3 Listen and complete the summary below with your own
notes.
hen it wos first published

W in 1992. John Groy's Men

ore from Mars, Women ore
from Venus shot to the top of the
best-seller lists - ond has since gone
on to sell over 30 million copies. The
book has spowned o mini-industry i .••...•.........•....••........•..••••....•........•.. ' whae-Wom.et'\I
of copycot self-help books ond p~to- z ....... ... .
Gray himself not only has published
numerous follow-ups but olso runs
seminors. residentiol retreats, a .......... ~haNe-
telephone helpline ond o doting
service. ~· . ················
At the heort of the book lies
the notion thot men ond women
s..... , ................... . ..•....... 1
communicate in fundomentolly
different woys; thot. indeed. they It' y cv ~ tha.t" Wom.et'\ltl;tUc; m.o1'"B- ~ haNe- ~
ore hord-wired to process the world
differently ond thot, consequently, v~~ Irvl'"eaUty, 6 ........................................ .

there ore tips that con help to bridge ~ ~c;vOW'\.d, l ...

this vost divide.
cvd.a:Y while-~ ~ s~~. how ttW.Cfu
w-t~ iA\ttwncptl- ~more-to-ti& wc:.dv

ª.....
of 1'.fcu-.\-Ve.t'\M.4'concept d..c.c.e-to-._ ·_ _
( cv) fr;u::;t" U- ~9... . . • •• . .................................. ..

~there{Ore-we-1'"~ •º................................... .
while-{or~ccntY~ ~Uw.

(b-) pop1Alcvfe,a,trof~ 11 ................... ........ .._.~· 1

p,..oofthaé ~ m.ore-~tha.+1,
Have you ever read Men are from Mars, ~e-~_i.tvPafJU«-New Gt.W1.ea, v~
Women are from Venus - or any other self-
help or relationship books? whe.t-e-lt!RA'\I~ ~~~~. ~ WOme+'lt
lf yes, what did you think of it I them? i1.............. ............................. ......... !
lf no. would you like to? Why? I Why not?
Why do you th1nk such books are so
popular?
Do you agree that men and women B Work in pairs. Compare your notes.
are 'hard-wired to process the world
d1fferently'? Why? I Why not? e Match the adjectives to the nouns they were used with in
How far do you agree with the statements Lístening. Then compare with a partner.
below? 1 common a inspection
- Women talk more than men 2 a negative b research
- Women know and use more words lhan 3 valid scientific e generalisations
men 4 a cursory d changes
Women talk about their feelings more. 5 sweeping e effect
- Men interrupt more than women. 6 the continuing f gender roles
- Men use language more competit1vely 7 unsettling g knowledge
than women. 8 trad1tional h appeal

56 OUTCOMES
D Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
Was there anything in the lecture that surprised you?
Was there anything you strongly agreed or disagreed
with? WhaP Why?
Do you agree that nurture is more important than
nature in determining how people act? Why? I Why
not?
How have gender roles changed in your country over
the last 30 years? How do you feel about this? Why?
the sllghtest
We often use the s/ightest to mean 'any atal/' or 'the
smallest'.
The male of the species retreats into a cave to brood
at the sl1ghtest sign oj stress.
Even the slightest noise wi// make Jt run for cover.
Watch out' He'// bite at even the slightest provocation
I haven't got the slightest idea what that is.
GRAMMAR Auxiliaries
A Complete the sentences by adding the correct
auxiliarles. You will need to use negatives.
1 a lt's common knowledge that men and women do
things differently, ........................... it ?
b Women are better communicators, ...........................
they?
2 a lt's easy to assume these books must be based
on va lid scientific research, but in reality very few
b Both sexes tend to talk equally as much and use
as many words per day while ........................... so.
3 a While sorne men ........................... interrupt far more
than the vast majority of women, th1s 1s atypical.
b That guy certainly ........................... like to talk!
4 a A: You'll find the research backs me up on this.
B: ........................... it? OK.1'11 have toread more about
it, then.
b A: lt was awful. She just kept interrupting mel
B: ........................... she? That's so rude!
5 a A: 1 wish he'd get to the point!
B: So ........................... l. This is taking forever!
b A: l've never really believed in that kind of thing.
8: No. neither ........................... 1, to be honest.
B Compare your ideas with a partner. Discuss the five
different uses of auxiliarles shown in the pairs of
sentences.
.,_ Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 143.
VOCABUl.ARY Communicating
A Complete the sentences with the pairs of words in
the box.
articulate + ·;truggle manners + butting into
bush + point mmce + blunt
gossip + rurnou rs shuts up + word
listener + shoulder twisting + words
1 He's a terrible ........................... - and he's always
spreading ........................... about everyone in the office.
2 He's never 1ess than 100% honest. He certainly
doesn't .............. ........... his words. He can be very
........................... sometimes.
3 Once he starts talkmg, he never ........................... .
No-one else can get a ........................... in edgewaysl
4 He's always ........................... what 1 say and t rying to put
........................... into my mouth.
5 He's got no ........................... ! He's always ...........................
other people's conversations.
6 He's a great ........................... - always good to go to if
you need a .......................... to cry on.
7 He's not very ............................ 1 mean. he seems to find
it quite a ........................... to express himself.
8 1 w1sh he'd stop beatíng around the ........................... and
get to the ............................ This is taking forever!
B Ali the sentences in exercise A are about men. Do you
think any of the ways of communicating mentioned
really are mo,r e common among m en than women?
Tell a partneir.
SPEAKING
A Work in grou.p s. Discuss these questions.
Do any of the sentences in Vocabulary exercise A
remind you of people you know? In what way?
Which do you think describe you?
Do you know any men I women who completely defy
gender stereotypes? In what way?
Do you know any men I women who completely
conform to traditional gender stereotypes? In what
way?
Do you know people who are very different to
the stereotype that exists of them (age, gender,
nationality. etc.)?
Why do you think people stereotype others? Do you
think it's u~;efu l in any way? What harm might it
cause?
What stereotypes do you think other people might
think you fit in with? To what degree do you think
you conform to these stereotypes?
08 NATURE 57
 READING 1
A Before you read, discuss these questions in pairs.
• Do you ever watch natural history programmes on TV? Why? I Why not?

B Read the opinion piece below and list the reasons the writer gives for watching and making natural history programmes.

vast cxpanscs of canh totally

history programmes. Watching
them from the comfort of my
sofa on m:r ~upcr widcscrccn
high-definmon TV with
surround ~ound. they make
me marvel at the ingcnu11:r of
the human race. 1 find my'\Clf
thínking thal humans trul)' are
the ma,ter.. of our unívcr..c
ru. wc are able to capture lhe
tiniest details of nature and
transport them around the
world through thcsc mvi s1blc
forces. Thcn at the ~ame time.
1 start 10 realise that thcre are
deserted in terms of mankind.
but teeming with other lifc:
hugc herds of canbou roammg
over arctic plains: nocks
of migrating bird' in their
milhons. taking hour.. to pass
overhead: binrre fish dnfting
in the dark depths of the ocean.
lt's awc-inspiring anti 1 ~oon
feel humbled.
Next up. you get the
delails of the each animal 's
lifc - huntmg their prey,
defending themselves against
predators. foraging for food
on d isplays to attract a parlner.
mating. giving birth. rearing
their young. dying. lt's like
watching six films rolled into
une: a thrillcr. a cragcdy. a
comedy. a cosmme drama.
a feel good movie and an
18-certificatc film!
finally. what 11 ali brings
home is that we humans
reall)' havc littlc more than
thcsc animals: we are bom.
we eat. we reproduce. we
die. And it is us who ha ve
cvolvcd and divcrsihed in the
dowmcnlary programmes:
why do wc make them?
We may think of them as
cnll.:rtainmcnt or cducation.
but really che} are no more
than :in el:iborate wa) of
attmcting a partncr and 1 or
gctting food . We may be at
the top of the food chain
with no real predators.
wc may have miracles of
tcchnology likc n:iture
documenlarics. but in lhc
cnd ll 1~ thc universal laws of
nature that master us.

58 OUTCOMES
C Work in pairs. Discuss the following. READING 2
Think of an example from the natural history world for each of
the six types of film that the writer mentions. You are going to read about two of the
How far do you agree with the last paragraph of the article? animals shown opposite.
What did you think of the article in general - is it depressing,
silly, funny or whaP Explain why. A Divide the class into two groups.
Group A: look at File 6 on page 154.
D Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the Group B: look at File 11 on page 156.
words in bold in the article.
1 lts body is covered in sharp needles to protect B Read the texts and fi.nd out about:
itself from ........................... . • the animal's habitat
2 ll catches 1ts ........................... by making a sticky web. • the animal's behaviour
3 They swim back upstream to ........................... a nd reproduce. • its unique features
4 1get really depressed seeing the old homeless guys • any threats 1t is fac1ng
........................... for food in the rubbish bins. • conservation efforts.
5 lt exists in a del1cate ecosystem in the middle of the
e With someone from JOUl' group, check your
6 There was a huge ........................... of seagulls on the beach. answers and discuss any vocabulary you
7 We saw a ........ ········-· ... of elephants when we were on safari. are not sure of.
8 The male incubates the eggs before they hatch and
........................... the young. D Work with a student from th•? other group.
Discuss the two different animals, using
the topics in exercise B. Deciéle which
VOCABULARV Animals animal you prefer. Explain why.

A Look at the photos of animals on the left and find exarnples of

J
the words in the box. SPEAKING

a hoof legs nostrils a horn A Work in pairs. Decide which :>pealting

atoe
fur activities below you prefer.
l scales
a lail feelers
a claw
a beak
teeth
a wing
a hump
a breast 1 Discuss these quest1ons
Have you seen any natur•e
B ~ 8.4 Listen to two short descriptions and decide which documentaries about anima Is recently?
of the animals in the photos are being described. What What anima Is did they show? Report
are the different parts of their bodies for? everything you remember about what
was sa 1d.
e Match 1-10 to the correct endings. What animal life díd you study at
1 lt bullds a through the bark. school? Why? What aspect of nature did
2 lt can sense b a high-pitched squeal. they illustrate?
3 lt d1gs c reserves of fat. • What anima Is do you know that:
4 lt blends d its chest. - are endangered species? Why are
5 lt can w1thstand e a nest. they endangered?
6 ll gnaws f into the background. are unusual predators? How do they
7 lt puffs u p g the sl1ghtest movement. catch their prey?
8 lt leaps out h and snatches its prey. - are protected in your country? In
9 ll stores freezing temperatures. what ways> Do you agree with th is?
10 lt lets out down into the earth. - have unusual behaviour? Explain
what they do.
D Look at the photos again. Discuss these questions in - look funny I cute I ugly I scary?
pairs. Describe them.
Which of the animals look cute I horrible to you? - make an un usual noise?
Do they look like anything else - or remind you of - have a symbolic significance?
anyone> 2 Do a web search for unusu<1I animals.
Where do you think they live - in what kind of Choose an animal that looks nteresting
landscape and in what part ofthe world? Explain why. or strange. Fi nd out more about 1t on the
Why do you think they have adapted as they havc? Internet. Tell your partner what you learnt.
What do you think they m1ght eat? Explain why
B Work on your own. Spend a few minutes
preparing for the activity. Th.en compare
and discuss your ideas with your partner.

08 NA1 UllF 59
 Two MINUTES
Work in groups. You are going to give a short two-minute tallt on one of the topics in the list below. Spend five
minutes thinlting about what you are going to say. Look back at your notes to checlt language if you lilce.
A favourite book or film Arguments 1 have had
L1es and statistics • A weird anima l
War: what is 1t good for? What's on

Give each other marks out of ten for language, interest and clarity. Who got the most marks?

GAME

Work in pairs. Student A use only the green squares; student B use anly the yel.low squares. Spend five minutes
looking at your questions and revising the answers. Then take turns tossing a coin: heads = move one of your squares;
tails =move two of your squares. When you land on a square, your partner looks at the relevant page in the book to
check your answers, but you don'tl If you are right, move forward one square (but don't answer the question until
your next tum). If you aren't right, your partner tells you the right answer and you miss a go. When you've finished
the game, change colours and play again.

1 3
• Developing Conversations Grammar p. 38: write five
••ll!!l~~~=Sl!!:E::'~l p. 37: your partner will say different kinds of addition
sentences 1-6 in exercise to the nouns in . Boh
• A. You should agree I Martín has written a book.
disagree and comment

5
Native Speaker English Developing Conversations
note p. 42: if you can say p. 42. give five pieces
what the Native Speaker of negative I private
Engl1sh note was and give information starting with
an example. throw again. a different phrase each

11
Miss a go! Vocabulary p. 50:
your partner will read
sentences 1-9 apart from
the words in bold. Yo u
need to say seven of the

15 17
Vocabulary p. 54: say ten Native Speaker English
of the words to describe note, p. 57: if you can say
scenery in exercise A. what the Native Speaker
English note was and give
an example, throw agam
1 REVI ET ETHER

For each of the activities below, work in groups of (OLLOCATIONS

three. Use the Vocabulary Builder ü you want to.
Take twns to read out collocation lists from Unit 5 of
the Vocabulary Bui lder. Where there is a '-', say ' blah'
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE instead. Your partner should guess as many words
as they can. Each time you change roles, move to the
Choose one of the following Conversation Practice nextunit.
activities.
N1ght in. Night out p. 37
Conflict p 43 IDIOMS
Science and Research p. 49
Nature p. 55 Work in pairs. How many of these idioms can you
explain? For how many can you give a true example7
Two of you should do the task. The third person 1 He was off his head.
should listen and then give a mark between 1 and 2 1 was tossíng and turning ali night.
10 for the performance. Explain your decision. Then 3 We were in stitches.
change roles. 4 He was in bits.
5 We need to draw a line under it.
6 The writing's on the wal .
ACTOR DRAW 7 lt was something else, it really was.
8 The research is fu 1of hales.
One person should act or draw as many of these 9 You're putting words into my mouth
words as they can in three minutes. The others 10 1 couldn't get a word in edgeways.
should by to guess the words. Do not speak while 11 Don't beat about the bush.
you are acting or drawingl 12 Can you get to the po1nt.
13 1 got into the swing of it in the end.
storm off slam yawn a web 14 1 think he was taking the m1ckey.
d1sguise sulk a herd fuzzy 15 We're on a slippery slope.
winding grip waves tread
over!ap bark a flock insert
d1spose gory snatch hatch
pi unge dense a siege pluck

-
Ou1z
Answer as many of the questions as possible.
1 Why might you feel rough ?
2 How do you feel if you are mortified?
3 Who's pa1d royalties?
4 Why might someone hold a grudge? What might
they do?
5 What might be described as cold-blooded?
6 What happens iffighting escalates ?
7 Who might seize power? How?
8 lf something 1s prevalent is there a little ora lot?
9 Say three things you might devise.
10 Who might have a vested interest in a war
continu1ng?
11 Give an example of a positive and negative
correlat1on.
12 Say three things you could manipulate and explain
why.
13 What kind of landscape is rugged ?
14 When m1ght someone butt in and how would you
feeP
15 What kind of anima Is gnaw?

02 REVIEW 61
 CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW

LISTENING Complete the second sentence with 2!-s words and the
word in bold so it has a similar mearling to the first.
You ar go1ng to h r an int nnew th a 1 In the end. we threw out the toys a no one used them.
photographer Leila Flannagan ab t her new book ended
The toys ...... .. . .. ......... .. . . ... . .. ¡~s no·one used
A Listen and complete the notes with 1-3 them
words. 2 The share price has shot up so 1t's a ha me 1sold them
1 Her new book 1s called .................................................... . only
2 She's found the response to the bci0k quite ..................... . ........................... the share -1 might be nchl
3 Both Steve and 1 would love to visil nd1a sorne day
3 The book is a blend of wildlife pho· ography and so
Steve's keen to visit India sorne day ,and
4 By challeng1ng and m1xing differe~ t genres she
believes you can ................................................... . 4 There are days 1regret moving to th Is part of town.
5 She started out photographing live
1 sometimes wish .................................................. this part of
6 Thc dam proJect causcd unrcst bc(.ausc il town.
...... .. .. ...... .. ..... .. .. .. . where a number of tri bes 5 The dentist said he'd have to extra~ two teeth.
lived and worked. taken
7 She found big projects were often 1Corrupted by Apparently, 1'11 have to ..................... .
6 Paul Krugman, who's a professor of ~conom es from the
8 She started taking photos of w ldli e beca use it United States and has won a Nobel prize, 1s speakmg
was also threatened by projects a das a mea ns economist
The Nobel . .. . . ··-·· ... - ............ . Professor Paul
9 Leila was frightened by a .. Krugman is speaking.
when she was photographing it.
10 She compares lhe 1guana's behav1c¡ur to [... / 12]
.. ... .. .. .. .. ...... . ....... aga nst roJects.

B Listen again to check. LANGUAGE PATTERNS

[. . / 10] Complete the sentences with one wo:rd in each gap.

1 There is more violence than on our streets.
2 1...... know anyone who hasn't been ,~ffected by 1t.
GRAMMAR 3 With ...... this crime, I don't want to go out at night.
4 .... . ever, the government's failing to help
Corred the mista.lee in each senten<1e. 5 1went to see ...... film you told me a 1out.
1 dogo to severa! shops, but the baoks 1 wanted 6 lt's so mov1ng, it ...... me m floods of ears.
weren't on sale anywhere.
2 Jt's an adventure story basmg on '1 js travel [.. / 6]
experiences.
3 1occasionally wish l'm doing somdhing clse, but
generally l l1ke my JOb. PREPOSITIONS
4 The di sea se is believed that it has¡¡ genetic
component. Complete 1-8 with a preposition fro n the box.
5 We won't be gone that long, are e?
6 They're building a 35-storeys offic block in the c1ty around from of out for inlo on to
centre, which is dueto open next y. ar.
7 1 w1sh l'd sa1d something. but 1 hadn't. 1 They burst ····- laughter when 1 told ·hem.
8 The device can withstand high terr peratures after 2 The book revolves ...... three main chclracters.
treated with the special paint 3 The1r react1on was largely born of fear
4 The Queen 1s exempt ..... pay1ng taxi~s.
(... I 8] 5 lt was a minar lapse ...... JUdgement. That's all.
6 They've 1mposed sanct1ons ····- the q~untry
7 Severa! businesses may be prosecuted ..... offering
bribes to get planning permiss1on.
8 The reduction in crime ha~ been attr1buted .... the
1mprovement in the economy.

[ ... / 8]
62 OUTCOMES
0PPOSITES fORMING \NORDS

Replace the words in italics with their opposite from Complete the gaps with the corred form of the words
thebox. in CAPITAI.S.
Over the years of the conflict, there have
stuffed elaborate flawed adverse been hundreds of 1...................... as wel l FATAL
sparse fterce arid fertile as many injured. any have also had to
2 FRANTIC
........................... fle·e their homes because

1 The soil is barren. of death t hreats, so 1t is very welcome

2 There's abundant information about it. news to hear th t 3 ........................ ta lks EXPLORE
3 The army met w1th minimal opposition. aimed at bringm ~ about peace have
4 The findings are essentially va/id. been successful ¡md a ceasefoe has been
5 l'm absolutely starving. established. Therie's a long way to go
6 lt's a lush landscape. before a final•........................... is reached SETILE
7 lt has a number of positive effects. and previous '. ......................... have fa1led, RESOLVE
8 lt quite a simple process. but it seems that this time things really
might be differerit. The new President
[... / 8] 1s already dealing w1th sorne of the
" ........................... pmblems such as poi ice UNDERLIE
HARASS
MISSING WORDS
[ ... / 7]
Complete each set of three sentences with one word.
1 The two wam ng factions ...... a truce over Chr1strnas.
The US has ...... for a boycott of ali goods VOCABULARY
1 was ...... a geek at school just for wearing glasses!
2 The book tack les the ...... of domes tic violence. Complete the bciiok review by choosing the corred
He should ...... a clear condemnation of the attack. wordsA-C.
Have you seen the latest ...... of Vague magazine? Marjorie Spackman is a legendary figure in the world of
3 The film has a very complicated ....... publishing. At t h1e height of her powers. the company
They'd hatched a ..... to overthrow the government. she set up 1...... sales of overa bill1on dollars in books
lf you ...... the points on a graph. you see the correlation. and magazines. t>efore she was pushed out by a
4 There have been ...... of un rest beca use of t he proposals. hostile takeover and amid rumours of alcoholism. Ful/
The device det ects radio .... from objects in space of Spine 2•..••. her life from its humble beginnings in
My son always ...... goodbye to me from the window. Queensland. Australia. to wealth and riches as a global
5 The1r house 1s at t he end of a di rt ....... businesswoman, with surprismg humour. She also has
The president has a poor ...... record in government. great 1..••.. into ari mdustry wh1ch changed immensely
We must ...... down the perpet rators of this atrocity and over her 50-year career. In one amusing episode she
bri ng them to trial. recounts how far she went to persuade a top TV host
to 4...... one of her books for a reading club. Although
[ ... / 5) Spackman •..... a(jmits her personal life was at times
'chaotic', she clailllS the boardroom difficult ies she
suffered were far more 6 ...... to d1ssent about fut ure
VERBS policy and the faict she was a woman m a world still
dominated by m~~n. This 1s a fascinating ...... which will
Match the verbs in the box with the collocations in 1-8. undoubtedly 8...... to a bread range of readers.
1 A grew B raised C boasted
ca rry out claim grasp gai n 2 A traces B centres C treats
diminish draw express establish 3 A find1ngs B insight C breakthrough
4 A endorse B recall C condone
1 - a commission I - a causal link I re-- security 5 A desperat ely B highly C freely
2 - dissent / - disbel ief I struggle to - yourself 6 A down B up C in
3 - conclusions I - condem nation / - a line under t he past 7 A remembrance B memory e
memoir
4 - ground I - weight I - great er autonomy 8 A enjoy B appeal sparke
5 - respons1bi l1ty for the bombmg I - victory I - innocence
6 - a census I - a massacre I - an invest1gation [ ... I 8)
7 - anxiety I her hearing's -ed / the numbers are -ing I
8 - m its claws I d1fficult to - / - the mam idea
[Total ... /80]
[ ... / 8]
02 REV EW 63
 WORK
09

VOCABUl.ARY Company jobs and tasks L1s1rENING

A Work in groups. Discuss these questions. You all'e going to hear a conversation with
Do you know anyone who works for a company? some·one being shown around on their fust
What do thtey do? day in a new job.
Do they enjoy it ? Why? I Why not?
A ~ 9.1 Listen and take notes on what you find
B Discuss what people do in a company if they are: out a'bout:
a rep I a CEO I a PA Tasneem Harry
• in HR / in IT I in R&D /in admin. Bianca the photocop1er
Mary the company
C Complete the tasks in 1-10 with the words in the box.
B Work in pairs. Compare yow notes.
troubleshoot draw up place schedule oversee
come upwith process input network liaise e Liste11 again and try to write down four new
words or expressions. Compare what you
1 1have to ......................... information into the data base wrob? with a partner and then check in the
2 We mai ntain the network and ......................... any problems. audic1script on page 170.
3 Shall we ........................... a meeting for tomorrow?
4 1........................... closely w1lh des1gners to 1mplement our D Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
strategy. What was your first day at work I school like?
5 1 ... .. ............... ads in different magazines and organise product Can you remember what you did?
launches - that kind of thing. Do you like the way Tasneem shows Harry
6 Any invoices or expense claims, 1'11 ....................... ~ them. around? Why? I Why not?
7 1 ... .•. ............ any contracts and deal with all contractual Do you think it's OK to jokingly make negative
issues. cornments about colleagues? Do you ever do
8 1have to ..... ..................... and entertain a lot to attract new it? What about?
business. • What's good I bad about open plan offices?
9 1..................... everything, making su re everyone meets thelf
deadlines a stays on budget
MflVE SPEAKER ENGUSH
10 1 the strategy and provide leadership and then
delegate th ork to others. raring to go
lf we say we're rarmg to go, 1t mea ns we're ready and
cuss these questions. very eager to start doing something. We also use
exercise C would you be good I bad at? Why? rarir.ig with sorne other verbs.
ve you done at work (or elsewhere)?
So, mrmg to go, then?
He was raring to get back to school.
/'m raring to hove a go.

0EVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
Deductions
Weoftml ..................... deductlon .......
•wlat IGllWS.,Sbyaddlngfllen llttheend. lhe
...............,.
........._ aftm sounds lllrewe'......... a questlon
You were eager to set here, then.
t m not the only one who's being taken on now, then.
She's not fn the offlce that much, then.
A Can you rernernber frorn Lístenin9 why the spea.kers
rnade the deductions in the explanation box above?
What were the replies? Check in audioscript 9.1 on
page 170.
B Ta.lee tums saying 1-6 below. Your partner should
rna.ke deductions with then. You should reply.
1 1 was in Bulgaria w1th work last week.
2 My boyfriend says 1 should slow down.
3 You don't want to get on the wrong side of him.
4 l'm going to have to cover for him again.
5 l'm going to be rushed off my feet all week
6 1 liaise closely w ith our reps in Russia.
GRAMMJ~R Continuous fo rms
tDtlllt...,t-.-,_,,......
r..._ ..... •w.can
c.antilluDm
...._...,_
- + .....
, ......,,"""""..........
.......... pafect . . . . . . . . . . ....,,
··•• Ua•~..... ,. ..., ....... ......
A Complete tht~ sentences frorn Listenin9 with the
correct contiJnuous forms.
1 1 ........................... actually .................... in the coffee bar
over t he ro ad for the last hour. (hang around)
2 1 should've said, we ........................... alongside each
other. (work)
3 1 ........................... j ust ........................... one of them to
schedule a time for us ali to meet when you arrived.
(email)
4 l'm not the only one who ........................... now, then.
(take on)
5 Three or four more ........................ in the next couple
of weeks. {join)
6 She ........................... probably ........................... all kind and
helpful now, but wait till you get started. (be)
7 To be honest, you ........................... that much to do with
them in yeour day-to-day dealings. (not have)
8 1 ........................... about moving out there for a w hile
and 1 happiened to get the house just befare 1 got
this job. (th ink)
B ~ 9.2 Listen and check your answers.
C Work in pafrs. Discuss why you think the continuous
form is used in each sentence.
~ Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 144.
(ONVER'S ATION PRACTICE
You are going to have similar conversations to the
one in Listerding.
A Draw a rough plan of the place where you work I
study. Then work in pairs and:
explain who works where and what t hey do.
explain what the people are like.
explain any rules or t hings workers need to have.
explain any machines you m1ght need to operate.
• warn about anything odd or temperamental.
B Now choose one of your places and work with
another pafr. Welcorne the other pair and 'show
thern arouml' your place. Introduce thern to different
people (role-·played by your partner). The other pair
should aslt q1uestions and rnalte deductions.
09WORK 65
 VOCABULARY Adverb-adjective collocations D Match the words frorn the text in 1-10 to
the endings they were used with.
A Look at the adveibs in italics. They axe all possible. In each 1 my vitality new skills
sentence, choose the one you think is rnost true. 2 acquire the question
1 Most jobs are m ind-numbingly I /argely I pretty boring. 3 sponsor to someone else
2 Gardening is techmcally / phys1cally I not tembly demanding. 4 spark my interest
3 Nursing is financially I immensely I fairly rewarding. 5 get the most out of its investment
4 Teaching kids 1s emotionally / utterly I quite draining. 6 his mind was drifting off
5 You have to befiercely I very I quite competitive to get ahead in 7 set me
business. 8 pass this on me redundant
6 IT is not remotely I mildly I inherently interesting. 9 which begs drained away
7 The public sector 1s h1ghly / reasonably I not particular/y 10 make the wheels in motion
efficient.
8 l'm blissfully I relatively I not entirely happy with what l'm E Work in pail's. Re-tell the story using the
doing now. expressions in exercise D and yom own
words.
B Work in pairs and cornpaxe yom choices. Discuss any
differences. F Work in pail's. Discuss these questions.
Do you think what happened was a freak
C Use each of the eight adjectives frorn exercise A plus a occurrence?
connected adverb of yom choice to tell a partner about things Who was most to blame for the situation?
you have done - or sornething you believe to be true. Why?
What lessons can you take from the story]

READING
LISTENING
You axe going to read a true story frorn a book on
rnanagement called The Living Dead by David Bolchover. You axe going to heax a very brief surnmary
of the lessons David Bolchover takes from
A Before you read, discuss what you think the therne of the book his experience.
might be, given the title.
A !lo 9.3 Listen and answer the three
B Read Part 1 of the story on the opposite page and discuss these questions in Reading exercise F.
questions with a partner.
1 What has happened to David (the authorP B Listen again. Then discuss these questions.
2 How does his friend feel about it? 1 What statistics are connected to the
3 Why do you think David feels the system (of work) has cheated numbers below?
him? Would you feel that way in his shoes? one in t hree
4 How do you think the situation carne about? nine mill ion
two-thirds
C Read Part 2 and find out: 8.3 hours a week
1 how the situation 14.6%
carne about. up to 20 personal e-mails a day
2 how it ended. 24%
3 who 'the living 2 Why does he say small companies are
dead' are. better?

C Work in groups. Discuss these questions.

Do you agree with David Bolchover's ideas?
Why? I Why not?
What would you have done in his
situat1on?
Have you heard of any instances of
incompetence in the workplace? What
happened?
How do people get to the top at work?
Does it depend on the industry? In what
way?
Which person you know has the best
work-life balance?

66 OUTCOMES

PART 1
l'm sitting in a café witl1 my fricnd
Paul. He hves tn the States now and
1haven 't had the chance to chat with
him for monlh~.
··Now let me gct th1s slra1ght"" - he
lean~ forward on the edge of his seat.
-Your company ha:. forgotten about
you? You·rc on thc payroll, but you've
go1 nothing to do And how long did
you say this has been going on?"
··six months."
Paul leans further forward. lt's clear
he's not going to drop the subjccl.
··Tucy pay you a full salary for
sirring on your backside ar home.
apan from the times when you're not
al home, bul out and abolllt wnh your
mates or cravelling mund F.urope
to watch Man United play in the
Olamp1ons Lcaguc?"
"No, you've m1ssed a bit; you've
forgotten the rugby and the .....
uYou baslard!"
All the conversations l 've had
about this period of my 1i fe conta in
thoi.e two words. Therc's a dcprcssing
mcv1tab1lity about 1t, even though
1always enjoy the underlying
admiration which 1 pcrccive in thcir
vmce for having screwed the system.
Except J wasn't screwíng the system;
the system was screwing me.
PART 2
l'd joincd Giant - a b1g rnultinational
msurance company - in June of 1997.
The job was financially rt:warding,
but 1 quickly startcd to fcel rcstless as
<;Qme days 1 did nothing apart from
make the occasional call. The Internet
still hadn"t taken off, <;0 1 spent hours
staring at the wall, drifting off into my
own littlc world. whílc ali my vitalíty
slowly drained away. Every moming.
I'd get up full of life. and cvery
evcmng. I'd rctum with my shoulders
slumped, my head hent and my mind
numb. 1 was joining the terrible \\.Orld
of thc living dcad.
1 dec1ded that if 1 wa~ going to get
ahead. T needed to acquirc ncw skills.
lt was clear that in my eurrcnt post 1
wasn't exactly gomg to race to the top
of the insurance world, so 1 decided to
persuade Giant to sponsor me to takc a
year off to do an M BA in retum for me
committing to the company afterwanJs.
I prescntcd thc idea to my boss. He
was about to retire and was looking for
an easy life so he quickly agreed and.
with his backing, thc procc~s was a
formalicy.
The MBA filled me with renewed
energy and optimism. Aflcr six
months. 1 wcnt back to the oftíce to
see my boss in readiness for my retum
on October 41h. l c,..plaincd how lhc
course had sparkcd my intercst in
management and business strategy. I
suggested il was poinllei.s me going
back to what 1 had bccn domg and
that instead Giant might think about a
suitable post that would get the mo~t
out of its invcstmcnt. lt was a good
speech full of common sense. but
from the dull look in my boss"s eyei..
r could'vc bcen talking toan [tallan
about cricket. You could tell his mind
was drifting off to another place rather
than focusing on a job which could
benefit both me and the company. As
a rei.ult. I consulted human resources.
The woman r spokc to noddcd and
soundcd interci,tcd and said shc"d set thc
wheels 111 motion.
However. month~ pa~I and [ heard
nothing. 1 wa.s bcginning lo \\Oíl)".
not to say get angry. al che lad: of
communication so 1 arranged an
appointment "'ith somconc highcr up in
HR. lt didn"t go well and on retlcc11on 1
can imagine what he wa.' thinking. "l've
got thb guy who'i. a pain in thc rn."Ck. Wc
owc h1m a JOb. but he docsn 't want 10 go
back to his old post and there's no point
in him going thcre on a tcmporary basi~.
lt'd be bcner if 1 ju't pa1¡sed lhis on to
someone else to son out before he makes
me look like a fool."
Thc 4th of Octobcr camc. Nothing. A
few days later, the guy from HR pul me in
contact with a guy in finance. for whom
1 workcd on a projcct at home. but which
he quickly dmpped. A few weeks went
by. Nothing. Well. nothing. apart from
October the 26th whcn a nicc big juícy
pay cheque dropped thmugh my lenerbo,...
In mid-November. the finance guy
nmg and lold me to Sl.'C thi~ guy Nick,
who was brilhant at assessing people and
placing them in the post which would
cnthusc lhem most. lt soundcd imprcssivc,
but the results weren't. After scheduling
sorne meetings that dídn't go anywhere.
he canu: 10 the conclusion that ba.,ically
pcople with MBAs didn't fil into the
insurance sector, which rather begs the
question: why 011 earth did Giant - an
insurdllCc company - agrce to fund me!
The months passcd and 1 decided 1
should find a job elsewhere. lronically. 1
wa.s jusi about to phonc my depanmcnt
to Jet them know 1 was leaving when HR
called. inviting me to a meeting with the
big bosi.. Thcy wcrc going to makc me
redundant! Of course! lt's only fair that
after being with the company for over
two ycars and having done nothing for
the previous ten months, 1 should get a
redundancy payment and one-month 's
notice lo lea\le. ~ 1 lcft thc meeting, thc
big boss accompanied me to the lift. He
uncomfortably tried to start sorne small
talk. "So ... er ... what have bcen doing
for the la'lt few months?"
Ali 1 could thinlc of was a variety of
football matches, sunny days walking
ruund London zoo, aftemoons in the
cinema. However. instead 1 heard myself
saying "Obviously. ifs been a difficult
time for me and my family."
 SPEAKING
A Read the Fact File below. Then discuss these
questions.
Which facts surprise you? Why?
Is there anything you don't find surprising?
Why not?
How do you think your country compares
in terms of all the facts and figu res below?
~----~------~----
'
1 MCTFILE
1 • A large majority of British workers
'•
1
don't conslder taklng statlonery
home from work to be stealing.
• Nearly one in 20 British workers
confessed to taklng valuable items
such as mobile phones or computer
hardware.
• 37" of American workers prefer
to work in a uniform. Even more -
85 %- prefer a precise dress code,
as opposed to just 16% who feel
unaffected by their work clothes.
• German women get 14 weeks'
maternity leave at full pay, six
INeelcs of which can be taken before
birth; they also get a further 12
months at 67% of pay.
• In Spaln, men and women get 15
days' pa1d leave when they get
mamed.
• Japanese companles spend
approxlmately 40 billion dollars
a _year entertaining clients. That's
almost the national GDP of
Bulgaria!
• Retirement age in Malaysia is 55
for prlvate sector workers and 58
for those in the civil service. The
govemment is planning to raise the
age substantially.
• The average monthly salary of
employed people in Guinea Bissau,
West Afrrca, is around $15.
• There are between 15 and 30
milllon people around the world
work1ng in torced labour and
slavery.
• Turlcs work the most hours per
week in Europe- an average of
54-while the Swedes work fewest
~ hours - 38.S per week.
~-~~~--------~---
68 OUTCOMES
VOCABULARYTh1e world of work
A Complete the sentences with the pairs of words in the box.
You may need to chang4~ the order of the words.
creche - chi ldcare compassionate leave - grateful
opposit1on - ra ise vol untary redundancy- cuts
perk - subsidised early retirement - pension
t ribunal - dismissal collective bargaining- un ion
quit - notice crackdown - absenteeism
1 lf 1 want to ............................ 1 basically just have to give my boss a
week's ........................... .
2 We all get .......................... travel, which is a nice ....................... of
the job.
3 When my father died, 1was granled a week's ........................... .
which l'm eternally ................... ..... for.
4 We have a ............................ at work where 1 can leave my daughter,
which makes ............................ much easier.
5 My dad was planning to take ............................ but he basically
can't afford to live on the stat e ........................... .
6 We're losing so much money beca use of ........................... that
we've decided to launi:h a bit of ........................... and start
demanding sick notes.
7 He was sacked last year, but he took his employers to a
.......................... and was awarded compensation on the grounds
of unfair ........................... .
8 The government promised to ........................... the legal mínimum
wage, but they're facing a lot of .......................... from business
leaders.
9 We were facing swingeing ........................... across the department
and in the end 1 just dec1ded to take ........................... instead.
10 l'm a ........................... member, so any pay rises or whatever are
always negotiated through ........................... .
B Cover the sentences in E!xercise A. With a partner, see if you
can remember the verb:> that were used with these nouns
a week's notice • compassionate leave
ea rly retirement the state pension
a crackdown • a tribunal
compensation • the legal minimum wage
a lot of opposition voluntary red undancy
C Look back at exercise A to check your ideas. Can you find any
other new collocations?
D Work in groups. Discuss: these questions.
What other perks can you think of for d1fferent kinds of jobs?
Under what circumsta nces do you think it's OK to grant
workers compass1onate leave?
Are creches common in workplaces in your country? Do you
think they're a good idea?
What's t he state pens1on like in your country?
Why do you think there is so much absenteeism? What's the
best way to tackle the problem?
Do you think t hings like pay rises are best negot1ated
ind ividually or t hrough collective bargaining?
 LISTENING
You are going to hear five news reports related to
work.
A ~ 9.4 listen and match one of the statements in a-f
to each report. There is one extra statement you will
notuse.
a Someone neglected to pass on relevant information.
b Traditional ways of working are under t hreat.
c Someone went to prison.
d A perk has been cut
e Someone reported a colleague
f Statutory rights have been enthus1astica lly
embraced.
B Compare your answers with a partner.
C In pairs, re-tell as much of the five stories as you can,
using these words.
1 call centre - CCTV footage - nso- retraining
2 mourn -137 days - tribunal - injuries -
compensation
3 full entitlement - d1vorce rate - birth rate - role
models
4 seats - a thousand pounds - uniforms - theft - fa res
5 a burden - retirement - society- le1sure - incentives
D listen again and read the audioscript on page 171 to
check your ideas.
E Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
How do feel about what happened to the call centre
worker and the postman? Why?
Do you agree that men taking more paternity leave is
socially beneficia!? Why? I Why not?
What do you think ofthe budget airline's decis1on to
ban the charging of mobile phones?
Does your country have an ageing population?
Do you think there's much ageism in society?
NGUA.G.E F! IIERN_S_ _~
WrftetM sentenais In~ la~ lnlnslm
~-"9··~~~the
They inslstMhe-be awarded compeñsattcm
Ttte CEOJl$nanded that lle b'etept ~on
theiSSOé. .
They!w lskedtbat tlitf be~ nv>'9 ttme tool
Jotolt.
The judge inslsted that hé tepaythellC1St
blscuits
the fltm requested that tffe't'dlliiiid:-W1n
SPEAKING
A Read about the three cases that carne before an
employment tr:ibunal below. Decide what you think
should be done in each case.
r A young woman who did voluntary work
experience for an accountancy firm run by a multi-
"
millionaire businessman is demanding a million
euros' compensation after - as she sees it - being
forced out of her job. The 25-year-old claims she
was the victirn of sexual harassment after she
was bombardled with obscene text messages and
e-mails from the boss, all of which she has kept.
The boss of the firm claims the woman was a
\.. willing recipii!nt of his attentions. ~
r A man is clairning unfair dismissal after he was
flred from thi! branch of the supermarket chain
"
he had worked in for nine years for using his
discount card in another branch. The man claims
he had been i:>ff work sick and was unaware that
changes had been made to the use of the card.
Shortly after breaking the news of his sacking to
his family, his. wife suffered a stroke and died. The
company insists the man was guilty of deliberate
\.. abuse of staf1f privileges. ~
r A 54-year-old nurse claims her employers had
discriminate<il against her on grounds of her
faith, after she was taken off front-line duties for
refusing to re•move the cross she wears around her
neck. The woiman feels her bosses t ried to prevent
her from expiressing her religious beliefs. The
hospital, however, says its actions were motivated
by health and safety concerns and that its dress
code prohibits staff wearing any type of necklace.
~ ~
B Work in groups.. Discuss what you think should be
done in each ca.se. Try to reach unanirnous decisions.
C Have you heardl any other stories involving
employment tribunals? When? What happened?
09 WORK 69
 H EALTH AN D 1LLN ESS
SPEAKING
A Work in paizs. Discuss these questions.
What do you know about the different kinds of surgery in the
below? What's each one far and when míght ea ch be used]
l
reconstructive surgery exploratory surgery
cosmetic surgery keyhole surgery
experimental surgery laser surgery
Have you heard of any surgical innovatíons in recent years?
What do they 1nvolve?
Do you know of any other recent medica! advances?
LISTENING
You are going to hear two conversations about surgical
procedures.
A ~ 10.1 Listen and answer these questions.
1 What kind of procedures do they discuss]
2 What did each procedure involve?
3 Is any further treatment requíred?
B Listen again and decide ü 1-10 are true or false.
Conversation 1
1 Part of his eye had to be cut open.
2 He was given an injection to anaesthetíse him.
3 He took further medicat1on to ease the pain.
4 Hís eyes feel complete ly fine now.
5 She is not tempted to have the operation herself
Conversation 2
6
The pain ín her jaw a week ago was very severe.
7
She's su re her daughter damaged her tooth.
8
Measures were taken to ensure the tooth doesn't get infected.
9
She was unconscious during the whole procedure.
10 lt's going to cost her over fSOO.
70 O UTCOMES
C Add the verbs in the box to the nouns they
were used with in the conversations. Then
look at the audioscript on Jpage 171 to
check.
.---
administer drill recover take
change numb slice thrash
L.___
1 ......................... your eyes
2 ........................... a flap in the front of the eye
3 ........................... the anaesthetic
4 ........................... from the operation
5 ........................... a knock
6 ........................... her arms and legs around
7 ..... .................... her nappy
8 ........................... a hale in the back of the tooth
D Work in pairs. Discuss thes:e questions.
Which of the two procedures described
would you rather undergo? Why?
Which aspect of each procedure sounds
worst to you?
Have you ever heard of any síde effects or
complications that can occur with either
procedure?
in a matter of
When we are talking aboul: periods of
time, we often use in ama tter of (seconds,
minutes, etc.) instead of in onty a few.
lt's over in a matter of mini1tes.
The operation gets nd of al/ your fat in a
matter of hours !
He went from feeling slightly unwel/ to
betng criticalfy 11/ in a matter of days.

VOCABULARY Operations
A Put each group of words into the most likely order
they happen, starting with the words in bold.
1 suffered third degree burns / had to wait far the
scarring to heal I was rushed to hospital I hada skin
graft I was put on a drip
2 had to fast for twelve hours / was given an
anaesthetic I had stitches removed I gums bled a
lot and cheeks swelled up I had my wisdom teeth
removed
3 was diagnosed with kldney disease / had a
transplant / was put on a waiting list I took part in a
rehabilitation programme I finally found a donar
4 severed three fingers / regained feehng in the
fingers I underwent extensive physiotherapy I had
the fingers sewn back on I lost a lot of blood
5 broke his leg In three places /gota prosthet1c hmb /
had part of the leg amputated I got an infection I had
an operation to insert metal pins
6 found a lump I hada relapse I the cancer went into
remission I hadan operation to have it removed I had
it d1agnosed as mal1gnant I underwent chemotherapy
B Try to rnernorise the words. Then test each other.
Student A: say an expression in bold.
Student B: try to say the rest of the words in a rder.
C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
What m1ght have caused each of the s1x sit uations in
exercise A?
Which of the six kinds of operation I procedure do
you think 1s the most remarkable? Why?
DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
Vaguelanguage
We useSOMelrllttlof...,....._te.__..
not surewhat ldnd
after the noun.
.._We-.••--.
He stuck some klnd cf•pararyflltfil.8111.
Is it an lnjedlon 01 "SometltJítg'J
A Make the sentences less exact using words frorn
above.
1 1 asked far a second opinion. but they just ignored
me.
2 He used bleach solution on my teeth.
3 lt should cost about 100 euros
4 They told me that a build-up was damagíng blood
vessels in my brain.
5 He managed to slice the end off one of his fingers!
6 They use a tiny little knife to make the 1nc1sion.
7 lt was quite a traumatic birth, but they managed to
del1ver her after about an hour.
8 They just glued the skin back together again using
clear plastic tape.
B Work in pairs. Use vague language to describe what
you know - or imagine - about how the following
work.
surgery to relieve lower back pain
hip replacement
liposuction
tooth wh1tening
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE
A Think of sorne rnedical or surgical experiences that
you - or people you know - have had. Plan what you
want to say about them.
B Discuss your experiences with sorne other students.
10 HEALTH ANO ILLNESS 71
 SPEAKING
Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below. Choose
one of the answers or give your own. Ask each other
one more additional questlon.
1 How well do you deal with pain and illness?
a 1tend to get quite gru mpy and moan a lot
b By and large, 1JUSt get on with t hings and don't
compla in
2 How would you describe your general demeanour?
a l'd say l'm pretty cheerful most of the time.
b 1have a tendency for mood swings
3 How well do you deal with st ress?
a To be frank, not so well.1 have a tendency t o
blow up.
b Generally speaking, l'm pretty cool under pressure
4 What do you do 1f you have negative feel ings?
a 1wil l often dwell on thi ngs and it sets off
depression.
b 1shrug t hem off quite qurckly
5 How fit are you ?
a 1have a bit of a belly, and 1get out of breath easily
b l'm quite fit but not supple 1find it difficu lt to
bend and crouch down.
6 How does diet affect your mood?
a A lot. I take d1etary supplements so my body's
always in ba lance
b 1don't t hink about 1t. 1eat whatever 1like.
READING
You are going toread an article about 'Eastem' and
'Western' medicine.
A Before you read, discuss what you know about any of
the followíng
mindfulness and med1tation
depression
life expectancy and wel l-being
the worried well
Traditional Chinese Medicine
B Now read the article and compare your ideas with
what it says about the topics.
C Use as m any of the following sentence starters about
the article as you can to write sentences that are true
for you. Then discuss your ideas with a partner.
1al ready knew th is bit about ...
1was int erested in the fact that ...
1was surprised that ...
1fmd t d1fficult to believe that ...
lt's very t rue t hat ...
lf t his was in my country, ...
1d1dn't rea lly understa nd this bit about ...
72 OUTCOMES
Mindfulness is a meditation therapy that has been gaining
ground in mental health circles as evidence builds up of
its potential in dealing with a range of health problems,
from reducing recurrent bouts of depression and anxiety to
possibly strengthening immune systems.
When people suffer from depression, negative moods
become accompanied by negative thoughts such as "I am
failure" as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue. While
these usually ali disappear once the episode has passed
or a patient takes medication, an association has been
established in the brain between the various symptoms.
As a result , a mood swing caused by someth1ng relatively
trivial such as miserable weather or being laid up in bed CM
actually trigger the same combination of symptoms leading
to a recurrence of the depression. The more th1s happens.
the more likely it 1s to recur, making it more resistan! to drug
treatment.
Mindfulness-based therapies allow sufferers to break
this downward spiral by getting them to first notice these
patterns of thought, but to then refocus and anchor theír
minds in the present instead of dwelling on the past or
worrying about the futura. Furthermore, it has physical
effects: the heart beats slower, muscles loosen and it can
even change the structure of the brain. Mindfulness 1s
believed to spark new neural connections and studies have
shown that areas of the brain associated with emotional
regulation were bigger in people who had practised
meditation regularly over five years.
Mindfulness, which is drawn from Eastern Buddh1st
philosophy and practice, is an example of the increas1ng
interest being taken by so-callad "Western" medicine
in "Eastern" medica! practices. Western medicine has
been incredibly successful in improving mortality. Over
the course of the 20th century, lite expectancy doubled
in developed countries. In Austria, for example, in 1900
females at birth could expect to die before they were 40,
whereas now they typically live past 80. We have eradi
many infectious diseases and survival rates for chronic
degenerative diseases are ever increasing. However, these
figures can also hide a truth: while we are successfully
putting off death. we are living longer in sickness rather
 VOCABULARV Body action s

A Why rnight the following actions happen /be done?

your mind drifts or wande rs
your belly rises and falls
!han in health. And Western medical practice is often less you r heart beat s fast
effective at dealing with long-term illness and well-being. you r body shudders
Unless you are in excruciating pain or have something wipe your forehead
ife-threatening, Western doctors often have little to offer. ra1se your eyebrows
lndeed, many dismiss patients with low-level complaints ra ise your hand
as "the worried wen··. Eastern medicine such as Chinase clutch your chest
Traditional Medicine (CTM), on the other hand, is much cl1ck your fi ngers
more focused on maintaining good health and, apparently, drop you r head
through acupuncture. herbal remedies and massage is more shrug your shoulders
successful in relieving conditions such as eczema, back cle nch you r fist
pain, migraine and stress. support your back
CTM is underpinned by a philosophy that there exists stret ch your legs
a harmony between mind, body and the environment. lt fl utter you r eyelashes
aims to "rebalance" patients and unblock natural energy
flows called "chi''. Such quasi-religious descriptions can B Work in pairs. What part of the bodly do you use for
often be met w1th scepticism within a science-based the actions in the box?
medical profession wanting evidence from randomised
1 kick stroke clap pat scratch
trials. The experience of mindfulness proponents highlights
sniff blin k hug spit crouch
how hard that scepticism can be to break down. Firstly,
glare frown gnn nod punch
research can be costly with little financia! incentive to drug
companies if the results prove positiva. Secondly, the
C Test each other. Take turns acting c1ut the different
results can be difficult to quantify or randomise: how do
actions in exercise A and B. YoUl' paL.rtner should say
you measure well-being or have a "blind" control group for
the word(s).
meditation?
Finally, even when positive results are gained, there remains
resistance and trainlng issues. Recently, a leading mental LISTENING
health charity had to run a campaign to raise awareness
of mindfulness and to demand greater access to courses, You are going t o hear a rnindfulness exercise.
which remains very limited, sorne six years atter it was
A '51 10 .2 Listen and do what the speaker tells you to do.

B Work in groups. Discuss these questions.

How well d id you follow the instruct1ons?
Did you like t he experience? Why? I Why not?
Can you thmk of anyone it m1ght help? Who? Why?
• What ot her alternat1ve I complementary t herap1es
do you know about ? Are they popu lar where you live?
Why? I Why not? What do you thi nk of them?
Is your healthcare free or subsid1sed? Does 1t include
complementary healthcare? Are t reatments rationed
in any way?

10 H(ALTH ANO ILLNESS 73

 SPEAKING

Work in groups. Discuss these questions.

Which ofthe conditions in t he box below have you heard of?
• What do you know about each one? Th ink about: ca uses, symptoms and the problems they cause sufferers.
• What do you know about t he ways t hey are t reated7

¡;;rtism narcolepsy m igra mes Tourette's syndrom e leprosy bulimia nervosa

l diabetes post-traumatic stress vitiligo gluten intolerance asthma eczema

READING

You are going toread about two ofthe conditions in the box above.

A Divide the class into two groups. B As you read, try to find out:
Group A: read the text below. what the symptoms are
Group B: read the text 1n File 13 on page 157. what problems it causes sufferers
how many people it affects
what causes the condition
how it is treated.

Vitiligo is a chronic skin condition
1
that affects pigmentation, frequently
resulting in the development of white
patches on the body. These are most
commonly found on areas that receive
a lot of sunlight, such as your hands,
face, neck and so on. The disease affects
at least one person in every hundred
1
in countries throughout the world. For
obvious reasons, the disorder is more
visible - though no more common - in
those with darker natural skin tones.
For the most part, the symptoms
themselves are the most serious aspect
of the condition, though there are o~en
attendant psychological pressures
stemming from sufferers seeing their
bodies as unhealthy. unattractive or in
sorne way disabled.
The causes of vitillgo are still the
subject of much research and debate,
but it is generally classified as an auto-
immune disorder, which means that the
body mistakes it own cells as intruders
and declares war on "enemy" cells. In
this case, the malfunctioning immune
system attacks melanocytes. the cells
which produce the pigment responsible
for skin colour.
There is currently a wide variety of
treatments available, ranging from
light therapy to oral medication and
strong sunscreen. More recently, skin
gra~s have also started to be used. To
counter the psychological side effects
of the disease, people are generally
encouraged to see a psychologist to help
with feelings of depression or isolation.

C With a person from your group, check your answers and discuss any vocabulary you are not sure of.

D Work with a student from the other group. Discuss the two different medica! conditions, using the topics in exercise B.
Decide which condition you think is worse. Explain why.

E Choose two new words from your text that you think are useful. Explain the words to your partner.

74 OUTCOMES
 VOCABULARY M edica! conditions
A Replace the words in italics with synonyms in the box.
block up passed on stick to
exacerbated relieved swollen
genetic long-term tiredness
fail shortage triggered
1 lt causes your motor skills to deteriorate over time.
2 lt can be aggravated by forceful and repetitive use of
the hand.
3 She suffers from chronic pain in her lower back.
4 lfyou don't treat 1t, it can lead to extreme fatigue.
5 Most ofthe symptoms can be eased by avoiding
caffeine and cutting down on alcohol.
6 lt's usually only transmitted to other people as a result
of direct person-to-person contad overa period of time
7 lt runs in the family. lt's a hereditary disorder.
8 Sufferers are supposed to maintain a strict diet.
9 They think it's probably set off by stress.
10 He's basical ly suffering from a lack of red blood cells.
11 lt basically causes the belly to become bloated.
12 lt causes the arteries in the heart to slowly clog.
B With a partner, discuss what conditions you think
sentences 1-12 above might describe.
LISTENING
You are going to hea? a news e.xtract about a young
child who has been suffering from a rare medica!
condition.
A 'li 10.3 Listen and answer these questions.
1 What problems did the condition cause the child]
2 How did the doctors respond to his problems?
3 How d1d his parents respond?
4 What was the result oftheir research?
5 What implications might their research have?
B Can you rernernber which nouns in the e.xtract these
adjectives were used to describe? Work in pairs to
compa?e your ideas. Then listen again to check.
dedicated rare permanent
painstaking painful weak
vulnerable countless alternative
vital successful average
C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Why do you think it was left to Dexter's parents to
find a cure?
How would you feel now ifyou were them and what
would you do next?
Have you heard any similar stories? What happened?
Do you know anyone w ho uses alternative therapies?
What kind? What for? How do you feel about these
kinds of therapy?
GRAMMAR Modal verbs
A Complete the s:entences from this unit by choosing
the corred fonn.
1 1 should've / might've got it done years ago, reallyl
2 He said 1must've I should've ta ken a knock.
3 l'm not su re, but 1 think it must've / might've been
my daughter. actually, thrashing her arms and legs
around.
4 That mustn't· I can't have been much fun!
5 The doctors can't have I shou/d've considered
Dexter's condition as thoroughly as they would've I
should've done.
6 They clearly should've I might've looked into other
options.
7 We could've I can't have come to our own
conclusions ;ooner and that way Dexter wouldn't I
shouldn't have had to go through all this trauma.
B '5' 10.4 Listen to the extracts and check your ideas.
C Work in pairs. Discuss the differences in the pairs of
sentences below, and why different forrns are used.
1 a That must've been nice.
b That can'it have been very nice.
2 a lt must've been beca use of all t he fatty food.
b lt m ight'll'e been beca use of ali the stress.
3 a 1 couldn't have done anything about it even if l'd
tried.
b The doctors couldn't have tried that hard.
4 a He shouldn't have driven off after the crash.
b He shouldn't have been dnving so fast!
5 a lt must've been hurting for him to go to t he
dentist's!
b lt must 've hurt, having those teeth out.
6 a She must've picked up the infection in hospital.
b She picked up the infection in hospita l.
7 a He can't have been feeling well or he would've
come.
b He can't be feeling well or he'd come.
., Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 145.
SPEAKINGi
Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
Do you know anyone who suffers from a medical
cond ition? What kind?
What causes it and how does it affect thei r life?
Can you think of any famous people who have had
to struggle ~1gainst a particu lar condition or against
disability?
How are doctors and nurses generally t hought of in
your cou ntry? Are they fairly treated?
10 HEALTH AND ILLNESS 75
 PLAY

~-- ------------
SPEAKING LIS'TENING

A Work in groups. Ask each other these questions to find out. You are going to hear conversations about
Who's the fittest person 1n you r group? playing tennis, a mountain walk and a
Who's the best swimmer / runner I ten nis player? footloall match.
Who's the biggest sports fan?
Who's completed the biggest physical challe nge? A Befare you listen, decide which tour
words in the box go with each of the three
acthrities.
VOCABULARY Doing and watching sport
1 draw - a penalty rallies
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions. return game double fault trudge
1 Why would a crowd go wild ? Why would they boo? louds broke the crossbar stunning
2 Does a team get knocked out of a league or out of a tournament? 1 hypothermia de u ce fa de
3 Why does the referee send someone off?
4 What's the d1fference between being suspended, being B ~ 11 ..1 Listen and find out how good an
substituted and being dropped? expe!rience each activity was for the rnain
5 Name two sports that have a keeper. speakers - and why.
6 What happens if someone makes a reckless tackle?
7 What's the oppos1te of the underdog in a game7 C Worlk in pairs. Re-tell what happened in
8 What's the difference between a tight game, an open game anda eac:h conversation using the words from
dirty game? exercise A. Listen again if you need to.
9 lf a player challenges a decision, do they hope the decis ion will be
upheld or overturned?
10 What happens if yo u blow your chance at the end of a game or
season?
11 Say five ways people co uld cheat in various sports.
12 Why might you begin to fade in a race?
13 What happens if a player or team gets thrashed?
14 What's the opposi te of getting relegated ?
15 lf you scraped through to the next round, what happened in your
match?

D Work in pairs. Discuss the following.
Are there any sports events that you regularly watch?
Can you g1ve an example of when a team I someone
should've won. but didn't? Why didn't they?
Give an example of when you had to bite your
tongue or 'could've killed someone'.
Give an example of something that was a cock up.
Give examples of overrated people or things.
NATIVESPEAKERENGUSH
a cock-up
A cock-up is a very big mistake. The terms is usually
used between people who have an informal
relationship, although it is also sometimes used in
journalism or even in politics.
The Arsenal keeper made a right cock-up to /et them
seo re.
The hotel made a complete cock-up with our booking.
I think the failure was more cock-up than conspiracy.
I complete/y cocked up the last quest10n of the exam.
0EVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
lrony and humour
lrony can be quite COllllROll In c:onvenatloll. lf we . .
bel• lranlc. we uythe opposb of whlt wathlnlr,or ,
. . . . . . the~ ....................
1
uteacl.the....,.
l'm not exac:tly Plcasso when lt aunes to palntfng
A Work in pairs. Look at each of the underlined
expressions in the audioscript for track 11.1 on page
172-3 and discuss these questions:
1 Is the speaker being ironic or not?
2 Where they're being ironic. what's the reality?
3 Do you say similar ironic comments 1n your
language?
B Match 1-5 to the iroruc comments.
1 So you're starting at high school next week.
2 What did you think ofthe poems he wrote?
3 He's a bit absented-minded, then?
4 l'm not exactly the best at ten nis.
5 Did you see that goal he scored? lt was amazing.
a You could say that! He's managed to lose his
passport three times.
b lt wasn't bad. I didn't exactly go wild though.
e Yeah. 1 can't wait - all that lovely homework!
d Well, it's not exactly Shakespeare.
e Come on! You only made about 20 double faults !
C Complete each of the sentences below in two ironic
ways that are true for you.
a 1 once managed to ...
b l'm not exactly ...
D Tell a partner your sentences and discuss them
further.
CONVERSATION PRACTICE
You are going to have similar conversations to the
ones you heard in Listening.
A Think about something sporty you have seen or
done. Think of one 'success' and one 'failure' and
make sorne notes. Write two questions to start the
conversation and give them to a partner.
For example:
How was the match you went to see last week?
How was your skimg holiday?
B Start the conversations with the questions you were
given. Your partner will explain what happened.
11 PlAY 77
 SPEAKING

A Work in groups. Discuss these questions.

Which of the games in the box have you played' Are you any good at them?
• D1dyouenjoythem~ What's good I bad aboul them?

r poker dominoes Scrabble "' The S1ms'" chess backga_m_m_o_n_ Monop_ol_y'_"_ _c_all of Duty'l

LISTENING 1
You are going to hear a short talle
on playing cards.

A ~ 11.2 Usten and take notes on:

1 the origin of playing cards
2 the th ree d1fferent types of playrng
cards
3 different types of games.

B Compare the notes you made.

Whose are easiest to follow?
Discuss what you could add to
them to make them better.

C What are the things below? Usten

again to check.
deck a jack
suits trumps
clubs a JOker

D Work in pairs. Discuss these

questions:
Can you na me the different cards
in the pictures?
Wh1ch kind of cards are most
common in your country? Do you
know any other types of playrng
cards?
VOCABULARY Games • Can you give examples of the
different types of card game
A Decide whether 1- 12 are said during a board game, a computer game or mentioned? What's your
acardgame. favourite game?
1 You didn't shuffle these very well.1 have almost exactly the same as last What restrictions are there on
time. gambling in your country?
2 Hurry up and throw the dice! Do you think banning gambling
3 You're moving my counterl You're red. 1s a good idea? Why?
4 There's something wrong w1th the controller ~ Maybe it needs resetting.
S You've dealt me eight instead of seven.
6 A friend told me a cheat to get to the next level.
7 lf you land on that square, you have to miss a go.
8 How do 1get h1m to punch'
9 This is a terrible hand l l'm not going to win anything.
10 You're running low on ammunition.
11 1think you're bluffing You haven't got any aces.
12 You have to take my piece 1f you can.

B Work in pairs.
Student A: explain, actor draw the words in bold. Student B: guess the
words.

78 OUTCOMES
 GRAMMAR Linking words
A Match the words in the box to the fow different
categories in the explanation above.
even though
otherw1se
although
provided
then
unless so~
if
whether so as to until even if
B Complete 1-10 with the words in exercise A.
1 Shuffle the cards ............................, deal six to each
player and leave the rest of the deck face down. To
start, the player to the dealer's right takes the top
card off the deck and decides ........................... to keep it.
2 Put four of your cards face up on the table
............... ........... that everyone can see them
3 Vou can leave two counters on one square
........................... block your opponents.
4 Vou have to declare that you have your last card .
..... .. .. ... ... ...... , you can't finish.
5 Vou can move your counter in any direction,
........................... that there's a free space.
6 ........................... you can't play the same suit ora card
of the same rank, you have to pickup from the deck.
........................... you have an ace, in wh1ch case you can
use that as a joker
7 Vou can't go on to the next level without completing
the task............................ you can find cheats on the
Internet in order to bypass sorne tasks.
8 He keeps trying to bluff, ........................... he's rubbish at
it!
9 Vou keep playing ....................... only one person is left
10 Vou won't win now, ........................... you take that piece,
because 1 can take all your other ones.
• Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 146.
C Think of one or two card games - preferably ones
yow partner doesn't know. Explain how to play to
yow partner.
LISTENING 2
You are going to hear five people talking about
games.
A ~ 11.3 Listen and decide which speakers talk about:
a playing for money ......
b being injured beca use of a game ...
c the social nature ofthe game ...... and ..... .
d hitting someone ......
e the game sounding worse than it is ..... and ......
f parent(s) stoppmg a computer game being played ......
B Compare your answers with a partner and explain
your choices.
e Listen again and complete the sentences.
1 a The aim .................................................... a particular
kínd of car.
b Vou knew they could get ......................................................
at any moment.
2 a My brothers used to ......................................................
me .
b My brothers all burst out laughíng and teased
me and 1 just ...................................................... the board
and stormed out ofthe room.
3 a The problem lies when ......................................................
involved.
b 1 kept thinking l'm ...................................................... next
time.
4 a lt felt like J'd ..................................................... .
b 1 guess J'm just not .................................................... .
those muscles
5 a Vou can choose the ...................................................... you
undertake.
b 1 guess he distinguishes ····-·-·
OK
SPEAKING
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
Did you ever make up games when you were
younger? What were the aims and the rules?
Did / Do you ever get upset when playing games)
Why1
Did I Do you ever play games as a family? Which
ones? Explain the a1m of the game and the rules
What can you learn through playing games1
Do you think computer games influence behaviour?
What's your favourite computer game?
Do you think children should have limits on playing
computer games? What limits? Why? I Why not?
n PLAY 79
 READING VOCABULARY
Sports and games met apho rs
You are going toread an article abottt different kinds of
Ianguage play.

A Before you read, work in groups. Discuss which of the

different kinds of playful uses of latllguage in the box you are
already familiar with.

advertising slogans riddles

pu ns metaphors A Decide what sport or game the rnetaphors
word games 1d1oms in italics originate born, and what you
comic insults al lit eration think they mean in the contexts they
tongue twisters nursery rhymes are in.
1 1 th ink that comment was a bit below the
B Read the article and find examples o•f each of the above. Then belt, to be honest. lt was a hurtful thing to
think of one more example of each dlifferent kind of language say.
play. 2 Currency trading is a very high stakes game.
3 All we're asking far is a leve/ playingfield
C Work in pairs. Discuss these questio1ns about the article. when we compete with local companies.
1 What other kinds of language play are mentioned? 4 Recent events have forced the president
2 What reasons are put forward to explain language play? to show hrs hand sooner lhal he would've
3 What social functions do you think banter and the kind of wanted.
word play the writer encountered in the office serve? 5 For months, the two main parties were
4 What do you think the answer to the riddle is? neck and neck in the polis.
5 How do you feel about the kind of insults mentioned~ Why? 6 1can't believe 1actually managed to bluf!
my way through the interview.
7 The city has been a pawn in regional power
games for hundreds ofyears.
8 You never know what he's really thinking. I
mean, he keeps his cards e/ose to his chestl
9 l've said all 1have to say about the matter.
The ball's in your court now.
10 Phewl Saved by the bel/. 1 would've died if
that meeting had gone on much longer!
11 !'ve had to overcome a lot of hurdles to get
to where 1 am today.
12 Don't get too exc1ted. We're not finished
SPEAKING yet. lt's a marathon, nota sprint.

A Work in groups. Discuss these questiions.
Do com ic insults exist in your langu1age? Do they trans late well
into English?
Is language play important when 1t comes to learning a foreign
language? Why? / Why not?
Do you know any riddles in your laniguage? Do they work in
English?
• Wh ich of the tangue twisters below is hardest for you to say?
A really weird rear wheel.
B Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Are you good at bluffing your way through
interviews, meetings, presentations, etc.?
Have you heard or said any comments that
you think were a bit below the belt? What
was the reaction?
What hurdles have you had to overcome in
your life?
Are you good at keeping things close to
your chest? Do you know anyone who's

1 he sells seashells on the

eashore.
better at it than you are?
Can you think of any examples of
people / things that have been pawns
in a bigger game?
A big black bug bit a big black A cheap sheep is cheaper than a
bear. cheap ship.

e free throws

80 OUTCOMES
 . ._ -- ~ --:--- =- . ~ -- - -
NOT
The desire and ab11ity lo play wilh linguis1ic
lorms and functions in order to entertain
bolh oneself and others is innate in the
mo¡onty of humans lndeed. 11 is now
widely accepled lhot children who do not
porticipote in longuoge play are in sorne
woy obnormol. From around lhe oge of
one. children stort ploying wilh the sounds
of their mother longue, o phenomenon
which feeds into o loler love of tongue
lwislers such os We surely shall see
the sun shine soon. This is followed by
chonls, songs ond other noises made lo
occompany motor oclivities. ond by the
age of lhree or tour kids are oble to use lhe
languoge of the1r peers as a springboord
for their own creativity Among other things,
they start adding rhymes and nonsense
words. Naturally, this is encouroged by
exposure to nursery rhymes. many of which
feoture nonsensical elements like:
Hey diddle, diddle,
The cat and the fiddle.
The cow jumped over the moon.
The little dog laughed to see such fun,
And the dish ron away with the spoon
ST CHILD'S
Before long. children stort grappling with
more complex riddles (What gets wetter the
more it dries? for example). As we grow, we
develop an ever more sophisticated grasp
of longuoge, ond become increosingly
odept at processing id1omolic and
metopharical usage Without such abilities.
we would be unoble to deol with such
concepls os a boss moving the goalposts
or sport being war minus the shooting1
Through high school encounters wilh
literature, we become more familiar wilh
playful language in paelry ond prose too.
We olso slort leorning how to banter,
on ort which, when carried to on extreme,
can involve 1nsulls directed al physical ond
personal chorocteristics, such os "Your
mum·s so fot, people jog round her for
exercise·· ond the response "Yeah? Well.
YOUR mum's so stupid. she puts lipstick on
her heod just lo moke up her mind!"
In the odult world, longuoge play is
still widespreod. Newspoper headlines.
especially the tobloid voriety, rely heovily on
puns. There wos, for inslonce. lhe article
about lhe leader of the new government in
LAY
--
Iraq looking to baos! his country's
militory copacity thot drew reoders in by
proclaiming IRAQJ HEAD SEEKS ARMS1 Pop
lyrics ond movie dialogue are pocked with
witty lines ond there ore olso ali sorts of
word gomes - from crosswords to TV game
shows to TABOO. where you hove to define
words like coffee without using words like
drmk
Then lhere's lhe odvertising industry,
which is heovily dependen! on copywriters
being oble to forge memorable slogons
out of limiled means. This moy be ochieved
lhrough the use of olliterolion IDon'f dream
it - drive if, for exomple), pu ns (such os
!he slogan used to sell o perfume colled
Impulse - Men can't help ading on
impulse) ond so on.
The degree to wh1ch such ployful
altitudes to longuoge ore commonploce
wos mode painfully cleor to me eorlier
this yeor. when 1relurned to work after o
disostrous skiing holidoy, during which
1monoged lo break my arm. Once my
colleagues had spotted the arm in a cast.
the fun began As 1ordered o coffee, 1was
osked if 1needed a hand Next, a new
employee being given o gu1ded tour of the
office was told not to mind me as 1was
armlesst And on it went: during the course
of lhe doy, 1was osked 1f lhe injury mean!
1now had more free time on my hands.
whether or not f'd gol a hand-out from
my 1nsurance compony, and finolly 1was
congrotulated far putting my finger on a key
problem in a brainstorming session! Ouch!
•
 HISTORY
VOCABULARY Pe rsonal hi stories
A Work in pairs. Say what you think the key rnornents
in your lile have been so far. Explain why.
B Read the sentences below. Check the meaning of
any words you don't understand in the Vocabulary
Builder. Then discuss the positive and I or negative
effects that each situation rnight have on sorneone's
lile.
1 He hada very sheltered upbringing.
2 She's from quite a deprived background.
3 They had to flee the country after the military coup
4 He was very involved in radical politics in his youth.
5 She was evacuated during the war.
6 He saw active service during the war.
7 She's always had a real lust for life.
8 He comes from a broken home.
9 He grew up in a very close-knit community.
10 She's from a very privileged background.
11 She won a scholarship to study in the States.
12 He was orphaned whe n both h1s parents died in a
plane crash.
C Do you know anyone who any of the sentences in
exercise B could desc:ribe? Tell a partne:r.
82 OUTCOMES
LISTENING
You are going to hear a conversation in which
sorneone describes the arnazing lile his girlfriend's
father has had.
A Before you listen, discuss with a pa:rtner how you
thinlc the words in the box could be connected to the
rnan's personal history and lile.
first generation poverty drop out
ice cream textiles the capital
outboard motors the Stales a peasant
B '1112.1 Listen and see if your guesses were corred.
Then discuss with a partner the connection between
the words in exercise A and the girlfriend's father's
lite.
C Listen again and complete the sentences below with
the rnissing ph:rasal verbs.
1 The whole visit ......... ................ far better than l'd da red
to hope it would.
2 ll ........................... his bark is much worse than his bite.
3 When he was 13, h1s dad ........................... .
4 He had to ........................... of school and start working.
5 He ........................... selling ice creams ... and then
........................ to selling textiles door-to-door.
6 He decided that if he really wanted to ... ..................
he'd have to move to the capital, and ........................... to
make his fortune.
7 He got there. somehow managed to ........................... his
own company ... and then just slowly ..........................
things ........................... .
8 His eyes ............. .. ...... when 1 told him how much 1
got far that portrait 1 sold last year.
9 1 didn't ........................... thal fact loo much.
 B Now match 6-10 to f-j.
6 He's as hard f as a dado.
7 lt's as dead g as the hills.
8 She went as white h as nails.
9 That joke is as old as mud!
10 That's as clear as a sheet.

C Work in pairs. Discuss what you think each simile

means - and whether or not you have similar
expressions in your language.

D Test each other.

Student A: read 1-10 in exercises A and B above.
Student B: close your books and say the corred endings.

E Complete these sentences with your own ideas. You

can be as poetic, funny or serious as you want to be.
NATIVESPEAKERENGUSH 1 Once he'd started up h1s business, he had to work like

get your head round it
1f you try t o getyour head round something un usual
or unexpected, you try ha rd to understand 1t or
accept it
Wel/, he's still t ryíng to get his head round it al/.
/'m still trying to get my head round my new
Smartphone.
She still can't get her head round what happened!
/'m sti// struggling to get my head round the whofe
thing!
2 She was the only teacher 1 ever had who treated us
like ...................................................... .
3 1 come from a very argumentative family Dinner at
our house was usually like ...................................................... .
4 Once 1started university, 1was as happy
5 He emerged from his ch1ldhood as tough
6 She's an amaz1ng woma n She's gota voice as
...................................................... and she looks like

D Work in groups. Discuss these questions. (ONVERSATION PRACTICE

Can you think of anything that passed off far better
than you'd hoped it would?
What do you think are the pros and cons of comi ng
from a very large family?
Do you know a nyone you'd describe as a self-made
man or woman? How did they build their success?
DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
Símiles
A Think of someone you know - or know of - that you
think has had an incredible lite. Malee notes on what
you know about their personal history. Think of at
least one simile you can use when telling their story.
B Work in groups. Tell each other as much as you can
about the people you have chosen.

A slmlle Is• phnt1e tllllt describes somethlna bJ

................... .............
compMtnalt to ........... else.11tec:omp.rlson Is

to be'........
~

tfeeats llke a pe.aJORt sttlt and burps after dlnfler and

everythtng

A Make common fixed símiles by matching 1-5 to the

correct end.ings a-e.
1 l've got a memory a like the plague.
2 He smokes b like a fish out of water.
3 1felt c like a sieve.
4 1avoid him d like chalk and cheese.
5 They're e like a chimney.

12 HISTORY 83
 SPEAKING
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
How much do you know about you r
count ry's history?
Do you know much about anc1ent h1story?
Are there any rui ns near where you live?
What of?
Are t here any World Heritage sites in your
count ry? Have you been to them? Why are
lhey preserved?
How 1mportanl do you th1nk it is t o
preserve historical sites? Why7
READING
You a.re going to read an a.rticle about the
fall of the Ro man Empire.
A Read the article and answer these
questions.
1 What reasons are mentioned for the
emp1re's collapse?
2 Why are so many theories pul forward?
3 Why do theories change over time?
B What evidence, ü any, is given to support
each of the statements in 1-67 How strong
is the evidence? What else would you want
to know to believe each statement?
1 Life was worse after the end of the Roman
Empire.
2 Thatching was an inferior building
t ech nique
3 People were happy wit h Roman ru le.
4 There's a lol of academic interest in the fall
of Rome
5 Lead poisoning brought down the empire
6 Hist oria ns' theories are influenced by
contemporary concerns.
C Work in pairs. Discuss the meaning of the
words in bold.
D Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
What empires have you heard of? When
did t hey exist? Do you know why they
ended?
Do you th ink we learn lessons from
history7 Give an example of w hen we did
or when we didn't.
84 OUTCOMES
tAncient
history?
'Therc is a sketch from a historical comedy called Tire Lije nj
Brian, where a meeting of a small rc\olulionary group is taking
placc under Roman occupation. 'lñeir leader is trying to whip up
nnger al thc oppn.:ssivc Roman Empire. ·what: he grO\\ls, ·have
the Romans cver done for us'?' A momcnt's !'lilcncc. 'The aqueduc1:
' OK, the aque<luct .. . · · And sanítation.' ·Ali right. Apart from
aqucducts and sanitation. what have they ever done for us?' There
then follows a senes of suggcMions mnging from roacls to public
or<ler Lo wine, culminating \v1th the leader·s cxa.,pcrnlcd Cí). ·oh.
shut up!'
The JOke may be clo~er Lo rcalit} than wc imagine. The Romans
'"·ere not defeated by popular uprisings for mdcpcndcm:c - in stark
conlrdst to thc cnd of more modero empires. Furthermorc. sorne
scholars. such as Bryan War<l-Pcrkim.....uggcst that once the We~tem
IRoman Empire had collapsed, many of their civiliscd advanccs \\CI\!
llosl. Not only <lic.l coins largcly disappear. but also pottery stopped
bemg manufactured "º widcly. an<l '>ophisticatc<l constructions ~uch
as tiled roofs were replaced by inferior techni4ucs such w.. thatching.
\"hich was prone to fire and sheltered insects that bred dtsea-;e.
So if thmgs wcrc so good anc.l '" hat followc<l so dreadful. why
did the Roman Empire crumble? IL 1s a question that continucs
110 attrnct hugc inlcrest in aca<lcmic circles. llar<lly a year goes
by without a h<x1k on thc subjcct coming out and. to date. over
200 theories have been put forward In part . this is lxcausc of thc
rclativc scarcity of evidence available for the period of Rome\ fall.
:so when new facts are <liscovcrc<l, they quickly becomc the basb
•Of whole new theories. Por example. the analy-..i" of bonc:,. from
Lhc Roman pcriod revealed a high content of heavy metals. which
gave nse to Lhc thcory Lhat lca<l poboning brought down the empire.
More recently, agricultura! degradation has lxcn blame<l follm\ ing
ncw archaeological findings .
Mo'>t scholar<>. though nol ali. agree that the decline took
place overa long period of time. rnthcr Lhan thcrc being a :-.ingle
collapse in AD 476. \\hen Rome was sacked by the Barharian\.
Most also suggcst that a number of contributing factors lcd to its
dem1 se. The causes tend to divide into fivc main arcas: deca<lence.
economic problems. externa( pressurcs. division and infighting. and
Chri'\tianity an<l cultural changc.
1t is the relativc importancc givcn to diffcrcnt factors that sparks
debate. Again. the lack of cvic.Jence me.in-; historian" are frcer Lo
fill in thc gaps wilh guesswork and interprelation. A.,, a result, they
may anach diftcrent resonanccs accor<ling to tJic times they live
in. For example, Edward Gibbon. writing during the new rigorou~.
scicntilic agc of the Enlightenment. tended towards blaming
Christianit} and dccadcncc. Sorne sa} hi.-.Lorians \\ho contended
that there was a '>mooth transition between the foil of Romc an<l
inva<ling Gcnnanic tribes were intluenced by drawing parallclr; with
Germany's <omoolh intcgralion into a Europe:lll union following the
Second World War. Finally. idea'> on em·ironmcntal causes. it i:,
arguc<l. are about the outlook of modero green movements rather
than real problcms in Roman Lime~.
 ...........
DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
,.......................
.....,,...., ........ .
Asking far clarification
~
~-··t
-.....•om.a11rm c.ouRtyo\J~'1ñ'e*
refirefl(iff
A ~ 12.2 Listen and complete the questions asked to
the author of the article.
1 You cited ............................................. Could you
.................................................. ?
2 When you were talki ng about changes
in construct1on techniques, you
...... .. ..... ..... .................. Could you JUSt
...................................................... ?
3 You referred to a theory that lead poisoning
...................................................... Could you
..................................................... ?
4 You mentioned sorne findings that
suggested ........................................... Do you
...................................................... ?
B Write three more similar questions you could ask
about the reading article.
C Work in pairs.
Student A: read the information in Fi le 4 on page 153
Student B: read the 1nformation in File 9 on page 155.
D Ask your partner questions from exel'Cise A and
the questions you Wiote in order to find out more
information that wasn't covered in the Reading text.
Your partner should reply using the information
they learned, apologise for being unable to reply or
try to make up an answerl
VOCABULARY
Presenting arguments and t heories
A Work in pairs. Decide if the words in italics have
the same meaning in the context. If not, what's the
difference?
1 Fukuyama putforward I advanced the theory of
the end of history He estab/1shed I c/aimed th at the
arrival of democracy following the Cold War was the
endpo1nt for pol1tical development and conflict.
2 Heather asserts I demonstrates that the Roman
Emp1re's decline stemmed from I gave rise to
ínvasíons.
3 5t Catherine's monastery 1s allegedly I supposedly the
síte where Moses received the Ten Commandments,
although archaeologists have questioned I cast doubt
on the cla1m
4 Zinn challenged I accepted the status quo by
h1ghlightmg I emphasising the importance of
ordínary people in American history.
5 Paul argues I contends that the governments tend to
play a significant I minor role in the economy.
B Use sorne vocabulary from exercise A and your own
ideas to prepare a short presentation on one of these
topics.
• One of the histoncal figures below and their ideas.
Marx
- Arch1medes
-Galileo
- Einstein
A person ora theory you have studied.
SPEAKING
A Work in small groups. Give the presentation you
wrote in Vocabulary exercise B. After each of you
finish, the ~ should • ask questions like
those in Dewloping Con
 SPEAKING LISTENING

A Work in groups. How much do you lcnow about the recent You are going to hear four people tallring
historical milestones below? Discuss what you think about milestone events in the recent history
happened - and what the causes and results were. of theil different countries.
the fall ofthe Berlin Wall
the September the llth attacks A ~ 12.3 Listen and answer these questions.
the 1raq conflicts 1 What event does each person describe?
the Astan tsunam1 of 2004 2 Why do they claim these events were
the creation of the euro s1gnificant?
the genocides in Rwanda and Sudan

- B Listen again and decide which sentences are

true.
1 a
b
Anna Lindh's career was on the up.
lt was a politically motivated attack
c She died 1nstantly.
2 a The speaker thinks joining the EU helped
heal old wounds
b Only a slim majority voted for EU
membership.
e The speaker puts sorne of his recent
success down to the time he spent abroad.
3 a The new pipeline passes through Russia
b Thus far, it hasn't brought in much revenue.
VOCABULARY Recent history c lt has had positive political ramifications.
4 a Chtldren w1th one abongine parent
A Complete the sentences with the correct forro of the verbs in were often forced into ca re
the box.

L
abolish
assass1nale
carry out
call
declare
dent
gain
go
issue
massacre
overthrow
push
l b

e
These children now have excellentjob
opportu n1ties
The speaker thinks an apology should have
been issued earlier.

C Match the words from the listening. Check in

1 After years of fighting, the two sides finally .............. . .... a the audioscripts on page 174-5. Then discuss
truce last month with a partner who or what did each of things
2 About 20 years ago. one of our former presidents ........................... below.
by his bodyguard, and that sparked a civil war 1 take a strong a a rite of passage
3 We .................. independence in the 1970s. but we didn't 2 sound b the old trade routes
actually ........................... full independence until 2002. 3 symbolise c the mistakes ofthe
4 Our national airline ........................... bust a few years ago, which past
very much ...•.. our pride. 4 draw d the stain
5 Capital punishment ........................... back in the 1960s. 5 bypass e stand
6 Our government ........................... in a mtlitary coup last year 6 give f the death knell
7 A few years ago the government finally .......................... a formal 7 acknowledge g a line under the past
apology for our involvement in the slave trade. 8 remove h greater geo-political
8 In about 1996, around a hundred civ11ians ........................... 1n cold- clout
blood by government forces during a demonstration .
9 A terrorist organisation ........................... a series of bombings on D Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
civilian targets over the last few years. In global terms. wh1ch of the four events from
10 We .......................... for accession to the European Un ion for the listening do you think is most significant?
several years now. Why?
How much impact on world events do you
B Work in pairs. Discuss these questions. think the oil trade has? Why? Whlch other
Can you think of any high-profile people who have been trades are very important?
assassinated? Do you know why? • Do you think countries should apologise for
Can you think of any high-profile firms or organisations that past mistakes? How far back should this go?
have gane bust recently? Do you know why? Should compensation ever be offered? Why? I
Can you think of any countries which have gained Why not?
independence in the last two or three decadesJ How well has
it gone?

86 Ol/TCOMES
 NCiUAGE e JJ~RNS_ __
Wrlte the sentences In JDll' lanpap. Translate
them back lnto Ensllsh. Compare 10"' Ensllsh to the
original.
All of that can only be for the good.
The clty's changed a lot, but not necessanly for the
better.
l'm not happy about 1t but 1guess it's probably for
the best.
1think it was a change for the worse.
He's in hospital. He took a tum for the worse last
night
GRAMMAR Dramatic inversion
We can lnvert sentences by puttlns the auxlllary
belore the subject. Thls Is moN cammon In wrltln&
but Is sometlmes used In speech to ...... descrlptlon1
.... d......tlc.
No sooner had we been granted full membershlp
than llterally hundreds of thousands of young Poles
headed off abroad
Thls strudllre ....,...._ the fad that the semnd
actlan...,,..... V8fJ qllkkly . . the flrst.
A Rewrite these sentences using No sooner. There are
sorne words in each sentence you will not need to
re-use.
1 lt was a terrible time. The President was overthrown
and then civil war broke out the next day.
2 We adopted the euro about 12 years ago. and almost
1mmediately pnces went upl
3 lt was depressingly predictable. The looting began
almost as soon as the earthquake st ruck.
4 Brazil equalised and then 30 seconds later. we went
up the other end of the pitch and scored the winner!
There are several other WilJS to lnvert sentences. All
are more mmmon In wrft1n8 Mld formal speech.
Not only did colns la11ely disappear, but also pottery
stopped belng manufactured so widely.
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
l never before
at no time
nowhere else
not only
not untíl
only
1 They were exciti ng times........................... were we as a
sociel y on the map again, but we felt as if we'd come
of age.
2 1surprised even myself because ..........•...............
wha tsoever did 1 panic. I rema1ned remarkably calm
th roughout.
3 lt was a ti me of tense industrial re lations.
.......................... had the unions been quite so militant
o r quite so well organised.
4 ........................... it was too lat e did people begi n to
realise what was really going on.
S ....................... in the world cou ld anything quite as
ridiculous as this happen! Seriously! ........................... in
Bntain could school kids gaining exposure to other
languages be seen as negativel
~ Need help? Read the grammar reference t)n page 147.
SPEAKING
A Think of three major historical events from your
country in recent decades. These could be related to
politics, economics, sport, society, law amd order, etc.
Malee notes about each one and think aLbout why
they were significant.
B Work in groups. Explain as much about each of the
events as you can to the rest of the group. (lf you
come ñom the same country, see ü you agree on
which events were the most important and why
they were significant. Then discuss how you would
explain these events to a foreigner. )
12 HISTORY 87
 Two MINUTES
Work in groups. You are going to give a short two-minute talk on one of the topics in the list below. Spend five
minutes thinldng about what you are going to say. Look back at your notes to check language if you lilte.
• A JOb that interests you • A major sporting event
• An operation • The rules 1;>f a game
• Mental health • An mcredible life

Ghre each other marks out of ten for language, interest a11,d clarlty. Who got the most marb?

CiAME
Work in pain. Student A use only the green squares; studf!nt B use only the yellow squares. Spend five minutes
looldng at your questions and revising the answers. Then take turns tossing a coin: heads • move one of your squares;
tails • move two of your squares. When you 1and on a squ.ue, your partner looks at the relevant page in the book to
check your answers, but you don 'ti If you are right, move forward one square {but don't answer the question until
your next tum). If you aren't right, your partner tells you ·the rlght answer and you miss a go. When you've finished
the game, change colours and play again.

1 3
Nat1ve Speaker English Grammar p. 65: say s1x
• note p. 64: if you car say things people m1ght say
what the Native Speaker at work using six different
••••••••••rl. fnglish note was and g ve continuous forms.
an example, throw aga1n

5 9
Native Speaker English Vocab1;/ary p. 73 :your
note p 70 1f you can sc:1y partner will say the 15
what the Native Speaker actions from exercise B.
Englísh note was and give Say wt11c.h pc:1rt of the body
an example. throw aga1n you use for each one

13
Developmg Conversatíons
Miss a go! p. 77: say two iron1c things
about your life us1ng
managed to and two us1ng
not exactly.

15 17
Native Speaker English Vocab1;/ary p. 85: say six
note p. 83: if you can say things that have happened
what the Native Speaker recently using six different
Engl1sh note was and give verbs f'rom exercise A.
an example. throw aga1n
1 REVISE TOGETH ER

Por each of the activities below, wo:rk in gIOUps of (OLLOCATIONS

three. Use the Vocabulary Bui lder if you want to.
Take turns toread out collocation lists ñom Unit 9 of
the Vocabulary Builder. Where there is a '-', say 'blah'
(ONVERSATION PRACTl<:E instead. Your partner should guess a.s many words
as they can. Each time you change rclles, move to the
Choose one of the following Conve1 tion Praetice nextunit.
acttvities.
Work p.65
Health and llness p. 71 IDIOMS
Play p 77
H1story p. 83 Discuss the meaning of the idioms and try to thinlc
of a real example about you - or abo·u t someone you
Two of you should do the task. The third person know.
should listen and then give a mar1t between 1 and 1 We're ali in the same boat.
10 for the performance. Explain yo11U decision. Then 2 He's just pulling your leg
change roles. 3 1ve been rushed off myfeet al day
4 Maybe you can show me the ropesj'
5 lt was a bit below the belt
ACTOR DRAW 6 H1s bark is worse than his bite
7 1 JUst don't think he's pull1ng his wE!'ight
One person should act or draw as l any of these 8 1JUSt had to bite my tangue
words as they can in three minutes. The others 9 lt's a kind of rite of passage.
should try to guess the words. Do not speak while 10 She keeps her cards close to her chest.
you are acting or drawingl 11 They keep movmg the goalposts.
12 Let me Just get this stra1ght
1
drift off a flap a tackle evacuate 13 The ball's in your court.
lean on a drip trudg\:! textiles 14 She comes from a broken home.
nod exc.ruc1ating shufíl~ a portra1t 15 We're justa pawn in the game.
a creche shrug a sword pottery
mourn cien ch tease a bodyguard
anaesthet1se shudder a spril"lt assass nate

Qu1z
Answer as many of the questions a possible.
1 Why do people network?
2 What's the opposlte of upholding a dec1s1on?
3 What kind of jobs m1ght be emotlonally dralning>
4 Why do people somet1mes bluff?
5 5ay three things that can be temP.·e ramental. Expla n
how.
6 Is it good or bad if cancer goes in o remission?
7 Can you think of three reasons why people flee an
a rea?
8 When m1ght you need a skin grafl:?
9 What can clog - or clog up? What '-Vlth?
10 What happens 1f a town or city 1s sacked?
11 Say three things you could confes!; to
12 Can you think of an exarnple of a chant?
13 What happens 1f a team is relegat;ed >What's the
opposite?
14 Why m1ght you glare at someone?
15 What kind of places might get loc1ted? When?

03 REVIEW 89
 CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW
LISTENING
You are gomg to hear five speakers talking about
diffezent things.
A ~R 3.1 Listen and choose one answer for each
speaker. There are two extra. Which speaker is:
a putting forward a theory?
b d1scussing a football match?
c g1ving ev1dence to a tribunal?
d talking about acarrace?
e describ1ng a journey?
f complainmg about d1srnm1nat1on?
g d'scussing a tenn1s match~
B Listen again and choose one answer for each
speaker. There are two extra. Which speaker:
a wanted to get back in touch with their cultural
heritage?
b has undergone a kind of rehabil1tation?
e d,scusses a military coup?
d d1sagrees w1th conventional wisdorn?
e recognises the1r opinions may not be popular?
f describes a comic accident?
g blew a chance?
[... / 10]
GRAMMAR
A Correct the rnistake in each of 1-8.
1 Under no circumstances you're to leave your post
unattended.
2 lf 1l wasn't for my old Chernislry teacher, 1wouldn't
be work here now!
3 Only after a full inquiry were we understanding the
full horror of the incident.
4 That shou!dn't have been much fun . 1would've gone
crazy 1f it'd happened to me.
5 ! wouldn't work for that firm even though the money
was amazing!
6 lt was awful. My phone was going off while 1was
being interviewed.
7 1can't believe he failed. He m1ght be feeling dreadful
now.
8 1don t m1nd you answering the call in class un!ess
it's qu1ck
[... / 8]
90 OUTCOMES
B Complete the second sentence with 2l-5 words and the
word in bolcl so it has a similar mear~g to the first.
1 lt's her own fault. She was texting while she was driving.
shouldn't
lt's her own fault. She ...................................... while
she was driving.
2 She was probably feeling di. She wouldn't have cancelled
otherwise
can't
She ................................................... or she1 would've come
3 The boss resigned a couple of days a1'ter 1started there
Nosooner
.... ........................................ than lhe boss res1gned.
4 He never asked me for any help wha1'soever
at no time
....... .............................................. ask me for any help.
5 1st1ll th1nk about him almost every day
goes by
Hardly ...................................................... me thinking about h1m.
6 1find computers very hard to deal w1thl
adept
1..................................................... with computers.
[... / 12]
LANGUAGE PATTERNS
Complete the sentences with one word in each gap.
1 The boss has demanded that he .... kept informed ot
any developments.
2 You should get that tooth looked at 1t. The ...... you leave
it. the worse it'll get.
3 lt's certainly changed, but not necessarily for the ...... .
4 The course covers everyth1ng ...... an overv1ew of the
basics to far more sophisticated are;as.
5 The doctors are very worried. Apparently. he took a turr
for the ...... last night.
6 The pressure we put on them, the more Hely they
are to reverse their decisíon.
[... / 6)
PREPOSITIONS
Choose the correct preposition.
1 Experts have cast doubt towards / on the authenticity of
the finds.
2 We got knocked out of !from the cornpet1tion 1n the
second round
3 l've got real admiration towards /for the work you do.
4 Having a company car is one of the perks of / with the
JOb.
5 Stop ganging up to Ion me. lt's not fair.
6 The policy hasn't really 1mpacted to J' on our business yet
7 He fell 111 follow1ng exposure to/ of toxic chem1ca!s.
8 There s no poínt dwelling about / on it. lt won't help.
[ ... I 8]
0PPOSITES fORMING WORDS

Replace the words in italics with their opposite from Complete the gaps with the conect form. of the words
thebox. in CAPITALS.
According to the 1........................... of a recent FIND
substantial malignant privileged quick report. an ever-increasing number of
conservative civilian significant good people now feel that having to go through
' .......................... is the most stressful event REDUNDANT
1 They bombed militarytargets. oftheir lives. Mass lay-offs have become
2 She has sorne fairly radical views. a common ~·-····-·· . _ .. in all types of OCCUR
3 Tests showed the lump was benign. organisation and many report that their
4 She played a minar role. • .......................... with HR departments are DEAL
5 The signs are pretty ominous. profoundly unsat1sfactory. In addition,
6 They camed out a thorough search. once unemployed, they then often
7 He's from a deprived background. face a 5 ..............••........... of redeployment SCARCE
8 There's been a slight rise opportunities, which can have a serious
effect on their mental well-being.
[... / 8]
For compan1es themselves, one
6
......................... problem is motivating staff RECUR
MISSING WORDS that rema in. The vacuum created by job
losses 1s best filled by direct1on. There is a
Complete each set of three sentences with one word. need to focus the 7 ..•..• •••••• •• .. • on what WORK
1 Poverty has a terribly negative ...... on life expectancy. wdl be achieved in the long term.
The measures have had little ...... thus far.
Failure to pull your weight can directly ...... on colleagues. [ ... I 7)
2 She has an excellent ...... of French language and politics.
1didn't really ...... the main idea. I don't think.
You have to ...... every opportunity that comes your way. VOCABULARV
3 She won an ...... for best director last year
They decided to ...... the contract to our main rivals. Complete the email by choosing the conect words
1don't get why they ...... bankers such obscene sums. A-C.
4 lt's hard to get out of a downward ...... once you're in one. l'm coping OK in my new post. I guess. but !'ve had to
The whole situation is starting to ...... out of control. overcome a few more 1...... than 1 would've liked! 1guess
The country is locked in a ...... of decline. l've been going through a period of · ...... .
5 You don't want to show your ...... too soon. do you? The intervíew was more stressful than l'd been
lf you know the answer, raise your ...... . expecting, I have to say. l'd been led to believe that the
l'm not going to win anything with this ...... . job was mine and that the whole thing would be little
more than a 3 ...•.. , but it was actually ali very • ....... They
(... I 5] carried out 5...... checks on ali applicants and assessed
our 6...... skills. Anyway, 1got1t in the end and here 1am!
l've gota PA for the first t ime in my life and she's
VERBS amazing - very 7 ...... and easy to get on with, as well as
being very easy to 8 ...... sluff to, which is great.
Match the verbs in the box with the collocations in 1-8.
1 A proponents B relapses e hurdles
administer bypass forge cite 2 A accession B transilion e remission
exacerbate put forward reta in draw up 3 A procedure B schedule e formality
4 A decadent B rigorous e reckless
1 - contracts I - guidelines I - plans I - a l1st 5 A brutal B troubleshoot e painstaking
2 - its old charm I - your best staff / - a sense of humour 6 A leadership B statutory e merchant
3 - an argument I - a proposal I - two main reasons 7 A sheltered B innate e witty
4 - a problem I - an already bad situation I - an issue 8 A delegate B lia1se e subsidise
5 - the old trade routes /- the lawyers I - the city centre
6 - a test I - an anaesthetic I - a project I - an injection [ ..• J 8]
7 - an alliance I - trade links I - a memorable slogan
8 - a recent survey I - statistics / - personal reasons

[... / 8] [Total ... /80)

03 REVIEW 91
 NEWS AND THE MEDI

...............
. . . .,.......,,,.................
VOCABULARY News headlines B Work in pairs. Por each headline, discuss:
a what happened
~-iliGrt~--- b if you think it is good news or bad news
........ - .......... ,....at....... .... c íf you would wanl lo read more .

........•••....,...................... . , C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions .

Gld stabbed at blrthday pon, • 1 G1ve an example of a real blasl. What caused
A glrfs been stabbtd ata birthday poftj she wrJS ottendi "9 it?
2 Have there been any crackdowns in your
A Look at the headlines below and check any words in bold you country I cíty recently? On what?
don't k:now in the Vocabulary Builder. 3 Have you heard of any pollee ra ids~ What
1 Bomb blast toll reaches 20 happened? Díd they seize anything?
2 President halls breakthrough in peace process 4 Why do people leak information? Can you give
3 Club bars fans 1n crackdown on hooliganism any real examples?
4 Sanders cleared of bribery charges 5 Have you heard of any bíds to break a record I
5 Police seize $10 mi lion drugs hau in house raid win something I ta ke overa company? Do you
6 Win brings Boca to brink of league title think they'll be successful?
7 Email leak revea Is secret plan to slash jobs 6 Have you heard of any clashes between
8 Kírov ups stake in Mac in takeover bid poi t íca l colleagues, work colleagues, a player
9 Police clash with protesters at un ion rally and coach?
10 Teachers rule out strike act1on to halt pay cuts 7 Is there anything you would rule out doing in
11 Kohl pulls out of Open over sex scandal your lífe?
12 Safety fears deal blow to car company's recovery
13 Hector vows to continue despite outbursl

LISTENING
You are going to hear five short conversations about
sorne of the headlines in Vocabulary, exercise A.
A '11113.1 listen and decide:
1 which headline st ory they are talk ing about.
2 whelher lhe speakers in each conversat1on agree or
disagree.
B Complete each of the sentences from the
conveisations with a noun. Then listen again and
check.
1 a lt was so obvious he's been lining his own
b The case was dismissed on sorne ki nd of
2 a There's an ........................... com ing up in just over
ayear.
b Maybe the opposít ion is just stirring up
3 a lt's such a ......................... about nolhing.
b lt's ali to do w ith money and ... .. .. 1sn't 1t?
4 a lt undermines our -························· in t he world.
b lt's j usta storm in a ............................ lt'll all blow
over quickly enough.
5 a A w hole load of them have had thei r ..........................
confiscated.
b 1 know. They're ............................ They shou ld be
locked up.
NATIVE SPEAKER ENGLISH
al/ over
Al' over mi~ans everywhere or in lots of different
places.
J don't see how having it ali over the papers wil/ help.
The p1ctures were ali over the front pages.
The story's beíng covered al/ over the world.
/'ve been looking ali over for h1m.
DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
Rhetorical quest ions and common
opinions
When people talk about news stories, they often put
their point of vlew as a rhetorlcal questlon (questloM
that don't requlre an answer) or use expresslons that
show common oplnlons.
What d d you expect? (- 1m not surpnsed
t s one ule for us and another for them
A Work in pail's. Look at the audioscript 13.1 on page
175. Decide which questions are real and which are
rhetorical What opinion do the rhetorical questions
show?
B Work in groups. Which of these common opinions
could you yoUiself imagine saying? In what
situation?
1 lt's one rule for the rich and another for the poor.
2 They should lock them up and throw away the key.
3 They're just in 1t for the money.
4 Young people today1 They have no respect.
5 They haven't gota hope in hell.
6 lt's ali about od
7 lt's about t ime t hey dtd something about 1t.
8 lf you ltve by t he sword. you die by the sword
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE
You are going to have similar conversations to the
ones you heard inListening.
A Think of three different stories you have heard
in the news recently. Write a question to start a
conversation about each one.
B Have conversations with different students in
the class. Start by asking questions. Use as much
language from these pages as you can.
"Why can't newspapers run more good-news stories?"
13 NEWS ANO THE MEDIA 9 3
 SPEAKING
A Read the short text below. Then discuss the questions
that follow with a partner.
The seemingly unstoppable rise of the Internet has
posed serious questions for the newspaper industry,
with such prominent figures as Bill Gates himself
predicting the imminent demise of paper-based
publishing. Why continue to waste money on printing
and distribution costs, the argument goes, when you
could simply focus all your energies on providing an
online newspaper instead?
Do you (or does anyone in your family) regularly read a
pnnted newspaper or news magazine? lf so. which o ne>
Do you ever read news on line? What kind? Where?
Do you th1nk 8111 Gates is nght about pnnted
newspapers be1ng on the way ouP
Why do you think newspaper companies persist with
print-based versions?
LISTENING
You are going to hear an extract from a radio
programme about the future of newspaper publishing.
A ~ 13.2 Listen and answer these questions.
1 What is the main reason given for the continued
ex1stence of print-based newspapers?
2 Whal other reason is given - and why 1s 1t described as
ironic?
B Listen again and decide which sentences below the
speaker claims are true.
1 Newspaper owners are not paying enough attention to
technolog1cal developments.
2 In many ways. recent technological developments have
not really altered traditional ways of gathering news.
3 Plenty of successful online news s1tes now use only self-
generated items
4 Reduced del ivery and printing costs mean onltne
journalism will soon be more profitable than pri nt-
based.
5 The failure of news websites to become profitable in
one sense has made them appealtng to 1nvestors.
L G!JACiE ~'-"'. . . 11-1',...,...J
Wrlte the sentlllices In JOUr 1a..,...._
n.sa.te thmn
badc 1nto EnaAsh- eam,.,. ,_.. Eli8llsh totheOf'lllnal.
Advertísers are keen to hit as wide a range Of potentJal
customers as posslble.
lt still has as wide a c1rculation as lt's always had.
lt's not as depresslng a story as lt might initially appear.
This 1s as stem a test as we have ever had to íace.
lt may not be as w1despread a problem as we flrst
thought
94 OUTCOMES
VOCABULARY New spapers
A Use the extra inforrnation in 1-8 to guess the meaning
of the words in bold. Translate the words.
1 The cheaper tabloids generally sell better than the more
senous broadsheets
2 On Sundays. most papers come with all kinds of
supplements ike a sports section and a business
sect1on.
3 The circulation of most papers is falling as more and
more people turn to lhe web for lheir news.
4 A lot of the tabloids are very sensationalist. They'll print
absolutely anything so as to sell papersl lt's all designed
to appeal to t he lowest common denominator.
S Most papers display a clear left- or right-wing bias, and
th1s is usually reflected in the ir editorials.
6 Celebnties always say that stones aboul lheir prívate
lives are an invasion of privacy, while the papers claim
they're acting in the public interest.
7 The papers are sometimes forced lo retract claims they
have made ·f they're una ble to substantiate them.
8 We're still a long way off having a free press. There's a
lot of censorship and harassment of JOUrnalists
B Work in gxoups. Discuss how far you think each of the
sentences in exercise A are true for your country.
READING
You are going toread about three popular newspapers
from different countries.
A Read and decide which of the newspapers:
1 have been accused of disseminating propaganda.
2 have attempted to divers1fy their brand
3 has been criticised for its attrtudes towards gay peop1e.
4 shows the least bias.
S has had to defend 1tself in rnurt.
6 has been prevented from printing certain things in the
past.
7 tends to feature a narrow range of news stories.
8 has developed a reputation for linguistic playfulness.
9 frequently includes extra, separate sections.
10 has been accused of meddling in financia! affairs.
11 does not attract many casual readers.
12 has changed its basic formal.
B Compare your ideas with a partner and explain how
you made your decisions.
C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions..
Wh1ch of the three papers described would you most /
least like toread?
What are the nearest equ1valents in your country? How
do you feel about them?
Whích newspape rs in your country do you think hold
most political influence?
Do you thi nk censorship of the press can ever be a good
thing? lf yes, unde r what circumstances?
 Despite hav1ng started life as a broadsh1~et in 1964, The
Sun has become not only t he premier tabloid in the
United Kingdom, but also the biggest-selling paper of
any kind, with a dally circulation of over three mi Ilion.
Owned by Rupert Murdoch, an Australian who now holds
US citizensh1p, and who does not pay ta x in the UK. the
paper has traditionally been to the right of the political
spectrum.
Much of its rise in popularity has been atlributed to
its introduction of topless models on page three in 1970
and of bingo in the 1980s. Loved and loa1thed in equa l
measure. the paper's staple diet 1s celeb rity goss1p and
exposés. and it is also renowned for 1ts way with catchy,
punning headlines.
Over the years, the paper has frequenlly been sued
for libel and has had accusations of sexism, homophobia,
jingoism and vicious personal attacks on public figures
levelled against 1t, yet little seems to dent its popularityl

Helsingin Sanomat is the most popular newspaper in

Finland, with a daily circulation of over four hundred
tnousand, 97% of which is subscript1on-based The
broadsheet also provides readers with a monthly and
weekly supplement as well as an online edition, plus a
radio station.
Founded in 1889, when Finland was under the control
ofthe Russian Tsar, the paper was initially subject to
considerable censorship andas a result became a leading
advocate for freedom of the press a nd eventua lly for
outright national independence.
Hasari, as 1l 1s popularly known, has been politically
independent since the 1930s and has long been a family
business, being owned as it is by the influential Erkko
clan. Nevertheless, over Lhe years 1ts editorials have held With an estimated readership of over two million. Marca can
considerable political influence, such as when the paper claim to be the most w1dely read daily newspaper in Spain.
strongly advocated Finnish entry into the ELJ. lts website receives over three million hits a month and it
now has its own 24 hour a day radio station - not bad for a
sports paper that 1s essentially the unofflcial mouthpiece of
Real Madrid and that focuses predominantly on football.
Founded in 1938, at the height of the Spanish Civil War.
the paper has often been críticised for its clear Madrid bias
and for its role in inítiating several of the maJor football
transfers of recent years, such as David E:eckham's move
away from Manchester United to the Spanish capital. a move
which prompted his former manager, Sir Alex Ferguson,
to claim that Marca was nothing more than "a vehicle to
unsettle players on behalf of Real Madrid''.
 SPEAKING LISTENING

A Thlnk about news stories you have heard in the last You are going to hear a news bulletin.
year or so. Which was:
the funniest? A .. 13.3 Listen to the headlines for the bulletin once.
the most surprising? Then work in pairs and write down what each story
the longest-running? is about.
the most horrifying? 1 ........................................................................................................... .
the most stup1d I irrelevant? 2 ..................................................... .................................... - ............. .
3 ............................................................................................................
B Discuss your choices in pairs. See if you agree, or 4 ........................................................................................................... .
explain the stories if your partner hasn't heard of 5
them. 6

B Before you listen to the full bulletin, discuss which

two nouns or noun phrases you think go with each
story.
a th1gh strain sham mamage
• inflation health grounds
a private matter bravery
bomb disposal an appeal
tear gas petrol bomb
the base rate good form

e ~ 13.4 Listen and find

out what happened in
each story and how the words in exercise B were
connected.

D Work in groups. Discuss if each statement is

definitely true, definitely false or still unclear - and
why.
1 Ca rol Dixon had argued over government policy.
2
She is suffering from heart problems.
3
Bodge works for the police
4
The two men were killed in a blast.
5
The president has the support of most people.
6
lnterest rates may nse again before the year's end.
7
Johnson was injured in training.
The team can afford to draw the match .
8
The couple said they wouldn't keep t he
9
com pensation.
10 The payout may cause the newspaper to go bust.

B NowJilten again and read the auc!foscri~ on page

IJff> check.
 SPEAKING

A Work in groups. You are the editors of

your regional paper. Discuss and reach
agreement about which ñve of the
following stories you would publish.
1 An ex cabmet minister has launched a
scathlng personal attack on one of her
former colleagues.
2 A graphic photograph has been sent to
your office showing the aftermath of a
bombing abroad and an accompanying
update on investigations.
3 A foreígn clothing company has been taken
over by 1ts rivals. The company has a factory
in the reg1on.
4 Unemployment figures for the region
have been released, showing a 1% fall in
u nem ployment.
5 A famous actress. who grew up in a local
town, has announced she is d1vorcing her
husband of s1x mont hs.
6 The government has announced t he
introduction of education reforms
7 A local TV presenter has been caught on
camera taking drugs ata party.
8 The region·s main football team is in
danger of relegation and its star player has
pul in a t ransfer request.
9 A woman was killed in a traffic accident in
GRAMMAR Reporting and verb patterns the region's maín c1 ty
10 A local businessman has been accused of
offering bribes to politicians in property
deals. There is no ev1dence at the moment
11 A family in the region has won the
equivalent of $500,000 in a lottery.
12 A poi ice dog has been awarded a medal for
bravery.

B Now put the stories you chose in order of

irnportance and decide on a headline for
ea ch.

OAILY OéSPAIQ
A Work in pairs. Discuss which patterns followed these
reporting verbs from the news bulletin in Listening.

acknowledge cla1m express reject

assure confirm praise urge
blame deny refuse vow
---
B Now check your ideas in audioscript 13.4 on page 176.

C Write ñve sentences about things you have heard in the news
recently, using verbs from exercise A.

D Compare what you have written and discuss the stories. "R1ght, we'll lead on 'Environmental Armageddon'
followed by the bird flu 'End of Human1ty' story.
~ Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 148. and the main feature w1ll be quest1oning the
reasons for increases in depression."

H NEWS ANO THE MEDIA 97

 BUSINESS AND
SPEAKING
Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
1 Do you know anyone who runs their own
business? What kind? How b1g is it? How's
1t doing at the moment?
2 Do you like the idea of runningyour own
business? Why? / Why not?
3 How good at business would you be?
Give yourself a mark of 1-10 for each of
the followíng (1= absolutely useless, 10 =
exceptional) and explain why.
raising start up funds
developing and implementing a
business plan
híring and firing
providing leadersh1p
building team morale
networking and developing new
contacts
bookkeeping and managing your
cash flow
assessing and taking risks
dealing with stress and long working
hours
ECOt~
VOCABULARY How's business?
A Work in pairs. Discuss whether the words in ita lics mean
basically the same thing or something difieren t. Explain any
differences in meaning.
1 We've been inundated I jlooded with orders
2 We're actually going to be relocattng / movmg to a smaller town,
where rents I overheads are cheaper.
3 We've seen a definite upturn /decline ín sales over recent months.
4 We're lucky in that we have a so/1d c/ient base I loyal customers.
5 We've had to lay off I employ about 30 people.
6 We're actually thinking of jloating / /aunching t he firm on the
stock market.
7 lf things don't p1ck up I get better soon, we're going to end up
gomg under I have to make serious cutbacks.
8 Times are tough, but we're JUSt about hang1ng 1n / surviving
9 We're having to diversify I consoltdate the range of services we
provide.
10 We've had to take on staff I make staff redundant this year.
11 There's been a definite downturn I drop in sales this quarter.
12 We're in the m1ddle of terminating I pitching fo.r a big contract in
Russia.
B Discuss what you think each ofthe possible options in 1- 12
above are the result of. For example:
 0EVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
Sma ll tal k

.........................
In .....,...._.....,ltlsmapponto . . . . tn

1t1t••*"'1J1Wtlll••a#1-
~

A Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.

Do you like making small talk? What kind of th ings
do you usually ask or talk about?
Do you think men and women make small talk about
different kinds of things? lf yes, give examples.
Do you think sma ll talk 1s 1mportant when doing
business in your country?
What would you recommend foreign business people
make small talk about in your country?
LISTENING
B Work in pairs. Decide what questions produced these
You are going to hear two telephone calls between answers.
colleagues. 1 We can't complain. We're weathering the storm.
which 1s more than many companies can sayl
A ~ 14.1 Listen and answer these questions about each 2 Pretty di re, to be honest. lt j ust seems to be sinking
conversation. further and further 1nto recession.
1 Why is the second speaker calling? 3 They're doing well Johan's in his second year of
2 How's business? secondary school now and Eva turned three lasl
3 What else do they talk about? month.
4 1 know lt's beautiful. isn't 1t? lt was minus two and
B Work in pairs. Do you rernernber what the speakers snowing w hen 1 left Malmó last night as welll
said about the following? 5 Oh, 1t's been really hect1c. l'm glad 1t's the weekend
tomorrowl
Conversation 1 6 Don't ask! We're actually on the brink of relegation!
1 panicking 7 l'm having d1nner w1th a cl1ent at seven, but after
2 this quarter that l'm not sure, actually. Do you fancy maybe
3 taken on meeting up later on?
4 crawling 8 lt was great. We stayed w 1lh friends down on the
5 a bit ofa pain coasl for ten days. lt was much needed. 1 can tell you!

Conversation 2 C Work in pairs. Ask each other your questions frorn

6
the European Championships exercise B, but give different answers.
7
chickens
8
overheads
9
half the staff (ONVERSATION PRACTICE
10 Thursday
You are going to role-play similar conversations to
e Listen again to check your ideas. the ones you heard in Listening.

NATIVESPEAKERENGUSH A Work in pairs. Imagine you both work for a

on the cards
lf w e t hink something is l1kely to happen, we often
say il's on the cards.
A. And what's happening with the relocation?
8: Well, it5 stíll on the cards. apparently.
I think another downturn is on the cards, to be honest.
These cutbacks have been on the cards for quite
some time.
cornpany. Decide what kind of cornpany and what
roles you each have within it.
B Now role-play four telephone conversations for
sorne of the reasons below. Make sure you engage in
plenty of srnall talle.
1 chase upan order that hasn't arrived yet
2 arrange a convenient time and place for a meeting
3 apologise for the delay in sending an order out
4 check whether or not a delivery has been rece1ved
5 d1scuss sales I marketing strategy for the next quarter
6 cancel a meeting

14 BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 99

 SPEAKING
Look at the problerns connected to banks below.
Then discuss in groups the questions that follow.
1 A cash machine has eaten your card.
2 You're una ble to open a bank account
3 Money has left your account without your
authorisation.
4 Your bank has overcharged you on your overdraft.
5 Extra money has somehow been added to your
account.
6 You've defaulted on you r mortgage or loan payments.
7 Your bank has gane out of business.
8 Every time you t ry lo call your bank,you get put on
hold - and even when you do get through, it's to a
machi ne!
Which problems do you think are the most I least
serious? Why?
What do you think could be the cause of each
problem?
What would you do in each situation?
Have you ever had any of these problems?
READING
You are going to read a blog entry about banks and
bank:ing.
A Read the main blog entry and answer these
questions.
1 Whal do you th ink the title mea ns?
2 What seems to have prompted this blog entry]
3 How does the writer feel about this news? Why?
4 Why do you think the writer mentioned each of th e
thi ngs below]
• her parents' relationship with their bank manager
· the 1980s
• pensions and life insurance
• the f30 billion profit British banks made
• taxpayers
B Complete these sentences with nouns from the blog.
1 The new webs1te is a real ........................... to the
business.
2 Throughout t he 1990s, the economy went through a
........................... of extraordinary instability.
3 The bank made a huge ........................... last year.
4 The new model is a completely different
........................... to the old one - faster and much more
powerful.
5 Hundreds of sma ll firms are facing .......................... due
to soaring 1nflation anda weak currency.
6 The national a1rl ine needed a government
........................ to prevent bankruptcy.
C How would you surnrnarise the main message of the
blog entry? Compare yow- ideas with a partner and
discuss whether or not you agree with this message.
100 OUTCOMES
GRAMMAR Relative clauses
A Without looking at the blog entry, conect the rnistakes
in each of these sentences.
1 Banks went through a period which deregulation
allowed them to expand.
2 Banks beca me places which you went to pay money in
orto take out loa ns.
3 They also worked out that they muid cha rge loyal
customers large amounts of money for services had
once been prov1ded far free.
4 The local branch beca me s1mply a t1ny part of a much
bigger beast, a beast that it fed off your hard-earned
cash.
5 The ways to which bankers have learned to extract
money knows no end.
6 When it comes to the bailout. it's the national
government most d1rectly concerned that takes the
lead, that mea ns us - the national taxpayers - picking
up the bill.
B Compare yow- ideas with a partner. Then check by
looking at the blog entry again.
~ Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 149.
C Complete the sentences with one word in each gap.
1 There is no reason .......................... we shouldn't consider
this.
2 There have been a number of cases ...........................
customers have refused to pay their bank charges.
3 l'm i n a situat ion .......................... 1 require money fairly
soonl
4 The amount we can loan you obv1ously depends on
the extent to . ......................... you are able to meet your
repayments.
5 We JUSt got to the point ........................... e1ther we
started laying people off or else faced up to the risk of
bankruptcy.
6 1 don't u ndersta nd the way ........................... which you've
reached these figures
SPEAKING
A Read the comrnents which have been added in response
to the blog. In pairs, discuss how far you agree with
each person. Explain why.
B Discuss what you think the words in dark blue mean in
the context they are in.
 www.thoughtfortheday/blogging.com

AUGHING ALL THE WAY FROM THE BANKI

1 was growing up, my local bank
seen as an asset to the community. lt
small-scale and friendly. My parents
the clerks by name and occasionally
with the manager. Deposits you
e helped fund loans for others in your
bourhood to buy new cars or start
·r own businesses. The bank needed
- and you needed them.
'ng the 1980s, though, things started
change as banks went through a period
which deregulation allowed them to
nd and add a seemingly endless
e of new services. Banks became
s you went to not only to pay money
orto take out loa ns, but also to gel life
rance, set up pensions and even buy
res on the stock market. They also
worked out that they could charge loyal
customers large amounts of money for
services that had once been provided for
free. Profit became all-important and the
local branch became simply a tiny part of
a much bigger beast, a beast that fed off
your hard-earned cash.
In light of all of this, the news that the
National Bank is on the brink of bankruptcy
and may now need to be bailad out, while
depressing, is not particularly surprising.
The ways in which bankers have learned
to extract money from the general public
they are supposed to be serving know
no end. Banks in Britain made over í30 bailout, it's the national government most
billion last year, and while the big prívate directly concerned that takes the lead,
banks may be global in life, they are sadly which means us - the national taxpayers -
national in death. When it comes to the picking up the bill. Again!

Fatcatsam: 1 blame the bonus culture and the reckless pursuit of short-term gain. lt's totally irresponsible to award bankers
such obscene sums of money for taking risks that actually jeopardise the interests of their shareholders and the long-term
health of the banks themselves!

2True: There are obviously many reasons why banks fail, but it would be wrong of us to ignore the role we play Anyone
who has spent money they did not have encouraged by soaring house pnces, lax mortgage lending and seductive
advertising, should bear a share of the responsibility.

ChicagoRed : Banking is legitimised theft. They offer 2% interest when you have money in the bank, and yet charge
anything from 8% to 20% when you borrow from them. lt's daylight robbery. And 1t's even worse 1f you go ovar your limit.
You're charged for that, and then they write to inform you of the fact you've exceeded your pre-arranged figure - and
charge for the letter as well!

lndeep: Banks have ruined my life. lf they hadn't been so keen to lend me money 1 wouldn 't be in the hole l'm 1n todayl
They threw credit al me! 1 used to gel endless letters from different banks asking me if l'd like to take out a loan or get a
new credit card and of course in the end 1 got to the point where 1 just gave in to temptat1on.

Dropthedebt: The big western banks make a killing by loaning money to poorer countries . lt may be legal, but it's also
deeply immoral and we've now got a situation where many countnes spend so much servicing their debt that they're no
longer able to invest in healthcare, education and so on.

DaveC: Stop whingeing and grow up!

14 BUSINESS ANO ECONOMICS 101

 VOCABULARV Bu siness situations LISTENING

A Match the groups of words in 1-6 to the situations i.n You are going to hear a business meeting in a footwear
the box and explain the possible connections. company. They discuss a financial loss and a new
product.
sales a new product
an industrial dispute a takeover A Before you listen, work in pairs and discuss these
cutting costs business taxes questions.
1 What is an agenda?
1 target I projected sales/ launch I gap in the ma rket I 2 What does the chair of a meeting do?
a prototype / conducl focus groups / good feedback 3 What does a minute taker do?
2 ongoing negotiations I pay demands I hold firm I 4 What meetings do you go to? What are they like? How
have a contingency plan I union threat I make a re they run?
concessions
3 be a good fit / recommend it to shareholders I up B ~ 14.2 Listen to
each of the speakers below and decide
their offer I a hostile bid I raise their stake I share who has which role in the box.
price rises
4 undertake restructuring / scale down / outsou rce I sales prod uct development chair finance
back office / lay people off I buy in bulk I switch
suppliers l. Katrin: operations
5 exceed ta rgets I push a product hard I seal a major 2. Peter:
deal I increase fo urfold /a low base I be dropped by
3. Henry:
a client
6 lobby I affect ou r bottom line / less competitive I 4. Rachel:
fund government programmes I wi n concessions S.Alex:

B Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
What new prod ucts have come out recently7 Who
are they targeted at? Are they selling well? Why? I
Why not?
Do you think business taxes are good? Why? I Why
not?
How much do you think companies influence
politics? Is ita good ora bad thing?
Have you heard of any takeovers? Were they
successful?
Have you (ora place you worked in) ever had to cut
costs? Why? How?
lf you could 'outsource' something you do in your life,
what would it be?
When JOU talre minutes. JOU SUllHllllrlse wtm peaple uy
In note farm. You may use reportlngwrbs such as W1ke
C'01KWnS, qwstlon, etc. but not fuH aramm1t1cal set1lei™
Don't rec:onl lnelevant thlnp such as joldns mmments.
e ~ 14.3 Listen and take minutes of the meeting.
D Work in groups and compare the minutes you took.
Whose were most accurate?
E Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
What do you think of the Shoe Saver? Why?
Do you th ink it'll make the company a lot of money?
Why? I Why not?
What do you think the company should do to improve
its situation?

102 OUTt:OMES
F Using the minutes you took, discuss whether 1-12 are
accurate. Make changes where necessary.
1 Henry stat ed the loss was down to state of the economy
2 Rachel mentioned poor sales in Eastern Europe.
3 Katrin expressed doubts about abirty to cut costs.
4 Henry denied there'd be redu ndancies.
5 Everyone v impressed by result s of demonstrat ion.
6 Alex sa id unit cost s €35-45 and will ret ail at fl00-130.
7 Cost €35 if outsourced.
8 Proj. sales: Y4 250,000.
9 Henry quest ioned if proj sales achievable.
10 Alex estimated shoes last 50% longer so would pay for
machine. M ain markel rich homes. Said 1nit1al sales v good.
11 Katri n asked about pat ents.
12 Alex sa id tech nology not protected, but sorne parts of
manufactunng process pa ten ted. Still gap in t he market.
G Look through the audioscript on page 177. Check your
answers to exercise F and underline any useful expressions
for managing a meeting.
·~~-~~~~.LO.J~:ERN5~~~~~
Wltte the sentences In'°"' languap. Tnmslate them Nck lnto
Eftsllsh. Compare'°"' Ensffsh to the orl&fnal.
That's also very much emng on the side of caution.
Who's speaking on the side of the workers?
Fortunately. my boss saw the funny slde of the sltuatlon
On the plus slde, sales in Eastern Europe were up.
Thelr stuff Is a bit on the expenslve srde.
Wf- Afl.1-. A. COMMITTfE
\DI Oí_ wHAT DO VOU /\'\EPH YoU F'~oT
1"0 REC.oRD 'THE. MINUTES .. ?
9 CD O
(//)
SPEAKING
You are managers in an electronics
company and are going to have a meeting
like the one you heard in l istening.
A Divide into pairs or groups. Each group
should take one of the points on the
agenda below. Prepare a short proposal
or update on your point. Under AOB ('Any
Other Business'), you can WYite about
anything - complaints, events, etc.
Meeting agenda
1 New prod ucts
2 Cost-cutting measures
3 Proposed takeover
4 Possible strike
5 AOB
B Now have the meeting. One person in the
class should chair the meeting and another
should take minutes. Each point should
start with the proposal I update from the
relevant points on the agenda. Anyone may
interrupt and ask questions at any point.
Of'" CLoCJ<S~ YOLC
14 BUSINESS ANO ECONOMICS 103
 FASHION

SPEAKING VOCABULARY Style and design

A Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
What are the current trends in clothes and hairstyles? Do you
like them? Why? / Why not?
Do you ever look at the fashion pages in newspapers or
magazines? Whích ones?
What do you think of the styles of the people on these pa1ges?
Explain your opinions.
A Work in pairs. Match 1-8 to a-h and decide
which word in each group is the odd one out.
1 collar I pocket I lining / lapel / sleeve /laces
2 blouse I ribbon I bangle I beads I shades I
purse
3 a bob I a ponytail I a shawl I permed I spiked I
highlighted
4 summery I sturdy I low-cut I strapless /
knee-length I slinky
5 flowery / checked / linen / tartan / pinstripe /
spotted
6 greasy I thick / frizzy / baggy I red I wavy
7 open-toed / flats / heels / flared / wedges /
strappy
8 ripped / frilly I faded I skinny I bootcut I
designer

a They're ali hairstyles except ........................... .

b They ali describe dresses except ........................... .
c They're ali kinds of accessories except

d They ali describe jeans except ........................... .

e They ali describe ha ir except ........................... .
f They're ali patterns except ........................... .
g They're ali parts of a jacket except

h They ali describe kinds of shoes except

B Which words are illustrated in the photos?

Who can find the most?

C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.

What are your favourite clothes at the
moment?
Do you remember any clothes or hairstyles
that you had in the past and really liked?
What?
• Do you remember any that you had but
wouldn't wear now? What?

1M OUTCOMES

LISTENING
You are going to hear four conversations about style.
A S 15.1 Listen and decide if the sentences are true or
false.
1 a They both have short ha ir now.
b They both like each other's look.
2 a She is trying on sorne jea ns.
b The accessories improve the outfit.
3 a The g irl they're talking about has followed a
fashion.
b They agree on the boots she's wearing.
4 a The man doesn't look good in the suit he's
wearing.
b The woman wants him to change.
B Look at the audioscript on page 178. With a partner,
discuss what the underlined expressions mean and
how you would say thern in your language.
C Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
Have you ever failed to recognise someone? Why?
What clothes or ha1rstyles don't work for you?
Do you know anyone with quite a 'different' style?
What's it like? Do you think they pull it off well?
Have you ever stuck out? When? Why?
e C Write three 'rnisunderstandings'. For exarnple:
NATIVESPEAKERENGUSH
f unky
We say something 1s funky if it Is stylish in an
un usual way
lt's quite a funky look.
lt's quite over-the-top. but she looks quite funky.
She was wearing these real/y funky shades.
DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
Backtracki ng and correcti ng
YI'*' people mlsunclerstand what M AJ OI' take lt
...................
the ........ we.hNtto blddrack and corred the
A You don't like tl
B: No.you took fantastic. lt sJust that it's so dlfferent.
A Complete the second sentence to repair the
rnisunderstanding.
1 A You don't like my shirV
B: lt's not that it's not nice. lt's just
2 A: You think l'd look silly if 1 died it blande, then?
B: No, 1didn't say that. All 1 meant was
3 A What's wrong with the clothes l'm wearing?
B: They do suit you. lt's just that
4 A. So you don't like him?
B: 1 do!lt's just that ........................................ ........
5 A: You don't think l'm good enough for the job?
B: No, that's not what 1 meant. 1 just think
6 A: So you're saying it's a waste of money, then?
B: No, it is nice. lt's j ust that
B Work in pairs. Ta.ke tums to say the first sentences in
1-6. Your partner should reply using their completed
sentences.
Sorry. Am I bormg you?
Then read your sentences in pairs. Your partner
should repair the rnisunderstandings.
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE
A Work with a new partner. Look at the photos in File
16 on page 158, or find photos in a magazine or on
the web. Discuss:
if you like the look or not - and why.
• if the clothes I ha ir, etc. would suit you or your partner.
if the photos remind you of anyone or of clothes I
things you have.
15 FASHION 105
 READING

You are going to read the opening of Adomed You are going to read five information cards from a costume
in Dreams; a book on fashion by Elizabeth rnuseum.
Wilson.
C Read and match the short texts opposite to five of the pictures
A Read the opening and answer the questions. 1-8.
1 How does the aut hor feel? Why?
2 Why does she compare t he gallery t o an
Egypt ia n tomb?
3 Why does she see the clot hes on display as
'sinister' and 'in l i mbo ' ~

T hcrc is somcthing ccric about a

muscum of costumc. In the dust y
silenct• th:u surrounds rhc old gowns
:md rhc dim light that hdp• prescn·c
the fragilc dothcs, thc dcscrtcd gallcrics
seem hauntcd. \\'ith a mountmg sense of
p:mic, tht• li,·ing ohscnTr mm·es rhrough
thc wurld uf thc dca<l. ~bv nut thcsc
relics, likc the contents of the Egyptian
romh!->, hrmg bad luck ro rhe people
\\ho lun: bccn in contact with thcm?
Thcrc are dangcrs in sccing what shuuld
h:we hccn sealcd up in the pase. \\'e
cxpcricncc a scnsc of rhc supcrnatural
when wc gazc al ganm:nts that ha<l an
intimare rclationship with human bcings
long sinn· gonc ro rheir graves, for
dothcs are so much part uf our li,·ing,
moving seh·cs rhat, frozen on display,
rhcy hint ar somcthing only half-
un<lcrstood, sinistcr an<l thrcatcning:
thc degcneratiun of the body, the shurt-
lin·d n.uurc oi lifc.
Thc•c dorhcs .1rc congealcd
memorics of times past. Once they
inhabned thc noisy streets, che crowded
rhcatrcs and glittering cwnts of che
social sccnc. NO\\, likc souls in limbo,
thcy wait puignantly for che music to
begin again.

B Work in paiis. Discuss these questions.

Do you l1ke the descnpt 1on of t he museum of D Work in paiis and discuss which of the items illustrated:
costu m e? Why? / Why not ? 1 w as a marketing ploy. ... and ......
What museums have you been to? When? 2 took on a social sigrnficance
What's t he last exhibit íon you saw? Was it any 3 showed a hierarchy
good? 4 had a practica! purpose.
Are t here any exh ibitions on near you now? 5 w as inspired by other clot hes.
What are they about? Are you planning t o go? 6 had a ban on ít. ....., ...... and ......
Why? I Why not? 7 continued a t rend. ...... and ..... .
8 made use of somet hing new. ...... and ......

106 OUTCOMES
The Ottoman style of dress was made up of a pair of baggy
s1lk trousers or pantaloons, a long short-sleeved jacket
or caftan, and a turban. lt was typical among the upper
classes and military, and status was often shown by extra
jewels added to the headdress. However, early in the 19th
century, this military dress was replaced by Western style
uniforms on the orders of Sultan, Mahmud 11. lronically,
though the turban was abolished as a sign of modernisation,
rts replacement, the fez, was made illegal for the very same
reason sorne hundred years later.
The rutt was widespread throughout the 15th and 16th
centunes un til it was gradually replaced by long, flat, fal ling
collars. lt evolved from a frilly piece on a drawstring shirt and
was developed as a detachable section that could be washed
separately. This a1101ded wear and tear at the neckline to the
doublet, which was often ornate. With the d1scovery of starch,
ruffs could be made stiffer, allowing them to be shaped 1nto
elaborate folds . Over time, they became increasingly bread
- often up to 30 centimetres w1de when re1nforced w1th wire
trames.
SPEAKING
A Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Can you think of any ga rments or accessories which
have been used to show status?
Which other fashions have been banned? Why?
Do any trends now have a sooal s1gnificance or s 1t
ali just market ing?
What groups of people can you thi nk of that are
defned by ¡,festyles or t he clot hes they wea r?
Do you think t echnology has influenced any recent
fashions? In what way?
Can you th in k of any olher fash1ons lhat were
shocking when t hey first appeared?
Does your cou ntry have a national dress? What does
it look like? What do you lhin k of it?
GRAMMAR Prepositions

Mary Quant's design is seen as defining a generation and was

embraced by the fem1nist movement. lt symbolised freedom
and sexual liberation and the style was widely frowned on
when it first appeared, being banned in certain quarters. In
fact, although Quant took the fash1on to new lengths and
popularised it, hemlines had been moving upwards for sorne
time, and in sporting contexts above-the-knee wear was
acceptable. Furthermore, the populanty of the style owed
something to the development of lights, which meant women
d1d not have to go bare-legged. lights were often dense
b!ack. wh1te or golden brown

A Choose the correct prepositions.

The gown is French and is made of silk and lace. Napoleon 1 They hint at Ion something half-understood.
prohibited the use of British fabrics m an effort to boost the 2 The t urban was abol ished as I like a sign of
French text1le mdustry, which had suffered because of the modernisation.
fashion for English cloth. The policy also influenced des1gn, 3 lt was w idespread for I throughout the lSt h century.
with the long trains requiring more material. Napoleon 4 By/ With t he d iscovery of st arch. ruffs could be m ade
demanded that ladies in court did not wear an outfit tw1ce st 1ffer, allowing them to be shaped into I to elaborate
and supposedly had the tires in the palace blocked in order folds
to encourage the wearing of extra layers. Hls wife was held 5 They we re u p to I until 30 centimetres wide
up as a tashion icon and the new styles spread, wh1ch had 6 lt symbolised freedom of I f rom conservative society.
the desired effect on industry as product1on rose tenfold. 7 The st yle owed someth ing to I from the development
of I with tights.
8 Skirts had been getting shorter for I during sorne
t ime and in Ion sporting contexts were acceptable.
The fashion for sagging jeans originated from prison
9 The styles soon spread, with I by them having t he
uníforms in the States. Prison trousers are often ill-fitting
desi red effect on I of indust ry.
and inmates are refused belts because of the risk of
10 On I At ga1ning power, Napo!eon introduced new
suicide. The style, along with the hooded top or hood1e,
d ress codes in the court
was first adopted by rap artists selling a 'gangsta' image.
Weanng the hood up was a way of avoiding 1dent1flcat1on
B Compare your answers in pairs.
by security cameras. In fact, sorne stores and shopping
malls began to refuse entry to anyone wearing a hoodie for
.,. Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 150.
that very reason

15 FASHION 107
 LISTENING

You are going to hear a lecture about the influence of the fashion indushy on society.

A Before you listen, work in groups and discuss these C Work in pairs. Discuss why you thlnk the lecturer
questions. rnentioned the things below.
Which ofthe images below do you think are most 1 developed countr es
typical of the fashion industry? Why do you th ink this 2 our political representatives
might be? 3 the big fashion houses
What impact on audiences do you think each image 4 teenage g1rls
might have? Why? 5 Botox
Which images do you respond most / least positively 6 extreme cosmetic procedures
to? Why? 7 Dove and the singer Belh D1llo
8 swimming against the tide
B S 15.2 Listen and note the order in which the five
different kinds of irnage shown bellow are rnentioned. D Listen again to check your ideas.
Thlnk about these questions.
What points does the lecturer make about each one?
• How would you summarise the main po1nt of the talk?

108 OUTCOMES
E Try to match the words from Listening.
1 penetrate a the world as it really is
2 depict b images
3 dissem inate c market
4 cut-th roat d a chord
5 nigh -on e fo r proced ures
6 opt f extreme procedures
7 undergo g every comer of the world
8 beco me h impossible
9 strike publicity
10 attract the norm
F Compare your ideas with a partner. Discuss who I
what did the things in exercise E or who I what the
words describe. Check in the audioscript on page
178.
G Work in pairs. Decide which of the statements below
you think the lecturer would agree with. Explain
why and discuss how far you agree with each
statement.
1 lt's com plet ely unfa ir to bla me the fas hion ind ust ry
for choices made by individual women.
2 Men these days are almost as va in as women!
3 Whether conscious o r not. t here's a degree of racism
in herent in t he fash1on industry.
4 Fash ions cha nge over time. Sooner or later, la rger
fema le mode ls wi ll be back in aga in.
5 The fact that firms a re using older or bigge r models
is hea lthy and it shows real changes a re occurring
6 No-one wants to see overweight people modell ing
nice clothes. lt's off-p utting !
N ... ~ I :ERN~--
Wrlte the sentencm In your llnpp. Transla
thim blck fnt.o Eaallsh. Compare )Ollr E..... ta the
oriainal
lt seems to me to be no coincidente t hat this has
colnclded \\'lth a huge rise In ~ating dlsorders.
lt Is no great surprlse that.the fashJen lndustty
refuses to accept responsibil ty.
There Is no real demand for larger models.
l'm no expert. but it can't j ust be colncidental. can lt1
The tmpact images have is obviously no small matter.
VOCABULARY Fashion and t he media
A Complete l-10 with the correct form of the words in
'bold.
1 1 don't know what all the fuss is about. Most
photography is purely .... ... ............... isn't iP
represent
2 The ........................... image of women that we see in
t he media is unreal istically na rrow. dominate
3 lt's really offensive whe n advertisers use religious
........................... to help sell t heir products. image
4 The appeal of des1gner bra nds has ...........................
considerably in recent years. broad
5 Most mode ls don't rea lise how incredibly
......... ............ .. t hey a re. influence
6 The conditions under which many high street
fashion 1tems are made are totally ........................... .
exploit
7 The med ia is gu ilty ofthe ......................... of racial
ste reotypes. perpetual
8 The press really should do more to cu rb the
........................... of unhealthy models. depíct
9 Most fash ion advertising is both ........................... and
...... .. ................. lt treats older people as invisible and
wome n as objects. age, sex
10 The lack of ........................... of women in pol itics is
d1 rectly linked to the way woman are ........................... in
t he media represent, portrayal
B Choose two sentences from exercise A you strongly
agree with and one you strongly disagree with.
In pairs, compare your choices and explain your
feelings.
C How many other forrns of the words in 'bolcl in
exercise A can you think of? With a partner, write
exarnple sentences for each.
SPEAKING
A Work in groups. Discuss how far you agree with each
of the quotations about fashion below. Say why.
1 A fashion is not hing but an ind uced epidemic.
2 There is no fashion for the old.
3 Noth ing 1s as h1deous asan obsole te fashion.
4 Fashion is what you adopt w hen you don't know who
you are.
5 Fash1on for the most part 1s nothing but t he
ostentation of riches
6 Fashion is very important. lt is life en hancing and.
like everyth ing that g1ves pleasure, it is worth doing
wel l.
7 Fashion as we once knew it is over: people now wear
exactly w hat t hey feel like wea nng.
8 As soon as a fashion is universal, it is out of date.
15 FASHION 109
 SPEAKING When tellng storles, ft lt CllllUllOlt to.use rellltlw!ly
lnfonul expresslons and mcn ldlomaUc ....... lt
A Work in pairs. Look at the places and activities in Is also common to exagerate and use "°"J.
the box. Discuss what kind of accidents might be
connected to each. C Work in pairs. Discuss what you think the following
words in italics frorn each conversation mean in the
an ice rink a beach a nightcluJ
context.
a football pitch a campsite a mountain 1 a That's one he// of a scar!
cooking dinner cycling doing DIY b lt was about four in the morning and 1 was more
driving jogging gardening dead than a/ive.
e 1 was so out of it that 1 was just staring at this
B Which of the abovedo you think is most rislcy? Why? gaping great hole.
d 1JUSt w1ped the blood off w1th a tissue, tried to
super-glue it ali together and crashed out.
LISTENING 2 a 1 was smart enough to somehow walk straight
into a head-height shelf.
You are going to hear two conversations about b l'd been out to a party with sorne friends one
accidents that resulted in scars. night, stumbled home and whacked myself.
e lt was unstitchable the following day! Just my
A ~ 16.1Listen and answer these questions about each luck.
conversation. d My wisdom teeth weren't too happy either!
1 Where are the scars?
2 How did the speakers get them? D Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
Which of the three injuries mentioned do you think
B Decide if 1- 10 are true or false. Listen again to check sounds the most painful I serious? Why?
yourideas. What would you have done in each ofthe three
situat ions? Why?
Conversation 1 Have you ever heard of any weather-related injuries
1 One speaker is much better at tennis than the other. or accidents7 When? What happened7
2 The first speaker used to be a model.
3 She was ill when the accident happened. -lAllER S_ _~
4 The seriousness of the accident didn't sink in at first Wrtte the sentences In JDUf ........ rr.nmte
5 The accident ruined the whole of the following day. them back lnto EnaHsh. Comp11re ,.,.., ,,...... to the
orlglnal.
Conversation 2 1managed to cJt a huge ~ blg-slice out of my
6 The accident happened during the holidays. thlgh
7 His initial assessment of the injury was optimistic. l've got a tiny little scar on my left thurnfl
8 He had to have severa! st1tches the fol lowing day. When we finally got to the hospita~ lt was filthy
9 They both remember the news stories about the very dlrty
strong winds. 1rnanaged to knock bolling hot water an owr myself.
10 The speaker hit h1s chin against the side of a car. lt 'NBS dark and freezlng cold and t had nowhere to
sleep

110 OUTCOMES

DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS
lnterjections
lnteljldlons are slfllle wonls or nolres .lllldeto . _
dNn8 ernoltons such asa....,or . . . . .
A: aad When 1carne to. 1fóund my chln compl•ly
splft open and my wlsdom teeth weren't too
happy eittterl
B Woahl
A ~ 16.2 Listen to12 interjections. After each one,
discuss with a partner what you thínk it rneans -
and in what kind of context it rnight be used.
B ~ 16.3 Now listen tosorne short exchanges. See if
you guessed the rneaning and context correctly.
C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Are any of the interjections the same in your
language? Whích ones?
Do you use any ofthem in English already?
Do you think it's important to use interjections when
speaking a foreign language? Why? / Why not?
What int erjections would you recommend someone
studying your language should lea rn?
l<ORMAN BoRING WAS VllT l'RoUD
01' HJS' OPERA'I!ct< SCAR
VOCABULARY Accidents and injuries
A Replace the words in italics with synonyrns in the
box.
banged carne to heavily ripped
break cut panicked sliced
burnt fainted pounng terrible pain
1 The machi ne almost tore one of my fingernails off!
2 When 1 regained consoousness, 1 realised 1 couldn't
feel my hands
3 lt was horrible. Blood was streaming down my face.
4 1 totally freaked out and started screaming.
5 1 whacked my head on t he ceiling and nearly knocked
myself out.
6 1 was bleed ing quite profusely from the wound.
7 1 cut my finger open when 1 was chopping onions.
8 1 fell onto a nail and ended up with a huge gash on
my arm.
9 1 somehow managed to pour boiling water ali over
my hand and scalded myself really badly.
10 lt was so crowded and hot and stuffy that 1 actually
passed out on t he train.
11 1 heard the bone snap. lt was horrible.
12 1 was in agony. 1 was screaming my head off.
B Test each other.
Student A: say the words in the box in exerc1se A.
Student B: close your book. Say the synonyms in 1-12.
C Decide which of the pairs of synonyrns in each of
1-12 in exercise A you prefer. Compare your choices
with a partner.
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE
A Thínk of any scars you have - and how you got thern.
Spend five minutes planning how to describe what
happened. Try to use as rnuch new language frorn
these pages as you can.
If you don't have any scars, either use your
irnagination or talle about sorneone else you know.
B Now tell sorne other students about how you got
your scars.
16 DANGER ANO RISK 111
SPEAKING READING

Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
What health and safety regulations do you
know about in these areas?
- schools - construction sites
- offices - traffic
Are there any health and safety rules that
you think go too far? Why7
Are there any that you th ink should be
tightened? Why?
Look at the pictures below. Which do you
think is the craziest safety hazard?
Have you seen or heard of anyone doing
dangerous things at work I school?
You are going toread a short newspaper article connected to
health and safety.
A Jtead the fust two paragraphs. Then discuss these questions
with a partner.
l. Can you explain the headline?
2 Is the article objedive or biased? Explain your view
3, Why do you think the officials wanted to include sunlight in
their directive?
B Jtead the eight further examples of health and safety
':madness' and mark the examples with:
· a tick vl'1fyou agree that they are mad
a cross X if you disagree
a question mark ? if you are not su re.

C Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.

How would you describe the general politics ofthe paper?
Are there any newspapers in your countries that m1ght have
sim ilar views?

BUREAUCRATSBACK
DOWN ON TAN BAN
• Employccs al the office of the
health and safety executive

'
aren't allowed to shift any chair..
,
or fumiturc and musl give 48
. . ,.,~·fr'. t· /.. . .,.~-'Jf#"
·' r

, .
//
1
.
.~
t fí.
• .
•
~ . ,.
hours notice to a poner who'II
then do it for them.
• A school had to fiU in a 40-page

~"" risk assessment before taking

The Europcan Union has bowcd
to pressurc and excluded sunlight
from its health and safety directive
on proteclion agaimt brighl light
sources such as la~ers. Opponents
of the measures had said the
directive would have forced
builders to wear shirts ali year
round and prevented barmaids in
places like lhe Munich Oktoberfesl
from wearing traditional low-cut
tops.
It seems that EU officials
havc now seen scnsc and the new
regulation will only focus on people
working wilh artificial light. lt is a
sbamc hcalth and safcty rules don't
use common sense more often.
Here are just a few examples of the
madness:
students to a local sports field
for an alhlctics compctition .
• Pupil~ have been banned from
throwing snowballs.
• Thcrc's beca a massivc risc in
the use of speed camera<;.
• Bowling alleys have been told
lo employ an expensive safety
system ro make machines
automatically cut out if
cu~tomers walk down the lane:.
to knock the pins down by hand.
• Warning signs have appeared
on packels of nuts for people
suffering from nut allergies.
• A clown has been stopped from
blowing bubbles for children to
chase after.
• A family is suing the police for
one million dollarr. after their
daughtcr was handcuffed and
taken to a police station for
:.cribbling on a school desk.

l.12 OUTCOMES
D Now read the following short reports frorn VC)CABULARY Laws and regulations
the sarne newspaper. Discuss what an
editorial frorn the paper núght say about A Look back at the words in bolcl in the short reports and
eachone. translate them into your language.

B Complete 1- 8 with the conect forrns of the verbs in the box.

----,

IN BRIEF
l
1
admit
award
exploit
file
hold
sue
oppose
overtu rn

The com pany was ......................... liable for t he accident.

2 They were ........................... a lot of money in damages.
3 They were ........................... for libel.
report by the union APEC says workers
A are being pul in dangcr bccau:;c
companie~ are failing to comply with ~afety
4
5
His conviction was ...................... .... on appeal
The group have ........................... a class-action lawsuit.
6 They ........................... negligence and agreed to pay
regulations orare exploiting loopholes that
rnm pensation.
go against the spiril of thc law. Thc union
7 lt's a loophole in t he law which people ........................... .
wants to see laws tightened and rougher
8 A. lot of people ........................... the legislat1on.
punishments for non-compliance.

C Wo11k in pairs. How rnany of 1-8 can you thinlc of real

exarnples for? Explain what happened.
n amendment to the Human Right~
A Act hui. been accused of risking British
JObs. Opponents of the legislation say it
Ll ~STENING
would mean businesses would effecti vely
be held liable for absolutely any accidenl
You are going to hear an intervíew on a radio prograrnrne
at work and be forccd to pay excess1vc
wi1th a health and safety officeY, Eva Chalaabati.
compensation .

A Before you listen, discuss these questions in pairs.

What do you t hink a health and safety officer does?
itigation has increased by 35<Jf
L according lo new slulistics. Thc report
suggestcd that thc widcr availability of
What do you t hin k t hey wou ld say about t he eight examples
given in Reading, exercise B?

no-win, no-fee offe rs - along with the

B ., l.6.4 Listen and tick ./the arguments Eva gives.
success of a number of high-profile lawsuits
1 Teachers shouldn't do experiments with flammable materials.
- was cncouraging more peoplc to sue .
2 Risk is an essentia l part of life.
3 The paperwork that's asked for 1s not excessive.
4 Safety standards ca n sometimes be legit1mat ely ignored.
man has becn awardcd $200.000 m
A damages atter a hospital admitted
medica! negligence in an operation that left
5
6
The media exaggerat es and makes up stories.
Snowballs usually cont ain stones or hard ice.
7 The clown had been successfully sued after someone slipped
thc man in u whcc lchair.
and fell.
8 There's sorne truth in t he story about the office.
9 There's a fina ncia! benefü in health and safety.

A court has ovcrtumcd lhe film slar

Glen Broo k ·~ driving bao fo r speeding
C Coirnpare and explain your choices.
fo llowing an appeal . Lawyers for Brookl.
successfu lly argucd that he would be al risk
D Wo1rk in pairs. Discuss these questions.
from invasions of privacy if he could not
Does Eva's interview alter you r opinion of the news articles in
drive. They also added that he had posed no
Reading? Why? I Why not?
danger when caught excecding the limit by
• How trustworthy are the following sources of information?
20km/h as the road was empty. lle was give n
What wou ld it depend on?
a fin e.
lawebpage a school t extbook a newspaper
-- - - - ---
~, academic article a friend TV

Have you ever discovered t hat a story or information you read

was n't t rue? W hat ? How did you find out?

16 DANGER ANO RISK 113

 SPEAKING
A Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
How much do you use the Internet?
What do you usually use it for?
What websites do you look at most often1 Why?
What do you think the benefits of the Internet are?
• What nsks do you thmk the Internet brings? Make a
list of all the dangers you can think of
B Compare your list of risks and dangers with another
pair. Do they have any you didn't think of? Together,
decide which of the risks is the most serious - and
why.
VOCABULARY Dangers and ri sks
A Choose the correct words.
1 The future of a lol of small busmesses 1s under
danger I threat beca use of increased online
competition.
2 lf you're a parent, you ignore the websites your kids
are visiting at your danger I penl.
3 The Internet poses a health peri/ I hazard as so many
people now arder prescription drugs online.
4 They really should do more to combat the menace I
peri/ of spam e mails!
5 Cyber hackers pose a grave threat I peri/ to global
security
6 People talk about hackers like they're sorne kind of
menace I penl to society, but they're mostly pretty
harmless
7 lf we impose too many controls on Internet use. we
run the danger / risk of restricting civil liberties
8 Internet dating is fraught with threat / danger.
9 Every time you shop online, you're putting yourself at
risk I danger.
10 A lot of people are in serious danger I risk of
becomlng completely addicted to the Internet.
B Underline the verb-noun I adjective-noun
collocatlons in 1-10 above. Which are new for you?
C How far do you agree with each of the sentences in
exercise A? Why?
114 OUTCOMES
LISTENING
You are going to hear a radio phone-in programme
about the Internet.
A ~ 16.S Listen and see how rnany of the problems
you thought of are mentioned. Are any other risks
mentioned?
B Listen again and answer these questions.
1 What two recent news stories about the Internet
does the presenter ment1on?
2 What are Joyce's plans for the future and how is she
feeling about them?
3 How has access to lhe Internet affected her sludenls'
study skills1
4 Five different kinds of websites that students get
drawn mto are ment1oned. Whal are lhey?
S What's Nigel's first suggest1on1
6 What flaws with th1s idea does the presenter point
out?
7 What alternative proposal does Nigel put forward1
8 What does the presenter make of this idea?
C Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
What do you think the Internet penetration rate in
your country 1s like?
Do you know anyone who's not connected1 Why
aren't they?
Do you think it's a good idea to treat kids for Internet
addict1on 1 Why? I Why not?
Do you use the Internet when studying or writing
essays? lf so, in what way? Do you ever cut and
paste?
Have you heard any stones of people getting drawn
into dubious websites such as those mentioned?
Do you think making an example of a few spammers
or fraudsters would be a sufficient deterrent to
others?
NATIVE SPEAKER ENGLISH
and the like I and what have you
We use and the like or and what hove you to mean
et cetera or and so on.
/'m guessing you 're talking about pornography and
the like here. Joyce?
Lots of people ma1nly use the web to part1C1pate
in online games such as chess, role-play games and
the like.
Like spammers and onlinefraudsters and what
haveyou
She spends half her life on Facebook and Twitter and
what have you.
 GRAMMAR Otherfuture form s SPEAKING

A Try to complete the sentences by putting the verbs in A Work in pairs. Look at the newspaper headlines
brackets into the forms they were used in Listening. below. Discuss what risks and dangers could be
1 The Internet penetration rate .. ... ................. 80% connected to each situation and decide which you
sometime in the next month. (reach) think is the riskiest.
2 lf the show ..........................., we need you to call up and
tell us what's on your mmd. (work)
3 1····-·· work in the summer. (stop)
4 1honestly don't think th1ngs ........................... any better
in the foreseeable future. (get)
5 The Internet dangles ali manner of temptation
in front of you ng people, and that ........................... Key witness in mafia trial 'not being
problems. (cause)
fully protected'
B Now try to complete these sentences with the nouns
that were used in Listening.
6 l'm on the .. .. of retiring.
7 The ........................... of it helping are pretty slim, l'd SECRET PEACE TALKS WITH
imagine. TERRORIST GROUP LEAKED
8 In all ........................... most offenders are actually pretty
harmless.
9 Hit them w1th the toughest sentences we can .. do
that and the .............. ............ are you'll put others off
10 Do that and there's a distinct ........................... you'll end
-
Government set to continue with cuts as
up embroiled in a lengthy lega l dispute. unemployment reaches record high

C Compare your answers with a partner.

D ir. 16.6 Listen and check.

E Work in pairs. Discuss which form in exercise A:
1 is usually used to talk about ti meta bles I things
planned to happen ata particula r time.
2 is used when you are sure somethmg w1ll happen.
3 is often used in the media to show somethmg 1s
fairly certain to happen
4 is often used in the media to talk about scheduled I
officíally arranged events.
5 is commonly used for making predict1ons.
!>- Need help? Read the grammar reference on page 151.
F Rewrite the sentences below using the words in bold
so they have a similar meaning.
1 In all probability, t he situation will deteriorate. bound
2 There's a d1stmct poss1b11ity that our jobs will be at
risk. likely
3 They're almost ready to finalise the deal. verge
4 Gamble onlíne and the odds are you'll lose. likelihood
5 The work should be finished by May. due
Slalt· or t'lllPl~l'IH'Y lo bP d•ic·land
as riol i11g 1·011Ii11 tlffi
B Work in a new group of th:ree or four. You are going
to role-play a radio phone-in programrne about the
i ssues of the day.
Student A; you are the presenter. Introduce the show
with an overview oftoday's talking points. Use the
headlines above and pose a few quest1ons for callers to
respond to.
Mana ge the 'calls' from other students, summanse their
main ideas, and chal lenge them where appropriate in
order to move the debate forward.
Students 8-D: you are callers. Decide which of the
headline stories above you want to comment on and
what you want to say about it. Try to comment on
what you think may happen in the future You can also
comment on previous callers' oplnions.

6 lnflation will probably nse above 10% next month set

16 DANGER ANO RISK 115

 Two MINUTES
Work in groups. You are going to give a short two-minute talle on one of the topics in the list below. Spend five
minutes thinking about what you are going to say. Look back at your notes to check language if you like.
A story in the news My favourite newspaper
The state ofthe economy A successful business
Style The future of the Internet

Give each other marks out of ten for language, interest and clarity. Who got the most marks?

GAME

Work in pairs. Student A use only the green squares; student B use only the yellow squares. Spend five minutes
looking at your questions and revising the answers. Then take turns tossing a coin: heads = move one of your squares;
tails = move two of your squares. When you land on a square, your partner looks at the relevant page in the book to
check your answers, but you don't! If you are right, move forward one square (but don't answer the question until
your next turn). If you aren't right, your partner tells you the right answer and you miss a go. When you've fuúshed
the game, change colours and play again.

Start 1 2 3 4
Native Speaker English Deve/opmg Conver a ons Vocabulary p. 94: say six
• note p. 93: if you can say p 9 3 say five senten es thmgs about newspapers
what the Native Speaker fro exerc1se B. Exp a n and the media in your
English note was and give the s1tuat1ons ey cou d country using words in
• an example, throw again. be used in bold in exercise A.

5 6 7 8 9
Native Speaker Eng/1sh Grammar p. 100: your Vocabulary p.10
note partner will say the six Miss a go! partner will sayt
p. 99: if you can say what sentences from exercise s1x situations f
the Nat1ve Speaker English A. Corred the mistake in exe rci se A Say fo
note was and give an each one. things connecte
example. throw again. answers each one.

10 11 12 13
Vocobu ary p 104 describe Native Speaker Eng sh Developing Conversations
the photos Miss a go! note p.105 1f you an say p. 105: your partner will
on page 158 us ng at least what the Nat1ve Speaker read three exchanges
e1ght words from exerc1se English note was and g1ve from exercise A. You
A an example thr w aga n should repair the
'm1su nderstandi ngs'.

15
Developmg Conversations
p. 111: say ten
interjections and give
examples of when they
could be used.
16
Vocabulary p 111 you
partner wil read 1-12
m exerc1se A, s ress ng
t e words in ital es G1ve
ynonyms
17
Native Speaker English
note p. 114: if you can say
what the Native Speaker
English note was and g1ve
an example. throw again
18
Crammar p.115 say e g t
th ngs about the future
using e1ght d1fferent forms
noun phrases
1 REVISE TOGETHER

For each of the activities below, work in groups of (OLLOCATIONS

three. Use the Vocabulary Builder ü you want to.
Take turns to read out collocation lists frorn Unit 13
of the Vocabulary Builder. Where there is a'-', say
(ONVERSATION PRACTICE 'blah' instead. Your partner should guess as rnany
words as they can. Each time you change roles, rnove
Choose one of the following Conversation Practice to the next unit.
activities.
News and íhe Media p. 93
Business and Economics p 99 IDIOMS
Fashion p.105
Danger ,md R1sk p.111 Discuss the rneaning of the idiorns and try to think
of a real exarnple about you - or about sorneone you
Two of you should do the task. The third person know.
should listen and then give a rna:rk between 1 and 1 He's in a bit of a hole
10 for the performance. Explain your decision. Then 2 They're just linmg their own pockets
change roles. 3 1crashed out as soon as 1got home.
4 lt's daylight robbery'
5 lt's been on the cards for quite sorne time
ACTOR DRAW 6 We're caught between a rock and a hard place
7 They make a real killmg.
One person should actor draw as rnany of these 8 lt really struck a chord with me
words as they can in three minutes. The others 9 lt's JUSt a storm in a teacup. lt'll soon blow over
should try to guess the words. Do not speak while 10 lt'c; a clasc;ic example of the nanny statel
you are actíng or drawingl 11 1wouldn't count my chickens 1f 1were you.
12 lt's a complete invaslon of privacy.
a raid whinge a lapel a gash 13 lt JUSt appeals to the lowest common denominator.
a tablo1d re loca te permed scald 14 1could maybe squeeze you m on F-riday
a spreadsheet crush flared st11mble 15 He's always swum ag;:i1nst the tide.
chc11r a meeting loathe low cut handcuff
a focus group a sleeve atomb snap
the stock market linlng va in pass out

Qu1z
Answer as rnany of the questions as possible.
1 Why m1ght someone pull out of a race or
competition?
2 Can you thmk of three th111gs that are now obsolete'
3 What's the opposite of denying an a legat1on?
4 When m1ght someone make a prototype'
e; Can you think of ttuee things that could ruin your
day~
6 How could you libel someone?
7 Say two th1ngs c.ompames can outsource. Explain why.
8 Where can you find loopholes? Who rrnght look for
them?
9 What happens when people rampage through the
streets?
10 When might people freak ouV
11 What rrnght a govcrnment need to bail out? Why?
12 Say two things that are somet1rnes frowned on. Say
why.
13 Where do you usuallyfind inmates'
14 What kmd of overheads do most companies have?
15 When might you decide to g1ve someone a head start?

04REVEW 117
 CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW

LISTENING 4 l'm writing about your ideas for 1mproving sales over
the next three monttis.
A R 4 1 Listen and decide if these sentences are true regard
orfalse. 1 am writing .................................................. your propasa
1 The report comes l1ve from a major fashion industry for improving sales over the next quarter.
event. 5 This recession has basical y been caused by
2 The economy has been in a fairly bad state. government incompetence
3 Lady Za-Za was subvertmg a trad•tona ly male outfit. blame
4 She was looking very thin. Personally, 1 ......................................................
5 The crowds were unimpressed by her new hairstyle. mismanagement.
6 Kyleen McClose faces accusations from a former 6 We're expecting to s1gn a major new deal in the next
colleague couple of days.
7 She's admitted t here's sorne truth in the accusations. verge
8 The reporter didn't fcel lhat Ms McClose was visibly We are ................................................ a major new deal.
affected by the pressure in any way.
9 The model who fell over wasn't hurt at all. [... / 12)
10 She's quite likely to be taking someone to court.

B Listen again to check. LANGUAGE PATTERNS

[... / 10] Find the tour sentences with a mistake and conect
thern.
1 On the down side, the gown is extremely fragile.
GRAMMAR 2 This isn't an exercise as hard as might be imagined.
3 There's not demand for that kind of fabric any more.
Complete the sentences with one word in each space. 4 At least he saw the funny side in the situation.
1 We got ourselves inlo a s1tuat1on ...... our overheads 5 She made it quite clear it was no laughing matter!
were just far exceeding our turnover. 6 He's got this great big huge scar on his face.
2 ...... being a very efficient worker, she's also a very nicc
woman. [... / 6]
3 The person to .... all enquiries on this matter should
be directed is now based ata different address.
4 The next tra1n is ...... in a couple of minutes. PREPOSITIONS
5 He claims to have been threatened ...... instant
dismissal Complete 1-8 with a preposition from the box.
6 l'm afraid this cream is quite ...... to aggravate your
skin condition. on with of at
7 1 pleaded with them ...... stop. but they wouldn't for throughout in from
listen.
8 The news of the sale ca me through ...... our trip to 1 All of the feedback we've been getting ...... the
Cad1z. markets suggests there's a definite demand for the
product.
[ ... I 8] 2 We've been absolutely inundated ...... orders recently.
3 Stories of brutality and barbarism are common ......
B Complete the second sentence with 2-5 words and the the whole of human history.
words in bold so it has a similar meaning to the first. 4 J'm not convinced that the pursuit ...... fame and
1 Of our 3,500 employees, 93% are bilingual. fortune makes anyone any happier
vast s f-le's threatening to sue them ...... negligence.
We employ lhree anda halfthousand workers, 6 can honestly say. with my hand ...... heart, that 1
the ............................................. speak at least two never meant any harm.
languages. 7 There's been a real downturn ...... the economy since
2 1 told them they'd be crazy to sign that contract! the last budget.
urged 8 The CEO was hinting ...... sorne kind of cutbacks, I
1 ...................................................... sign that contract! thought.
3 1 don't really get how you've structured your
argument in th1s essay. [... / 8]
way
l'm not su re 1 understand the
.................................................... you've organised your ideas.

118 OUTCOMES
0PPOSITES FORMING WORDS

Replace the words in italics with their opposite.
Si'11ple volatile lax
final mainstream posit1ve
1 lt was a very bleak appraisal.
2 What was the doctor's initial verdict?
3 lt's a very tempt1ng thoughL
4 That's a very amate necklace
5 The market's very stable at present.
6 Security at the event was very light.
7 1agree w1th the broad point he made.
8 She's a very subversive writer
Complete the gaps with the correct forrn of the words
in CAPITALS.
specific The fact that such an infamous criminal has
off-putt1ng got off on a ........................... w1I mean endless TECt-fNICAL
hysterical press-. ............ ···- and the usual COVER
c1aims that standards of 1....................... aren't POLICE
what they used to be Th1s kind of media
frenzy really 1sn't helpful, bul guess rt boosts
the newspapers' • .. .. .. ..... Obviously. CIRCULATE
we're not happy about the verd1ct. but the
fact remams that his lawyer found a legal
loophole and explo1ted it lt's ..... SVMBOL
of the way things work nowadays.

[... / 8] 1 wish 1 had full . ... to expla1n AUTHORISE

MISSING WORDS
Complete each set of three sentences with one word.
1 We re going to .. to host the 2026 World Cup.
There was a hostile takeover ...... last year.
1•••••• $100 on 1t, but didn't win the auction.
2 The date ofthe meeting ...._ with the b1g match
The red and the orange real y ..... !
There was a bit of a ...... in the meeting today.
3 Personally 1 JUSt can't see the ..... of things like that.
The advert.sing is clearly designed to .. . . to kids.
He's sa d to be unhappy about the tribunal's decision
and 1s cons1dering an ......
4 We have an office in Bonn. but our IT'ain .. is Reme.
We've managed to build upa fairly sol id client .......
1wanted to ...... the book on my early ch1ldhood.
5 A .... has revealed the government plans to raise taxes
There rriust be a ...... in the pipe somewhere.
lt was a huge dec.is1on to .... lhis mformat1on
(... / 5)
what goes on beh1nd the scenes duríng a
h1gh-profi e trial l1ke thís, but head office
issued a new 7 .................. recently. DIRECT
forbidding us from making such informat1on
publicly available.
[... / 7]
VOCABULARY
Complete the two news stories by choosing the
correct words.
A man who foiled an armed gang's 1 ..... to hold upa
security van 1s today bemg .... as a hero. Jo Lee, 53, was
on his way to work when he chanced u pon a masked
man wielding a rifle Without thought for his own
safety, he then proceeded to i ...... the gun. • ...... say th1s
action seemed to sea re off the other two members of
the gang, thus preventing their planned raid.
Newtown Un ted will today announce they are plan111ng
to~..... the contracts of more than half of their team.
The shock news comes only months after the club was
6 ...... on the stock market. A statement relea sed claims

VERBS the move is designed to 1 .... the team's current position.

However, it is w1dely rumoured that it s actually the
Match the verbs in the box with the collocations in 1-8. result of having 8 ...... on a recent loan

implement switch jeopard1se retract 1 A appeal B menace e bid

enhance regain confirm slash 2 A hai~ed B dep1cted e idea'ised
3 A detach B confront e seize
1 - rumours I - my booking / - my suspic ons 4 A observers B witnesses e lookers
2 - the claim / - accusat1ons I - the statement 5 A termmate B deregulate e lay off
3 - a business plan I - our strategy I - a law 6 A flooded B floated e p1cked up
4 - prices I - jobs I - production I - our budget 7 A consol date B legit1m1se e hberate
5 - sides I - lanes I - suppliers I - languages 8 A failed B cut out e defau ted
6 - consciousness I - feel1ng 1n my hands / - my appetite
7 - her reputation I - your performance I - the [... / 8]
experience
8 - the whole deal I - the company's 1nterests I - the plan
[Total ... /80]
(... I 8]

04 REVIEW 119
SPEAKING WRITING

Work in pahs. Look at the table and chart and
discuss these questions.
Whal lrends and facls do lhe table and chart show?
Why do you think these trends are happening1
Can you see similar trends in your country?
How do you feel about lhese changes? Whal 1s good
I bad about them]
A Read the description of the data in the table and the
chart, and find six factual mistakes.
B Work in pahs and do the following:
Compare the m1stakes you found and correct them.
D1scuss one other feature of the table and chart you
would draw attention to.

Table 1 The table shows the 12 largest cities in the world by

World's b1ggest cities by population (in millions) area in 2007 and projected figures for 2025. As can

..,, be seen, all the main cities are set to grow as might
be expected g1ven the continued shift from urban
1 To90 35.6 to rural living illustrated in the chart. Already two
2 NewYoR: 191 out of every three people live in cities i n the richer
3 MexlclO 9\Y. 19 countries, and urban populations in the whole world
4 Mumba 189 are projected to rise by 25% over the period, the
5 S3oPaulo 18.8 bulk of which will occur in developing countries in
6 Delhl 159 Asia and Africa. This 1s also reflecled in t he ta ble. lt
7 Shanlhal 149 shows that the populations of cit ies such as Tokyo,
8 Kolbta 147 New York and Mumbai will be relatively stable, rising
9 Dhalca only sltghtly, while Los Angeles and Buenos Aires are
proJected to drop out ofthe top 12 In contrast. Dhaka
in Bangladesh is going to nearly triple in size and by
2025 Afrtcan cities (Kinshasa and Lagos) w ill have
city located on coast or maJor river entered the top 12 for the first t ime

Chart VOCABULARV Describing percentages

100%
A Replace the words in italics with the words in the box.

a tiny percentage four out of five

the vast majority almost a fifth
75 a significant minority more than halved
slightly higher fourfold

1 The chart shows there were around 20.000 imm1grants.

50 91% of whom carne from other European countries.
2 The graph illustrates that urban sprawl increased by
19% over this penod.
3 As 1s tliustrated in figure l, mortgage interest rates fe//
from 5% to 2% while inflation increasedfrom 1.5% to
25
6%.
4 As can be seen in the pie chart, 80% of customers were
satisfied with the service, wh1ch was 6% more than last
year.
5 This is illustrated in figure 3, which shows that only
2007 2030 0.1% of household income is spent on books.
6 The survey indicated that 43% of respondents were
• rural • urban concerned about the effects of the proposals.

120 OUTCOMES

GRAMMAR Describing changes
We often use p1nlve constructlons to describe future
predktlons lnstead of wlll or flOlng to. Note the adverblals.
Al the maln cltles are set to grow over the next 20 years
U ban populatlons are expected to r se by 10% over the peri
Los Angeles and Buenos Aires are pro1ected to drop out of th
top the next few years
lf we loolc back, we may use a perfect inflnitlve.
K ns a s expected to hove entered t e top 12 by 2025
A Rewrite these changes using the verb in brackets.
1 By 2025, the populat1on will have risen to 15 mi Ilion. projei:t)
2 In the next 20 years. the rural population is going to fa 1 (se·t)
3 African cities wi 1grow rapidly over the next few years. (expect)
4 China w1t l become the world's fargest economy in the next ten
yea rs. (predlct)
Rernember other tenses describe past and present trencls:
Betwee 2000 and 2005, Internet usage rose dramatically
S nce 2000 overall e e has fallen stead1 y
he n mber of b 1ngual schools 1s currently mcreosmg
See also the .,...mar referenc:e on page ll6 (perfect ten
B Work in pairs. Think of an example of 1-3. Discuss why tht!y
are happening / have happened and predict how they will
develop in the future.
1 an upward trend
2 a downward trend
3 a general shift from one thing to another
KEY WORDS FOR WRITINCi
of whom I of which
Wecanpe-aboulaportttfa-0<~
we luive just mentloned uslng of wllom or of whlch. O/
reten to people and o/ rrltkh to thlngs.
There were around 20 000 m 1gra ts. 91% of whom came
from other Eu opean count es
Join the sentences in 1-8 using of whom I
ofwhich.
1 The government donates 0.6% of GDP
as a1d. The bulk of that money goes to
countries n Africa.
2 There were 2,650 fatalit1es from car
acc.dents last year. The vast majority ofthe
accidents were caused by d river error.
3 University entries are set to increase.
12% ofthe new students will come from
deprived backgrounds.
4 There was a stgnificant fall in crime in the
last decade. A large part of the drop was
put down to nsing living standards.
5 The survey lnterv ewed 950 people
altogether. The interviewees were mostly
18-25 years old.
WRITI NCi PRACTICE
You are going to wrlte a short description of
the main trends illustrated in thc table and
graph below.
A Work in pairs and discuss:
what the t able and graph generally show
the main trends
key statistics that 11lustrate the trend
• any surprisíng aspects you wou ld h1ghhght.
B Write your description in 150-180 words.
Fig l. The languages of 1nternational education
Russlan 3"
- Japanese 3"
Chlnese 5"
Fig 2. Millions of adults learning English
2000
1500
1000
500
1950 2000 20SO
WRmNG Ul
 SPEAKING
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
What do you think are the strengths and weaknesses
of the health ca re system in your country~
lf you coufd change one thing about the system,
what would it be? Why?
Do you know anyone who works in health ca re~
Who? What do they do? Do they enjoy it?
WRITING
You are going to read a response to the essay title:
'The government should providefree health ca re far
ali. Discuss.'
A Thin1c of three reasons why someone might agree
with the statement in the title, and three reasons
why they might disagree.
B Work in pairs. Compare your ideas. Then discuss
which of the reasons you thought of in exercise A
you actually agree with. Explain why.
When wrltlna lntrodudtons to oplnlan . . . . lt Is
CD111111011 to strucb11• the openlng ,... .ph lke thls:
• Show the reader you know why the subject is
mportant (why it's belns d scussed).
• Introduce what you regard as a 'weak vlew' on
the tltte -one you disagree wlth
• Query the weak view and introduce your own
oplnlon.
C With your partner, discuss how a writer could show
that the subject of free health care is important - and
what you might expect someone who disagrees with
the essay title to follow this up with.
D Compare your ideas with the following introduction.
Divide it into the three parts mentioned in the box
above.
The health of the nation is clearly of paramount
importance. Economic growth depends on it, as do
social cohesion and unity. Given this, it might seem
logical to conclude that the state has a duty to
provide universal health care. While there is sorne
sense in this line of thought, it would, however,
be dangerous to follow this argument to its logical
end-point.
122 OUTCOMES
E There are four more paragraphs in the essay. In
pairs, discuss what you expect the function of each
of these paragraphs to be. Then read and check.
F Complete the essay with the words in the box.
as such
however
su ch
in short
indeed
so
while
secondly
l
It is often argued that any civilised state has a
responsibility to provide health care for ali its citizens,
especially the most vulnerable, and that failure to do
1
........................... is symptomatic of a deeper malaise
in society. 2........................... , it has been claimed that
a society that allows its own citizens to fall sick is, by
definition, a sick society.
3
........................... , it may seem that to argue against
universal health care is a perilous task. q........................... ,
firstly, it should be remembered that in reality the
government does not pay for anything - the taxpayers
do. 5........................... , it is important to recognise the fact
that a smali but sizeable minority of people in any given
society abuse their bodies and damage their own health
willingly. Why should the rest of society subsidise such
disregard for life and limb?
6...........................
I do believe that a basic level of free
heafth care should be provided for ali, especially in
times of great need, the notion of extending this beyond
the mínimum is potentially problematic in the extreme.
Where would free heafth care stop? With treatment for
depression? With gender-reassignment operations? With
tattoo removals? I could go on.
7
........................... , while it is clearfy desirable to ensure afl
members of society receive essential health care without
having to worry about financia! matters, it would be
financia! suicide to expand any ª··························· service.
G Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
• Oíd you predict the function of each paragraph
correctly? lf not. what differences were there?
Which words I phrases does the writer use to draw
attention to what they see as 'weak' arguments?
Which words / phrases does the writer use to
highlight their own (stronger) arguments?
• To what degree does the writer's opinion reffect your
own? Where do you agree / disagree? Why?
 KEY WORDS FOR WRITING indeed WRITI NG PRACTICE

A Divide the sentences below into three groups of two
- to show different uses of indeed.
1 After much questioning, he was eventually forced to
admit that there was indeed something wrong.
2 There are those in society who do not pay sufficient
attention to their own health. lndeed, many actively
abuse it.
3 Following repeated accusations, it was later proven
that the test results had 1ndeed been fals1fied.
4 The final results ofthe experiment were very strange
l ndeed.
5 Putt1ng such a theory 1nto practice would be hard.
lndeed.you might say almost impossible
6 Cultural identities in any society vary so wide!y as
to make the extraction of common features very
difficult indeed
B Compare your ideas with a partner and explain the
different uses of indeed.
C Now compare your ideas with the explanation
below.
A Work in pairs and discuss possible reasons why
people might agree or disagree with each of the
following statements - and then discuss your own
opinions.
1 'Nuclear energy is the most realistic long-term
opt1on we have.' Discuss.
2 'Rather than bringing countries closer together,
globalisatíon has led to lncreased nationalism.'
Discuss.
3 'There should be a max1mum working week far all
of 35 hours.' How far do you agree?
B Write short introductions for each of the three essay
titles, using the model in Wrlting (exerdse B).
C Compare your introductions with a partner. Can you
see any ways in which your partner's work could be
improved?
O Write an essay of around 300 words in response
to one of the titles above. You should aim for five
paragraphs, as in the model provided. Try to use
indeed at least once.

D Write sentences to exemplify or expand on 1-4

below.
1 The government simply cannot afford to expand
health ca re any further. lndeed, ...
2 Governments can always find money to fund things
when it suits them. lndeed, ..
3 Every election brings new pledges to increase
spending on the health service. lndeed, ...
4 In countries where free health ca re far ali is the
norm, the system does not always function as well as
we might 1magine. lndeed, ...

E Compare your ideas with a partner. Who wrote

better follow-up sentences?

WRITING 123
 SPEAKING VOCABULARY Reviews

A Work in groups. Discuss these quei;tions. A Complete the sentences with the pairs of words in
How often do you do the things in the box below? thebox.
Are there any t h1ngs you never do? Why not?
Can you remember the last time you d1d each th1 ng) abstract + sculptures production + plot
What was it like) al bum+ encores rhyme + collecl1on
based +set sets+ choreography
see plays at the theatre read novels orchestration + role symphony +fina le
r go to exhlb1tions go to the ballet prose + multi-layered technique + partner
1 go to small gigs go to big concerts
see films at the cinema go to the opera 1 ...... on a true story and ...... in 1940s Texas. the new
l see musicals read poetry re1ease by director Jack1e Lee tackles 1~sues of
violence and sexism that rema n highly relevant
today.
2 General y avoiding such convent1ons as ...... ,rnd
punctuation. this . contaíns sorne~ wonderful, albelt
challenging. pieces of poetry.
3 Th1s ínt1mate setting really allowed the bulk ofthe
latest .... to breathe, and no-one was surprised when
the enthusiastíc crowd demanded three ...... .
4 The ...... are amazing, the songs wonderful and the
is just out of this world
S Featuríng both representat1onal and ...... work. this
collection spans five decade's of Mi:>rton's life and
also features sorne of her rarely seen .....
6 Thís is the fourth ...... of this classic that l've seen. and
1t's undoubtedly the best. The cast are excellent and
the gripping from start to finish
7 Wíth her superb classical ...... and w1tty lntelligence,
Dorothy Gilbert outshines her ..•... in th1s new work
by quite sorne distance.
8 Don't let the deceptively simple ..... fool you, for this
is a complex, ...... work that can be ínterpreted on
many levels
9 With wonderfully sympathetic ...... and with tenor
Richard Hamílton making his debut in the leading
..., this staging is one of the season's must-sees.
10 Wh1lst not my favourite ..... the orchestra's
performance was nevertheless gríppíng and the
grand ...... even brought tears to my eyes.

B Match sentences 1-10 to the ten activities in the box

in Speaking.

C Choose at least si.x words from exerdse A that

describe things you've seen I read. '.rell a new
partner as much about each thing a.s you can.

124 OUTCOMES
 WRITING
You are going to read a review of a British musical
Read the review. Then discuss theS4~ questions.
How many stars out of f1ve do you think the reviewer
gave the musical? Why?
Does Billy Elliot sound like the kincl of thing you'd
f'nJoy? Why? / Why not?
What do you learn about the plot? Does it remind
you of any other films / books. etc.?
What's the function of each of the five paragraphs?
Given that 1t has been adapted from the fil:m of the same
name, it is no surprise that the musical version of Billy Elliot
is full of cmematic suspense. Set against the backdrop of the
miners' strike in J980s Britain, the plot revolves around a
young boy who rejects his father's moves to push him into
boxmg m favour of ballet Jessons, a decision which initially
causes conflict in his famíly. but which eventually leads him
to fame and fortune.
The beautifully choreographed drama unfo:Ids 10 a tense,
gripping manner and the stage is exploited, to the full. The
scenes that altemate between Billy's ballet lessons and
his father's battles agamst the pollee on the picket liries at
the mine are particularly powerful. The sets are increclibly
evocative and capture the mood of social unrest excellently.
transporting the audience to another time and place.
When one stops to consider the extreme youth of its main
star - Liam Mower, who plays Billy, is onl;• twelve years old
- the show becomes even more remarkable. Llam IS dazzlmg
and I found myself ooable to take my eyes off him for the
whole performance. He bnngs a vulnerability and tendem ess
to the role that left many in tears.
If 1 do have a critic1sm then I suppose it would be the
music, written by pop legend Sir Elton John. Wlulst 1t IS
often uplifting and anthemic, it does start to feel somewhat
formulaic after a time. Thereirl lies the othm slight problem -
at just over three hours. the show is perhaps thirty mmutes
too long. By the time the excellent cast had received three
standing ovations, I'd been in my seat for almost 200
minutes!
Regardless of these minor fiaws. this is nevertheless an
outstanding spectacle and a must-see for anyone keen on
contemporary musicals.
KEY WORDS FOR WRITINC:;
nevertheless l given
Glwn muns'canslc*lns'. ltshcMI
account of 1 fact when ,au tfve an
etc.to........
~1suse11w1t11.,,,,., a ..,..._
tlHlt SOlftltlilnals t:ruedlsplle
. . . ,.... ftnt alcl. lt 11 ........ ~- ---to
..... blckto• . . . . . ........
Regard ess af hese m nor flaws, t
an o tstandlng spectacle
The ft m lasts four hours. Ne-Jl!'ttllñslS.llthe me ftles ~
A Match the sentence halves.
1 While Caine only plays a minar role,
2 Given that Caine only plays a minar role,
3 The play rece1ved very poor reviews,
4 The play received terrible reviews.
5 lrrespectíve of the band' refusal to gíve an encore,
6 Given that the concert was quite sbort and the band
refused to give an encore.
a but nevertheless, went on to be hugely popular.
b it's remarkable that he won an Osear.
e even given the low expectat1ons surround1ng it.
d it was unsurpnsing there were boo~; and complaínts
as the audience left the auditoríurn.
e ít was nevertheless an amazing coricert.
f he nevertheless outshone everyone with his
remarkable performance
B Complete 1-4 below. Then compare :your ideas.
1 While her recent collectíon has been badly rece1ved
by the press, I nevertheless found it
2 Desprte a huge budget, the film nevertheless ...
3 Given the length of the novel •.
4 This is a very young orchestra Nevertheless ...
WRITING PRACTICE
Write a review of a concert, album, E!xhibition, ballet,
musical or novel, etc. It should be between 250 and
300 words. Try to use as much langu.age from these
pages as you can.
WRITING 125
 The diagram shows a process known as Concentrating Solar Power
WRITING
(CSP) •.......................... solar energy is used to crcatc stcam to powcr
A Work in pairs. Look at the two diag:rams on electrical generators.
these pages and discuss these ques1tions: Large parabolic troughs are dircctcd at thc sun. Thc mirrorcd
What are the processes shown? What surfaces of the troughs rellect thc sun 's rays and conccntratc thcm onlo
happens in each case? pipci. carrying a íluid wh ich is 2........................ ... hcalcd up. This hcated
Why do you lhink they are important these íluid passes through a heat exchangcr, whcrc i1l bm ls water and crcates
days? stcam, bcfore rctuming in a loop back to thc parabolic trough . The
stcam 3 .............. ........... is conveycd through pipes al h1gh prcssure to a
B Read the text that describes the pro cess of gcncrator whcrc it drives turbincs, to crcatc clectricity. .. ... ......... .. .
concentrating solar power and decide what thc stcam gocs lhrough the LUrbine it loses heat and 1s then funher
l-6aze.
coolcd in a towcr, convcrting it back mlo water. Thc water then
continucs in a loop back to the heat cxchangcr wherc 1t is again bo1led
C Complete the description with the Jtinkers in
thebox. to create stcam. In the absencc of sunshine, thc steam 1s generated by
supplcmentary ga<;-powered hcatcrs.
meanwhile whereby thus whi~ CSP offcrs a numbcr of bcnefüs: it provides clean sustainable
cncrgy; it can make use of largc tracts of unused desert land; and it
can be adaptcd to make u~e of sea water. 1 .•. . ... .. .. can be eas1ly
D How does the writer avoid using penonal dcsalinatcd at the cooling-tower stage, thereby providing much-needed
pronouns {I, we, me, us) in the text? Would you frcsh water in arid zones.
avoid such pronouns in sim.ilaz te:ds in your
language?
metal large organic
material

i
organic waste
'
,L---....15-
shredder
...., 1
tunnel with micro
organism
1.... li;H!éWi=::'->,.....-.----......_,
screening fine compost for
agriculture

2
3

/
'\ 1¡51 heat transfer fluid water

126 OUTCOMES
 SPEAKING
A Work in pail's. Discuss the questions and do the task.
What energy creating or energy-saving schemes or
processes are there in your country?
Is there any oppos1tion to these sc:hemes? Who from?
Why? What benefits do these types of schemes
have?
Draw a flow chart or diagram of one of the processes
you thought of. Then explain 1t to another pair
VOCABULARV Processes
A Rewrite the sentences in the passhre and replace the
words in italics with a word from the box.
insulate categonse assem ~le screen
KEV WORDS FOR WRITING
whereby, thereby and thus
WfMNby explalns the way sarnltblltl
acconlln1 to a rnelhod, ..,........,
A Complete the following sentences \\rith whereby or
thereby.
1 Glassblowing is the process .. ~ .. _.. __ ..... glass is
heated and then shaped.
2 The m ilk is heated to around 70%, ....... _..................
killing the vast majority of microbes.
3 We have to comply with strict regulations
. ....................._. our machines are i nspected weekly.
.... ...................... ensuring tota l safety.

l discard
power
deliver
remove
break down box

1 They take out plastic from the rubbish manually.

4 There's a trade-in scheme ........................... any car over
15 years old can be scrapped for $3,000 dollars when
buying a new car.

2 They wrap the pipes w1th foam to, minlmize heat B Work in groups. How many of these natural,
loss. industrial and legal processes do you know7 Explain
3 They check the final product for trnpurities them using whereby and possible rE!Sults using thus I
4 They sort the tea leaves into diffe1·ent grades thereby.
accord1ng to S1Ze and quality.
5 They don't throw away anything dunng the process. r desalination Gaia hydroelectric power ~
to maximise efficiency. metamorphosis a veto photosynthes1s
6 The raw materia Is arrive in a conta iner ship. osmosis auditing dist11lation
7
8
They put together the parts in a eientral plant.
They package the oranges and load them onto lorries.
l landfill an emba_rg_o__a_ h__
ig_h_c_o_u _
r t_a_p_p_ea_I_.

9 They drive the turbines by forcing water through

them WRITING PRACTICE
10 They use microbes to decompose the oil into droplets.
You are going to write a similar description to the
B Work in pairs. Discuss why different processes may one in Writing.
use:
A Choose either the diagram of the composting

l process, or the diagram you did in Speaking.

a filter a conveyor belt a pump
a magnet a hammer a furnace
B Write a description of the process in 150-200 words.

WRITING U 7
 SPEAKING
A Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions.
What's the difference between a CV anda covering letter?
What kind of information might you typically include in each?
Do you have a CV? Are you happy with itl
Have you ever had to write a covering letter? In which
language? When? Do you think it was effective?
B Read the short text below and compare it with your ideas.
Does it contain anything you didn't mention?
When applying for jobs, it is standard to include two
important documents:
• a CV (sometimes also known as a résumé)
• a short coverlng letter
The covering letter is meant to encourage the company you're
applying to to take a closer look at your CV. lt should clarify
why you want to work for the firm - and why you would
be a good fit. Highlight key information from your CV, but
don't just repeat what is listed Match your skills, interests
and experience to the needs of the company and sell your
qualities to the reader. The a1m of a covering letter 1s to get
you invited far an interview
Content
Your letter should be concise and relevant.
lt should:
• state why you are writmg and what post you are
applying for
• explain where you learned about the job vacancy
• say why you want the JOb
• say why you would be a benefit to the company
• request an interview.
e In light of the text above, discuss how you would angle your
coverlng letter if you were applying for the job below. What
kind of 'sell' might be needed?
We are a leading online tourism agency looki.ng
for a full-time CUSTOMER SERVICE AGENT.
We require:
an ability to listen attentively and hear
important information and to provide clear
information in excellent English
proven ability to deal with customer enquiries
previous customer service or call centre
experience - desirable, but not essential
bas1c IT skills
ability to work flexible (and sometí.mes long)
hours.
WRITING
You are going to read a coverlng email sent by
an applicant for the job in Speaking.
A Choose the correct forms.
To whom it may concern,
1 'write I am writmg to apply for the post of customer service
agent, 2 as / which advertised on www.jobseekers.com recentt¡
1feel 13would / will be suitable for the post for severa!
reasons. Flrstly, 1 speak excellant English, 'spanding I having
spent the last year living and working in Canada. Secondly,
1 feel 1 possess the relevan! customer service experience.
having •worked I been working in a ranga of sarvice industry
positions, many of 6 them / which necessitated considerable
interaction with the general pubhc. My inter-personal skills
and ability to communicate also benefited from having to deal
with frequent customer complaints in my places of work. 1 am
now keen to 7implement / pul these skills into praclice and to
continue to develop mysalf and extand my ranga of abililies
In addition toall this, 1am a ded1cated, motivated worker, able
to act both indapendently and as part of a team. In my last
job, 1 was responsible for setting up a new system for !he
colleclion and compilalion of customer feedback. a process
that exemplified my listening and communication skills as we~
as my competence with computars. 1enjoy new challenges
and never give less than my ªeverything / ali. 1 trust you w11
agree that my track record so far - as detailed in my CV -
shows this
1 am available for interview al any time and would be happy to
provide rafarances. ªshould / when you requira tham
Please do not hesitate to contact me should you require any
further information.
1 look forward to 'ºhear / heanng from you soon,
Yours faithfully,
Karim Nourani
B Compue your choices with a partner and
discuss any differences. Then discuss whether
or not you would interview this applicant for
the post. Why?
 VOCABULARY Achievements at work KEY WORDS FOR WRITI NCi shou/d

A Put the words in the corred order to malte common

sentences wing shauld.
1 further please contad require hesitate any do you
should not information me to
2 available request references should l.hem on are you
require
3 please the possible vacancies become any
A Complete the sentences with the VE!rbs in the box. opportunity conlact at should earl1est ava1lable me
4 test after days you should retake can so the 60 you
achieved conducted implemented wish to do
ad vi sed dealt with negotiated 5 wish matter phone appomtment should discuss to
arranged devised prometed please an you this further to make
budgeted diagnosed represented
--- ----- -- - ---- _,
B Work in pairs. Decide how the sente11tces in exercise
1 1 booked flights and ..................... accommodation A might be worded in informal spokt!n English.
for colleagues who had to go away on business trips.
2 1........................... a variety of up-and-coming musicians
and OJs ata club night 1 co-ran with two friends. WRITING PRACTICE
3 1........................... my colleagues on a wide range of
personal and professional matters. A Look at the three job advertisements below and
4 1........................... above-average grades in the majority decide which one most appeals to yo111.
of my end-of-school exams.
5 1........................... a survey of staff attitudes.
6 1........................... sorne remarkably abusive customers
a ART GALLERY ASSISTANT
Busy modern art gallery
ASSISTANT SALES MANAGER
I.arge European hotel chain
during my time at the call centre. seeks ful!- or part-time seeks assmtant sales manager.
7 1........................... a new system for filing all the office admimstrative assistant to You are degree qualifled (or
paperwork. work wtth gallery d1rectors. eqmvalentl sales experíence
8 1...•..........•...........• the successes and failures of the l'luent Enghsh essential. and good cornrnurucatJon and
business and thus helped determine the path we You are a calrn. intelligent. adminisuative skills. Must be
subsequently took. nexible. curious person driven. able to work under
9 1........................... a script for new teleworkers. but who likes to get thrngs pressure and happy to travel
unfortunately my boss was unwilling to implement done. 15-20 weeks per year.
1t.
10 1•.••. _..... ............. my money carefully during my time at
university and was thus able to m1eet ali my financia! El OFFICIAL GUIDES WANTED
We are looking far gmdes with a keen interest in history or
comm1lments.
11 1successfully ...... ............. ...... my own debt reduction archaeology as well as excellent Enghsh sk11l:s to JOin our
by 50%. associatJon. We orgaruse h1gh-quality cultural guided tours of
12 1 was elected asan official spokesperson and h1stonc s1tes .
. ................... ... my colleagues in meietings with the
management. B Compare your choice with a partner. Discuss what
experience or abilities applicants for each post need.
B Work in pairs. Discuss the skills or abilities you
could reasonably claim that sente11.ces 1-12 in C Write a covering letter to accompany an application
exercise A show or develop. for one of the posts above.

WltlTING 129
 SPEAKING

A Put the inventions below in order: His invention has saved

• of usefulness to you. thousonds oí lives, yet you
• of their impact on the world. probably toke it for granted. It
mode its inventor millions of
• First vending machine (dispensing holy water) pounds. yet few people know
nvented by Hero of Alexandria (Egypt) in ADSO his nome. I believe Percy Show
Pressure cooker is a great inventor ond his cat's
1nvented by Den is Pap n (f'.rance) 1n 1679 eye should be disployed in the
Mercury thermometer Design Museum. Desp1te coming
invented by Daniel Fahrenheit (Holland I Poland) in 1714 from o deprived background
Lawnmower and leaving school at 13, Percy
invented by Edwin Beard Budding (UK) in 1827 olwoys showed inventiveness.
Dynamite He ollegedly carne up with the
• invented by Alfred Nobel (Sweden) in 1866 idea of the rood reflector when
Automatic teller machlne (ATM) he olmos! crushed Lrito o woll. His
invented by Luther S1mjian (Armenia) in 1939 headhghts reflected in the eyes
Soft contact tenses of a cat which directed him bock
invented by Otto Witcherle (Czechoslovakia) in 1961 onto lhe road. Thinking how the
CD-ROM cat's eye could be placed on the
invented by Phillips I Sony (Holland I Japan) in 1985 road ilself, he devised o hard
rubber casing for lour small gloss
B Work in pairs. Compare your lists and explain your choices. reflectors ond set them in a metal
Did you find anything surprising about the original list or shoe. When cors ran over the
your partner's choices? cot's eye it pressed lhe rubber
over the glass wiping il clean with
the oid oí rainwoter that collected
WRITING in the metal shoe. It therefore
needed litUe maintenance. Since
A magazine has set a competition wherc people wrlte to its invention lhe cot's eye has
nominate an inventor and invention to be displayed in a been fitted to roods throughout
museurn of design. the world m order to make
them sofer. No doubt we con ali
A Read the article and then answer these questions in pairs. think of lhings with apparenlly
1 Which picture shows the invent ion being described more impact - telephones. cars,
2 Do you think it is a better choice than those in Speaking. Why? computers, etc - but how many
of these were really invented
B Work in pairs and do the following. by one man? Theu mventors
1 Divide the text into tnree paragraphs. What does the writer do "stood on the shoulders of gionts"
in each one? as Newton once soid. Shav/s
2 Find examples of these ways of creating mterest and creation was difieren!: it solved a
persuasion. real problem. il was unique, and
Revealing the mc11n lopic of the paragraph in the last it was beautifully simple. Besides,
sentence of the paragraph few inventions can claim to
Rhetorical questions hove prevented so many deaths.
Pairs of contrasting facts Surely, therelore, Percy Show ond
Quotations his cat's eye deserve a prorrunent
'Tripling' - giving lists of three things or three related place in the new museum.
statements
Useing surely.yet or besides
3 Think of a t itle for the ¡¡rticle.

130 OUTCOMES
KEY WORDS FOR WRITI NG
surely,yet, besides
We use sur~ly to mean 'wlthout doubt', or
to emphaslse somethlng Is true, especially
when you thlnk people may disagree.
Surely, t herefore [t hey] deserve a
prominent place ..
t is surely one of the greatest designs of
t he 20th century.
We use yet to emphasise that a fact is
surprlsing given what you have just sald.
lt made its inventor milhons of pounds,yet
few people know h1s nam e.
B~sl•s glves an addltlonal reason and
oft:en emphasises the final decisive
argument.
. and it was beaut ifully simple. Bes1des.
few inventions ca n claim to have prevent ed
so many deat hs.
Bes1des being cheap t o produce. 1t needed
little maint enance.
Notke the punctuatlon In the sentences
above.
Rewrite the sentences replacing the words
in italics with surely, yet or besides.
1 There was enormous interest in Lhe new
device. Actual sales were sluggish, though .
2 Quite apartfrom the fact that it was cheap
to produce, it was beautiful Lo look at.
3 There can be little doubt that th is is the
greatest achievement of the 21st century
so far.
4 Sorne may argue that many others were
working on the problem, but it seems clear
to me that his was the biggest and most
decisive cont ri butio n.
5 The train was fast and comfortable and,
what's more, it was the cheapest option.
6 Desp1te making millions from his invention,
he died in poverty.
~~RAMMARfew I afew, little I a little
e usefaw with plural nouns and /ltt/~ wlth singular,
ncountable nouns. Afew I o llttle means 'sorne', butfew / /ltt/e
wlthout the artkle) means 'hardly any'.
few people know his name (Remember people 1s p urall)
t therefore needed little maintenance.
'A) few and (o) llttle can also be used as pronouns:
housands of inventions are patented butfew are produced.
e asked far help, and we got a /1ttle
A Complete the sentences with afew,few, a little or little.
1 They ra ised most ofthe investment from friends and family.
They got relatively ................. ......... from banks.
2 He had ........................... f riends and died a lonely man.
3 She rece1ved ........................... educat1on, yet she beca me a best-
selli ng author
4 After they made ........................... improvements to the original
des1gn, sales took off.
5 We need .......................... more time to develop the prototype -
maybe a couple of months
6 There can be ........................... invent1ons that have done so much
for so ma ny people.
7 We rece ived hu ndreds of suggestions and quite ...........................
have been 1mplem ented.
B Complete these sentences using (a) little /(a) few and your
ownideas.
1 Many people have t ried, but ........................ .
2 The government has promised a lot.yet .......................... .
3 lt was a groundbreaking invention, and yet ........................... .
4 The mobile phone is a fa ntast1c invent1on: ........................... .
\IVRITING PRACTICE
You are going to write an article for the same competition as
iln Writing.
A Work in pairs. Choose an invention which you think should
go into the museum.
B llndividually, malee a list of reasons why the invention is
s10 good and sorne unusual or interesting facts about the
iliwentor. Then compare your lists.
C Write a three- or four-paragraph article about the invention
and inventor. Use sorne ofthe language you've leamed on
tlnese pages.
WRITING 131
 SPEAKING WRITING

A Work in pairs. Discuss these questic>ns.
Do you watch much TV? Why? / Why not?
What's your favourite channel? Why?
What's your favourite programme? Why?
What do you think of your national and
local TV?
You are going to read a Wiki entry for a guide to TV channels.
A Read the guide and then discuss the following questions with
apartner.
Are there any channels of a similar nature in your country?
How are they the same I different?
Would you watch th1s channel? Why? I Why not?

VOCABULARY Evaluating B Choose the best word to use in 1-10. Then discuss your choices
with a partner.
A Match the sentence starters - evaluating
a TV channel in 1-8 with the possible C Work in groups. How far do you think parliament should
endings a-h. regulate TV? What regulations would you likE~ to see either
1 Our local TV station has been compared ... put in place or removed in your country?
2 lt ranks ..
3 lts output ...
4 lt is generally seen ...
5 lt has been pra1sed ...
6 lt is often criticised
7 One strength is ...
8 The news coverage has been singled out_

a third in terms of audience share I bottom

out of 50 companies I high when it comes
to entertainment.
b far praise I far criticism I as a weakness in
1ts output.
c favourably to compet1tors I unfavourably
to its rivals / well to the national average
d far its bias I for its lack of depth I for the
length of the advertismg breaks.
e far its involvement in the community I for
makmg the most of a small budget /far its
drama output.
f its sports coverage I its soap operas I íts
s1tcoms.
g as a government mouthpiece I as being
independent I as a symbol of the region.
h is very varied I has 1mproved I has been
dumbed down.

B Why is the passive forro of the verbt used in

4, S, 6 and8?

C Work with a new partner. Use the s.entence

starters to talle about the following. Explain
your evaluations.
a local TV channel
• a nat1onal TV channel

132 OUTCOMES
 KEY WORDS FOR WRITING albeit
OVERVIEW Channel 4 was founded in 1982 when
1t became the fourth free TV channel. Alongs1de it, a W.use...,,...,_.•naun,..dM
new Welsh-language channel S4C was also established adcl. aamtnellt tlUlt . . . . . . . .
following a campa1gn in Wales that 1ncluded lobbying jult stlt&
government and even the threat of hunger strike by
one Welsh leader. Although lile two channels were, and [lt] overuses American shows. olbe
continue to be, largely I somewhat funded through The film was very well made, olbelt
commercial advertising, they are eff1ect ively / relatively lightweisht
publicly owned and Channel 4's output 1s partially I They agreed, albelt unwilllngly, to ~.. compensatiCln.
merely l1mited by guidelines laid down by parhament. The
parl1arT'entary act requires Channel 4 to provide varied, A Use albeit and the words in the box to add a
h1gh quality programming with a distinctive charactcr that comment to 1-5.
includes educational programmes as well as ones catering
for a culturally divcrse soc1ety. lt is ranked th1rd in terms of
aud1ence share in the UK w1th around 8%.
very slowly
an academic expert
one 1 d1dn't wholly agree with
conservative
funny sometimes J
BRAND Channel 4's audience is •explicitly I
predominantly young (16-34) and educated. Eventually 1 He is seen asan independent commentator.
I Essentially in ltne w1th 1ts rem1t (see ' above I below), 2 The experiments they do on the show are really
1t has buílt upa reputation for 1ndependence and !>tupid.
1nnovat1on. Although there have been accusations of 3 The peace process 1s progressing.
dumb1ng down (see above / below), 1ts programmes are 4 lt was a fascinating documentary that passionalely
often seen as provocative and as creating publ1c debate. lt argued its case.
has expanded 1ts brand on cable TV with Film4 (Channel 5 The newly appointed head of the channel has never
4 funded films such as Four Weddmgs anda Funeral), worked in the commercial sector.
E4 (an enterta1nment channel), and More4 (targeting a
s11ghlly older, more serious audience).
WRITI NG PRACTICE
OUTPUT Channel 4 has píoneered a number of formats
in the UK that have 8deliberately I subsequently become You are going to write a simihu contribution to a
mainstream. tt was one of he flrsl broadcaslers to launch wiki guide to the one in Writing.
reality TV shows such as Big Brother. lt has also been
connected with groundbreaking drama and been both A Choose one of the following topics:
pra1sed and cril1cised far challenging certain taboos. lt a TV channel
introduced stranded seasons of programmes, including a magazine
films, documentaries and even comedy shows on tapies • a newspaper
of social and political concern such as ageing, the war a business
on terror. and gay rights. lts hour-long news programme
has also been singled out for 1ts in-depth and unbiased B Write your contribution in 250-3501words. Organ.ise
coverage. lt shows lillle sport apart from horse racing. the entry under th.ree or four headings such
as overview, history, brand, output, ownership,
In recent years sorne people have vc.iced concerns that controversies, awards, stars,future.
the channel overuses American shows. albeít award
winners such as Desperte Housew1v10Js and Ugly Betty. C Read each other's contrlbutions to 1:he guides.
There has also been cnt1cism of an excess of low-brow Suggest changes in terms of conten.t and style. Give
reahly-show formats and programmes that focus on each other an overall mark out of 10 for each.
mtddle-of-the-road 1nterests such as buying property and
cookery. This dumbing down is in contras! to prev1ous
accusat1ons that it made deliberate ly I deliberate
attempts to provoke controversy, far example by showing a
season of 'ºpreviously / previous banned films.

WRITING 1 33
SPEAKING
Work in groups. Disruss these ques1tions.
Do you enjoy go1ng to museums? Why? I
WhynoP
Wh1ch museums do you have in yc1ur town
/ city? Which would you recommend? Why?
Wh1ch social funct1ons do you thil'] k
museums serve?
Wh1ch ethical issues connected to
museums may sometí mes arise? C.ive
examples.
What's the strangest museum you've ever
heard of I been to?
• Which ofthe unusual museums below
would you like to visit? Why?
.............................•...•....•••.••••••..
The Currywurst Museum, Berlin
This uniquely interactive museum is
dedicated to the much-loved national
sa usage and allows you to see, hear,
sm ell and t ake part in the currywim t
experiencel
Parasite Museum, Tokyo
This m useum boasts over 300 different
kinds of paras1te, with the h1gh light
being a 30-foot worm pulled out of an
unsuspecting woman's st omach!
Museum of Funeral Carriages, Baricelona
Located in t he strangely si lent basement
ofthe city's Municipal Funeral Services,
the museum is home to many orn ate
carriages, sorne of which
date back to the 18th century.
París Sewer Museum
Bored with the Louvre? Already seen the
Eiffel Tower) Why not take a walking tour
ofthe network oftunnels underneath the:
city? Not for those with sensitive nosesl
.••..•..•.....•...•....•..•••.••.•••..•.••.••••
134 OUTCOMES
WRITING
You are going to read a web page giving :inforrnation about a
famous museum of art and design in London.
A Before you read, write five questions you woulld expect the
web page to answer.
B Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in the
box.
l enter
fe ature
follow
fou nd
house
situate
walk
1
.. .... a permanent collection of over four aind a half million
objects, the Victoria and Alber t Museum is the world's largest
museum of decorat1ve arts and des1gn ....... 1n 1852, the
museum now cons1sts of 145 d1fferent galleries. and features.
among other things, pottery, glass, textiles, costumes, silver and
1ronwork, Jewellery, sculpture and photographs. lt is particularly
celebrat ed for its East Asian and lslamic collections.
..... within walking d1stance of both undmground and bus
stops. the museum is easily accessi ble and lies at the heart of
London's museum district, with the Science and Natural History
museums both nearby. The nearest tu be station 1s South
Kensington. which is on the Piccadilly. Circle and District Lines.
' ...... in a simila r vein to other national UK museums, entrance
to the museum has been free since 2001. Opening hours are
1 Oam to 5.45pm daily, with a late opening on Fridays, when
t he doors do not close until 1Opm. The building does not open
between Christmas Eve and Boxing Day.
The ma1n entrance is on Crom well Road and on ...... v1s1tors
will find cloakrooms and the ma1n museum shop. wh1ch offers a
huge range of books. stat1onery and gifts. ' ...... straight on, you
come to the delightful John Madejski Garden. and eventually
to the café. which provides hot dishes. salads. sandwiches.
pastries and cakes, as well as hot and cold drinks, wrne and
beer.
In add1tion to the permanent collection. there are frequent
temporary exh1bitions. Currently running is Grace Kelly: Style
!con. the hollywood star's spectacular wardrobe Entrance
lor the exhib1tion is f.6 or l4 lor concession:s.
C How many of your questions were answered?
 GRAMMAR
Participle clauses with adverbial meaning
In more formal writing, we often ~ -lng forms or
past partldples In clauses that fu Ion as adverbs.
-lng forms gtve an adive meanlng past partldples
glve a passlve.
Sometlmes these dauses talk a
results.
S1tuated w thm walkmg d1stance oj both underground
ond bus stops. the museum s eas ~f access1ble
- because it s situated near unde g round and bus
stops)
Sometlmes the dauses talle about condltlons.
Wa le ng tra ght on you come to t e de 1ghtful John
MadeJsk1 Garden ( 1f you wa lk st 1ght on)
We can also use these dauses to
Enterlng the museum, I was struck
was (• as I when 1entered the m
Note tMt we always use • comm
da uses.
A Rewrite the sentences in a more formal manner,
using active or passive participle c:lauses.
1 As we wall 1.:d ir1to the museum, we were greeted by
a vast dinosaur skeleton 1n the entrance lialll
2 During our walk round the museum, 1started to
rcalise just how amazing ancient Persia must've
been
3 The Elgin Marbles were removed from Greece at the
start of the 19th century and have been controversia!
ever since.
4 lf they were redecorated, the gall1~ries would surely
attract many more people.
5 Beca use we d1dn't have long before closing time, we
decided to just look round the Egyptian room .
6 Beca use l'm a regular visitor to the city, l'm quite
familiar w 1th all the museums there.
7 As it's about ten miles outside oftown. the museum
is quite difficu!t to get to.
8 A new law was introduced about ten years ago and
the result was that all entrance fees were scrapped.
9 lfyou visit the museum during the morning, it's
much less crowded.
10 The guide JUSt pretended not to hear her questions
and carried on with t he tour!
KEY WORDS FOR WRITING
among and within
Among shows somethlng Is lnclu
or llst or Is sltuated In the mlddle
Wlthln shows somethlng Is lnslde • lace, llmlt or
range, or Is sltuated close enough t walk, see etc.
A Match the sentence starters to the ¡:1airs of possible
endings below.
1 The hoste! is situated among
2 Smoking 1s not permitted w 1thin
3 The museum is among
4 The new wing ofthe museum is wlthin
5 Visitors are free t o handle the artwork w1thin
6 The museum runs competitions arnong
7 The campsite lies within
a schools I other ways of boosting p.articípat1on
b one month of completion I sight of the river
c the grounds / 100 melres of the h()sp1tal.
d the pin e trees I severa! skyscrapers. that domínate it
e ea rshot of a motorway I easy rea ch of the centre.
f reason I the rules set down.
g severa! that open at night I the la rgest in the world.
B Complete these sentences in ways that are true for
you. Then compare your sentences with a partner.
1 11 ve w1thin ...
2 Somet1me w1thin the next few yea rs, ...
3 Among the things 1like about living here is ...
4 ... is among the best ...
WRITING PRACTICE
You are going to WTite a page of information about
a museum - or other cultural amenity- that you
know.
J\ Find out and malee notes about the following.
its history
what's special about the place
its size and contents
its location and how to get there
openíng times and entrance fee
any noteworthy facilities
any special exhibitíons I current events
íl Write 250-300 words about the pla1ce you chose.
WRITING 135
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
01 CITIES
PERFECT TENSES
Perfect forrns
Pe1 fect form~ are formed using have + past participle.
There are past, present and future fonns. Use perfect
tenses to look back and describe finished actions or
continuing states. With finishcd actions, we often don't
know exactly when they happened.
Tenses
Compare the simple fonns to the perfect tenses.
They invest a lot of money in the area. (generally)
They hove invested a lot in the area. (from the past to now)
I hove a car. (now)
/'ve hada car for six years {from six years agoto now)
He went when 1 arrived. {He went the same time 1 arrived)
He had gone when 1 arnved. (He left before 1 arrived)
He said he was a teacher. (When we spoke, he st ill taught)
He said he'd been a teacher for six years. (before then)
He said he'd been a teacher. (He no longer taught then)
!'//do it on Friday. (start and finish on Friday)
/'//hove done it by Wednesday. (finish before Wednesday)
Use the past simple to tallr about hypothetical
situations now, and the past perfect to look back.
1wish I knew one. (1 want to know - now - but 1don't)
1w1sh I hodn't done it. (1 did it before. but 1regret 1t)
Otherforms
We may omve late. (future)
We may hove orrived too late. (We arrived before now)
He seems to lose things all the time. (generally)
1 seem to hove lost my wallet. {before now)
Being here, 1 don't recommend it {l'm here now)
Hoving been there. 1don't recommend ít . (before. not now)
Time phrases and other patterns
Some patte1m: and :idve1bials often go with perfect
tenses.
Present perfect
lt's the first I second time l've done it.
lt's the best thing l've ever seen.
lt's changed a lot in I over the post ! lost few years, etc.
Once I After I As soon as l've finished, 1'11 call.
1 haven't seen him yet. l've a/reody done it.
Don't use past time phrases (e.g. ages ago, last year,
when I was younger) with the present perfect.
Past perfect
By the time he got there, l'd left.
Once I ojter I as soon as l'd said it. 1 regretted it.
Over the prevíous six years. things had improved.
Future perfect
/'//hove left by Friday / 2020 I etc.
1'11 have finished before the weekend / l'm 60 / etc. •
136 OUTCOMES
Exercisel
Use the verbs in bold to complete each pair of sentences
- one sentence with a perfect form, one not.
1 call
a lf 1 .......................... by six, it mea ns l'm not commg.
b As a rule, 1 ........................... anyone after ni ne at night.
2 be done up
a lt ........................... a few years ago, but the plaster's
already crumbling
b lt used to be very run down, but ........................... .
3 be struck
a lt was the second time the city .................... ..... by an
earthquake.
b Our house ........................... by light ning last year.
4 curb
a The government is introducing radical measures
........................... congest1on and pollut1on.
b The economic downturn doesn't appear ··-········...............
investment yet.
5 change
a 1 doubt anything ..... .. .................. by this time next year.
b 1thin k things ........................... with the new
government
6 see
a ...... ................... what smoking did to my grandfather. l'd
never take it up.
b 1'11have a d rink too, ........................... as you're having
one
7 pump
a 1 wouldn't sw1m there. They ........................... sewage
into the seal
b They ........................... huge amounts of money into
regeneratíng the area and it's beginning to pay
dividends.
8 be
a 1wish he ........................... here now.
b lt sounds like you had a great time. ! w ish 1
........................... there.
Exercise 2
Find the five sentences with mista.lees and correct them.
1 1 bet you he won't of finished by the time we get back.
2 l've been amazed at how sprawling the city is.
3 In the past year. the country's emerging from the
economic downturn.
4 1 think they may have won, if they play well tonight.
5 He wasn't against the idea, he just wanted to play
devil's advocate.
6 Considering it's only the second time you play this
game. you're doing very wel l.
7 lt was d1sappointing to see t hings so run down,
investing ali that money before.
8 Once the rumour had started, it spread like wildfire.

02 CULTURE ANO IDENTITV
EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
To emphasise a feeling or opinion, we often use
these structures:
1
that ...
What
The thing that
verb
phrase be
the fad that ...
the amount of .. .
One thing that the numberof .. .
the way that ...
ele.
In the sentences below, the information we want to
focus special attention on is in italics.
What bugs me is that the expense is unnecessary.
What bothers me is the fact that he's not eleded.
One thing that worries me 1s the amount of money
wasted.
The thing that really concerns me ís the lack ofjobs.
What has surprised me is the number of applications.
The thing that most annoys me is the way he talks to
people.
Sentences starting with What can also be followed
by verb clauses. This ernphasises the action
perforrned by sorneone.
What happened was I decíded to research my roots.
What we did was we booked our tickets wel/ in advance.
What they did next was write to the government diredly.
(OR What they did was they wrote to ... )
What they should do is increase the basic rote of tax.
(OR What they should do is they should increase ...)
To show we don't share someone's opinion - or
to correct wrong information - we can use this
structure:
lt wasn't me that said that. /t was Brian!
OR
lt was Brian who / that said that - not me!
The information we want to focus on comes after the
verb be and is followed by a clause, usually starting
with that. This structwe is also known as a cleft
sente.nce.
.: .Glossary
.. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• bugs: if something bugs you it annoys you
• sheer: we use sheer before lots of nouns to
emphasise the amount or degree of something
capital punishment: the state kill ing people because •
' of crímes they have committed
• a caution: a warn ing from the poi ice
: tone: the tone of a speech or piece of writing is the
• general attitude 1t shows
• divisive: if something is divisive. it 's likely to cause
• arguments between people
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences with the pa.irs of words in
the box.
frustrates + lack concerns + number
disturbs + stance
amazes + amount
upset + seeing
angers + not
1
1
drives + way worries + level J
1 What ........................... me is the sheer ........................... of
wealth t hose at the top of society possess.
2 What .......................... most people is the ...........................
of invest ment in basíc health ca re and educatíon.
3 What ........................... me the most whi le 1was there
was ........................... ali the kids sleeping on the streets.
4 What ........................... me ís the government's
........................... on law and order - and their emphasis
on capital punishment.
5 What ........................... me crazy 1s the ........................... ín
which the police often let first-time offenders off
with just a caution.
6 What ........................... me - and lots of other company
directors - is the sheer .............. ... ... of kids leaving
school una ble toread and write properly.
7 What ........................... me most is the alarming
........................... of ignorance that most people display
about the whole issue.
8 What .......................... me most is ........................... their
polícies. lt's more just their general tone.
Exercise 2
Rewrite the sentences so they start with What and a
verb to ernphasise how you feel.
1 The city is very cosmopolitan, which surprised me.
What ...................................................... .
2 He can be very nationalisticl lt's very disturbing.
What ...................................................... .
3 The growing wealth gap is a concern.
What ................ .. ............................ ..
4 The whole society is ageing atan alarming rate.
That's the really scary thing.
What ..................................................... .
5 People assume that 1must love football just beca use
l'm Braziltan. I get really angry about ít.
What ..................................................... .
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences with one word in each gap.
1 .......................... isn't the traffic that bothers me. lt's the
heatl
2 lt's not the cold that's making you ill. lt's ...........................
you 've been working too hard!
3 lt's Michael you need to ta lk to about this -
........................... me.
4 lt's not the openly racist people .......................... scare
me, to be honest. lt's the polite, middle-class onesl
5 lt's the ........................... that people stereotype me ali
the time that really annoys me.
GRAMMAJI REFERENCE 137
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE
03 RELATIONSH 1PS
WOULD
Would 1, ..... s several different uses.
1 To make statements sound more tentative
l'd cal/ita bit of an overreaction, personally.
l'd have to say no to that offer. lhough ít's very kind of
you.
J'd expect them to arrive sometime around five.
I wouldn't say it's a great film or anything.
We can make the last sentence above sound even
more tentative like this:
I wouldn't have said it wos a great film or anything_
2 To make polite requests and offers and to ask for
permission
Would you mínd possing me that book?
Would you careto try our house speciality?
Would you mind if / /eft early today?
Notice the verb pattems we use with these
strudures.
3 To talk about actions that happened regularly in the
past
We used to go to Wales every summer. We'd stay with
my uncle and aunt and we'd go swimming in the sea
every day. lt was great!
4 To talk about imaginary or hypothetical situations
in the past 01 pi:esent
I would've gone crozy if that had happened to me.
lt's lucky you weren't there. You wouldn't have enjoyed it.
I wouldn't hove done that if l'd known she was going to
get upset.
I wou/d help you if 1 was free, but l've got a lot on today.
I wouldn't be where 1 am today if it hadn't been for her.
5 To report speech I thoughts I ideas
I knew that would happen.
Jthought they'd probably end up getting married.
I didn't know he'd stort crying. did I]
He promised he'd pay me bock, but he hasn't done yet!
1 think we both reolised we would hove to compromise.
6 Use wouldn'tto talk about the refusal of people or
things to do what we wanted them to do in the past.
1 begged her to stop crying. but she wouldn't.
The window just wouldn't open.
7 Use I wish you I he I she would(n't) + verb to
complain about annoying things people regularly do
- or don't do.
1 wishhe'd just cal/ me when he's going to be late.
1 wishyou wouldn't saythings like that!
138 OUTCOMES
Exercise 1
ReWiite the sentences below in a less direct way,
using would and the words in brackets.
1 l'm completely with you on that. (agree)
2 1think it was your own fault. to be honest. (say)
3 They'll probably buy a new one. (imagine)
4 lt should arrive sometime next week. (expect)
5 Surely he was just trying to lighten the mood.
(thought)
6 lt can't be done! (not I thought)
Exercise 2
Find the five mistakes and corred them.
1 1 hadn't realised 1 wou ld have to work this much
overtime.
2 1 would have really long ha ir when 1 was a teenager.
3 Would you ca re to elaborate on that?
4 1 wish my nose wouldn't be so big!
5 Would you mind me to sit here?
6 1wouldn't be here if 1wouldn't have had the surgery.
7 1wouldn't have said it was a big problem.
8 1tried to talk h1m out of it, but he wouldn't listen.
9 lt doesn't surprise me. 1 knew he'll say that! He's so
predictable!
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences with the corred forros of the
vei:bs in the box.
add be bother explain get
1 rea et take think
1 My dad would always ......................... really annoyed if
we walked in front of him when we were kids.
2 Your grandfather would've ........................... so proud of
you!
3 Would you mind if 1........................... a link to your site
on my web page?
4 1 wouldn't ·····-----···-·---·-· .. ··-- seeing it if 1 were you . lt's
rubbishl
5 1 wouldn't have ........................... he'd mind 1f you
borrowed it.
6 1 honestly didn't know that he would ·········-·················as
badly as he didl lt was only meant to be a joke_
7 Would you mind just .......................... a quick look at my
essay?
8 Would you care ........................... what you meanl by
that last comment?
: Glossary
• overtime: ifyou work overt ime, yo u work extra
• hours. You usually get overtime - extra money -
• for t his
elaborate: if you elaborate, you give more
information or details about something
• talk him out of it: to persuad e him not to do
something stupid or dangerous
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE

04 POLITICS
CONDmONAlS Exercise 1
o 1 i • 1. .1ve two parts I clauses. The if· ri,
L 1d•_ "hich option is not possible.

dausc may rcfer to real I generally true situations 1 lfthe pa rl iamentary vote goes against the
and actions (present or past simple /continuous) that government next week. it could trigger / it'll trigger I
happen(ed). it triggered an election.
2 The government should've done more for the mlddle
Jf-clauses may also refer to a planned or possible future classes. íf they want I wanted I wou/d've wanted to
situation (present tenses), oran imagined / impossible win t he election.
present, future or past event (past and past perfect 3 lf anyone complains, tell// wouldn't tell 11 told the
tenses). boss.
4 lf l'd hea rd something, /'d told 11 would tell 11
The second part of the sentence may show the normal wou/d've told you.
(real) consequence (present, past tense)¡ a certaln
opinion about the consequence (will l going to, bound Exercise 2
to, would); oran uncertain opinion (may, might, Curn µlete wnh ONE word in each gap. (contractions
c:ould, etc.). =oneword)
1 lf it all goes wrong. _................... _ ..say 1didn't warn
The second part of the sentence may also be an order you
(don't), advice (should, would), suggestion (could / how 2 lf they clamp down on petty crime. it's .............. ............
about ..•?,etc.), possibllity (can), prornise (will), etc. to have a knock-on effect on more serious crimes.
3 lf you go there. 1........................... lake someone w1th
Rememberthe peñect infinitive (would have done) you. lt's a rough area.
refers to before now ora point in time in the future I 4 Maybe t hey ........................... take a harder stance, if the
past. softcr approach is failing.
5 People here wou ld ...... ......... put up with a law
Study the table. Find examples for the explanations li ke that -there'd be a riot.
above. 6 People compla in about servíccs, but there's always
an outcry if the government ... ............... . putting up
Generally true taxes.
lf they're l;te 1don't let them in the class. 7 lf they ........................... what thcy were do1ng, l'd have
l 1f they're late don't let them in. more faith, but they obviously ........................
¡s you're go1ng to be late you should phone. 8 You're very calm. l'd ·······- _ ............ furious if that
........................... happened to me.
Possible future
I we can have a coffee there Exercise 3
~ go1ng to~e late ' 1'11 call you. J.:.- w i t •· 1 - with an if-clause and the word in bold.
lfl'm late please don't wait 1 We won't achieve anylhing w1lhoul support.
lf you're late again ! you're going to get the sack. we
lf they cut the budget , there are bound to be job cuts ...................................................... we won't achieve
lf you have time l'd go to the museum.
anything.
2 l'm ru nning late, otherw1se l'd stop and ta lk.
lf 1 get there early 1míght do sorne shopp1ng
hurry
Unrcal general truth I possible future
....................................................., l'd stop and la lk.
_lf they rabed !ª~- - --+-t_h_er_e_'d_b_e_a_r•_o_t._ _ __ --c 3 They wou ld've won by a landslide w1th a better
lf 1could 1 l'd qult my job tomorrow leader.
lf she wasn't so busy she could help. changed
lf people were kinder it would never have happened They would've won by a landslide
+-- --
1· 'ie Wdsn't womed 1wouldn't be talking to you
4 l'd vote for them, but 1don't like their stance on
education.
different
l'd vote for them ....... .............- ................- . ........
ed ucation.
11 l'd told the :ruth he wouldn't have been sacked. 5 He might still be president. but for his 1mplication in
lf he'd told the truth the press wouldn't ca re.
that scandal.
mixed
Jf the economy hadn't been they might've won.
He might stil l be president.........
doing so badly

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 139

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
05 NIGHT IN, NIGHT OUT
NOUN PHRASES
Re;\d below how tlu ~ basic sentence can be expanded by
adding info1 ma t ion to malee no un phrases.
John Moffit stars in 'l he Dying'.
Names and categories
We often eicplain what a name is. No linker or relative
clause is needed.
John Moffit, the actor, stars in the movie 'The Dying'.
Adjectives
Compound adjectives have hyphens between the two
parls. Compound adjectives with number +no un are
notplural.
John Moffit, the award-winning actor, stars in the adion -
packed mov1e'The Dy1ng'.
John Moffit. the 37-yeor-old, award-winning actor, stars in
the three hour. action packed movie 'The Dying'.
John Moffit stars in the three-hour, action-packed mov1e
'The Dying'. now avoiloble on DVD.
Compound nouns
Nouns can define olher nouns.
John Moffit. the 37-year-old. award-winning chorader actor.
stars in the three-hour, action-packed rood movie 'The
Dying'.
Relative clauses
If relative clauses add extra information that doesn't
define the noun, put commas round the clause.
John Moffit, the 37-year-old, award winning character
actor. who plays in his first lead role, stars in the act1on-
packed road movie 'The Dying'. which is based on the book.
Participle clauses
We often shorten relative clauses by using participles.
-ed fonns replace passives and -ing fonns replace active
forms.
John Moffit, the 37-year-old, award-winning character
actor. playing in his first lead role, stars in the three-hour.
action-packed road movie 'The Dying'. based on the book.
Prepositional phrases
Many r.ouns cél.11 bt: fo!1owed by ptepositional phrases.
It's also another way to reduce relative clauses.
John Moffit. the 37-year-old, award-winning character
actorfrom Canada, in his first lead role, stars in the three-
hour, action-packed road mov1e The Dying' based on the
book by Tom Daley.
Noun phrases beginning with a participle or
preposition may also precede the main dause.
Following his success on the stage in the musical 'StreetCar;
John Moffit, the 37-year-old award-winning character
actor from Ca nada, playing in his first lead role, stars in the
three-hour. action -packed road movie 'The Dying', based on
the book byTom Daley.
140 OUTCOMES
Exercise 1
Unde1line the most basic subject, verb and object in 1-3.
1 The Oscar-winning director Joel Riley, whose latest
documentary Stck Lije is currently on release. gives a
talk at the Barbican tonight, explaining his take on the
current state of the film industry in the UK.
2 From the f1rst tentative 'drawings of shadows' produced
in the mid 1830s to its universal acceptance as a leisure
pursuit, photography was swept a long by a tide of
entrepreneurial act1vity throughout the 19th century.
3 The pa rents of two trou bled teenagers who were ca ught
at the scene of a robbery in Georgetown. supposedly
after listening to subliminal messages in the music of
their favourite band Death House, are seeking an as-yet
unspecified amount of damages in compensation from
the thrash metal group concerned and their record label.
Exercise 2
Shorten all the relative clauses as much as possible. You
may need to use an -ing participle.
1 Visit the awe-inspiring cathedral which was designed by
the architect Antonio Gaudi.
2 1 read a fascinating art1cle 1n the paper by the novel1st
whose na me is Anne Tyler
3 The exhibitions which are held in the centre are
accompanied by workshops which are suitable for ali
a ges.
4 There is a wealth of exhibits which are on show, whích
date back thousand of years.
5 The number of people who go to the cinema is far
fewer than the number that currently attend theatre
performances.
Exercise 3
Rew.rite 1 ,4 using no un phi a ,;es.
1 The course lasts six weeks and teaches a number of
guidelines. lf you follow them, you will be a ble to 1ose
weight quickly and effectively.
.. ............................................... provides guidelines for
2 When they want to dispose of nuclear waste, the matter
often causes controversy.
The ...................................................... is a
3 They want to abolish car tax, but a lot of people are
opposed to t he idea.
There's .................................................... to the
4 The statue was erected to celebrate the fact he had
been born a hundred years earlier.
The ...................................................... celebrated the

06CONFLICT
IWISH
We use I wish to talle about hypothe1tical situations -
things we want, but which are impassible.
To talk about things in the present that we would
like to be different, use wish + the past simple or
could.
I wish we were closer as a family. (but we're not)
I wish I could help you. (but 1can't)
I wish I didn't hove this exam tomorrow. (but 1do)
I wish you were a bit more thoughtful. (but you're not)
To talk about how we would like th1! past to be
different, use wish + the past perfecit or could've +
past participle.
I wish I hadn't asked you now. (but 1did)
I wish l'd never met him, I really do! (bLlt we did meet)
I wish l'd chosen my words a bit more c:arefully. (but 1
didn't)
I wish I could've helped in sorne way. (but it was
impossible)
To show how you want other people~ to behave
differently, use wish + would I woul.:ln't.
I wish you wou/dn't always shout when you get angry.
I wish my boss wouldn't keep calfíng me on my days off.
I wish myjlatmates would stop stealing my foodl
I wish you'd learn to control that temper of yoursl
lfonly
We also use l/ only to talle about things we want to be
different. It means the same as 1 wi!lh and works in
the same way.
Use If only + past tenses to talle about things we
would like to be different now. Loo)!: at these
pattems.
tf only we spent more time together. Then we might get
on better.
lf onlyyou weren't so bad with money. Then 1wouldn't
need to chase you up all the time!
Use lf only + past perfed to talk about how we would
like the past to be different.
lf only l'd known. 1would've come over and helped you
1feel awful! lf only I hadn't had that second slice of
cake!
Use If only + would I wouldn't + verl3 to talle about
how we want other people to behav-e differently.
lf onlyyou'd actually try and talk Inste ad of sulking al!
the time! Then we might actually be able to sort things
out.
lf onlyyou wouldn't always turn everything into such
a big deal! lt drives me mad the way you exaggerate
things!
l\l:FERl:NC~
Exerdsel
Complete the sentences with the corred forms of the
verbs in brackets.
1 1wish1 ........................... say it was good, but lt really
wasn't. (can)
2 l'm enjoying my new job, but 1wish 1-·····-·--·········-·so
busy all the time! (be)
3 1wish 1........................... never -......................... it to her!
She's told half the offlce about it now! (ment1on)
4 1wish you -························· and listen to yourself
sometimes. (stop)
5 1wish 1························-· something to her, to be honest. I
regret letting the chance pass me by. (say)
6 1wish 1........................... come with you. but at least you
had a good time. (can)
7 My mum's so passive! 1wish she .....·--·······-·-....
actually ........................... angry about things and lost
her temper more! (get)
8 1wish you ........................... thatl lt's rea lly annoyingl (do)
9 1w1sh 1........................... a bit more bothiered, but 1
honestly couldn't ca re less! (be)
Exerclse2
Rewrlte the sentences using I/only.
1 1just can't stop smoking.
lfonly ...................................................... .
2 1can't believe 1didn't give him my mobile numberl
lfonly ...................................................... .
3 He keeps taking things from my room without
asking.
lfonly ...................................................... .
4 You're so selfishl
lfonly ...................................................... .
5 You never listen to me when l'm tryi ng to talk to you .
lfonly ...................................................... .
6 1stupidly forgot to lock the front door when 1left.
lf only ...........................·-···················-··· .
Exen:lse 3
Complete the sentences by adding th.e corred
auxiliary verbs (do, did, had, etc.).
1 A: Didn't you sort this out at the meeting last week?
B: Sadly not, no. 1wish we ..........................., but we
didn't get round to it.
2 A: Are you coming to the sales meeting next week?
B: 1wish 1·······-··················· but 1can't, unfortunately.
3 A: Did you go to that new Lebanese place in the end?
B: Yes, but 1wish we ............................ The food was
dreadful.
4 A: Are you good with money?
B: lf only 1...........................l l'm hopeless - always In
debt!
5 A: You know l'm leaving tomorrow, don't you?
B: 1do. And 1wish you ............................. 1'11 miss you .
07 SCIENCE ANO TECHNOLOGV
PASSIVES
Passivc structures use a fonn ofthe verb be+ a past
pa.rtíciple. We use thern when the subject of the verb
is not the doer or cause of the action. This is because
the doer is eithe1 unimportant or is unlrnown.
The genes are then cloned and implanted into the
mother.
The DNA has been extraeted from locks of ha ir.
The penguins were g1ven an egg to look after.
They had previously been seen mimickmg others.
lfthe process could be repeated in humans. it cou ld save
lives.
The perfume will be sold at around $100 a boltle.
They want the research to befunded by government.
Rather than being used for good, it could be abused.
Sometirnes get is used instead of be, although this is
unusual in scientific wrlting.
Thousands gel killed every year in avoidable accidents.
Pa.rticiple clauses
Participle clauses are passive or active.
The study tnat nas condueted last year was flawed.
The numbers of people tnet O••n awning dogs have
fa llen.
Reporting
In academic writing I joumalisrn, we often use
reporting verbs in the passive form where the source
is unirnportant. Note the pattems that follow.
The chemical is thought to be carcinogenic
The disease is be/1eved to have a genetic component.
The government is saíd to be considering an enquiry.
Jt is argued that the research could provide a
breakthrough.
lt is hoped the research will result in new treatments.
Other passive structures
We sornetirnes use have I get something done. The
subject of these sentences is the 'owner' of the thing
that receives an action. Again, get is not usually used
with scientific language or reports.
The fish hove cancerous ce/Is inserted in their bodies.
My uncle hada kidney removed.
1 got my legs waxed the other day.
1got my jacket caught in the closing door.
Need + -ing is a passive (= need I have to be done).
The phenomenon needs investigating further.
My house desperately needs repainting.
We often use you or they in speech to avoid passives.
You can buytickets online. (Tickets can be bought
onl1ne.)
They've demolished the pub. (The pub's been
demolished.)
142 OUTCOMES
Exercise 1
Rewrite the sentences wlth a passive construction.
1 They've achieved a breakthrough in nanotechnology.
A breakthrough in nanotechnology ........................... .
2 They gave mean inJection before they stitched it up.
1 ..••..••.•••••...•••••••••• they stitched it up.
3 Scientists belteve this technique is the way fo rward.
This technique . ................. the way forward
4 The dentist took one of my wisdom teeth out.
1 .....•..•.••.......••..••.• out.
5 The government should fund our research.
Our research needs .......................... government
6 lt's important thorough research underpins policy.
Policy should always ..................... thorough research.
7 In the end. he got employment as a researcher with
the FBI.
He ended up ........................... the FBI as a researcher.
8 Sorne believe a mineral deficiency causes the disorder
The disorder ........................... deficiency.
Exercise 2
Complete with a passive or active forrn.
1 The research, wh1ch 1s duelo be completed somelime
next year......................... by Tokyo University. (carry out)
2 The government says that since the outbreak started,
those ........................... have received ful l treatment, wh1le
all those in vunerable groups .......................... . (affect.
vaccinate)
3 Scient1sts ........................... the research are confídent it will
lead to clean renewable energy that can ... ·······- ....... at
a competitive price. (undertake. produce)
4 The results can't ........................... by anything other than
the people ...................... radiation in the area for a
number of years. (cause, expose)
5 After ........................... from the organ, the sample t1ssue
...... .............. ... for the disease and the results carne out
negative. (extract, test)
6 While the failure of the initial probe ........................... the
exploration of Mars, it .......................... that the lessons
learnt will ........................... other problems further down
the line. (set back, hope. prevent)
: Glossary
• carcinogenic: carcinogenic things can cause cancer
• deficiency: if you have a deficiency, you don't have
• enough
• probe: a machi ne or tool used to examine something
tissue: a collection of cells
• outbreak: if there's an outbreak, a disease suddenly
: becomes widespread
: set back: if something is set back, 1t's delayed or
post poned

08 NATUl~E
AUX111ARIES
Tags
We use auxilia:ries to malee question tags. We add
question tags t :> staternents to get responses, to check
things and to niake polite requests. For positive
sentences, use :negative tags:
lt's very industrial there, isn't 1t?
With negative i;taternents, use a positive tag:
The hike won't be too stren uous, wi// it?
Positive tags are comrnonly used to rnake polite requests:
You couldn't lend me your phone for a minute, could you?
To express surprlse or anger, we can use a positive tag
with a positive sentence.
You can speak Tha1,canyou? Howd1dyou learn that?
Oh.you"ve gota son. haveyou? Why didn't 1 know that?
You want to borrow sorne money,do you? You haven't paid
me back from l<:1st time yet!
Avoid.ing repetition
Auxilian es he1p us to avoid repeating verbs already used.
l've never read i't, but 1 think my sister has.
We sometirnes need to change tense, but we still only use
the auxiliary if it avoids repeating the same verb.
A: l'm not comí ng tomorrow.
B: Aren't you? 1thought you were.
A- Yeah. 1 thought 1 might, but l've got to work
Emphasising
Auxilil.ries car1 add emphasis. In speech, we usually
stress the auxiliary. H there's no auxiliary, add do, does
ordid.
1 HAVE been thE·re. I JUst ca n't remember much about it.
1 DO love the scenery here!
We use auxiliarles like this to introduce contrasting
ideas.
100 hke the landscape. lt's j ust that it's a bit barren.
Showing interc!st I respond.ing
Use auxi li.u1es to rPspond to people and to show interest.
A: 1spent a month in Mongolia.
B: Oid you? 1bet that was interesting.
A: 1 speak pretty good Arabic.
B: Do you? Where d1d you p1ck that up?
Showing agree!ment
Use a.wciliarie!; to show agreernent with someonc.
A: 1 can't stand those kinds of books.
B: No, neither can l.
A: t'd love to see a bit more of the ra i nforest there.
B: Oh, so would l.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Exercise 1
Writoo roo.;11 onses that contradict the staternents in
1-5.
1 A: You never t::ild me you 'd been to Venezuela .
B: - .......................... . You must have forgotten
2 A: lt looks a bit like a chicken.
B: ....................... ...... lt looks more like a swan or
something.
3 A: There's no way we'll get there on time.
8: ........... .. ... .... - if you JUSt start driv1ng a bit faster!
4 A: lt never rea lly gets that cold there.
8: ............................ lt actually snowed the year before
last.
5 A: 1don't thin k it's an endangered species.
8: ............................ . 1read there were only 400 left in
thewild .
Exercise 2
'ewnte the sen•t ences below, adding an awciliary in
the corred place~ to emphasise the opinions.
1 That fish look:; weirdl
2 Don't get me wrong. l liked the rnuntry. I JUSt found it
a bit arid .
3 My son rea lly enjoys going to the zoo.
4 The fema le of the spec1es partic1pates In the raising
of t he young, but it's predominantly a male JOb.
5 Tigers used to be quite common in the a rea . but
t hey've been hunted to the verge of extinction.
6 He interrupts a bit , but his wife 1s worse!
Exercise 3
A el el t !ir correct auxiliarles. You will need to use
negatives.
1 l'm not keen on zoos, but my kids ........................... .
2 1-·-·····-·-..·· .. _._ hope you enJOY your time here.
3 1........................... warn you it might bite!
4 That fish really .........- ................ look very strange
indeed!
5 He's always butting in! 1real ly w ish he .......................... .
6 The car should be OK on the dirt roads............................
it?
7 We spent a fortnight there. but 1wish we
............................ 1 hated the place. I really ........................... !
8 My car's at th·= garage at the moment. lf it
···-· .. ................. l'd come and get you from the a1rport.
but 1............................ rm afraid.
9 A: 1th1nk we'll probably book 1n advance.
B: You •. _...... . ·-·-·-·. lt gets very busy at this lime of
ye ar.
10 A: Have you fed the dog?
B: No, I ····- ........ ........... but 1.................. ....... in a minute.
OK?
11 A: Make sure you drive safely on the roads up there.
B: Don't woro:y. I ····---
12 A: 1 thought you were going to Poland th1s summer?
B: 1 ............................ and 1 stdl ........................... lt's just ali
a bit up in the air at the moment.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE 143
 EFERENCE
09WORK
CONTINUOUS FORMS
-:011t1 1l 11 t ·r 11• to:¡11edusingbe+ -in9.Whenweuse
continuous fom1s to talle about the present and past, they
show somethin¡c is unfinished and I or tempor.uy (not
generally true o:r complete). They may also emphasise the
activity rather than the finished result. Compare the pairs
of scntenc:es using simple and continuous forros below.
Take no not1ce. H1~'s bemg sil/y. (only now I temporary)
1 don't like him. Hes stupid (his general quality)
The cars being repaired. (unfinished)
The car5 been repaired. (complete)
The economy's improving. (at the moment I temporary)
The economy improves. (always!)
call back later. l'm working. (now / unfirnshed, temporary)
1work for the government (generally true I not temporary)
1was skiing wheni 1broke it. (the skiing trip was unfinished)
l skied when 1 broke my leg. (1 broke my leg - then skiedl)
l've been writing !;orne emails. (activ1ty / maybe unfinished)
l've written sorne emails. (complete I finished)
l'd been seemg him for ages befare he asked. (unfinished)
l'd seen the film before (complete)
He must be waiting outside. (1 imagine now I unfinished)
He must wait outside. (general obligation)
Duration
Yuu e 111 t se continuous or simple forros to showhow
long something happened with little orno difierence in
meaning. With 'the present perfect and past perfect, the
continuous is u:iually preferred. Otherwise, simple forms
are standard.
l've been working I /'ve worked here for six years. {both cases
unfinished)
lt wasn't a sudden success. líi been trying I 1íi tried for ages.
(both continuing up to the success)
1worked / was working there for ayear. (both finished)
1work five hours every day. (generally)
l'm working ali the hours God sends. (at the moment)
Future meanings
We can US" t • Jf esent continuous for future
anangements.
J'm meeting a friend this evening.
Use the future continuous for a future activity based on an
earlier declsion (not a decision made now).
/'//be seeing John later, so 1'11 g1ve the money to him then.
He'// be waiting ciutside so you won't need to park.
Call me on my mobile tomorrow. /'11 be helping Keith move.
If you are uncertain whether the activity will go ahead
-orwant to avoid doingit-use be supposed to be -ing.
/'m supposed to be goíng out later, but l'm too ti red.
Non-continuou:; verbs
'.>un l: 11 u bi. 11 · not used in the continuous form (agree,
believe, belong, doubt, matter, own, seem, etc.) or don't use
the continuous With certain meanings (have, see, mind,
etc.).
144 OUTCOMES
Exercise 1
C ·:i . p l te the pairs of sentences using the words in
bold. One sentenc:es requires a continuous forrn, the
(1111' r»¡ulresasirnpleform.
1 drawup
a 1 ... .................... the contract. You just need to s1gn
it.
b 1........................... the guidelines for the new project
and l've got a couple of issues 1 need your input on.
2 lose
a They had to make huge cuts beca use they
........................... so much money.
b lt was strange but when 1 ................... ...... my job, 1t
actually gav1~ me a new lease of lite.
3 deal with
a On th s new project. Molly ......................... finance,
so any queries about that go to her.
b 1........................... Martin 1f you want. I know how
awkward he can be
4 have
a We .......................... so many problems with him that
in the end we decided to let him go.
b 1was really upset to lose that watch because 1
........................... it since 1was a kid.
5 process
a Over 200,000 orders .......................... in this plant
everyweek.
b My visa application .......................... as we speak, so
hopefully 1'11 receive it sometlme in the next week
orso.
6 not sit
a 1f 1t hadn't been for that chance meeting,!
•......................... here now.
b 1........................... there 1f 1were you . That's the CEO's
chairl
7 interview
a lt was mildly embarrassing beca use 1 gota bout
of hiccups while 1............................ 1had to ask for
sorne water.
b Before 1 ............................ 1 did sorne meditation to
calm myself down
Exercise 2
fi nd '1.x míc:take1; and correct them.
1 1wouldn't be a sking you if 1 knew the answer!
2 He must've done at least 80km/h when he crashed.
3 We can't meet in the office at the moment beca use
it's doing up.
4 We're actually supposed taking on sorne new people
soon. but 1don 't know when .
5 l'm seeing you're reading the new Dan Brown book. Is
it any good?
6 She's been corning up w1th three poss1ble solut1ons to
the problems we've been having.
7 The company vvas going bankrupt when we took over.
8 1'11 be sorting out those files later if you just leave
them on my desk.

10 HEALTH ANO ILLNESS
MODALVERBS
\\', ,_· · • 11se 11 e> l 11 1erbs like should, could, might I
may,
must, can 't and would to comment on both the past and
the present. To talle about the past, the foon is modal
verb +ha ve+ past participle (or + have been -ing). To talle
about the present, the forrn is modal verb + verb (or +be
-ing).
should
1 shoufd've gane earlier. (= it was a good idea to go. but 1
d1dn't)
You shouldn't have been drínkíng if you were on antibiot1cs.
("' it was wrong of you to be drinking)
You should get sorne rest. (= it's a good idea for you)
You shouldn't be wafking around yet. (- it's wrong of you to
be walking around now)
could
1:oufd've died! (= it was possible forme to die. but 1d dn't)
They couldn't have done any more than they did. (= it was
impossible to do more)
You should have that looked at lt coufd be broken. (= it's
possible that it is broken)
He couldn't have examined me properly. (= 1am 95% sure he
didn't examine me properly)
In the third sentence, might is possible instead of could.
In thc last sentence, we can use can't instead of couldn't.
mightlmay
lt m1ght've been something 1 ate.(= maybe 1t was)
My grandmother may have hada similar cond1tion
(= maybe she did. l'm not sure)
He míght I may be walking again in a matter of weeks.
(= 1t 1s poss1ble he will be walking again soon)
must
You must 'vefelt relieved . (• l'm 95% su re you felt relieved)
He must've been working for 24 hours or more. (= l'm 95%
sure he was working for 24 hours or more)
That must hurt. (= l'm 95% sure it hurts)
He must befeeling awful (= l'm 95% su re he's feeling bad)
can't (and couldn't)
Can 't a 11"' co11 ,'dn 'r 1 i" he opposite of must. Use couldn 't
to talle about the past. Use can't for past and present.
He can't I coufdn't have been taking his medicine if he's had
a relapse. {= l'm 95% su re he wasn't taking it)
The junk food can't I couldn't have helped. (= rm 95% su re 1t
didn't help)
lt can't cost that much (= l'm 95% sure 1t doesn't)
would
1 woufd'vescreamed my head off!(= definite result ifl had
been in that situation)
l 'd ask for a second opin1on. (= defrnite result now if 1 was in
your situat1on)
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
- - - - - - - - - - - --
Exercise l
Re\/! 1te the sentences using modal verbs in place of
the words in italics.
1 1am 95% certain that that was pa1nful.
2 lt 's wrong that he dtdn't stop smoking earlier.
3 l'm 95% sure it's not that hard to do.
4 lt was 1mposs1bfefor them to do ar1y more to help.
5 I am 95% certain that it wasn't cheap
6 /t's abad thmg that he was taking those p1lls.
7 lt's possible that you wilf need three or four
operations.
8 f am 95% sure he was lyíng about his diet!
9 lt's possible that she picked up the bug from my son.
10 lf he managed to get to hospital in time./ am 100%
sure that everythmg was fine.
Exercise 2
Complete 1-6 using the conect modal verbs given
and the conect forrn of the verbs in brackets. The
modal verbs are not necessarily in the order you will
need t D ll c;e thern.
1 would, might
1know it's too late to worry about now, but 1t
.................. ..... a good idea to talk to a few different
doctors. They ........................... something your doctor
didn't. (be, see)
2 should, would, may
They th ink he .......................... a heart attack. lf you
ask me, they ........................... the autop>y earlier. That
............ " .. .... at least ................ . .. al! the
speculation that's been going on 1n the press.
(suffer, carry out, stop)
3 could, must, should
That ......................... very painful. lt looks really bad.
Maybe you ........................... and get it X-rayed. l t's
probably just badly bru1sed, but you never know- it
..... broken. be. go. be)
4 would, should, could
You ·-· -··· .. ........... n the roadl What were you
thinking? You .. ................... kil ed! lf a car had come
round that corner. you .......................... time to get out
of its way 1(not I play, be, not / have)
5 might, must, can't
Ali that medication ........................... good for you.
lt ........................... your 1mmune system slowly
Seriously, you ............... .. .... better quicker if you just
stop taking that stuff altogether.
(be, wea l<en, get)
6 would, must, could
1 don't know how you got through itl You
........................... a very strong stomach l 1 •••••••
my head off if l'd been in your shoes. How you
·····-··-···········-.. ·-·- calm al l the way through is beyond me!
(have, scream. rema in)
GRAMMAR REFERENCE 145
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
11 PLAY
LINKING WORDS
solthen
So ~howsthe reason for I result of doing an action,
whcreas then simply shows what happens next.
Keep your cards close to you so no one can see them
Shuffle the cards Then deal lhree to each player.
so I so as (not) to/ in arder (not) to
So as to ]nd in arder to also show purpose. They are
more formal. We usually use to+ infinitive.
Switch off the console when not playing ... so you save
energy.
Switch off the console when not playmg ... ~o as to I in
order to I to save energy.
if lwhether
These both link a condition. Use whetherfor chokes.
Whether can be followed by to + infinitive.
The need to decide whether I if they'll play (or not).
The manager is decíding if I whether (or not) to play him.
lf I Whet+tet lhey play h1m. his injury might get worse.
provided /so long as
Pravided 1s u sed lo talle about rules and give
pennission. It means only if the following happcns. lt is
often followed by that. We also use providing.
fwo people can swap cards prov1ded that everyone agrees.
So/ as long as have a similar meaning.
You cango out so long os I os long os you're back by len.
unless / otherwise / until
Unlcss mcans 1jyo11 do11't. lfyouDOandwanttoshowa
:resulting action, use in which case.
You can't move unless you throw a six, in which cose you
move six and throw the dice again.
Otherwise shows the altemative result if you don't do
something.
l"d better go now, otherwise 1'11 miss my bus
Until links the action that continues and the point it
stops.
You can't start the game until you throw a five.
even though / although / even if
Even though ~hows somethingthatrnakesthernain
fact in the sentence very surprising. Note that although
can also be used here, but even though is more
comrnon.
1 beat him even though I o/though l'd never played befare.
Although is also used in the samc way as but- to show
a contrast or contradiction between two things.
You can find cheats on the Internet for compute r games,
olthough 1 don't use them. 1 don't see the poínt.
Even if emphasises that something will remain true in
the event of a hypothetical situation.
He won't score even if he gets an open goal.
146 OUTCOMES
Exercise 1
Choo~e thc correct linldng word.
1 He scored two goals so/ ond then he got sent off
2 [ven if I [ven though they gota goal back now, it st1ll
wouldn"t be enough
3 1'11watch almost any sports, even though I although
l'm not very keen on golf.
4 The game was postponed so os not to/ m order lo
clash with the c1ty's festival celebrations.
5 He's going to be bdnned from playing for two years
if I unless the decision is upheld 1n the courl.
6 He was running really well until I unless he faded on
the last lap.
7 He was taking the drug [PO morder to I so boost h1s
performance.
8 Even though he's lhe underdog, he can still win so
long os I whether he plays at the top of his game.
9 They need to win their last game. otherwise I unless
they get relegaled.
Exe:rcise 2
Complete the explanation of Blackjack with ONE
word in each gap.
BlackJack is a game we play quite a lot. The a1m of the
game 1s to get rid of all your cards. Each player is dealt
seven cards and the rest of the deck is placed face
down ' .......................... you can't see the cards. You then
turn lhe top card over and place it next to the deck.
The player next to the dealer has to try to put down
a card that follows suit or is a card of the same rank,
' ........................... they pickup a card from the deck and
play moves to the left. You can place a run of ca rds
down. such as five, six and seven - l .. ·-·········- ...... that
they are ofthe same suit. You could also put down
several cards of the same number, say three slxes.
assuming you have them. There are a number of spec1al
cards. For example, •........................... you put down a black
jack, the next person p1cks up five cards from the face·
down deck, unless they have the other black Jack, in
which ~····-····················· the person after them picks up
ten, unless they have a red Jack whích they can play so
b •..•..•.........•..••.••..• to avoid picking up anything. Actually,
people often still win 7••••••••••••••••••••..•.••• if they do pickup
ten cards. The other special cards are eights - miss a
go; twos - pickup two; kíngs - change direct1on; and
queens, which you have to cover with a card from the
same su 1t. lt's quite complicated. ª··························· it only
takes a couple of rounds to get the hang of it.
.
: Glossary
.....................................
clash: if two events clash, they are happening at the
: same time and may d1srupt each other
: get the hang of: if you get the hang of something,
: you begm to be able to do it more easíly through
: practice

12 HISTORY
DRAMATIC INVERSION
~l ·er.in6 a se.1te11cc uy p.ltt.ng the adverb and /
or auxillary before the subject is a way of adding
emphasis to certain pieces of information. If there is no
auxiliary, we add do I does I did.
Inversion is more common in literary or joumalistic
writing than in spoken English, but it can be used in
conversation to rr"lk- descriptions more dramatic.
No sooner had we begun to recover than the war began.
No sooner did the troops arrive than the war ended.
No sooner was the castle finished than it was attacked.
Here are sorne other ways of inverting sentences.
All are more cornmon in wrlting and formal speech.
Informal ways of saying each one follow in brackets.
Not only was he saved but so were thousands of others.
(He was saved as well as thousands of others).
Never befare had one nation controlled so much of the
world.
(lt was the first time that one nation had controlled so
much of the world.}
Nowhere e/se in the country wi// you get a better
impression ofwhat it was like in the old days.
(lt's the best place to see how things used to be.)
Not until 2002 was independence finally gained, after more
than 30 years of waiting.
(We gained independence in 2002. after more than 30
years of waiting.)
10 We've only had one honest leader in the whole of
Only when the national bank went bust did the size of the
financia! crisis we were facing become apparent.
(When the national bank went bust, we all started
realising JUSt how serious the financia! crisis really was)
Only after a public enquiry had been held were we able to
comprehend the full horror of what had occurred.
(We didn't really know quite how bad things had been
until after the public enquiry.)
lt was made very clear to us that under no circumstances
were we supposed to be out on the streets after nightfall.
(We were warned not to go out onto the streets at night.)
At no time in history have our kids been more overweight.
(Kids are fatter than they've ever been.)
In no way did the Occupation lead to the end of the
Resistance movement. lf anything. it strengthened it.
(The Occupation certainly didn't crush the Resistance!)
D1plomats made 1t clear to him that on no account was he
to use such inflammatory language again.
(He was warned not to use that kind of language again.)
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Exercise 1
~:ewrttf' h . sentences using the beginnings
provided.
1 He only admitted his involvement in the scandal
when t beca me obvious it could no longer be
contained.
Only when it ...................................................... .
2 lt really was the first time we'd witnessed an
international relief operation on such a scale.
Never before ...................................................... .
3 The firsl women's team didn't come 1nto ex1stence
until 1996.
Not until 1996 ...................................................... .
4 Nobody tried at any pomt to prevent the tragedy.
At no time .............-....... .. ................. prevent the
tragedy.
5 lt's the best place in the world to combine business
and pleasure.
Nowhere else in the world ......................................................
quite so well.
6 They basically said that if 1 moved, they'd shoot me
They made it very clear that under no circumstances
7 After America rebelled against the high import taxes
imposed on tea. coffee become more popular.
Only after ...................................................... .
8 He was an art1st anda poet as well as being a
military leader.
Not only ...................................................... .
9 The government put taxes up almost as soon as they
took office.
No sooner ...................................................... .
our recent history
Only once in our recent history
Exercise 2
Co~rect tm.: :nistake(s) in each sentence.
1 Never before so few people did so much for so many
2 Not only she campaigned against injustice of all
kinds. but she was also the frst fema le minister
3 Only when a society refuses to acknowledge its past
failings it starts to lose its moral authority.
4 No sooner the truce had been called than peace talks
began in earnest.
5 Only after tighter checks were introduced corruption
finally was tackled.
6 A law was passed saying that on no account
foreigners would be allowed into the city centre.
.'. Glossary
contain: if you contain something harmful, you stop •
it from spreading to other people I places
: in earnest: if you do something in earnest. you do it :
with great energy and determination
GRAMMAR REFERENCE 147
GRAMMAR REFERENCE

13 NEWS ANO THE MEDIA

REPORTING AND VERB PAITERNS Exercise 1
,~ 1 00 l' t l' r· >nect ve.rb.
Verb + (that) clause 1 The Pres1dent cited / stated h1s father as a source of
inspiration.
acknowledge announce argue boast 2 The party leaders urged / reiterated everyone who could
claim confess confide confirm to go out and vote.
declare grumble guarantee 1nsist 3 The two parties have rejected I refused to cooperate.
reiterate state vow 4 The government criticised I blamed the stalemate on
the opposition.
Verbs in the '(that) clause' use past forms unless the 5 Our landlord suddenly announced I notífied that he was
facts I actions are still relevant I true now- orare yet to putting up the rent.
tak1 dace 6 He's instructed / demanded his lawyers to ev1ct us 1f we
He reiterated that he had never seen the vict1m before. don't pay.
He conjirmed he was I is going to compete in the Olympics. 7 My son begged / pleaded with us to buy him a car and
1n the end we gave in.
Verb + object + (that) clause 8 1heard him boasting I praising that his parents were
rich.

l
assu re confirm convince notify
pr~~ 1se _ remind tell warn Exercise 2
Con ,,1eJ: thereports of the direct speech with no more
The party assured voters (that) they would not raise taxes. than five words wcluding the word in bolcl
The verbs admit, announce, confide, confess, point out 1 'I can't believe they have decided to put up taxes.'
and report use to before the object with this pattem. anger
He admitted to police he'd been drinking. He voiced ...................................................... nses.
Note: He {dis)agreed with me that it had been a mistake. 2 'I haven't told anyone before, but 1was terrified.'
me
Verbs + to-infinitive She confessed ...................................................... been terrified.
3 '1'11 def nitely have lt ready by Friday.'
demand guarantee promise done
refuse th reaten vow He guaranteed ..................................................... by Friday.
4 'You two should really v1sit somet1me.'
1volunteered to do the work. urged
He ...................................................... somet me.
Verbs + object + to-infinitive 5 'We have wornes regarding a possible deter1oration in
the situation.'

ladvise
order
beg
persuade
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
encourage
remind

He warned us not to invest in that project.

instruct
urge
invite
warn
concern
They ...................................................... might deteriorate.
6 'lf you don't do as 1say,1 could get you sacked.'
with
Note: He pleaded with them to help. He ...................................................... 1f 1 refused.
7 'The rescue plan was flawed 1never denied that.'
Verb + noun phrase acknowledged
The minister ..................................................... flawed.
cite confirm criticise declare praise reject
Exercise 3
Many people have voiced their anger over the incident. l c1mpl Lt..: :.ne reports using noun forrns of the verbs in
The un ion criticised the president for not helping. italics and the other words given.
We sornetimes use noun forms of verbs to report: 1 The school prov1des ······- ............................................ .
My parents gave me encouragementto study harder. encourage I students I apply for uníversity
2 The president has come in for .................................................. .
Verb + preposition + -ing criticlse I his decision
3 We turned down ..................................................... .

lapologise for
forg1ve for
blame on I for
insist on
rnticise for I over
threaten with

Sorne verbs have prepositions connected to thern.

invite I work w1lh them on the project
4 They made ............... _ ................... -............. .
announce I they I get married last week

Verbs that follow will use the -ing form.

He was accused of murder. She accused me of lying.

148 OUTCOMES
14 BUSINESS ANO ECONOMICS
DJ.AT1V1 CLAUSBS
11aere ue two Jdnds of relatift clause: definlng and non-
clefining. Defining relatift clauses identify who or what
we ue taUdng abaut and ue an essential put of the
meaning of the sentence. No commas ue neecled at the
beginning or end of the relative clause.
To add information abaut a person, use who or that.
To add information abaut a thing, use that or which.
Por places, we use where or that (+a preposition). Por
times, use when or that In all examples, that is more
commonly used.
lt's nice to meet someone who I that says what they thinkl
lt was the banking crisis that I which led to the bankruptcy.
Peru 1s the country where we're doing most business.
Peru is the country that we're doing most business in.
The 905 was a time when house prices rocketed.
They were years that 1iook back on very fondly.
We tend not to use a relatift pronoun in clefining
re1ative clauses if it is the objed of the clause that
follows. In these cases, the noun that follows the relative
pronoun is the subject of the clause.
Can 1talk to the person (that) I spoke to eorlier, please?
lt's a place (that) we're looking to expond into in the future.
Where the relative pronoun is the subjed of the clause,
make sure you don't add another subject pronounl
The local branch became simply a tiny part of a much bigger
beast a beast that itfed offyour hard-eamed cash.
Prepositions in defining relative clauses usuaDy go at
the end of the clause, except in formal texts.
Banks beca me places (that) you went to for a whole range of
financia! services. (rather than to which you went)
This does not cover theft of your mobiie phone when left
unattended in a place to which the public has access.
The person I wrote to last time told me to contact you.
The person to whom ali subsequent correspondence should
be addressed 1s Mr James Mason.
Non-defining relattve clauses add extra -non-essential-
information to a sentence. These clauses always follow a
comma and ue more common in written English. They
start with words lilte which, most of which, by which
time, where, when, whose, who, etc. We cannot use that in
these clauses.
Our cash-flow situation worsened. which caused serious
problems. We waited a full six months for one major
payment, by which point I time we were almost bankrupt.
Sorne abstract nouns often occur with clauses introduced
by where, when or why- oras part of prepositional
phrases with which.
lt was a situation where we lost sight of our basic goals.
The ways in which the situation could change are numerous.
lxeldlle l
Rewrite each of the pain of sentencet below as one
sentencie. stut each sentence with the underlined
words. You wil1 need to leave some words out.
1 lmprovements can be made in sorne areas.YR have
to identify these areas.
2 My boss heard everything. Her office is next to minel
3 We borrowed 10,000 euros in Januar:y. Most of it has
already been spent.
4 The way in which you approach negotiations is
incredibly important. Deals can depend on this.
5 We chose 2004 for the starting oolnt of our study.
Our president submitted his first budget that year.
6 To sorne extent, large corporations influence the
economic health of nations. ! wanted to explore this.
7 In retrospect, the meeting In 2008 was a very
important year. We realised then we could no longer
work as allies.
8 We have over 9,000 employees. The vast majority are
based in China.
9 lt was a very difficult situation.YR found ourselves
expected to pay large bribes to local officials.
10 We've reached a crucial polnt. We can't cut costs any
further without having to lay people off.
lxeldlle2
A Join the sentence halves using which or whom after a
suitable preposition.
1 Our founder was Mr Johnson,
2 We're lucky enough to have an incredible team,
3 After much research. we've come up with a prototype
4 We're conducting research into the Kazakh market.
5 l'd llke to say thanks in particular to my boss.
6 Naturally. we are all influenced by the things
a we currently know very little.
b l've learned a huge amount.
c we are all very satisfied.
d we surround ourselves.
e we would never have survived this difficult year.
f the company is named.
B Rewrlte the six sentences above in a less formal way,
putting the prepositions at the end of the relative
clauses.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE

15 FASHION
PREPOSITIONS Exercise 1
o. n followed by nowis, pronouns or on.p"c· . · 1 story with a preposition in each space.
-ing forms. Below are sorne common confusions. The accident happened durtng my daily run. I usually
drive to sorne woods near here and run ' ..... 30 or 40
as I like minutes or '...... to eight kilometres. 3...... this particular
e job, use or duty something actually has. occasion, though, 1was 4...... a rush so decided to just go
We use like to malee comparlsons. lt's followed by a for a quick jog round our small local park. Maybe 1was a
no un. bit distracted ~...... everything 1had to do that day. but 1
As l:tke an actor. he was great; as a parent. he was awful. ran 6 ...... a small w1re fence and fell over. I was a bit shaken
We were very close She was ttt like a mother to me.(= she's and my knee was a bit sore. but 1basically thought 1was
not my mother) OK, so 1walked back home and went to work.

fromlof However, my knee went 1...... be1ng a bit sore to

. o~ . the origin or the condition before it incredibly painful.1 tried to ignore it, but it was agony
changes. and 8 ...... the rest of the day, 1 was taking painkillers to
He was sacked effrom a design company try and ease the pain. 9 ..... waking the next morning, 1
lt's a translation effrom German. was in absolute agony again. 1dec1ded to drag myself to
the hospital to get it checked out. Apparently, •'d torn a
into /to ligament and 1'11 need an operation and physiotherapy.
" what someone or something becomes - ora l've got a not e 'º...... my doctor saying 1should be " ......
movement entering or hitting something. work for at least a month, so 1 may not be back " ...... the
lt's grown w into the biggest company in the country. new year.
He crashed to into the car in front.
Exercise 2
up toluntil .!\." -. ••te
.•mt mees 1-7 using the words in bold and
, · . maximum amount possible (how bet ;.¡e•·1 vo and five other words.
much). Until shows when sornething stops. 1 They deliberat ely lost the gameto win a bet.
The lemperature can reach until up to 45 degree}. purpose
1can work tfflftl up to six hours without a break. They lost .................................................... wi n a bet.
1have to work until ~ten o'clock tonight. 2 1think it's good in terms ofthe overall design.
regards
for / during I throughout 1think ........................................... ·- ifs fine.
JI throughout goes with 3 The company was in a terrible state befare he arr•ved.
dates, events, etc. and shows when. Throughout shows his
that the action didn't stop; with during, it maybe Prior .................................................... the company was
happened just once. failing.
Hats were essential clothing dttrirtg for centuries. 4 We've made 1l more access1ble as a result of the
for During the 20th century. hats went out of fashion. reduction in costs.
The prime minister was booed throughout / during the enabled
rally In ...................................................... more people to buy 1l.
5 Every day 1have to check the stock
Collocations basis
c. 1y collocate strongly with sorne nouns, 1have to check the stock ...................................................... .
adjectives and verbs - orbe part of a set expression. 6 lt's fine for the time being, but it won't last forever.
on purpose fond of owe to term
by yourself prior to rely on lt's fine now, but ...................................................... it'll need
in debt effect on hint at replacing.
at random reaction to account for 7 23% of our exports are connected to fashion.
in the long term the same as bombard with accounts
with regard to on a ... bas1s amount to The fash1on industry ...................................................... a
quarter of ali our exports.
Linking sentences
.e · two parts of a sentence.
With the heatwave. sales of swimsuits took off.(= beca use) : Glossary
On finishing col/ege. he got a job at Dior. (= when I after)
....................................
In improvmg the des1gn, SPM have leapt ahead of their agony: agony is extreme pain or distress
competitors. (=as a result of) casualty: casualty is the department in a hospital
Besides having a nine to five job, 1write novel s.(= also) • that deals with accidents and emergencies

150 OUTCOMES

16 DANGER ANO RISK
OTHERFUTUREFORMS
•"•·.·ir· ·ingaboutthefuturein
lo ,nf\\.iv·nf 11
English. You have aheady studied the most common at
earlier levels. Certain forms, though, are often used in
particular contexts, such as journalism and the media.
Be set to is often used in news reports when something
is likely to happen. We also use be set for and looks set
to.
Campaigners are set to cha/lenge the decision in court.
The sector is set for explos1ve growth this year.
The strike looks set to intensify after talks broke down .
Be to is commonly used in the news to tallt about
actions that have been offidally ananged or sc.heduled.
The Queen is to meet the president in prívate tomorrow.
Peace talks are to begm early next month.
Be due to is used in formal English to show somethlng
is planned to happen ata particular time.
The next tra n is due to arrive on platform 3 in six minutes.
l 'm due to start back at work next Monday.
We can also use other prepositions with be due.
Your car insurance is due for renewal imminently.
Ali three films are duefor release th1s month.
The baby is due In Oecember.
l'm due ata meetmg in a minute or two.
Be likely is often used for making pYedictions.
The offer is highly likely to be rejected by shareholders.
Cnt1cs cla1m the legislat1on is not likely to I is unlikely to
stop the problem.
lt seems /ikely that the two parties will form a coalition.
Be bound to shows you're swe something will happen.
He"s bound to hear about it sooner or later.
lf you ask me, e-books are bound to fail.
We also use be sure I certain to with a similaY meaning.
They're bound I certain / sure to check ali the figures.
There are severa! nouns and noun phnses used to talk
about futwe events and to show how swe we are of
thlngs happening.
He's on the verge of signing a new contract.
(= He's about to sign a new contract)
To be honest, l'm on the pomt of giving up my diet.
The chances ofit happening are slim I pretty good.
There's no I a slim /a good chance of it working.
The odds /chances are that the police will crack down hard.
The odds of it happenlng are pretty high I low.
In ali probabílity I likelihood. it'll soon be forgotten about.
The probability I likel1hood is that it'll require surgery.
There's a distinct I definite possibility that it won't sell
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Exercise 1
_l l I ci e : tme or both cho ices are possible in each
sentence. Delete any inconect options.
1 There's a distinct I probable possibil1ty that you'll
expenence side effects from the medication .
2 He's about to be Ion the point of being k1cked out of
school for good.
3 We are dueto/ about to hold meetings on the
matter in a couple of months' time.
4 There's a slim / slight chance we m1ght be late
5 lt seems probable I likely that the election w1ll be
held in June.
6 In all chances/ like/1hood. we'll be done by tomorrow.
7 They're set to announce Ion the verge of announcing
record profits.
8 The odds ofthings going wrong are pretty high I
likely.
Exercise 2
u 1' ,. · " .l "' sentences by adding the conect
prepositions.
1 The likelihood ........................ them listenmg 1s pretty
low.
2 He's due ........................... court tomorrow.
3 The stage is set ................... _. .. a thrillmg race.
4 l'm ........................... the point of quitting. to be honest.
5 Apparently, J'm due ........................... a tax refund.
6 What does 'payment is due .......................... the time
the service is rendered' mean?
Exercise 3
~. w i te : ·e .entences using the words in bold so
they have a similar rneaning.
1 Arrangements have been made for the work to be
overseen by a team of international mspectors.
is
·he work ..................................................... .
2 In all probability. the news will dama ge his
reputation.
su re
The news .......................... ................... .. .
3 Poi ice believe they're close to finding the killer
point
Poi ice ... .. -..................... .............. .
4 We're on the verge of be1ng ev1cted.
about
We
5 Where there's passion. it is inevitable that success
w1ll follow.
bound
Where there's passion ............................................. ....... .
6 Pr ces wdl almost certainly rise this year
highly
Prices ....................................
GRAMMAR REFERENCE lSl
INFORMATION FILES
FILE 1
Unit l, p.10, Reading
Group A
Tangshan
Tangshan had been a maJor industrial city
until 28th July 1976, when an earthquake
with a magnitude of 8.3 struck the city.
devaslating 80% ofthe buildings. lt was
the biggest natural disaster in the 20th
century in terms of cost to human life. The
official death tell was just short of a quarter
of a million people - or one in four of the
population -with a further 160,000 serious
cas ualties. Sorne, though, put the death tell
as much higher At the time, China was a very
closed country and the government refused
ali foreign aid, ordering Ch mese troops to
lead the rel1ef efforts. The operat1on was a
hu ge undertaking but the victims of the
quake were qu1ckly provided with temporary
shelter and the coalmines were put back into
operation.
However, the rebuilding of the city was
then stalled for three years, in part because of
political disputes among government leaders.
In sorne ways. the quake and its aftermath
marked a turníng point in China's history, and
ushered in the modern era and the country's
emergence as a global economic power.
Tangshan 1s now a symbol of that change,
having been completely rebuílt since 1980. lt
has become a thriving industrial city again.
based on both steel and technology. and is
home to three million people. In China, it 1s
widely known as 'the brave city' and it takes
great pride in its self-reliance and the will of
its people to shake off the painful experience
-orto 'walk out the pain' as the Chinese
saying goes.
. ........................... "
.... "
: Glossary
death toll: number of people dead
troops: soldiers
• undertaking: d1fficult thing to take charge of •
• doing
shelter: a place to protect or live in often
, temporary
: stall: to stop I fail to make progress
: aftermath: the effects of something bad /
1mportant
• usher: lead to
: thriving: successful, flourishing
will: determination, desire
152 OUTCOMES
FILE 2
Urilit 3, p. 25, Spea.king
Student A
Ti.ve good friends of yours have fallen out badly. You are having
a few friends over for you birthday and would like them both to
come but you don't want a scene or bad atmosphere between
them to spoil the evening.
Your father is looking after your mother, who 1s very fraíl and
u nsteady on her feet, but he himself has become very absent-
minded and is struggling to cope.
Your son takes a very laid-back attitude to his studies, and
although he's taken things in his stride so far, you're worried he
might fall behind and fail.
: <:ilossary
.............................................
<1 scene: if someone makes a scene, they shout or argue or cause
: a disturbance
: take lt in your stride: if you take something in your stride, you
: cope with new things or difficulties easily
- - - --------------
FILE 3
U111it 6, p. 43, Conversation Practice
Conversation l
You share a house with Student B and three other people For
sorne time now, you've felt that Student B doesn't really fit in.
He I she 1s always compla1ning about the no1se and about
everyone else's inabil ity to stick to the rota of household chores,
yet doesn't seem to realise his I her own failings. He/ she has a
short te mper. and frequently ends up screaming and shouting or
slamming doors after rows. You feel he I she needs to lighten up
and relax - or else leave!
Start the conversation by saying Good morning to Student B and
asking How are you?
Conversation 2
You work for an import-export company. Student Bis your
immediate superior and has asked to have a word with you after
work. You're worried it may be about a p1ece of gossip you passed
on to a couple of friends. You've felt for sorne time that Student B
is victimising you - and you once reported what you felt had been
bullying behav1our to the regional manager. You fear Student B
still holds a grudge against you for this.

FILE 4
Unit 12, p. 85, Developing Conversations
Student A
Bryan Ward-Perkins
He is an archaeolog1st and historian. He has written The Fa// of
Rome and the End of Civ1/izat1on Oxford Oxford University Press
(2005)
Externa! pressures
The Roma ns carne under attack from a variety of externa! tri bes
and competing empires such as the Hu ns and the Persíans.
The Empire was eventually overrun in the west by the waves
of Germanic tribal armies, because. it is claimed, its military
resources were too stretched.
Christianity
Christianity was incorporated into the Roman Empire and then
beca me the established religion. Rome became the church's
centre, with the Pope at its head lt is argued that this not only
created an alternate powerbase that undermined the emperor's
authority, but also ran counter to imperial expansion. Bas1cally,
the people were content to wait for the riches of heaven, rather
than attempting to gain more power in the here and now.
Lead poisoning
Sorne academics have asserted that lead was consumed through
lead water pipes and the preparation of a common syrup used to
flavour wine. They point to statistics that the intake of lead was
likely to have been many times higher among the ruling classes
and claim this caused early deaths and lower birth rates. Th1s
theory has been widely challenged, though
Economics
High inflation, unemployment anda devalued currency have all
been seen as weakening the imperial economy and undermining
military power.
INFORMATION FILES
FILE 5
Unit4,p.29,Speaking
Student A
Joke 1
One day a flonst goes to a barber for a
haircut. After the cut. he asks about the
bill and the barber replies, 'I can't take any
money from you. l'm doing community
service this week 'The florlst was delighted
and skips out of the shop.
When the barber goes to open his shop
the next morning, there's a 'Thank you' card
anda dozen roses waiting for him at the
door.
Later that day. a college professor comes
in for a haircut, and when he tries to pay
his bill, the barber shakes his head and
waves him away - 'I can't take any money
from you. l'm doing community service this
week.' The professor is very pleased and
strolls off
The next morning when the barber
opens his shop, there is anothcr 'Thank you'
card anda bundle of books including How
to lmprove Your Business and Becoming
More Successfu/.
Then, a polit1cian comes in for a haircut,
and when he goes to pay his bill. the barber
again lifts h1s hand and says, 'I can't take
any money from you l'm doing community
service this week 'The politician can't
believe his luck and races out of the shop.
The next morning when lhe barber
goes to open up, there are a dozen other
politicians all lined up. wa 1ting outside.
Joke 2
For her homework one day, a schoolgirl
was asked by her teacher to write an essay
entitled 'Why 1 love our Great Leader'
The girl went home and asked her father
sweetly, 'Dad, why do you love thc Great
Leader?'
'I don't ·her father shouts. ·¡ hate the
man and everything he represents.·
The little girl then went into the
bathroom and asked her mum and then
her brother and her grandma - and she got
the same answer from every single person!
Then she went up to her room and did
her homework. '1love our Great Leader.' she
wrote, 'beca use nobody else does!'
INFORMATION ALES 153
INFORMATI N FILES
FILE 6
Unit 8, p. 59, Reading 2
Group A
The Wild Bactrian camel is found 1n the Gob1 desert
of Mongolia and China, which ranges from bo1ling
sand dunes to frozen hills and mountains lt has
evolvcd to w1thstand the extremes of heat and cold
as well as the arid landscape lt has thick eyelashes
that close to form a full barrier against sandstorms
and 1l can also completely close its thin, slit like
nostrils to prevenl dust entering. ll eats snow in the
winter months and unlike any other camel can also
drink salt watc~r. lt is still unknown how it processes
the salt water.
Excess water is stored not in its humps, but in the
bloodstream. The humps are largely made up offat.
The camel draws u pon these reserves at times of
drought and fa mine Like other camels, it reduces
water loss by hardly sweating or urinating. lt also has
an incredibly tough tongue, capa ble of eating the
sharp thorns of desert shrubs. These camels are also
incredibly resistant to disease. which may surprise
people considering their numbers are dwindling.
The Wild Bactrian camels roam widely in small
herds of two to fifteen members and are threatened
from a number of angles They were heavily hunted
in prev1ous ye.ars, and cont1nue to be so where lhere
is competition for water sources from domestic
herds. They have also suffered poisoning as a result
of the use of dangerous chemicals in illegal mining
act1vities. Finally. they often interbreed with domest1c
Bactrians, which leads them to lose the capability to
drink salt water.
Despite efforts to crack down on illegal mining and
hunting. the Wild Bactrian camel has become one
of the rarest rnammals in the world. There are now
captive breeding programmes a1med at restoring
populations.
154 OUTCOMES
FILE 7
Unit4,p.29,Speak:ing
Student B
Joke 1
A flock of sheep are trying to sneak across the border
when a guard slops them.
'Why do you wa nt to le ave the country>' the guard
asks them.
'lt's the secret pol1ce,' the lcrrificd shccp cxplain.
'They've been ordered to arrest all the elephants.'
The guard scratches his head and points at them 'But
you're not elephants. You're sheep'.
The sheep let out a laugh 'Ha! Try telling that to the
secret police!'
Joke 2
A desperate man was crouching in the shadows on a
back street near the parliament building in the capital
city Suddenly. he saw a wealthy-looking man in a suit
and tie strolling towards him. He noticed the expensive
leather bnefcase and pulled h1s knife out of h1s
pocket Justas the man was passing, he leapt out and
screamed. 'G1ve me all your money'
'You can't do this to me,' his victim wailed.
'l'm a member of parliamenl!'
'Well, in that case,'the mugger replied, 'give me MY
moneyl'
Joke 3
A senior politician went on a visit to the country's
biggest car factory. The manager went out of his way to
show him around and at the end ofthe tour he offered
the politician a free car. 'Oh, no.' ca me the response.
'I couldn't possibly accept anything l1ke that.'
'Well, in that case, 1'11 sell it to you for 100 euros.' said
the manager.
As qu1ck as a flash, the pol1tician pul Is out two 100 euro
notes, hands thern over and says 'That's very kind.1'11
take two ofthem.·
 INFOR ATION FILES

FILE 8 FILE 9
Unit 7, p. 49, Conversation Practice Unit 12, p. 85, Developing Conversations

Student A Student B

Article 1 Edward Gibbon

Two male penguins are rearing a chick He was a historian and MP in the 18th century and 1s most
together after they were given an egg to famous for writing The History of the Decline and Foil of the
look after The male pair had previously Roman Emplfe, now cons1dered a classic of English literature.
been seen mimicking heterosexual
behaviour and zookeepers wanted to see Decadence
how they would react to real fatherhood The Roma ns are still famous for their lust for lite and lavish
The pa1r 1mmed1ately sheltered the lifestyles. born of the great wealth that was generated by the
egg and saw it hatch. They have since empire. However. sorne contend that this emplnas1s on le1sure
cont1nued to look after it and behave as a over work amongst the elite led to the army being less well-
normal mother and father. Zoologists say trained and more reliant on foreign mercenaries. lt was also
that homosexual-type behavrour 1s quite seen as contributing to economic problems
prevalent in anima Is of ali kinds.
Division
Artlcle 2 Not only was power divided between emperor and the Pope,
A company, Antiquity Perfumes. is but the emp1re itselfwas divided between the West in Rome
producmg fragrances based on the DNA and the East based in Constantmople (now known as lstanbul).
offamous dead people such as Marilyn which was headed by a separate emperor. -his created
Monroe, Elvis Presley, Einstein and Michael compet1t1on and denied funds to the west. The Eastern Empire
Jackson The DNA has been extracted was more efficiently run and survived the collapse of Rome. In
from locks of ha ir that have been acqu1red addition to this. the West was plagued w1th mfighting and civil
by John Rezn1koff, who has the world's war among army leaders staking their claim to the throne.
largest collect1on of haír from famous
people, dating back to lhe 16th century. Environmental degradation
The company says that the resulting lt is claimed that the demands for fuel. agriculture,
fragrance 1s the 'essence' of the sta r, rather construct1on and the like led to widespread deforestation
than being the1r actual smell, but that the during the times of the Empire. This in turn led to soil
process is entirely scienHic The perfume degradat1on. problems with flooding and reduced crop y1elds.
varies in price, but on average costs around Doubts have been cast on the theory beca use of a shortage of
$90. reliable data and sorne assert that the theory is the result of
more modern environmental concerns.
Article 3
Scientists in Ja pan have devised a way to
produce pictures based on brain activ1ty.
The process uses a magnetic resonance
imag1ng mach1ne to measure blood flows
in the brain as the subjects are shown a
series of random black and white images
Sophisticated computer software was then
used to associate new brain activ1ty with
d1fferent images so that the machine was
a ble to d•splay letters spelling 'neuron',
which was what the participant was
thinking of. The images are still very basic.
but rt 1s believed that the process will have
the capability of, for example, readmg
dreams in the not-too distant future.

11\IFORMATION FILES 1S5

FILE 10
Unit 6, p. 43, Conversation Practice
Conversation 1
You share a house with Student A and three other people.
lt's Tuesday morning and you haven"t slept very well because
someone was play1ng music and chatting loudly until 2a.m.
You have exams next week and feel your housemates are be1ng
inconsiderate. You are also generally ted up with how messy
everyone else 1s and are really reach1ng your ltmitl
You've come down to the kitchen to make sorne coffee
Student /1 will start a conversat1on w1th you.
Conversation 2
You are the departmental manager far an 1mporl-exporl
company. You are very concerned about the behaviour of Student
A, who works under you in the company. You have reason to
believe he I she has passed on tnformation about a forthcoming
deal to sorne rival companies. You also feel he I she has an
att1tude problem, and have not forgotten that last time you had
words. Student A then went over your head and complained
about you to the regional manager
Start the conversalion by discussing Student !J:s attitude problem.
FILE 11
Unit 8, p. 59, Reading 2
Group B
The Aye-Aye resembles a cross between a sma'I monkey anda
rat beca use of its rodent-ltke front teeth. lt ltves n the canopy of
trees in the Madagascan rainforest. usually nesting in a fork of
the tree. As well as fruit and vegetat1on, it a!so eats small worms
and insects ivtng in the trees. wh1ch t finds tn a similar way to a
woodpecker lt taps on the trunk until it detects a hollow sound,
then gnaws away at the bark with its teeth to make a hole. before
inserting its elongated middle finger in through the hole to
pull the grubs out There 1s only one other animal that uses this
technique.
When forag1ng for food, Aye-Ayes may cover over four
kilometres a night as they leap from treetop to treetop. Aye-Ayes
are generally solitary creatures that only socialise in order to
mate, wíth the fema le of the species being dominant. The males
w1ll often aggress1vely compete for a female's attention.
The Aye Aye is endangered beca use of a number of factors
F1rstly. 1ts habitat is be1ng destroyed increasingly forcing it to
raid villages for food lt is quite fearless in approaching humans.
Unfortunately. huma ns aren't quite so friendly to it. Villagers not
only kili Aye-Ayes beca use they are a nuisance and eat farm crops.
but also beca use they are bel1eved to be evil - capa ble of sneaking
into homes and puncturrng a person's heart while they sleep
Although laws exist against killing them and several reserves in
the jungle have been set up, the1r numbers conlinue to dwtndle.
Captive breeding programmes are also working to preserve them
156 OUTCOMES
FILE 12
Unit 1, p.10, Read.ing
Group B
NewYork
New York may have been a ma jor city for
many years. but it has still had to overcome
many problems in 1ts time, not leasl íts
reputation as a v1olent city of muggings.
shootings and murder By the late eighties.
large swathes of the c1ly had effectively
become no-go areas for tourists and res1dents
alike. In 1990, the murder rate peaked when
it reached 2,245, while there wcre also
thousands and thousands of other serious
crimes such as rape and armed robbery.
Sínce then, however. rnurder has fallen more
than fourfold and sorne believe 1t will have
d ipped below 400 ayear by the next election
Other types of rnme have fal en even more
dramatically. The reasons for the fallare hotly
debated, as other cíties now want to replicate
New York's success. There was an economic
boom anda fall in the number of young
adults who predominantly commit crime. but
lhese changes were widespread throughout
the country.
Three factors of policing seemed to
different1ate New York at the turn of this
century firstiy there was an tncrease 1n the
police force with more officers on the street;
second'y. t here was a more aggressive 'broken
windows' policy that didn't tolerate m nor
offences; and thirdly. a computerised statistics
model was ntroduced to manage and target
policing more effect1vely. Alongs1de this,
the city hall pumped money into improving
housing in the poorest neighbourhoods and
those with the highest rnme. This mix of
changes brought about the falling crime rate,
and then having less cr1me in itself is thought
to have helped by creat1ng a 'virtuous circle':
lack of crime allows for stronger communities,
which in turn deter crime.
: Glossary
overcome: defeat I recover from
swathes: large area
• peak: reach the highest value
dlp: fall
fourfold: four times
predomlnantly: mainly
• offence: a type of crime
target: direct money or actlon towards a
• place or people
• pump into: invest a lot of money in
UnitlO,p.74,Reading Unit 7, p. 49, Conversation Practice

Group B Student B

1swear 1 can't help it Article l

Tourette's syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder estimated to Japanese sc1entists are making see-through
affect around 1% of the population. lnterestingly. it is more likely to occur frogs commercially available. The frogs,
in boys than girls. Onset is usually during childhood and the most common wh1ch will be sold for around $100 each.
symptoms are repetitive, rapid movements, known as tics Tics can be were bred for educational purposes. Rather
both physical and verbal, and range from the mild (repeated shrugging than getting killed for dissection in class.
of shoulders, blinking of eyes, clicking of the tangue, clearing of the the transparent frogs allow students to see
throat, srnffing, etc.) to the more extreme (jumping or spinning around, ali the interna! organs m action.
inappropriate sudden swearing and repetition of words or sounds heard Researchers n Boston had previously
recently). There may also be a tendency towards other forms of obsessive- created transparent fish to study the
compulsive behaviour, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder and learning development of cancer The fish which
d1sabilities. are genetically similar to huma ns, have
Tourette's syndrome in itself, however, has no negative impact on either cancerous cells inserted in their bodies so
intelligence or life expectancy, and symptoms generally decrease as researchers can watch them grow. Studies
sufferers pass out of adolescence. The symptoms tend to be beyond the on normal anima Is only show cancer
control of the sufferer and attempts to suppress them for any length of development via autopsy. lt is hoped a
time can cause stress, which ends up making a severe bout more likely. greater understanding of cancer growth
Nowadays. though. the condition can be treated effectively through the use will pave the way for new treatments.
of therapy or drugs.
The most important factor in dealmg with t he disorder seems to be the Article 2
support and understand1ng of friends and family. Dueto the odd nature An anime survey has revealed that one
of the symptoms, sufferers frequently find it hard to integrate fully into in five sc1entists have used so-called
society, and feehngs of rejection can lead to psychological damage. brain-boostmg drugs to help them work
better - many on a regular basis The drug
Ritalin, which is generally used to treat
FILE 14 chtldren suffenng from Attention Def1cit
Disorder. can. m normal brains. heighten
Unit3,p.25,Speaking concentration.
The revelation has opened a debate in
Student B scíentific circles wíth sorne defendíng the
drug use. They argue that. while more
Your neighbours seem to be going through a very rough patch and are research needs to be done, if drugs are
constantly shouting. You've just heard several things being smashed anda shown to have msigrnficant long-term side
woman screaming 'Stop it. Stop it' at the top of her voice. effects, they could offer a way to improve
educational performance.
You've hada few problems with a project at work - through no fault of your
own - but you think a colleague has been going behind your back in order Article 3
to undermine you and get your JOb. A nuclear physicist who had had funding
requests for research into t ime reversa!
The doctor wants to discharge a member of your family from hospital, but rejected has raised $40,000 from the public
you aren't convinced they are ready to come home and you're not su re if to carry out his experiment. Professor John
you'll cope Cramer, a lead1ng sC1ent1st m quantum
mechanics. is setting out to solve a famous
paradox in quantum theory, which allows
: Glossary split sub-atomic particles to travel faster
than the speed of light and 'communicate'
rough patch: a period where you suffer a lot of problems instantaneously. lt may seem far-fetched,
: behlnd your back: if something is done behind your back, people do but one theory for th1s paradox 1s so-called

.
: something you don't want without you knowing 'retrocausality': in other words, that the
future can affect the present or past. His
proposed experiment is a first step towards
test1ng the theory and, if successful, he
hopes to attract funding from government.

INFOllMATION RUS 157

FILE 16
Unit 15, p.105, Conversation Practice

'
~ t
1 '

FILE 17
Unit3,p.25,Speaking

Student C : Glossary
You have been assigned to do an assessed project with a new classmate and you're .
finding her quite hard work. She doesn't contribute much to discussions and you : pull your weight: if you don't
feel she's not pulling her weight in other ways. : pull your weight,you don't do
: your share ofthe work
Your best friend has started going out with someone who from the first moment • rub you up the wrong way: if
rubbed you up the wrong way. lt's difficult to put your finger on why you just don't ' someone rubs you up the wrong
like him I her but recently you've had the feeling that maybe he I she fancies you! way. they annoy you
put your finger on it: if you
You think your husband I wife is too soft with your children and far too indulgent. : put your finger on a problem
You often refuse to buy the children things and you set clear rules. but then they : or rea son, you identify exactly
go to your husband / wife and he/ she gives in immediately and undermines you. : what it is

158 OUTCOMES

FILE 18
Unit l, p. 10, Reading
Group C
Dortmund
As a city, Dortmund 1n Germany bears little relation
to what it was 50 years ago. even 'f much of the
architecture has remained the same. Befare the
1960s, the region in which 1t is situated had been a
centre for heavy industry. in particular coal mining.
steel and brewing. but these industries went into
decline from then on. Dortmund was hit by high
unemployment and could easily have gone into
economic meltdown with the associated breakdown
in society.
However, rather than giving up and moving
elsewhere to look for work, its residents reinvented
themselves and their city for the future, and now
Dortmund is an affluent place, internationally
renowned for innovation in science and technology
and a model for regeneration. The c1ty has had
support from EU funding as well as grants
from central government. but its successful
transformation is largely seen as the result oí a
un1fied and long-term commitment to regenerate
the city between local government. businesses and
the citizens of Dortmund through the so-called
'Dortmund Project' and the establishment
of Dortmund Urnversity, whích specialises in
technology.
lt is also worth noting that the people did not
choose to completely rebuild the city and forget their
industrial heritage. lnstead of being demolished,
many of the old steel plants and breweries have
been converted into centres of research or for dance
and theatre. In fact, a vibrant arts scene has long
flourished in Dortmund and ít was designated the
European Capital of Culture for 2010.
: Glossary
bear: have the quality of
• brewing: process of making beer and similar drinks
• meltdown: complete collapse
breakdown: situation where something fails I stops •
' renowned: well known
' regenerate: develop again
• heritage: buildings, traditions, art, etc that are
: important to a culture
: demollsh: deliberately destroy
flourish: be successful I thrive
INFORMATION FILES
FILE 19
Unit 7, p. 49, Conversation Practice
Student C
Article 1
French researchers have discovered that sufferers
from aut1sm who inhale the hormone Oxytocin are
better at noticing facial signa Is and maintaining eye
contad. The so-called 'iove' hormone 1s found in high
levels in breast milk and 1s thought to be responsible
for encouraging bonding between mother and
child. Previous studies have also shown those with
aut1stic conditions may have a deficit of Oxytocin.
The experiment focused on those sufferers who did
not have highly ímpaired language sk lis. Currently,
other drugs are prescribed to deal w1th symptoms
such as anx1ety, but resea rchers believe this could
be a breakthrough in dealing with more underlying
causes of the condition.
Article 2
Dogs that can glow in the dark have been
successfully reproduced by inserting a gene that
produces a fluorescent pigment in the dogs' skin
into a cell. The cell 1s then cloned and implanted
ínto the mother. The sc1ent1sts had prev1ously
done the same with cats. The research is seen as a
step towards finding cures for genetic disorders in
h umans. lf genes can be introduced into anima Is
w1thout adverse effects then it could pave the way
to inserting míssing genes or repair ng damaged
ones that are the root cause of various congenital
condít1ons
Article 3
A study by vets in Britaín has revealed that on
average cat owners are more intell1gent than dog
owners, as cat owners typically hada h1gher leve! of
educat1on. The researchers suggest that this is not
down to any transference through the interaction
of cats with their owners, but rather 1s dueto the
fact that cats are more índependent and tend to
requ1re less attention. As h1ghly educated people are
likely to have longer working hours in more h1gh-
powered JObs. they do not have the time to dedícate
to a dog·s upkeep. This is JUSt one finding of a census
undertaken by the Department of Cli nical Veterinary
Science at the Urnvers1ty of Bristol.
INFORMATION FILES 159
UNITOl expect the city and region to take to overcome this crisis>
L: Well. in very basic terms - getting rubble cleared away. providing
~. l basic shelter. getting services up and running and so on - very
Conversation 1 quickly. Even with sorne of the logistical problems we've been
A= Woman, B =Man seeing, i'd expect 1t to have happened m a matter of weeks, 1f not
A. Howwasyourtr1p> days, but, of course, real long-term recovery can take years.
B: Great. Really amazing. Have you ever been there? l. Severa! politicians are already talking of this in terms of an
A· No. What's it like? opportuníty- to rebutid a c1ty wh1ch had suffered econom1c and
B: lt's really wlld. lt took me by surprise. actually. socia problems for years.
A: Yeah? L: Hmm, yes. 1always slightly worry when 1hear that.
B: Yeah. 1don't know what 1expected, really 1just thought it'd be 1: Really~
quieter. but the nightlife is totally mad L. Well, ít very much depends what you mean by 'opportunity' and
A: Really? who the opportunity is for. For example, in a number of fishing
B· Honestly The people there party llke there's no tomorrow. We villages struck by the Asian tsunami sorne years ago. what
wenl out w1lh lhese people and ended up in a place at emerged from the recovery was nota flourishlng flshlng industry,
about four in the morning and 1t was absolutely packed. but rather hotels and tourism. Th1s was seen by many as a positive
A: Yeah> step in developing the economy by those investing, but for the
B: Senou~ly. You c.ouldn't move. In fact, the whole city was st1ll fishermen it meant losing a way of life and control over their own
buzzing You can st1ll get stuck in traffic at that time of night. mcome.
A: Wowl l. Rlght.
B: Actually. that was a bit of a downs1de, the congestion. L: Unfortunately, throughout h1story 1t's often the rich who define
A: Really? Is t bad1 recovery and the poor who lose out For example, go1ng back to
B: Unbelievable! You just spend hours and hours in your car the 19th Century, most of the city of Chicago was devastated by
crawling along. with everyone honking their horns. You'd be fire. There was a huge push to reconstrucl thc city driven by an
quicker walking. really. image of the future. Skyscrapers sprung up to replace what had
A: So did youl been there and you know what. during the construction more
B: No, it's unbearably humid, so you can't, really. Honestly, you people died than in the fire 1tself!
only have to walk out ofyour hotel and you're dripping in l. So what should happen?
sweat. lt's JUSt like a th1ck wall of heat that hits you. L: 1thtnk the best prOJects are those thal fully involve the affected
A: There must be a fair amount of pollution, then community- in fact, that are led by them Where we're talking
B: That as well. There's th1s appalling cloud of smog that of very deprived a reas with social problems, that can certalnly
constantly hangs over the city You nearly choke on the fumes be d1fficult, but outs1ders often underestimate poor people's
when you're outside. capabilities. People are resourceful
A: Sounds pretty grim. Are you sure 1t's so great? Lloyd Jones, we have to leave it there. Thank you very much.
B: Well, you know. it does have its drawbacks but, as 1say, it just
has a real buzz - especially downtown with the skyscrapers .. l.3
and the neon lights flash1ng and the people and the no1se. Jt's Speaker!
justa very v1brant place. A really terrible thing happened to a woman 1used to work with. One
day, she woke up and found her car had been stolen from outside her
Conversation 2 house. so she called the poli ce and repor ted 1t. but when she got oacK
C = Man, D = Woman home from the office that night. the car had been returned. lt was 1n
C: What's your hometown 11ke1 lt's supposed to be nice, isn't 1t? the driveway. lt'd been completely cleaned and there was a note on
O· lt 1s, 1f you like that sort of place the drivers seat apologising for taking 1t. Whoever had wntten the
C. What do you mean? note said that his mum had been taken tll and he'd had to drive her to
O lt's JUSt very conservative. You know. 1t's very affluent - you hospital. Next to the note there were a couple of tickets for a concert
see loads and loads of people in fur coats and posh cars, and the following day. The woman. she was really thrtlled you know-so
the streets are spotless, but it's also just incredibly dull. There's happy - her car back. two free tickets -fantastic. So she called a
not much going on. fnend and they both went to the concert and hada really fantastic
C: Right. time
O: 1know 1t's a btt more run down here. but at least it's more Once she got home though ....
lively There's more of a music scene. you know
C: Yeah, 1know what you mean. So you wouldn't cons1der going Speaker 2
back to live there? Someone told me a story about a guy from Tokyo who'd gone on a
O: Maybe. l mean. don't get me wrong, it is a good place to live if golfing holiday. On the third or fourth day, he suddenly collapsed and
you re bringing up kids - everything works very smoothly and, had to be rushed to hospital for treatment. Eventually. they diagnosed
as 1say. there's nota speck of litter on the streets. So if 1were htm as hav1ng been poisoned and they reported the incident to the
to settle down, 1might move back lt's JUst not what 1want poi ice. The detective in charge of the case quest1oned the man, but he
right now. couldn't think of any reason why anybody would want to poison him.
C: Fair enough lt was something really s1lly in the end. They worked out ...

1.2
1 = Interviewer, L =Uoyd Jones
1 Following the latest hurrrcane to hit the Caribbean, we're here
talking w1th Lloyd Janes, an expert on disaster recovery Lloyd,
this has been a partlcularly devastating storm. How long can we
Speaker 3
This mad thing happened to a guy that a friend of my brother
knows. Apparent!y, one day, he went to a supermarket to buy a few
bits and pteces andas he was looking for the bread, he not1ced this
elderly woman just staring at him with these desperately sad eyes

160 OUTCOMES

He turned away. grabbed a loaf and went off 1n search of sorne mtlk.
Once he'd found the milk, he turned round only to see the same
woman there aga1n - still just staring like mad at him. Anyway. he
was getting a bit freaked out by this-as you would -so he rushed
off to pay. but then he remembered that he'd run out of to1let paper
and so he wcnl l>atk to gel sorne. When he gol back lo the cash ier.
there was the old woman again - in front of him in the queue and
her trol ley was almost fuli to the brim. This time she turns to him
and she says: 'l'm really sorry for stanng. but the thing is. you're
the spitt1ng image of my son who died last year.' She\ wiping her
eyes. getting ali tearful, and she says 'You've got the same eyes. the
same hair lt's incred1ble.' As she was packing ali her stuff away. she
whispered to the guy and said. ·could you do me a tiny little favour?
Could you ¡ust say · coodbye. Murn" when 1 leavel lt'd mean the world
to me. 'Well, what was he going to do? This little old lady and her
tragic story. tryi ng to hold back the tears - so as she's leaving the
store. strugghng w1th all her shopp1ng. he shouts out 'Goodbyc Murn.'
He felt llke he'd done his good deed for the day. but then
"'l..
Speaker!
Once.; sht gol home though. shc drswvcrcd shc'd bcen burglcd and ali
her valuables had been stolen. Then to top that. about a week later.
the pollee called her and told her t hat her car had been u sed as the
veh1cle to gt:l away from a rna¡or bank rol>bery on lhc day that il had
gone missing That is so unh1Cky. no~
Speaker2
lt was something really silly in the end. They worked out that the man
had adually po1soned himself by accidcnt. Apparently. when he was
playing golf he used to hold the tee - that plast1c thrng you put the
golf ball on -between his teeth as he was walking round between
thc holes. but thc golf course had bccn sp1aycd wrth pcst1t1dc. so he
was bas1cally just sucking in toxic pesticide
Speaker3
He felt llke he'd done his good deed for the day. but then the cashier
told htm h1s bill was hke 300 pounds. He said there must've been
a mistake as he'd only bought a few th1ngs. but then the cash1er
explained. She said, 'Yes. I know, but your mother said you'd pay for ali
of her shopptng as well l'
UNIT02
-S-2.1
Conversation 1
A= Woman, B =Man
A. So. how long were you there for>
B: Just undcr a month. so long enough to gel a fcel for thc place.
Ac 1really admire the fact you went there. lt must've been
fascinat1ng. but also ver¡ challenging. l'd imagine.
B: Challeng1ng 1n what way?
A Well, 1mean. it's a very male-dominated soc1ety. isn't lt>
B: 1don't know about that. lt may have that reputation. but that
wasn't really my experience of the place
A. No?
B: No. not really. I mean, 1t's all very close-knit. but 1 didn't feel women
there were any worse off than in many other places. In fact. the
family we stayed with, the w1fe seemed to more or less run the
show. to be honesl.
A Oh, OK. That's interesting. And how was the traffic> Do people
really drive as badly as the stereotype has it?
B: Well. they're not the best d11vers tn the world. 1t must be sa1d, and
it does get quite congested. but to be honest, it wasn't that that
really bothered me lt was more just the total lack of any decent
AUDIOSC RIPT
pubhc lransport. There's no t ube or anythmg and the buses were
always so crowded that you ended up driving yourself and then
you become another part of the problem.
Convezsation 2
C =Man, D = Woman
C One th1ng that ·s surpnsed me here 1s the music scene l've been to
sorne amazing gigs - and people seem to really go for itl They're
usualiy so formal and pohlc, bul pul them in front of a l1vc band
and they go absolutely rrazy
O: 1know. Actually. I think the arts scene in general seems to be
thnv1ng. There are sorne great young film diredors com1ng up
as well.
C: Yeah, yeah. What amazed me was how much they get away with.
l'd expected a lot more state control. beca use you hear about
all the censorshtp before you arrive, but sorne of the tapies they
talkie are vcry polilttally sens1l1vc.
O· Absolutely 1saw a film the other week that was basicaliy dealing
with corruptlon and the fact that people are always having to pay
C:
bnbes.
YPah> That sounds pretty close to the bone Someone was telling
me the other day. actually, that one thing making a big d ifference
right now 1s the fact that the economy 1s doing so well. lt ¡ust
means there's a bit more money floating around and so people
are happy to invc~t 1n ncw projcc.t~. and ali that's fuclling lhis
freedom of express1on
~2.2
l'm not sure about that
2 lsn't that a bit ot an exaggeration?
3 1wouldn't go that far.
4 That's a bi t over the top, isn't iP
S Well, that's one way of look1ng at lhtngs.
6 That's a bit of an overstatement. 1sn't 1t?
7 1don't really see it like that myself.
~2]
1 Vaughan
What bugs rne 1s the way people use 'Bnt1sh and 'E:ngl 1sh'
interchangeably. Wales is a separate rnuntr¡, with a distinct cultural
henlage and language to the English. In fdct. sometimes 1 th1nk
the Engl1sh are jealous beca use they haven't mainta1ned thetr own
cu ltural traditions like us or the Scots. 1 mean. not many people
celebratc St Gcorge's Day in l:ngland.
l'd personally hke the Welsh to gain even more autonomy from the
UK. That's not because l'm very nat1onalistic or consider myself super-
Welsh. beca use l'm not. I don't actually speak Welsh that well Nor
am 1 a b1g fan of flag-waving beca use 1 think that can lead to narrow-
mindedncss and can evcn breed ratism .
No. I want independence for pol1tical reasons. Trad1tionally, the
Welsh have been more left-wing. but that's not really reflected in the
British governmcnl. Also. 1don't undcrstand why we sl1ll havc royalty.
The only 'God Save the Queen' 1'11 singa long to 1s an old anti royalist
punk song! In sorne ways. f'd like to be seen as a republican and
Cttizen of the world f1rst. then European. and Welsh. or even Bntish -
but never English'
2 Amir
1guess sorne people don't expect to see someone like me running
a fish and lhip shop, but for 99% of rny wstomers. 1t's JUSt not an
issue. 1 was born here and my parents were born here and l'm as
British as anyone else. I j ust happen to be Muslim as well, that's ali.
lt's no big th1ng. Ido gel the occas1onal comment about 11. but tl
doesn't bother me
AUDIOSCRIPT 161
 AUDIOSCRIPl
fhe only time 1 ever fcel vagucly c.onf11ctcd aboul my 1denlity 1s
when Engbnd play Pakistan at cricket.! can't help it, but 1 always
want Pakistan to do well. There's always a bit of banter about that
w1th the local lads. but as 1always say. l'm surc most Engl1sh bloke~
living on the Costa del Sol stili support England 1fthey ever play Spain
at footbalL lt's human nature. isn't it?
3 Emily
Last week 1went to a ceremony wherc a friend of mine, Nyasha.
ga1ned British citizenship. She's orig1naliy from Zimbabwe and carne
here as a refugee, so it was a big day for her. To become a British
nat1onal, she had to pass a test. wh1ch mcant learn1ng thíngs most
British people don't even know about - like the year that 18 year olds
first got the vote!
1 have to say. the more 1 thought aboul 1t, the ha1der 1t beca me to
really say what being Brit1sh means to me. You meet sorne fore1gners
who still believe we ali wear bowler hats and shop at Harrods and can
recite Shakespeare. and others who stereotype usas ali bemg madly
1nto football, drinklng too much lager and eating curry or kebabs. but
apart from liking curry 1 don't fit into eithcr groupl l'm more into car
boot sales and bakmg cakes. 1don't know 1think everyone has the1r
own idea of what British culture really mea ns. ror my son it'd be hip
hop! lt's a very personal thing.
UNIT03
~ 1
Conversation 1
A = Man, B = Woman
A: So how's it all going? Any better?
B: l'd say things are worse if anyth1ng. to be honest. He doesn't
seem to have a clue how the department should work or what's
expected of hím - and he's dragg1ng the rest of the team down
w1th him. l've tried to talk to h1m about it. but he always JUSt gets
really defensive and puts up this great big barrier. What realiy
dnves me mad, though, 1s thc man's arrogancc. He's so full of
h1mselfl He's one of those peo ple who'll JUst never accept they've
done anything wrong. He just blames it ali on everyone else.
A: Sounds hke an 1d1ot to me! Maybe you need to go over h1s head
and talk to someone else about it
B: 1 would do, but our line manager isn't very approachable. And even
when you do get to talk to him, he's not exactly the best listener
in the world .
Conversation 2
C =Woman, D = Man
e 1 can't stand h1m.
D: Really' l've always thought he comes across as a really decent guy
C: You're joking, aren't you? He's so fake!
D: Do you think so? In what way?
C: Ali that rubbish about saving the world and helping the starving
milhons that he's always going on about.
O· What's wrong with that? 1quite admire the fact he's prepared to
stand up for what he believes in. He doesn't have to do ali that
chanty work, does he' He could JUSt keep hís mouth shut and keep
his millions and carry on making music.
C: Yeah, but it's ali just self-promotion. really, isn·t 1t? lt's just to sell
more CDs. lf he was really bothered. he'd give ali his money away
and really help people He just likes to be seen to be doing good
D: 1 JUst think you've got him wrong. He's done a lot to ra1se
awareness of various different causes and he works realiy hard to
make a difference. You're justa cynic.
C: And you're JUSt na1vel
162 OUTCOMES
Conversation 3
=
E = Man, F Woman
E. So what're they like' Are you getting on OK wíth them ali'
Ycah, more or lcss. 1 havcn't really scen m1Jch of the guy next door.
l've passed him once or twice in the corridor, but he keeps himself
to himself. really.
E: OK.
F But the g1rt opposite is great. She seems realiy nice and bright and
chatty. We hit it off straightaway.
E: That's good, then.
F The only problem is she klnd of hogs the bathroom. I mean. she's
ín thcre for hours evcry morning, doing h1er hair and her make-up.
lt's really annoying because we've only gcit the one bathroom.
E: Oh nol Really? That'd drive me mad, that would!
F. And the other guy, in lhc little room upslairs, seems plcasant
enough, but he strikes me as a bit of a slacker 1 mean. he's not
working at the moment and he JUst seems ... well ... extremely
la id back about 1t.
E: To the point of horizontal, then, eh'
...:2
Conversation 1
A = Woman, B =Man
A lt's a bit worry1ng actually, I haven't seen her around for a bit.
8: How old 1s she?
A; Well, she must be gett1ng on beca use she ment1011cd going to
university In the sixties and occupying th1~ Chancellor's office
during a protest.
B: A bit of a radical, then.
A. Oh yeah, and she's still very with it - she hasn't lost any of her
facult1es al ali. She's one of thesc people who's always writing to
their MP - calling them to account
B: Maybe she's away visiting family.
A: l'm not sure she has any to speak of. I know she had a s1ster but
she told me they'd hada major falling-out. I just would've thoLight
she'd have mentioned going away. asked ITie to water her plants or
something.
Conversation 2
C = Woman, D = M an
C. What's up?
D: lt's Connor. He's got another detention. I <1ctually hada phone ca 1
this time from Miss Jones.
C: You're joking.
D: She sa1d he's 1ust constantly answering back.
C: 1 think she JUSt overreacts. 1 know he has a tendency to be a bit
cheeky - let's facc it, it's a bit of a fam1ly t rait. wanting to have the
last word - but it's just harmless banter riealty: disagreeing for the
sake of it.
D: lt didn't sound hke 1t.
C: She's just singling him out for punishment. 1f you ask me
D: You should've heard what he said to her. He can be very hostile,
you know.
C: He's going through a slightly more rebellious phase, but that's
perfectly normal. She should be used to 1t, and this isn't going
to help
D. We should put our toot down with him or he's going to
completely go offthe ra1b.
C: Oh. don't exaggerate lt'll ali blow over
Conversation 3
E = Woman 1, F = Woman 2
E we·ve obv1ously both gota strong competitive streak, but 1
wouldn't calt it s1bhng rivalry, would you?

F. No. not at all. I think it's ali channelled 1nto tre tennis. We can
both be pretty ruthless wíth each other. I mean, Sal showed no
merey when she thrashed me, in the Open last year, but after the
match- well, obv1ously 1was disappo1nted - in bits, really- but
Sal comforted me, and once 1 gol over the d1sappointment. I was
really pleased for what she'd achieved - there was no ¡ealousy or
anything.
E. That's rrght. thmk 1t's very much down to the way we were
1 Conversation 2
brought up, wh1ch was always very much share and share alike,
and very lovrng
F· Absolutely
Conversation 4
G =Man, H = Woman
G Apparently, they were quite close at school, but nothing really
carne of 1t and then they ¡ust dnfted apart and 1ost touch, as you
do, you know, and then suddenly completely out of the blue he got
this email and that's how they got back in touch. Like she'd been
carry1ng this flame for htm all th1s time.
H: Aww! That's so sweet.
G: The really amazing thing 1s that as it turns out, she has a coupte of
k1ds alreadyfrom a previous marriage.
H: No!
G. Yeah, but he seerrs to have taken 1t all in h1s stride and 1t seems to
be really working out far them
H: Oh, l'm so del1ghted for him. He's such a lovely bloke.
Conversation 5
1= Wornan, J =Man
1 somet;mes fee1 we're just on a conveyor belt and she's ¡ust
ticking boxes.
J: 1 know whatyou mean.
1: mean, 1was feeling really under the weather, but she wouldn't
listen. she just dismissed itas a slight bug.
J: wouldn't put up with 1t- you should reg1ster w 1th someone
else. Why don't you try at my place? They're very good there
They're always vcry sympathetic if 1 need a sick note orto take
t;me offwork.
UNIT04
-s, 4.1
Conversation 1
A = Woman 1, B = Woman 2
Ac Personally, l'rr in favour of curbing the salaries of people like
bankers and executives.
B: How would you do that, though?
A: , don't know. l'm sure 1t's not w1thout problems, but there musl be
a way 1just find sorne of these salaries are obscene- especially
when they have people in the same company earning peanuts.
B: Hmm. know what you mean.
A: And rt twists everything else because if they're earning that much.
it encourages other people to ask for more, and it pushes up
prices.
B. Curbing salaries may be OK in principie, but in pract1ce? lt's going
to be unworkable, 1sn't 1t?
A: 1 don t see why We have a mínimum wage so why nota
maximum one?
B: Well. how are you going to decide the max1mum? And what
would you include i n pay> What if they were given a boat or
whatever, instead of moneyl
A Welf they'd just declare itas part of their income in the normal
way. no? And it could be, say, ten times the lowest wage
B: Only ten? l'm sure they'd be a ble to find ways round it And you
don't think it'd discourage people from doing those jobs?
AUDIOSCRIPT
A: Sorne. maybe, but 1don't see that as a bad thing. I mean, maybe
they'd think about doing other jobs that are more useful. Anyway,
1thought you sa1d 1t was a good idea in theory
B· 1did. l'm just playing devil's advocate And, as 1said,1 do have
majar doubts about how it'd work.
A: Well, personally 1think the benefits far outwe1gh the d1fficulties.
C =Man, D = Woman
C. Did you hear about th1s proposal to bid to hold the Olymp1cs here>
D: Yeah. You don't sound happy aboul ,t.
C- No, absolutely notl l'm totally opposed to it lt's a complete waste
of money Aren't you against it?
D: l'm not sure where 1stand really. Won't the games make a lot of
money if we get them >
C: No. They always talk about them leaving a good legacy and
boosting the economy. but it's all rubbish.
o, Really> 1can't pass judgement. J don't know enough about 1t.
C: Have a look on the Internet. Apparently. in Montreal they're still
paying taxes on the debt-and they held them in 1976!
D: Really?
C: 1tell you. 1t's lucky we don't have a hope in hell. so they'll only
waste the money on •he bid Imagine if we actually won it,
though! lt'd be a recipe for disaster. lt'd probably bankrupt us
is. 42
Joke 1
Two friends are strolling down the road when one turns to the other
and asks 'So, what do you think of our president?'The other guy looks
around 'I can't tell you here. Follow me'. And he sneaks off down a
síde street. 'Now tell me what you th1nk' he asks again 'No, not here.
lt's not safe'. And they típ-toe down the sta1rs of an old block of flats
and into the deserted basement Having checked that there is no-one
around the friend tries a third time: 'So, now you can tell me what
you really think about our leader.'The othcr one glances around
nervously. 'Well,' he wh1spers, 'I actually really like himl'
Joke2
A middle-aged couple have a son who's still living at home with them
íhey've started getting a bit worried beca use the boy seems quite
una ble to decide on a career, so they decide to do a little test. They
take a 20-dollar bill, a Bible and a bottle of whisky and leave them on
the k1tchen table. They then h1de. pretend1ng they aren't at home.
The dad's theory was that if his son took the money. it meant he'd
become a businessman. if he took the Bible, he'd become a priest and
1f he went far the whisky, he'd probably end upas a no good drunk.
So anyway, the parents hide away under the stairs and wat,
expectantly. After a wh1le, lhe son arrive> home and lhey peer out to
watch him. First. he picks up the money. holds 1t up to the light and
then slips it into his pocket . Next. he p1cks up the Blble, flicks through
1t and then pockets that as well. Finally. he grabs the bottle. opens it
and sniffs it to check it's good qual1ty, befare sticking it into his bag
He then happily skíps up the sta1rs to go far a nap.
'Oh no!' the father exclaims.'Our son 1s going to be a pol1tician 1'
Joke3
A man 1s walking down the street muttenng to h1mself, cursing the
government and the poverty that's ravaging the country. 'We have no
food, no warm water, nothing!
As it happens, a group of plain-clothes policemen come past in
the opposite direction and overhear h1m. They all sudden ly leap on
him and drag htm down to the station. where they th row hrm 1nto
the 1nterrogation room. They make him sit on a cha ir in the m1ddle of
the room and take a gun and fire blanks at him. The man's scared stiff
AUOIOSCRIPT 163
AUD IOSCRIPT
and curls up 1n fear The polir e, seeing him so terrifil"d anc1 thinking
he's learned t11s lesson, lct hlm go.
As the guy truc1ges off home. he starts moan1ng lo h1mself aga1n:
'Slup1d country! No food, no warm water. We haven't l"Vl"n got any
bullets Stup1dl'
4' 4.3
Speakerl
1used to like watch1ng Star Quality, hut slnre th1s sc.1nd:il has erupted.
l'vc lost inter~t in 1l. T111s story leaked out that they were encouraging
pt"Ople to phone in even though they'd already dec1ded thc re!>ult. They
were manípulating th1ngs so that one guy didn't get voted off bec:iuse
1t helpcd the programme's 1i1l111gs 1f they hada kind of hate figure
1rnight not have minded so mu ch 1f the calls were free. but they're
1m1king a fortune on them
Speanr2
Wc only callcd a vote beca use negot1at1ons were golng absolutely
nowhere, and despite the mass1ve support we've rccc1vetl from our
members. the management Is perststlng w1th a densory offer that
w1ll see wages iall 111 rc<il le1rm 11cxl yc<ir. lf 1t hadn't been fer their
intranstgence, we would not betaking this act1on now We understand
thc publ1c.'s frustration - we share 1t- but the blame for thls dispute
should be laid firmly .it the door of thc train c.ornpany.
Speaker3
l'm totally in favour of a vote on the 1ssue. The way thc wrrcnl ~y~tem
works, sorne parties get a seat with only 100,000 votes, while others
who poli more than tw1ce lh<it don'l gel any. In thc run·up to the
elect1on, the New Party h:1c1 promised to hold one 1f they got into
powcr. but in thc cvcnt ali that talk has faded away. I guess lf they
hJdn't won a landslide v1ctory. they'd be keener to b1111g dboul electoral
reform, but 1truly believe the vast majority of thl" elector,1te st1ll wants
to see a change and would wtc yes. whatever their reservat1ons.
Speaker4
On anotner d.iy 1wou1dn't have t<ikcn part. but 1was ata bit of a loose
end when the researcher called and she caught me off guard lt took
dbout half an hour and 1 have to admit quite enjoyed it - moaning
about the government Mind yoi.., when the n:sulls wcre published
1n the paper, I was a bit taken aback lt Sl"ems t'm in a small m1nonty!
People must be madi
Speaker5
1know in sorne places 1t's JUSt toker11sm w1th rio real power. but that
1sn't the case here. In these d.1ys of voter apathy, 1t's 1mportant th.it
young pcople learn that democracy can give rise to pos1tivl" rhange
Apart from deciding things hke the end of terrn tn¡r... pupil rcps can
decide on policy. lt's unlikely we would've abol1shed uniforms 1f we
d1dn't have a body likc th1s. Votmg isn·t obl1gatory. but nearly everyone
does.
REVIEW 01
R¡ 1
Speakerl
Wht•n 1saw him on telly c1uring the c.1mpaign he carne across as
quite hurnblc and down-to·earth, you know, but then they won that
landslide victory and 1don't know, I thmk 1t mustvc gonc to thc1r
hcads. Slnce then he·s just behaved with surh arrogance Honestly. I
doubt '1e knows the mcan111g of thc word 'principies' - he's certa1nly
stabbed a few colleagues in the back There's just no substanc.e. I w1sh
l'd ncver 110ted for him.
164 OUTCOMES
Speaker2
: 1t get me wrong. l'm generally In favour ofthe changes. I thrnk the
pos1llvcs outwcigh the negatives Salaz.;ir's been In decline for years -
neglected by succ.esswe governrnents and 1hke the arts stene whlctl
is now emergíng. I also th1nk we're m.1n:ig1ng to mamta111 our dose
k111t wmmurnty. What l'rn opposcd to though is demol1sh1ng build ings
with histonc value 1JUSt don't bel1eve that they wuldrll've been
done up.
Speaker 3
Whcn 1first met her, I have to 5.ay 1thought she was .1 bit of a snob.
She d1dn't really say anytl11ng. but hc1 focc and manncr. well, I just
thought she was looking down on me. Anyway. it was rid1culous
rca lly, but we got stuck in a litt onc day for about half an hour and 1
was getting in a statc and she calmed me down and rnadc me laugh.
That's really how she 1s - laid-bark and rheerful In fact it turned out
that the day we ftr~t rnel shc'd had an upset stomach. which is why
she w.1sn't exactly chatty
Speaker4
At the start of the campaign 1was defin1tely gomg to vote yes.
thouglll thc rcforms would benctit the country and strengthen
worker~· rights. but it's d1fficult to totally ignore lt1t: no lobby.1'm
su re the idea that the reforms will devastate the economy 1s an
ovcrstaterncnt. but 1t ha~ undcrm1ned my confidence in the proposals
anrl now 1 don't know where 1 stand
Speaker 5
One 1ears many people voicing concerns about the negat1ve 1rnpact
globahsdlion 1s having on local tradit1ons. 1 would argue that !hose
people are propagating a myth about culture. A clo~e1 m~pettion of
how so-called tradit1ons carne abo11t will often revea! that they ;ire
relat1vely rccent and wcrc often adopted from other countries that
were influent1al at the time The changes we are undergo1ng now
are real. but they are not new and may In fact cre;ite future loca
trad1tlcns.
UNITOS
~s.
Conversation 1
A =Woman 1, B =Woman 2
A: Hey Maddy fou look a bit rough
B: 1know l'm exhausted. I d1dn'l gct lo bcd t1ll three.
A Howcome?
B: Oh, th1s frrend of minc. tt was her 25th and we organ1sed a
surprise party
A. 1bet she was pleased.
B: Yeah. ~he was, although shc ac.tually burst into tears when she
first carne in
A. Oh!
B: Ah. she's been through a lot reccntly, whic.h is partly why we
planned the do
A: Checr her up?
B· Ye;ih, exactly Anyway. she obv1ously found it a bit overwhelming at
tirst. but she got over it pretty qu1ckly
A: That's good. Whcre was 1tl
B· In th1s bar. They'd hlred a room and they hada band. I th1nk they
were friends of hers too.
A· Any good?
B: Yeah, brilliant They played th1s old school rock and roll bul really
wcll. Honestly, everyone was up dancing.Actually, it wa~ h1larlous
-you know Fmley. don't youl
A Vaguely- only really by sight
B· You've never seen him struttlng h1s stuffthen?
A: No,why?
B. He's awful. Honestly, he dances l1ke a crippled ch1cken1 We were m
st1tches watching him.
A· Poor bloke. He'll probably never dance again.
B. Nah. 1mean 1 would've been mortified, but he's one of those
people - he's so full of h1mself. I don't think he even reglsters
when people are taking the mickeyl
A You won't be sayíng that when he comes and guns you ali down
in revengel
B. Trust me. he's very thick-skinned Anyway talking of dancing. are
you st1ll going to those tango classes?
A Yeah - on and off.
B: You must be getting quite good.
A: 1 wouldn't go that far. l'm st1ll a bit prone to treading on toes
Comenation 2
C• Woman, D •Man
C: H1, glad 1caught you Have you sorted everything for the b1g
meetmgr
O· Yeah, yeah, it's all in hand. !'ve also booked a table at 'Eugine s'
C. Excellent. I didn't mean to hassle you l'm just stressing about it.
O: That's ali nght. rm sure it'll be fine.
C: Yeah, it will 1could just do without 1t at the moment. Just too
muchon.
O· Tell me about 1tl 1was tossing and turning all nightl 1JUst couldn't
switch off.
C: 1know. Perhaps you should take up meditation.
o Yeah
C. Anyway. Thanles for being so on top of thmgs
O: No problem.
G By the way, how was your meal the other mght?
O· Oh, great. We went to thls place, 'Porchetta'?
C: Oh yeah. How was the food1
D. Gorgeous, but there was so much -you have s1x or seven courses. I
lost count
C: You must've been stuffed by the end.
D. 1 thought l<l burst - all a bit too much really. Actually. there was
a bit of a scene while we were there. This guy JUst burst out
shouting ata waiter - really rantmg about something stup1d, like
there was a d1rty fork or somethlng.
C: lt sounds hke he was off h1s head.
O: 1don't lenow 8ut they got him to leave
C: Strange.
Ss.2
1 A: That must've been pretty dull.
B· Awful 1couldn't stop yawning
2 A: You must be glad you dldn't go now.
8: Absolutely. lt obv1ously doesn't live up to the hype.
3 A· He must've been a bit disappointed.
8: Actually, he was klnd of expectlng it.
4 A: You must be feehng a bit rough now.
B Actually, I feel surprlslngly fresh
5 A: You must've been mort1fied.
B· 1wouldn't go that far. but 1t was a bit embarrassing.
6 A. She must've been quite upset
B: Oh. she was in bits - just rn floods of tears.
Ss.3
When Oprah W1nfrey added a book club section to her phenomenally
popular American talle show back In 1996, she could surely never
have env1saged the 1mpact she would have - not only on the readlng
ha bits of the nation, but also on the pubhshmg mdustry 1tself.
Winfrey personally chose all the books she endorsed and d1dn't
benefit financlally from any of her selections In terms of sales,
endorsement by Oprah is worth anywhere between 20 and 100 times
the recommendat1on of any other pubhc figure in the Umted States
and has suff1c1ent clout to fundamentally alter Amazon rankings,
best-seller hsts and author royalty payments. Her club now boasts
over two mi Ilion members and has a webs1te that prov1des t1ps on
d1fferent approaches to read1ng, celebritles dlscusslng favourlte
pieces of literature and ample space for users to share their own
thoughts on featured titles
In the wake of all this h1ghly visible publlc enthuslasm, book clubs
have started sprmging up everywhere. In Bntain alone, there are now
an estimated 40,000 reading groups, with people meeting to discuss
their latest hterary laves rn pnvate homes or m cafés, In librarles and
boolestores or slmply onl ne Th1s phenomenon has spawned such
specialist gatherrngs as the Vegan Boolc dub and a Socialist ~m1nlst
group. as well as meet1ngs spec1fically targeted at lovers of cnme
novels and even comicsi
The remarkable surge in the popularity of boole clubs seems to be
down to a number of d1fferent factors Cultural commentator Rosalie
Nicholson
'We hve in hectic times.As we all become ever busier and ever
more bombarded with an overload of information. readmg groups
clearly represent a craving for trustworthy recommendations
They act as a k1nd of filter. In add1t1on, book clubs seem to tap into
some kmd of deslre for commumty in an age of increasrng social
fragmentat1on lromcally, it seems that the sohtary act v ty of readlng
can help prov1de a sense of shared expenence.'
However, not everyone sees the trend In such a posit1ve light
Here's cnt1c Bryan Sewer·
'Let's face it. most reading groups are little more than gossip1ng
mcles or else simpiy a hterary guise for datrng clubs! And 1lmow
from my own observat1ons that when they do finally get round
to d1scussing books, the discourse is generally coarse and d1splays
hm1ted msight or intellect. I also fear that the whole nature of the
set-up has created a tendency towards a certa1n kmd of sentimental
autobiographical writmg. wh1ch one can only suppose must be eas1er
for a mass aud1ence.'
Bryan Sewer's opimon. though. seems to have little 1mpact. and
certainly hasn't halted the spread of communal readmg lndeed, one
recent boole club favourite. Readmg Lo/ita m Tehran, by Aur Nafisi,
detalls the transformational experience of reading and d1scuss1ng
frequently banned Western books in the lranian capital in the 1990s.
The appeal. 1t would seem. 1s universal
On top of the multitude of read1ng groups now thrivmg, other
mnovat1ve proiects have also been conce1ved. Book Crosslng is a free
onlrne book club that aims to make the whole world a library'. Afte1
havmg reg1stered with the site, which connects users and attempts to
track the movement of 1tems donated, users are encouraged to leave
booles they've flmshed reading in public spaces. where they may then
f1nd new admirers.
Seattle, meanwhile. ínst1gated the now globally popular idea of
One City, One Book - a community readmg pro1ect des1gned to g1ve
everyone w1thm a specific geograph1cal locat1on the opportunity to
read and then talk about one book at one particular time. As the idea
has spread, different cities have added their own twlsts· bookstore
talles by authors here, related arts programmmg there and sometimes
even integrat1on wlth school currlcula The city of Lrverpool went so
far as to celebrate 1ts year as European Cultural Cap tal by funding
20,000 free copies of the year's chosen book. The Savoge by David
Almond
AUDIOSCll'r 165
UNIT06 ... 6.2
A man working fer a soft drink company is standing tria! today
S61 accused of spymg on 1ts b1gg<.>st rival. Dan Craddock 1s sa1d to have
Comrersation 1 1nftltrated Jazz Drinks on behalf of •ts competitor P1t-Pots Ovt'r recent
A = Woman, B = Man 1, C • Man 2 yPars, thl' two compan1es have been engaged in a fiercc battlc to
A: Ricardo! R1cardol capture rnarket share, pouring rnoncy 111to ever more extravagant
B· Yeah Whafs up? advert1srng campa1gns in an effort to outdo each othl'r Last year was
A. Lookl 1w1sh you wouldn't do th1s' Reallyl lt's not fa1r on the rest Jazz Drinks' best ever. and, as Pit-Pots was los1ng ground, 1t 1s da1med
of us lht'Y ~ecretly recru1ted Mr Craddock, who held a h1gh level post in
B. Dowhat? Jazz Drinks. to pass on information on marketing and pricing strategy
A Leave everyth1ng in such a state In herel Look at it lt looks like for the coming year. Mr Craddock deme~ any wrongdoing. The case
a bomb has Pxploded in here and it mea ns 1 now have to t1dy continues.
everything up. Thl' TV presenter lonas Bakeman is f1ghting to salvage his carccr
s, 1'11 g1ve you a hand if you want tollowmg rcvclations of h1~ affair w1th a researcher on h1s programme.
A That's not the point! You used 1t last-you should'vc clcdncd 1t up. Just1ce F1ght As reporters laid sil'gl' to h1s home. he re!eased a
1hat's thc rule. statement expressing regret over the affair. but defended h1msclf
B· OK, OK There's no need to bite my head off about t. I just forgot. against allegat1ons that he'd pursued and harassed the woman,
1m sorry. l've just been really busy, dll r1ght ? Petra Campbell He clalmed 1t had been a case of mutual attractton
C So busy you've riot managed to clear all your debts yet! and he had surrendered to wcakncss during a momentary lapse
B Meaning what? of judgement. However, Ms Campbell has made available ev1dencl'
C Meaning you st1fl h<1ven't pa1d Kathrin back the 40 pounds she that she had been bombarded with text messages and email> of a
lent you fer the gas bill three Wl'eks ago. personal naturc and that the affair had been more than 'momentary'
B Not thls again Owen. 1 wish you'd stop going on dbout 1t. l've told Bosses of the TV company are to meet tomorrow to conslder Mr
her hke d thousand times 1'11 sort it out when 1get pa1d That's on Bakeman's tuture.
the 2lst Which s f1ve days from now OK? Campd1gners have cla1med v1c:tory in their battle against full
C. What is it w th you? How e.orne wc never have a proper body scanners In airports following a court decision supportlng a
LOnversat on? Why are you always so defens1w all the time' And woman who refused to accept a sean A nurnber of llVll hbert1es
why do you always have to exaggerate everythingl groups had J01ned forces to back the woman in an attempt to defeat
B Who's thc one exaggcratmg? You should listen to yourself- never, thl' government's proposals that everyone travelling by plane should
always. always. never have to pa~s through thc malhllle~. The campaigners say 1t 1s a gross
A: Can both of you just stop itl Please Honcstly, I w1sh t'd never invasion of privacy as the scanners can see through clothlng. The
mcnt1oned 1t now! You're like a couple of kids government has said that it wdl not retrcat in its pohty and beheve
the scanners are an important part of its armoury rn the war on terror
Convenation 2 They plan to get the decision overturned
D • Man, 1 • Woman And finally. peace has now brokcn out rn the v1llage of Paulston.
D M riam. Could 1llave a word? A dispute had been rag1ng overa statue of St John of 81dsh1re, the
E Can't 1t wa1t7 multi-prize-wmrnng prg of local farmer T1m Langford. The three-metre
D· Not really no. pink sculpture, wh1ch had been standing at the entrance of the v1llage
E lt really is a rather awkward momcnt. for overa year. had split the v1llage 1nto two camps. w1th half saying
D. Look, 1don't th1nk 1would bother you like this if 1t was only it was a hideous eyesore. while supporters of Mr Langford sc11d it
something trivial. do think it wou!d be better if we sorted th1s stood as a proud symbol of the local produce for which Paulston 1s
out now famous Protesters had marched onto Mr Langford's land and sprayed
E What do you mean? Sort what out? the statue with paint. Reprisals aga1nst the vandals then followed
D. The small matter of the parce! for M1lan ... wh1ch they st1ll haven't Now the local council has stepped tn as peacemaker to broker an
recc1ved yet agreement between the two sldes The statue •S to be relocated to a
E· Have they not? That's weird nearby sculpture gallery. but w1ll be moved back to the v1llage dur ng
D. 1thought 1expressly asked you to send that parce! recorded the three day summer festival
dehvery.
E· 1d1d Vou can ask Kate 1f you don't believe me. She saw me hand it ...6.3
over to Shane. Speakerl
O: Woahl Stop nght there You did what1 As a man of the church, I beheve the Comm1ss1on has been lmmensely
E: 1gave lt to Shane He was on h1s way and he sa1d heCl do 1t forme. rmportant and has gene a long way towards heal1ng a wounded,
D: Listen, M1riam. I don't mean to be rude. but when 1sa1d 1wanted traumat1sed nation. lt's only by learning about the wrongs of the past
YOU to send it that's prec1sely what 1meant. lt's not someone that we can ensure these m1stakes wdl never be repeated.
else s responsibd1ty.1t's YOURS. Have you any idea what 1s riding on Obviously. though, it was nota perfect process 1was appalled at
lt11> deal? lf we can't show we're capa ble of the most basic things. the evd that was uncovered. Bearing w1tness to such awful suffenng
how on earth are they going to trust us with their account? takes 1ts tell on you and, more often than not. a day spent l1stening to
E; 1m really sorry Honcst!y, 1t won't happen aga1n. testimony ended w1th tears and profound, soul·searchlng questlons
D: lt won t because to be frank w1th you, l'm really not sure there's a about the Higher Purpose. 1understand how these revelat1ons stoked
future for you here at all. anger w1th111 the country. though 1don't condone acts of vengeance
E. No.Ido understand 1made a m1stake. agalnst perpetrators
D. And not for the first time. 1hasten to add. One th1ng that exacerbated the s1tuat1on was the fact that
E No, I know. lt was stupid of me. really stup1d. I don't know what 1 perpetrators were g1ven lnstant amnesty. whilst v1ctíms were requ red
WdS th1nking - to wart before receiving compensation. payment which mvariably
D That's as maybe, but it's a bit late for all that now fadcd to recog111se the true degree of suffering expenenced

166 OUTCOMES

Speaker 2
1ve tried
to forg1ve and to forget. I truly have, but it's beyond me.
My son was murdered by the police and 1had to collect his bru1sed
and bloodíed body from the morgue.! went before the Comm1ssion
to recount my experienc.cs.yet rather than walk away healed. l left
feeling worse than ever before. All 1felt was that 1was re-living his
death all over again. That's why 1rejected the sum that they offered
me. lt would've been like taking blood moneyl How can 1 put th1s
behind me when 1still don't know who did this to my boy orwhy ít
happened? 1want justice.
Speaker 3
Afte1 years of bcmg scen as a pariah statc, as Lhe lowest of Lhc low.
the Commission has at least shown the world we can draw a line
under the past and move on in a civilised manner. In that respect.
it's been a great success. When the old system collapsed.
1was desperately worried there'd be a wave of revenge attacks,
and although there's been a bit of that. by and large the transition
has worked.
The Commission has been key in shaplng the national mood and
moving people away from revenge and towards a plac.c wherc we c.an
ali see the wrongs that were committed by both sides and the pain
that was inflicted on al!.
UNIT07
,..,, 7. l
Conversation 1
A= Woman, B = Man
A: D1d you read that thing about transplanting the nose of
mosquitoes?
B: What7 Are you senous? • d1dn't th1nk rnosqu1tocs eve11 had nosesl
A: Yeah, well, 1t's obviously nota nose in the sense of our noses, but
apparently it was like the smelling receptors on the antenna and
what they do 1s they somehow get these receptors to grow on
frog's eggs so that they can do tests on them.
B: How on earth do they do that7
A: To be perfectly honest. l'm not su re They extract the DNA of the
receptors or somethlng and then inject it into the eggs. lt's a bit
beyond me really. 1JUSt thoughl 1l was amaz1ng.
B· lt sounds a bit dubious, •f you ask me. 1 mean, what's the point>
A. Well, apparently. they use them to see what smells trigger the
receptors.
B: And?
A. Well, 1t's to stop the spread of malaria. Obviously, mosquitoes are
strongly attracted to the smell of human sweat, but if they can
find odours which create a bigger stimulus or which produce no
tr1gger. then lhcy wuld use those srnells to manufacture traps to
draw the mosquitoes away from humans, or spray-en repellents to
mask human smells.
B: OK.1 suppose that makes sense. I have to say, though. I stlll find all
that gene manipulat1on a bit disconcertlng.
A: What do you mean?
B: Well, it's a sl1ppery slope, isn't it? One moment it's mosquito noses.
the next they'll be engineering bables.
A: Come off 1tl lt's hardly the same thingl
Conversation 2
C = Man, D = Woman
C. Did you read this thing about building a sun shield in space to
prevent global warrning?
D· No lt sounds a bit unlikely, though. 1 mean, how big would 1t have
to be?
C: Apparently about 60,000 miles long!
AUDIOSCRIPT
D: 60.000! That's ndiculousl mean, how on earth are they going
to build somethíng that big, let alone get it up there? They
struggle to build a stadium here on time and on budget
C: Well, that's 1t -the idea with th1s 1s it's not hke one b1g
struc.ture, 1t's rrnllions of httle reflectors wh1c.h forma
massíve 'cloud'
D, But how many would you need?
C: Tnll1ons. They reckon 1f they deploy a stack of these things
every five minutes it d take ten years to make
D: Hardly an instant solution thenl
e No.
D: And what about the cost?
C J'vc no idea, to be honest, but thcy cla11T11t's all quite feasible.
Anyway. th1s guy's gota grant to look into it further
D: You're joking! What a waste ot money! Are you sure it isnt ¡ust
a scam or sorne made-up story?
C lt was on a fairly reput.'lble website
D. Pahl Mind you. l sometimes wonder whether the whole climate
change thing is a scam. lt's ali just about vested 1nterests and
people out to make a buck.
C. You'rc not serious. are you?
D: Yeah, why not>
C. Because the evidence is pretty incontrovert•ble.
D: Says who?
~7.2
1 What on earth for>
2 Why on earth would they want to do that?
3 Whal on carth's that?
4 Who on earth would buy something l1ke that?
5 Where on earth are they going to get the money for that?
6 What on earth is he gotng on about/
'!f,7,3
1 !t's d1fficult to 1nterpret th1s story w1thout know 1 ng the nurnber
of accidents per mi1e travelled. lf there were twice as many
iourncys 111 fa ir weathcr then the snowstorm has ndced
increased the accident rate Furthermore. more evidence is
needed overa period of time to establish a correlation. 1t could
be that bad weather really does reduce inc1dents due to people
driving more carefully
2 The statistics themselves in this study were accurately collected
and described. However, the lobby group who commíss1oned
the study were so-called 'stay-at-home mums' and in the
interpretat1on .rnd the narrowness of the time frame for the
study, there was a strong element of twist1ng the data to fit a
conclusion they'd set out to find.
The truth, whteh was excluded from the analysis, is that
aggression is a normal developmental stage, where chlldren
test boundaries. Not only is aggression normal, 1t doesn't
usually last The study failed to measure the stay-at home
toddlers' behaviour when they were m1xed in groups. where the
same lcvels of aggress1on can be obscrved. lndeed, a follow-up
study by different researchers discovered that those k1ds who
had been kept at home exhibited more aggression later at
school. than those who'd been 111 nursery. 1.e. it s1mply appeared
at a later stage
3 Th1s statistic seems counter-intuitive, but only if you ignore
other evidence. The stat1st1c fails to mertion that the number of
fatalit1es plunged As more survive accídents. more are treated
for injury Of course, the stat1st1c a'so tells us nothtng about the
seventy ofthe injuries.
4 The group are self-selectíng, so we might imagine those
strongiy aga1nst animal test1ng w1ll be more inclined to phone.
AUOIOSCIUPT 167
1\lJlll()'-,C f<:lfJI
rurthermore. the poll 1s b1ased because 1t followed a report on
cruelty and m1streatment m one laboratory
5 The base numbers are all true. However. the startlng point that
was chosen was the year when there had been a terronst bombmg
m the city. which obviously mflated the flgures. In píl'Vlous years.
the figures had actually been 94 and 98. Of course. whether that
correlation can be attributed to government pohcy Is another thing
There could be a number of underlymg causes.
~7.4
Spealrer l
There's a popular notion that we're a pecuharly nocturnal breed that
stays up ali night glued to our telescopes, but the reallty Is far more
mundane Most of the time. we work normal nine-t o·five hours and
are busy analysing visual data or workmg on computer programmes
that'll help us process the abundance of lnformatlon we receive.
Where we differ from the vast ma¡onty of other sc1ent1sts 1s In the
fact that we do not have direct contact w1th our ob¡ect of study
We are obviously unable to welgh, touch or dissect stars and so
observatlon and reasoning skills become paramount.
Spealrer2
The Job can mvolve anythmg from conservatlon to genetics, and you
may end up being employed 1n museums or schools, by state or local
governments or even by prlvate companies. Broadly speaking. though,
the profess1on sphts mto two mam camps: there's the research side
of things, based mainly in the lab. carrying out experiments to help
determine the wellbemg of anlmals. Then there are those of us such
as myself who work m s1tu. What we do is direct the actlvities that
ammals should go through, study behaviour patterns, advise on
habitat and so on.
Speabr3
As a rule, I don't d1scuss my own particular hne of work, though m
essence the fleld 1am mvolved m Is one that remalns vital for natlonal
securlty. We study the techmques, psychology and pract1ce of war
and other forms of armed conflrct We're respons1ble for developlng
new prototypes; we aim to increase the effect1veness of concepts
and systems; we develop new tralnmg reg1mes; and we come up
w1th strategres to enable us to maintarn status In an ever-changlng
worid. Obvlously, this also mea ns we play a very active role m advrsing
central government on how best to ensure full capabrhty
Spnbr4
As w1th many other kmds of sc1entlsts, my work divides between
fleldwork and office work Generally speaklng, what 1do Is 1analyse.
assess, forecast and report on the water env1ronment. The work 1do
feeds directiy rnto and helps underpin the work the Envlronmental
Agency does. 1mainly work wlth rainfall and river flow data
looklng at the flood nsk s1de of thmgs. of course, but also lookmg at
potent al damage to the env1ronment In low-flow areas and the like
lt's incredrbly rewarding knowrng my endeavours may well lead to
pos1t1ve environmental outcomes.
SpeabrS
The stereotype 1s that we ali spend our time In exotic locations
around the globe, analysing matlng rituals and spiritual beliefs, and
there may once have been a gram of truth in those assumptions. but
nowadays thrngs are very d1ffert>nt Take me, for instance. 1tend more
towards the cultural s1de of thmgs. I mean, my first research project
was a study of reggae musrc around the world and l've also spent
time in the UK studylng pub etlquette. My partner, on the other
hand, works freelance as a personal trainer, ass1stmg business people
wlth trans1t1ons from one culture to another durlng relocatlons on a
global scale.
UNIT08
~8.1
Convenation 1
A • Woman 1, B =Woman 2
A: ~ how was your hoilday? D1d you have a good time?
B· Ye ah, it was amazing, lt really was.
A:. Where were you again? France somewhere. wasn't 1t7
B: Yeah,Jura, nght near the Sw1ss bordt'r lt's an amaztng brt of
the country. We started off In the southeast where it's really
mountainous, w1th all these gorges droppmg down 1nto the valleys
and these wrnding rivers. and then we slowly worked our way
northwards, to where all the v1neyards are, beca use 1t's a b1g wine-
makmg reg1on up there.
A: Wowl lt sounds grt>at. So were you driving. then?
B. No, we weren't, actually. We were h1k1ng.
A: Senously?
B· Yeah, lt was a group thlng We booked it over the Internet.
A:. lt must ve been pretty strenuous.
B: To be honest, it wasn t that bad 1mean, it's pretty rugged in places.
but you soon get into the swing of it. lt was great exerme. I can
tell youl 1haven't felt th1s fit m years.
A: 1betl And what were the other people on the tour like? Did you ali
get on OK?
B: Yeah, they were all great. What was weird, though, was that there
was a couple there from my hometown.
A. Veah?That's a bit spoolcy.
B: Yeah Look That's them thert' rn the photo. Mart;1n and Monlca.
A Oh, OK They look nice - and that's an amazing vrew behind theml
B: Yeah, stunning.1sn't 1t? That's Mont Blanc you can see in the
background
Comenation 2
C • Manl,D • Man2
( So what IS 1t that you do, then?
D: l'm a geologist.
C Oh, OK. And where are you based?
D: 1work all over the place. really, but the last s1x months l've been rn
Venezuela 1actually only got baclc the other day, so l'm stlll getting
back lnto the swing of things a bit
C: l 1magme 1t must take a while. So what were you do1ng there> 1
mean. what was your project?
D. Oh. 1was doing sorne research on a b1g glaC1er there, Glac1er Los
Perros, seemg what kind of lmpact global warmlng has had on lt
C. That sounds amazing, lt really does.
D: Veah. it was wonderful. lt's a breathtaking place. Venezuela Have
you been there?
C: No, never, no.
D: Where we had our HQ was right on the edge of all thls dense
woodland, looking out over the ice, w1th these snow-capped
mountains off in the background. and every mornrng when 1got
up. my heart ¡ust leapt to see 1t all. lt was somethlng else.
C: And what are its prospects> 1mean. how did it come out after the
research?
D· Well, nothing's concluslve as yet, but lt does seem that there's
definltely sorne melting going on, unfortunately.
S8.2
1 1wouldn't dnve it if 1were you, 1really wouldn't.
2 The views were ¡ust stunning, they really were
3 The scenery takes your breath away, it really does.
4 1JUSt love it there, I really do.
5 tt made no difference whatsoever, lt really didn't.
6 He'll never change, he really won't.
7 l've never been anywhere like it, 1really havt>n't
8 That sounds amazing. it really does.

5'8.3
1t s corrmon knowledge that men and women do lh111gs d1fferently.
1sn t 1tl The mdlc of the species. we're told, retreats into ¡¡ LJve to
broorl .1t the s11ghtest s1gn of stress, whllsl the fema le reaches out
<1nd shares her teelmgs After all, women are better conirnurncators.
aren't they7 Well. drcn't theyl
That s certa1nly how we've been cond1t1011cd to see things over
the lasl 20 years ar so. lre glut of self-help books that have followcd
in thP wake of Menare from Mors. Women ore jrom Venus have served
to perpetuate the myth of difference and, 1would argue, have hada
profoundly negativc effect on our culture
t's e¡¡sy to assume these books rnust be based on va lid sc1ent1fic
rese.irch but in real1ty very few are lndeed. even a cursory mspect1on
ofthe l1terature of thc f1cld reveals that in fact mpn and women
communrcate In remarbbly similar ways. Take the not1on that
wornen talk more -and use more worrls to do so. Desp1te bemg
widely reported as fd,t, research actua ly shows that both sPxes tend
to talk equally as much and use as many words pcr dc1y wh1le doing
so - around 16,000.
Then there's the belief that men 111terrupt more Evídence art ually
suggests that women ínterrupt at le.:ist as muchas men. Whilst
sorne men do mterrupt far more than the vast maJOrity of women.
th1s 1s atyp1cal,and such act1ons are often l1ed in to a pos1t1on of
power Ultimately when and how people Jnterrupt has far rnore to
do w1th soc,al status and power than 1t does w1th genet1c rnake up
and 'nature'. L1ng111stic studies have shown there's an overlap ot more
than 95% 1r1 the way the sexes communirnte \'et st1ll myths of Venus
and Mars prevail G ven th1s, 1t's surely worth asking whyl
Well, •irstly, such sweep1ng general1sat1ons as 'Worncn are more
In touch w1th the1r fecl1ngs' appeal beca use they match the
stereotypes we already have. As suc.ti, wc recall occasions on whirh
ev1dence backed up th1s idea up- and forget examplcs thal m1ght
CC•r1trad1ct 1t!
A more s1gnificart reason far the contmuing c1ppeal of such
theories. though. may we 1 lie in thP tact that gender roles have
changed dramat1ca,ly ovcr recent years. Both women anrl men now
frequently aspire toan education, a career, J decent income - and
both oftt:n act, talk ancl maybe even rlress In similar wJys. For many
people, these changes have happe11ed too quickly and are deeply
unsetthng. What better way to comfort yourself thaf' a return to the
trad1t1onal gender ro es and stereotypes of the past'
Should yo1r require any further proof that d1fference is rooted In
nurturc far more than nature. consider the village of Gapun in Papua
New Guinea, where the r11en pride ttiemselves on their ability to
speak lnd1rectly and nPver say what they mean, whilst the women
frequently g1vcvo1ce to the1r anger by launrhing nto lengthy
swearing sessioris Does th1s preve l11al somet1mes 1t 1s women that
.ire from Mars? 1suspect not Person.Jlly, 1see th1s as proof thal we
are all from Earth and m:ed to start deallng w1th thls fact rather
better than we have beenl
is. 8.4
1 Unusually for th1s species.1t can swun underwater as well as
burrow undcrg1ound which Is handy as it inhab1ts low wetland
area~ lts long claws are adapted for d1gg1ng through the earth and
1ts water-res1stant fur ::illows it to remain subme1ged 111 water. The
long thick ta1l 1s thought to store extra fat to draw upan during the
matlng season The mole 1s funct1ondlly blind which is why 1t has
dcvcloped the d1st111ct1ve star-shaperl set of feelers.
The feelers a•e n'rcdibly sens1tive to movement Uniquely. t he
mole can also smell underwater. lt does tl11s by blowing out tiny
bubbles through 1ts nose 111 order to capture scents that are suded
back in These adaptat1ons are h1ghly effic1ent and the st.1r-nosed
mole 1s apparently tlie fastest eater 1n the t1mmal k1ngdom, being
able to 1denl1íy snatch and consume lt~ prey ali in a matter of
AUD IOSCRIPT
m ll1seco11ds
2 The sparrowhJwk 1s most comrnonly found 111 woodland. lts short.
broad wings and long ta1! :.llow 1t to manoeuvre qu1tkly through
the trees. The light striped rnark1ngs on 1ts breast and its darker
uppe( parts help it to blend 1nto the bad<ground, which allows rt
to lie 111 wa1t for lts prey before shoot1ng out lt has relat1vely long
legs that enable 1t to k1ll in m1d flight and the long slender central
toe is adapted to grasp w1th il sm.:ill protubcrancc on the underside
enabl1ng il to grip and hold on to its prey. lts small hooked beak
is used for pluck1ng and tca1111g ílesh rather than klll111g lt also
sometimes hunts on foot through vegetat1on In recent years, 1t has
encroa(hed more and more 1nto e ties where 1t híl~ no predators
and wherP 1t is often seen as J pcst damag1ng garden bird
populations.
REVIEW02
R2.1
1=Interviewer, L =Leila
1: So. J01n1ng us in the stud10 now 1s the photographer leila
Flannagan, who's going to be chattrr1g w1th us about her latest
book 'Predators and Prey' as well as her hfe 1n photography, so any
quest1ons or comment remember you can e-mail us on
cope@gbs com love to hear from you So Leila, welcome to the
show
Hi, thank you for 1nv1t1r1g rnc,
You've had a hectic schedule
Yeah, loclds of intervrews presentlng the book and last n1ght we
had the open1ng of the exh1b1t1or1 at the Gagos1an. so a late nightl
1 Feel1ng a bit rough?
L: A httle, not too bad.just a bit overwhelmed w1th it all, to be
honest - as¡¡ photographer 1 h1de behind my camera. l'm not u sed
to bcmg the focus. And for sorne reason the book and exh1l11t1on
have JUSt been phe11orne11ally successtul wherever we·ve been
l. Well, lt certainly l111es up to any hype. beca use there are sorne
stunning photos in there and sorne incredibly moving ones.
beca use of course 1t m1xes photo¡ournalism and nature
1.: Thanks. Yeah, I was very much trying to challenge and blur those
trad1t1ona1 boundaries between styles of photography-you know,
why should you have to st1ek to one gen re sports. fash1on or
whalever Make new connectionsl Get insights.
I· Absolutely, 1t really works. But presumably. you started out in
one gen re
L: Yeah. su•e. 1aclually started out work1ng far an eng1neenng
magaz•ne, so it was kind of arcl11tecture -taking photos of
construction pro¡ects. And on one assignment they were bu1ld.11g
a dam 111 a gorgc to create a reservoir and 1got caught in unrest
and f1ghting The project was threatening wctland which
sustained several tribes, as wPll ilS destroying the gorge 1tself,
but the governrnent s1r11ply crushed all dissent and broke up any
protests tt was quite brutal and. far me. ve1y unsettling. So then 1
becarnc mterested in the conflicting stories of these projects and
how t he so called benefils d1dn'l always stand up to scrutlny -
you know, vested interest~ .ind corruption often tw1sted th1ngs. lt
took my photography 111 a d1fferent direct1on and, ult1mately. paved
the way for th1s book
L So what about the w1ldhfe - how did that come abouU
L· Well. whenevt!r 1undertook any assignment my primary concern
was to portr.ly the impact on people. Thesc m.1~s1vc proJects -
a1rports, 111dustrial estates. dams etc -they often hit mmor·ty
commu111t1es who f1nd themsclvcs under siege. And then you have
workers· struggles and so on But of course m1xcd tri w1th all that
are adverse affccts on the env1ronment and spec1es becom111g
endangered So 1started tak1ng photos of an1mals as an add1tion
to the ma111 story, but frankly. also as a way of relax111g Sorne of
AUOIOSCRIPT 169
 the human storles can be pretty heart-wrenching.
1: l'm sure. Though l'm not sure how relaxed 1<1 be watchlng a
crocod1le leap out of the water to grab an antelope in its JªWS - it's
pretty gory.
L: Yeah, I guess. I remember getting a shot of this llon and it
suddenly let out an enormous roar -that was pretty terrifying.
1: Rather you than me. So do you have a favourite?
L: Well, 1guess amongst the wildlife it'd the the blue dlamond Iguana
puffing up to try and scare off something. I always th1nk it's what
people are doing when they protest against these projects
1: Right.
l · And the other thlng wlth that was 1was actually wa1ting to get
a ghmpse of a puma. l'd covered myself with leaves and stuff to
blend lnto the background and 1was waltlng In this spot for hours.
1 never saw the puma but 1captured th1s great picture. Wildlife
photography's like fishing: you need enormous patlence and you're
n~ sure exactly what you'll catch.
UNIT09
.. 9.1
H • Hany, T • Tuneem, B •Blanca
H: HI, l'm looking for Tasneem.
T: That's me. You must be Harry.
H: That's rtght.
T: Nlce to meet you. D1d you find us OK?
H: Yeah, yeah. Well, 1came here before for my interview.
T: Rlght. So where do you llve? Does it take you long to get here?
H: l've JUSt moved to Redd1tch, but it was quicker than 1expected. l've
actually been hangmg around In the coffee bar over the road for
the last hour.
T: Really? You were eager to get here, then.
H: Well, 1dldn't want to be late and. you know. first-day nerves and all
that.
T: Sure. Anyway, l'm su re you'll settle In quickly. We're a pretty good
bunch. Nobody bites. Well. almost nobodyl
H: R1ght.
T· So, rarlng to go, then?
H: Absolutely.
T: OK. well.Just dump your stuff down here for the moment and 1'11
show you the ropes.
H: OK.
T: 1should've said, we'll be worklng alongside each other on this
new project.1 liaise with our externa! service prov1ders. I was JUSt
ema1lmg one of them to schedule a time for us all to meet when
you arrlved. Anyway. as you can see, the office Is mamly open-plan.
We'll sort you out with a spot later.
H: Right.
T: lt's a bit chaotlc at the moment with ali the changes. We've been
rushed off our feet so it'll be good to have more people.
H: l'm not the only one who's being taken on now, then.
T: No. Three or four more are supposed to be jo1mng In the next
couple of weeks.
H· That's good. There'll be sorne others In the same boat.
T: Veah. This is Bianca. She's our mam admm assistant She'll sort out
any travel or book1ngs and other stuff. Blanca, thls Is Harry.
B: Hlya. Nlce to meet you. Hope Taz is treating you well. She's a real
slave driver, you know.
H: Really?
B: Oh yeah, she's probably being all kind and helpful now, but wait
t1ll you get started.
H· That sounds ominous.
T: Take no not1ce. She's just pulhng your leg. Vou need to watch her!
B: 1don't know what you mean! Actually, Harry, can 1just take a quick
photo whlle you're here? l'm just sorting out your entry card and
settlng up your e-mail.
H. Sure.
B: OK. ... Say cheese -· Lovely- very handsome. That's lt Anythlng you
need or you're not sure about don't hesitate to ask.
H: Thanks. 1'11 get the card later, then. yeah?
B: lf that's OK.
T: OK, let's move on. That lot over the far side are the sales team. We
won't disturb them now. I can introduce you later To be
honest. you won't be havlng that much to do wlth them in your
day-to-day dealings.
H: OK. What about these rooms) Are they offices?
T: Um, the last two are the boardrooms for meetings. The near one Is
Mary's office. She's the manag1ng director.
H: OK. What's she llke?
T: She's OK. She comes across as being quite down-to-earth ·- the
few times we've talked.
H: She's not in the office that much, then.
T: No, she's here most days, but as 1sa1d, I guess we've all been so
busy that everybody just st1cks to their own tasks Anyway,just
going back to the rooms - that one with the door open is the
photocopier room. l'd better show you how it works. lt's a bit
temperamental. lt has a tendency to jam if you don't treat lt with
tender lovlng ca re.
H: OK.
T: So how come you moved to Reddltch? lt's not that close to here.
H: No. but l'd been thinking about moving out there for a while and 1
happened to get the house just befare 1got this Job.
.. 9.2
1 l've actually been hanging around in the coffee bar over the road
for the last hour.
2 1should've sa1d, we'll be working alongside each other.
3 1was just emailing one of them to schedule a time for us all to
meet when you arrived.
4 l'm not the only one who's being taken on now, then
5 Three or tour more are supposed to be joining In the next couple of
weeks.
6 She's probably being all kind and helpful now, but walt tlll you g!'t
started.
7 To be honest, you won't be hav1ng that much to do with them in
your day-to-day deallngs.
8 l'd been thinking about moving out there for a wh1le and 1
happened to get the house just befare 1got thts job.
.i¡,93
Is David Bolchover's experience a freak occurrence? Well maybe. but
only In the sense that he was allowed to stay at home to not work.
Bolchover argues that much of the workforce in many big companles
is badly under-employed at work and backs up hls arguments with
a barrage of statistics. One in three of all mid-week v1s1tors to a UK
theme park had phoned in sick. In one 'jear, there were ni ne milllon
dubious requests for sick notes from the doctor. That's about a third af
the worklng populationl Two-thirds of young profess1onals have cal""
m sick because of a hangover. and on lt goes
Once at work things don't lmprove: on average, employees spend
8.3 hours a week accessing non-work-related websites and 14.6% of
all so-called 'working' Amerlcans say they surf the net constantly at
work.18.7% send up to 20 personal e-ma1ls a day and 24% sa1d they
had fallen asleep at their desk. in a toilet or ata meeting.
Bolchover argues that there's a consptracy of silence over this
workplace slacking. Workers have no vested interest in saying they
do nothing. while businesses want to maintaln thelr image of belng
highly dflclent.
Under-employment happens, he suggests. because workers MI
a disconnection with blg compames. Unllke with small companles,
employees don't see how their small contributions f1t lnto the whole
picture Furthermore, managers typ1cally fa1l to develop or motivate
workers because. he cla1ms. in large corporations people progress not
by looklng down, but by looking up. lnstead of managing effectively
and gettmg the rnost out of those under you. the way to get ahead is
by advertistng yourself and networkmg with those above you People
below you don't g1ve promotions.
Wtth smaller companies. slackmg happens less because workers
see how failure to pull your weight can d1rectly lmpact on colleagues
and the company. Bolchover suggests the solution, therefore. 1s to
break up large compan1es into smaller competitive units. From a
worker's v1ew, doing nothing mlght seem fun at first, but in the end
it's soul·destroymg and a waste of talent.
'119.4
l A 27-year-old man has been arrested and fined for steahng biscuits
frorn a colleague's desk. While working a night shift In a call centre,
Michael Campbell thought no-one would mind if he helped himself
to the remams of a b1scuit tin abandoned in a comer The followmg
day. however, a co·worker returned to find her f7 gift selection
gone - and decided to trawl CCTV footage to ftnd the culprit.
Campbell was then arrested and hauled in front of a magistrate,
who ordered him to repay the cost of the biscuits as well as !150
court costs. He was also d1sm1ssed from h1s JOb as a result of the
incident and Is currently retraining as a bar manager.
2 A postman who was sacked after taking a week off work to
mourn the death of a pet has won over ten thousand pounds'
compensation. David Portman had a h1story of taking numerous
weeks off work beca use of unfortunate 'accidents', and was absent
for a total of 137 days in JUSt five years, an employment tribunal
heard. In his defence, Mr Portman claimed the majority of his
injuries were incurred during the course of h1s dut1es at work.
However. when he took further leave following the demlse of h1s
dog, hls bosses decided enough was enough. The tribunal felt th1s
was a step too far and they ms1sted he be awarded compensat1on.
especially as the manager had failed to tell the postman he could
have applied for compassionate leave.
3 A new study released th1s week shows that paternity leavt'
schemes in lceland are now among the most generous in the
world - and sugge5t that th1s 1s to the 1mmense benefit of society.
Last year. nearly ali new lcelandic fathers took their full entitlement
of three months off work at 80% of their salaries. Since legislation
to ensure such leave 1n 2002. gender roles have been transformed
and the d1vorce rate has dropped sharply - whlle the birth rate has
risen. The director of one of the country's b1ggest firms recently
went on record to state he wanted ali fathers on his staff to take
thelr full 12 weeks leave on fulf payas they prov1ded positive role
models which could benefit both company and country in the
long run.
4 Budget alrline Qu1ckjet 1s cuttlng costs ever further by banning
1ts staff from chargmg their mob1le phones at work Passengers
with the no-frills firm do not get pre-assigned seats and ali food
and drlnk is charged for. wh1le cabin crew have to pay upwards of
a thousand pounds for init1al traming and are then expected to
buy their own uniforms. Now, however, the company has deC1ded
that any use of mob1le phone chargers at work 1s unacceptable,
and amounts to theft of the company's electricity A spokesperson
cla1med yesterday that ali savings will go towards lowering fa res
for European consumers.
5 A new research pro1ect has begun in New Zealand to explore
whether the country's rap1dly ageing one-million·plus generat1on
of over-6Ss 1s planntng to slip awkwardly into its gol den years
as a burden on the state or whether there will be a reinvention
of the way society views older people and the workforce. Many
signs seem to suggest the latter 1s the most likely option Ali
the indications are that many of th1s generation are not eagerly
anticipating retirement. lnstead, they plan to work, contribute t o
social causes and continue to influence soclety, as they have all
their lives. However, they want to do so on their own terms and
with more t ime for le1sure, travel and thelr fam1l1es. Thls could
revolutlomse the workforce as employers begm to offer sabbaticals,
part-time work, flexible hours and other incentives to retain
experienced staff.
UNIT10
S10.1
Comenation 1
A • Woman,B • Man
A: You look so different without your glasses on. I almost didn't
recogmse you there.
B: The glasses have gone! They're a thing of the past 1had my eyes
done the other day. w1th laser surgery.
A Really> That's brave of you Didn't lt hurt> l've always lmagined it
must do.
B: No. not really, but it is quite scary because what they do is they
numb your eyes and then they kind of clamp them open so they
can slice th1s tiny httle flap in the front of the eye-and you kind
of havt' to watch as the whole thing happens.
A. Sounds horrendous! How do they administer the anaesthet1t? Is it
an inJection or something?
B: No, they JUSt pour in a bucketful of these eye drops and they do
the job. Oh, and they dosed me up w ith a couple of Xanax as well,
just to calm me down.
A: And how long does the whole thmg take?
B. lt's over in a matter of minutes. After they cut the eye open. you
have tostare at this laser for a few seconds and that reshapes the
lnslde of your eye- and then you're done.
A: And how long does 1t take to recover from>
B· To be honest, the next day 1woke up and 1pretty much had
perfect vis1on. They're still a b it sore, and 1have to go back a few
t imes for the after-care, but it's ali very quick. 1should've got it
done years ago. really!
A: R1ght. Wowl 1still thmk 1'11 st1Ck with contact lenses for the time
being. though, personally
Comenation 2
C • Man, D • Woman
C. So why d1d you have to rush off to the dent1st's the other day.
then?
D: Oh, haven't 1told you? Well. about a week or so ago, I got this
excruC1ating pain in my upper jaw and i went along to get it
looked at and he told me that one of my teeth had dled somehow
and that l'd need a root canal.
C: D1ed? How d1d that happen?
D· He said 1must've taken a knock. l'm not sure, but 1thmk it
might've been my daughter, actually. thrashmg her arms and legs
around while 1was changing her nappy one day
C: Kids,eh! Ali that work and that's the kind ofthanks you get.
D: Yeah. And then today 1went in and he d r1lled a hole In the back.
cleaned everything up and then stuck sorne klnd oftemporary
filllng in. to prevent any bacteria or anything gettmg in.
C: That can't have been much funt D1d 1t hurt at all?
D: No. not really 1mean, 1was conscious of what he was doing. but 1
couldn't feel anything.
C: Do you have to go back agatn sometime>
D: Yeah, next week. They'll remove the temporary filling and put a
more permanent thing in. but then l'm done.
C· How much is ali that going to set you back. then? lt must be
 quite expenslve
D lt's not that bad but 1t's not cheap e1ther 1won't sec rnucl1
c:han¡;¡c from five hundred pounds.
S10.2
So, c.orrnng to s1t now. We'll be s.ttmg for a while so make yourself
comfortable en your chalr, but also moving forward so your back
is not lcanlng aga1nst the cha ir, but 1~ supportmg tself. and your
back. ncck and head are 1n hne in an erect post u re but not st1ff 1Pt
your shoulders drop and relax so your posture embodies a sensc of
dignity, a scnse of taking a st¡¡nd. of be1ng awake. aware, in touch
w1th th1s mornent. And now lett1ng your eyes close, rpl,1x1ng yow
facial muscles, not frowning or feel1ng tension there and now
wc're cormr1g to fotus on our breJth111g. Focus1ng on wherever
you notice the bre1th mov1ng most dlstinctly in and out ot your
body.And this might be at thc t1p of your nosc. at thc back of
the th1oat.or in your chest or belly, not1cmg how lt rises w1th thP
in bre.'lth and falls on the out breath And noticing precisely the
sensations that actompa'1y each 111 brl!ath dnd cach out breath.
Each breath is unique, w1th 1ts own sensations. Simply tune in to
ea ch one In lts own time, giving each one 1ts own attention. Th1s
breath comir1g 11 th1s bredth go1ng out .• Allowmg toe breath
to anchor you n the present momPnt.And whene11eryou notice
your mind wandering. bring it gently back to your brcath, back
to the present moment And the m nd may wander many times
Somet1mes 1t may wander for a short time. sometlmes a longer
time. and you may fínd yourself judg1ng and tr1l1C.1s1ng yourself fer
the waridenng mmd but that's what minds do. lf you have a m1nd,
it will wander So the task of med1tation is not to still the mind
or ban1sh thoughts and feelmg>. but s1mply to not1ce 1ts patterns.
to be aware of wh~t it's domg, and then as soon as you notice
that lt's wandered. to acknowledge wherc it's wanderccJ to and
then gently brrnging 1t back. So 1f 1t happens many times. bring it
bark manyt mes. Beg1nn1ng over and over aga1n with the next in
brcath •• or the ncxt out bredth. Ar1d then using the stretches of
silence to carry on th1s work by yourself
And now ata tertain point expand1ngyour awareness around
the breath so that you're aware of the whole body as you sit here
Aware of the space that your body takes up and the space arou11cJ
the body and the boundary between these two spaces, the skin
Aware of sensat1ons In your body And 1f there are any intense
sensat1ons then breath1ng into them. d1rect1ng the breath to the
edge ofthat 1ntens1ty and mto tlie centre to explore wrat's here,
right now Allow ngyourself to be open. to soften around the
intens1ty 111stead of t1ghte111ng or clenchmg as we so often do.
Opening yourself up to experience the sensations you're feeling
here right now. in th1s moment ... and in th1s moment .. and 1n
th s moment _ And now lettmg go of any intention to focus en
anything - the breath or the body- and allowing yourself to sit
here, rest1ng 1n awareness 1tself. Whatever comes up.
And taking th1s sensat1on of spaciousness, of awareness ot th1s
present mornent. mto your day dnd rernembenng that th1s
moment of pre~ence 1s always aval ;ible to you at anyt1me by
s1mply reconnecting. through your breath. to your mind and body.
~10.3
The dedicated parents of an elght-year-old boy who had been
suffenng from a blood d1sorder so rare that 1t doesn't even have a
name have amazed doctors by fi'lding a cure for h1m.
Dextcr Austen·Brown's 1llne~s had been l1kened to living w1th
a permanent hangover, but after a penad of pa1nstaklng research.
h1s parents Stephen a'ld Anne discovered that the condit1on muid
be rel1evcd w1th the a1d of ordinary dietary protem supplements
172 OUTCOMES
lncredibly. doctors now believe that thc trcatrnent 1.ould also pr011e to
be a breakthrough for sufferers of cancer and other diseases and have
comm1~sioned off cal research
Before bemg treated. Dexter h.id requ11cd regular pa111ful blood
transfus1ons because of h1s 'ow red blood cell cou:it As he was
growing up. h s lmmune system was so weak that he often suftered
from a1lments such as asthrna and l"Cler11a He was weak. frequently
fat1gued and struggleci w1th speech In terf11s of h s ;i 1-round
development. he was at least ayear anda half bchr'ld other ch1ldren.
H1s hedrt was ha111ng to work rnuch harder to compensate, leaving
h1m vulner.1ble to he.1rt attacks.
Atter countless tests. his parerits wcre inforrned thc1t thcre was
nothmg doctors could do to help their son Th1s d•d not deter thern.
however, and they turned to the Internet In a hunt for alternat1ve
therap1es. They loyed w1th the 1dci1 of dlUpUnLlu1c uefore c.on11ng
Jcross nutntional consultant Richard Wr1ght
Mr Wrlght discovered Dexter suffered trom a shortage of vital
prot.:111s 1n tu~ body. He was thu~ ¡.>ut on a spec1a d1et of add1t onal
d1etary supplements, which co~t ;vound !10.000 ayear The new
d•et has been ncredibly successful. His last blood count re11ealed an
dverage nu111ber of red cells and h1s he.ght ras shot up Mr Austel'l
Brown, .1 teacher, said We re obviously delignted abot..t the resu't
of all our hard work. though 1have to say 1t'~ no thanks to many 111
the med1cal profess1on The doctors 01"t have cons1dered Dexter's
condition as thoroughly as they should'11e dore and they clearly
should've looked mto other opt1ons thcmsclves, but h.ivmg sa1d that.
1also w1sh we'd started our research earlter We could ve come to our
own conclusions sooner and that way Dexter wouldn't have had to go
through all th1s trauma.'
UNIT 11
.d. 1
Conversation 1
A = Wornan 1, B = Woman 2
A: 1ow was the tennis)
B Good.
A: Whowon1
B. Mena. but 1t was pretty t1ght actual y.
A,; What was the score?
B· 6 -3 6-2, I think.
A. Hmm. nght Very dese'
B: No. honestly.1t was! 1mean. most of the games were quite everi -
lots of deuces. She ¡ust d1d sorne great shots at the crucial mof11ents
A. She's quite good. then.
B· Well, ne1ther of usare exactly pros 1mean. we both have a
tendency to serve double faults. and if anythmg 1probably actually
have a better technique. but she's ¡ust filler and stronger 1tend to
fade towards the end
A. Oh, right.
B: We're both gettmg better though We had sorne pretty long ralhes
A couple of shots down the hne.you know.
A: So 1'11 be expecting to see you al W1rnbledo1 soon
B: Not qu1te1
Conversation 2
C = Man, O= Woman
C. How was the weekend?
D: Don't ask1
C: Oh dear. What happened1
D; Well, Hannah took us for a little':.troll'wh1d1111vol11cd trudg1ng .:1p
sorne 2.000 metre mounta1n in the poming rain
C: Hmm, sounds very relax1ng!
D: Honestly, 1tould've k1lled her at ene pomt. because she was
so enthusiastic and JOlly and 1was He 'This is ¡ust awful 1m

exhausted, l'm soaked and l'rn close to gelting hypotherr111a'.Ar1d
we couldn't see a th1ng because 1t was shrouded in mist from
about l,000-metres 1felt like bursting into tears, not grlnning like
an 1d1ot!
C: Oh dear So what happened?
D· Well, In the end, I just bit rny tangue and we continued to the
top. And funmly enough, when we got there. the clouds suddenly
broke, the sun c.1me out anrl we got this amazing view 1mean, it
only !asted for about five minutes. but 1t was stunningl
C: lt made 1t all worthwh1le. then
D Well, t wouldn't quite go that far. I won't exactly be raring to go 1f
she suggests sornething hkcthat aga1n.
Conversation 3
I! =Man 1, P = Man 2
E '"iow was the g.1mP l:i•;t nighP 1m1ssed tt
F. lncredible. Arsenal were lucky to draw. Honestly. it could've bccn
about five-1111 after the f1rst 20 minutes. The Arsenal keeper m;:ide
sorne great saves anrl then Manu m1ssed a rid1culously easy
goal. He managed lo k1ck the ball over the uossbar when he was
hterally only a metre from the hne
E Ah, Manu he's so overrated. There's no way he's worth 60 m Ilion
or howcvc1 muc:.11 he c.o~t 1-ie's rubb1sh
F: Vou're right He's totally useless that's why he scored those two
fantast1c goa Is atter thatl
E OK OK. He IS good. JUSl not THAT goodl
F: No,• do know wh.1t you me:in - and actually for hls first goal~
Arsenal keeper made a nght cock-up lo let lherri scorc.
E R1ght. So. 'low did Arsenal manage to get back in the game then'
F· Well, ttiey made sorne subst tut1ons and brought on Wallace. who
madc a hugc diffcrencc.
E Really?
r. Yeah. really He scored a great goal, which got the whole tearn
golng. lhcn Ar~cnal gol a shghtly dub1ous penalty anda Bar~a
defender got sent off
E lt wasn't a penalty. then.
F· Well. 1t wasn't exactly the strongest tack!e l've ever seen let's p;;t
it th:it w;iy Aryway. it was an amazlng game. Really open.
E Sounds .t. l'I have to watch the return gamc next rnonth. We'll
thrash t'1em at homel
F 1don t know. Two ot your defenders are suspended, and you have a
couple of othcr peoplc 1nJured And Arsenal w1ll be the underdogs
so they won t have any pressure on them . Hone~tly, 1wouldn't be
surprised it Bari;a got knocked out.
I:; By Arsenal 1 Nota chJnce.
'Ir ll.2
Playing cards are popular the world over but their orlgins and
development are far from clear. lt's possible they orig1nated from
Ch1nese paper dorrnnoes, China hav1ng mvcnted paper sorne
thousand years before 1ts use in Europe However, the multitude of
designs that exlsted In the past suggests they are an arnalgarn of
various trad1t1ons.
There are three types of deck w1dely used today. The 52-card deck
rs the most widespread . particularly with the popularrty of poker. The
four suits - hearts. clubs, spades and d1amonds - each have 13 cards·
numbers two to ten followed by jack. queen, king. and ace as the
h1ghest-rank1ng ca1d.
Then there's the Sparnsh baro10 These decks use d•fferent c;uits
which supposedly represent d1tferent power groupings in the M1ddle
Ages. There are LOlllS whlch represent merchants. clubs representing
peasants. gold cups for the church and swords symbolizlng the
rnilitary. There are only 40 cards: that's one to seven plus a j ack. a
knight anda k1ng.
Finally. there are the Eac;t Asian flower cards. They have 12 suits,
AUDIOSCRIPT
one for each month of the year, w1th four cards each They don't have
numbers.¡ust pictures These cards onglnally carne lnto existence rn
the 17th century to avoid aban on gamblir•g w1th 'Western' c.ards
that had been introduced frorn Portugal
Playing cards are still so popular beca use they offer an infi nite
var1ely of gdme~ . In sorne games. you have to collect sets of G!rds.
wh1le others requrre you to shed the G1rds tn your hand c;o you have
nene left Altemat1vely. you may someta mes have to ciccumulate
po1nts or the whole paclc.. They range from simple games of chance to
ones with complex rules and c;trategy. using trumps. wh1ch are a su1t
or cards that rave an added value, or jokers. cards Wh1Ch can replace
any other, as well as the opportunity to bluff or team up with other
players. J\nrl ali that varíed entertalnment tor less than the price of a
tincmJ tic.kcl.
"' 11.3
Speaker 1
We used to play this game me and my brother made up for long
journeys. but rt kind of spread throuRl'l frie!lds dt sd1ool The a m
was to spot a particular 1<ind of car and be the first to shout cut, say,
yel1ow car, no returns' The one who was füst then had tt:e rrght to
punch the othcr on the shoulder and thc'no returns' meant that
they couldn't punch you back ft sounds a bit brutal. but rn practice
you didnt do it that hard because you knew they could get thc1r own
back al any momenl and you d1dn't want to gel hurt
Speaker 2
We J~ed to :-1dy Porchis at home 1t's a board g.1me where you mo11e
your rounterc; ali round the board and back home to w1n. The people
playing can capture cac.h other and scnd cJch other back to the sta•t
My parents actually banned it for a while beC'a11se lt kept ending in
fíghts My brothers used to gang up on me ~ you know. lhcy wouldn't
capture each othe1 so they could catch rnel 1remember once 1was on
the point of winning -1 w.l~ two places short of safety- and Miguel
landed on my square My brothers all burst out ldugh1ng and teased
me and 1iust t1pped 011er the board and stormed out ofthe room
Speaker 3
1c. n l pla) Jny card games riow. becv1se it iust triggers that desire.
lt's a shame because there are sorne great gamcs thal don l 1nvolvc
gambl1ng and garues really bnng fam111es or fnends together. There's
always a bit of banter around 1t lt's educatlonal even. The problem
lies when there are stakes involved. 1started off w1th blackJack for
small d1ange w1th my mates. but it escalated when 1played poker
onhne. kept thinking rm bound to w1n next t me and 1became ever
more desperate bluffing badly whcri 1LOuldn't win
Speaker4
1woke up this morn1ng and my shoulders were really st1ff. i could
hardly ra1se my arm or even clench my fist. lt felt lrke l'd been beaten
up, but then 1remembered l'd been play.ng box111g w1th my son on
th1~ sports game You have to punch madly at the screen w1th the
controller to try and knock :he other figure out and 1guess1'1P JUSt
not u sed to using those muscles. I had to take the day off!
Speaker S
On one level, you look al rt and you JUSt w1sh the roles they take on
weren't so awful - gunning down cops, m..igging people for cash and
the ike. lt's ha•dly a good example for hfe. And you do hear negat1ve
slor1cs 111 the press. Then aga•n, 1t's a very open game You know,
you can choose the tasks or quests you undertake and 1t involves
different sk11ls and a bit of stratcgy and you can team up w1th other
players. • mean. my son plays w1th people •n Korea, Mexico, all over
lt's amazing really J\nd my son's pretty level-headed and has read1ed
the age of 16 without becom1ng a rnass murderer or gang leader, so 1
AUDIOSCRIPT 173
guess he d1stingu1shes fact frorn fíc.l1on OK.
UNIT12
~12.l
A~ Man, B a Woman
A So how did it go w1th Sara's parents, Georgc7
B: Oh, 1t was surpris ngly good, actually. The whole vislt passed off
far better th.1n l'd d;ired to hore lt would.
A. Yeah? Even with her fatherl
B: Veah. ll turns out h1s bark 1s much worse than h1s bite We hac1
;¡long talk over dinner on Saturday and got on really, really
well. He's a prctty amaz1ng guy. actua,ly.
A Yeah> In what way?
B Well, he's JUSt hadan incredlble life. I mean. he's lrorn a f1rsl-
ge11er.it1011 1n11rugrant fam1ly. grew up in a very strict, very
close-kn1t 1mmigrant community, not really speaking the local
language, and basically living in total povcrly. Thcn whe11 he
was 13 h1s dad passed away andas the oldest son he found
himself having to surport the fam1ly
A Ser1ously1 Is 1t a b1g fam11y1
B. Veah, colossal Twelve brothers :ind s1sters1 So he h.1d to drop
out of school and start work1ng.
A: rl1al's VEKV you11g to be working. What was he doing>
B He started off selling Ice rreams on the street of the town he
was l1v1ng 1n, and then moved on to sclling textiles door-to
door. and by the time he was about 17 he was going off ali
round the 1sland selling and making deals
A: That's amdz111g. I was sl1ll liv111g al home stress1ng about my
end of school exams at that age
B. Yeah, exactly. Then when he was about 21 he de<.1dcd lhal 1( he
really wanted to gel ahead, he'd have to move to the capital,
and ~o he Sf't off to make his fortune. He got there, somehow
managcd to starl up h1s own mrnpany sell1ng outboard
motors for boats and then ¡ust slowly built things up until he
got to where he 1s today, where he can atford to have ali h1s
kids cducated in thc States and go off on holiday whenever he
feels like 1t
A. So he really 1s a proper self-made man, then.
B: Yeah. completcly. but what was great about h1m 1s that he's
st1ll quite rough around the edges. I mean, he eats like a
peasant slill and burps aftcr dmner and everythirig, ali of
wh1ch 1found strangely endeanng
A: And what did he make of you and the idea of his daughter
dat1ng an art1sl, then?
B: Well, he's still coming to terms w th that, obv1ously, trying to
get h1s head round 1t ali, but h1s eyes lit up when 1told h1m
how much 1got for that portra1t 1sold last year. Basically, I
think he just wants to see that she'll be provided for
A Despite lhc fact she's earr11ng lw1ce as muc.h as you are
already1
B: Yeah, well 1d1dn't dwell on that fact too much
~12.2
1 You c1ted someone cal ed Edward G1bbon Could you provide us
wlth a reference for that?
2 When you were talking about changes in construction
techniques, you mcnt1oned thatching Could you JUSt explain
exactly what that 1s >
3 You referred to a theory that lead po1soning contr1buted
s1g111f cant y to the dem1se o f the Emp1re. Could you elaborate
on that a ittle>
4 You mentioned sorne find1ngs that suggested that
env1ronmental degradat1on was a cause. Do you have any
stat1stics available on thatl
174 OUTCOMES
~12.3
1 Back 1n 2003.1 carne home frorn collcgc one ddy and t1.1rned on
thc TV and saw that Anna Lmdh had been attacked She was
the Swed1sh minister for foreign .lffairs anda woman l'd a ways
admired. She'd taken a strong stand ag.11nsl m¡ust1Cc ard had
campa1gned aga.nst apartheid and the arms tr:ide and that kind
of thing She'd e11en started be1ng talked about as a possible
future pnrnc m1nistcr. Then one day 1t was 5eptember the llth.
1 remember, beca use it w1s the second anni11ersary of the World
Trade Center attacks - she went out shopping in 5tockholrn and
WdS stdblicd 111 lhc chcsl and lhc stornach by th1s random guy w1th
a h1story of mental illness She w.1s rushf'd to ho~pital, but they
were unable to save her.
ll was ¡ust such a senseless murder <ind it kind of sounded the
de::ith knell for th1s notion we'd had ot Sweden being a safe country
where even lcading poht1c.1ans could go out during lhe1r lunch
break w1thout fear of abuse or assault
2 For many Poles of my generation, joining the European Un ion was
a huge c:venl. ll reprcsented lhe mornenl we moved closer to the
west in all manner of ways - mentally. economically, polit1cal y.
lt symbolised a kind of rite of passagc, a moment when wc were
f1nally recognised by the elder statesmen of Europe. by Germany
.1nd the UK and France and so on lt lmpl1ed we were somehow
matu re enough now to be acc.eptcd lnto ti e un fy1ng slructure.
and after so much bad blood between so many European countries
;ill through the 20th century, 1t felt like we were draw1ng a line
undcr the past and moving on 111to the future. n the referendum,
over three-quarters of the pop11lat1on voted to Jº'" the EU and the
changes since then have been enormous.
One of the most remarkable phenomena was the number of
peorle who went to live overseas. No sooner had we been granted
full membersh1p than literally hundrcds of thousands of young
Peles lieaded off abroad. I spent three years living in the north o&
England and while 1loved it and learned a lot there, it was also
good to e.orne home 1had money in the bJnk, my language sk1lls
had 1mproved and l'm now proud to helr dP.velop my nation's
economy The freedom of movement that our access1on to the Eu
allovved me has 1eally helped me k1ck start my business back home
'3 Probably the most s1gnificant event of recent times in my country,
Azerbaijan. was the opening of the Baku - Tb1hs1 Ceyhan pipel,ne
back in 200S. lt's a pipel ne transporting oil over one thousand
miles from our capital, Baku, to Ceyhan, on the Mediterranean coast
in Turkcy. lt was a vcry histonc event for us because 1t s1gna!led a
kind offinanc1al and econom1c fndependence BE>cause the Casp1an
is a landlocked sea, ali the movement of oil in the past went
through Russ1a, but th1s pipeline bypasses the old trade routes
and goes through Georgia instead. lt's placed us closer to the
heart ofthe globa l oil market. and of coursc 1l g1ves Turkey greater
geo pol1tical clout as well. The 1ncome that's been generated is so
substant!al that it's forced us to allow greater transparency ana to
introduce tighter checks against corrupt1on as well. A 1of that can
only be for the good
4 Forme, the standout event of recent years was the apology issued
to the abong1ne commun1ty a few years ago. A mot1on was passea
in Parlíament followed by a speech from Prime Minister Rudd, and
1t was the first time that we as a nat1on had really ackoowledged
the m1stakes of the past w1th regard to the treatment of our
indigenous populat1on.
1don't know how much you know about tl, but over the years
successive go11ernrnents carned out a kind of cultural genocide
Just to give one example. throughout most of the 20th century, any
m1xed -race k1ds were forc1bly removed from abongine commun1:1es
and bas1Cally forced to live in wh ite-only commun ties, thus los1ng
ali knowledge of the1r cultural heritagc. A lot of thc kids who were
removed didn't get properly educated and so face h1gher levels o'

unemployment tod.iy and plenty of them suffered cnronic abuse
in ca re as well The apology for all of this was long overdue. but at
least it was an attempt to start remov1ng the sta1n thal's been left
on the wholc nat1on.
REVIEW03
Speaker 1
l've seen people with third-degree burns and met people who've
lcst llmbs. se no, l'm really not w1lling to stand herc today and say
standards havcn't detenorated. There·s bcen a chronic neglert of the
workforce and awdents that have occurred have been somehow
reclassified or else s1mply met w1th a co11sp1racy of sllence Now 1
know you may have me down as sorne extrem1st mllitant. but 1warn
you 1spea~ with the full backing of my colleagues.
Speaker2
,.I' hn1cally. it was nevera penalty. To be honcsl, 1l w.is a complete and
uller d1vc, but the referee didn't hes1tate to blow his whistle. The guy
tak1ng 1t looked incredibly ronfident as he placed the ball on the spot.
but as he was running up. he slippcd a11d landed flat on h1s backs1de
The shot was slow enough forme to antíopate íts d,rectíon and 1
managed to tip the shot over the crossbar. The rest of Lhc guys went
wild and we tfien hcld on for a lhoroughly deserved dr;:iw
Speaker 3
1 think rny deos1or to go stemmed from the death of my brother
a couple of years b.1ck When something like that happcns, 1t rcally
highlights your own mortality., got trapped 111 a bit of a downward
sp11al for quite sorne t1rT'e afterwards, and that culminated .n me
spending a few months in a kind ot hospital. Anyway. wc sel off on
a Monday and it WrJ> prclty lough but we made 1t to the ruins by
Thursday. The whole s1te is incredible Seeing it just gave me a whole
new outlook on lite
Speaker4
went into the event as a bit of an uncJerdog, but 1t was a surprisingly
t ghl contcst. I don't want to say my opponent was overrated, but she
certainly wasn't as good as i'd been teanngl Anyway, wc had a couple
of great rall1es ancJ fcll shc was start1ng to fade when suddenly It
llappened. 1tell badly and somehow managed to slíce my torehead
oren on the side of my racket. They sl1td1ed me up d bit. but bas1cally
my opportunity h.id gene
Speaker 5
011c of the cla1ms that many scholars h.we .1dvanced over recent
years 1s that the massacre was sorne kind of attemplccJ gcnoc1de,
but 1 think that thesc ncw f1nd111gs establ1sh once and for ali that
th1s can't have been the case 1highlight the role played by the
assass1nation of the k1ng and assert that this essenli.illy gave rise to
the atmosphere 111 wh1th the subsequent atroc1t1es were allowed to
occur.
UNITB
1'13.1
Conversation 1
A =Manl, B = Man2
A. H:ive you seer thc news today?
B: Yeah. D1d you see that MP got off?
A. Well, what d1d you expectl lt's one rule fer us and another fer
thcrn. 1sn't 1t?
B: lt makes me s1ck. lt was so obv1ous he's bcen líning his own
pockets. I don't know how he's gol away w1th 1t.
AU L 1 1
A. Apparently, the case was disrmsscd on sorne kind of technrcal ty
B: Typ1Cal As you say. 1f lt'd been someone lower down. they'd have
been convicted.
Conversation 2
C = Woman 1, D = Woman 2
C: What do y· •u th1n• ot ·h1s story about cutting back the pubhc
sector workforce>
O: 1'11believe1t when 1t happcris.
C: You don't think 1t wiii>
O· No 1mean, look at 1t from the government's polnt of v1ew. Why
would theyl What do they have to ga1n> There's an elect1on
coming up in just overa year t'd be a disaster for them.
C· That's true Maybe the opposit1on 1s just st11ring up trouble.
o, More likcly 1cJori't th1nk they've said the source of the story
Conversation 3
E =Man l,F =Man 2
E: 1can't believe ·hey're st1ll going on about this guy rJncJ h1s affa1r
lt's such a fuss about 11oth111g.
f: 1don't think she'd see it like th;itl
F: No, 1 know. lt's obviously a big deai for her, but 1don't see how
hav1ng it a'I over the papers w1ll help. What's 1t got to do w1th us~
And wh;'Jfs 1t got to do w.th play1ng tennis?
F: Nothing. lt's all to do w1lh rnoncy and sponsorsfi1p. sn't it1
é: éxactly As 1f anyone cares lt's such nonsen~e.
Conversation 4
G = Man, H= Woman
G: Did you see that thing about thc Sccrct.iry of Sta te and what he
sa1d?
H: Yeah 1ran't bel1eve he's retusing to resign!
G. 1don't know. Put yoursclf In lus shoes. Can you 1m<1g•ne tlie
prcssu1e po 1t eta ns are under when there's so muc'1 news
coveragel it amazes me they don't make more slips.
H 1know, but 1l's not thc first t•me and 1tlitnk1t underminf's our
stand1rig in the world What are othf'r countrles going to thinkl
G Ah, 1t's just a storm In a teacup. lt'll all blow over qu1dly enough
H. You lh111k so?
Conversation 5
I =Man l,J = Man2
I· Did you ,f'I!' that business with the Hampton supporters>
J. Yeah. 1t was a d1sgrrJcc. lhey'rc JUSt an1mals They should do
someth1ng about them
I· Didn't you hear? They have! A wholc load of them have had their
season t1ckets confiscated.
J- Well, it's about time, though why on earth aren't they be111g
prosecuted? The amount of damage they causedl Not to mention
the 1nt1m1dat1on
1know They're thugs. They should be lockcd up.
~13.2
lt would obv1ously be absolute folly for ncwspaper owners and
publishers lo gnorc current technological developments, but 1t
should also be .1cknowledged that newspaper compa'11es are st1!1
alive and well and doing quite nKely. thank you. Wh1lst 1t's obv101.isly
true that technology has changed potent1al modes of delivery, the
fact remains that there is no content without a news organ1sat1on to
gather and edil news.
lndeed, lnternet-only s1tes that have attempted to publish solcly
their own content have struggled, wh:le the online news sites that
hcive thnvcd have done so almost entirely as a result of others'
labours. Newspapers are still very much the ma1n news-gathercrs
as well as be1ng the pnmary suppliers of news to lnternet·based
AUOIOSCRIPT 175
AUDIOSCRIPT
cornpan1es, and the bottorn line 1s that th1s will conlinue to be Lhe
case until online journalism becomes as profltable as print-based
medía. Even bearing in mind reduced dehvery and printing co~t~>.
such parity 1s probably st1ll many. many years away.
Another lmportant factor in the continued survival of
r1ewspapc1s has 1ron1tally becrr lhc new incornc generated
from advertis1ng placed on the compames' webs1tes. The vast
majority of newspaper websites are still tree to access. as efforts
to monet1se them h<ive had deudedly m1xcd rcsulls. As a 1esull.
they are attractive to advert1sers keen to hit as w1de a range of
potent1al customers as poss1ble Most companies have strong
brand •dent1t1es, a1e in healthy financia! pos1t1ons and have access
to a deep well of content, all of wh1ch suggests that rumours of
the death of the newspaper have been somewhat exaggerated
~13.3
Th1s 1s the s1x o'clock news w1th SBC. l'm Nata he Dav1s. l he
headlines this e11ening: Finance Minister Carol Dixon announces
her retirement; medal awarded to snitter dog, two dead as rioting
cont1nues in Manova interest r ates to flSe; Je1 maine Johnson
is out of the final World Cup qualifler; and S1mon Crouch and
Jennifer Pont1ng have won the1r libe! case againsl News Enquirer
~l. 4
N = Newsreader, CD = Carol, I = lnterviewer, HC = Hassan,
NS= Nico, FH = Fran~ois, AK = Anita, L =Lawyer
N In an interv1ew with SBC, nnance minister Ca rol Dixon has
confirmed rumours that she 1s to retire on health grounds.
She categorically denied that her rettrement was connected
lo rccent critic1sm of the government s dec1sion to build two
new nuclear power stations. although she acknowledged
there had been division on the issue.
CD: Of course there was a dispute over nuclear energy !'ve been a
long-term opponent and l've never hidden that. but 1 lost that
argument. On broad policy- hand on heart - 1 rema in tota!ly
behind th1s government.
N: However, she refused to comment further on the health
reasons for her departure.
I· And will you be g1v1ng more detads on your health?
Otherwise, it's bound to fuel speculation.
CD: No. I really th1nk that s a pr111ate matter between my family
and me.
N: A sniffer dog has received a medal for bravery for 1ts work in
a bomb disposal un1t. Bodge has worked 1n se11eral war zones
011er the last six years and has helped find over 200 bornbs
and mines to be deact1vatcd H1s handler. Corporal Hassan
Cleaver, sa1d •t was a proud day and pra1sed the work of the
whole un1t.
HC: Jt's JUSt fantast1c we·re so proud of hirn. And he deserves
it, as do lots of the dogs we work with. What they do 1s JUSt
unbelievably lmportant They're fantastic
N: Rioting over government reforms has ccnt1nued in Manova
with two men being killed. Crowds throwing missiles
confronted poi ice armed with batons in the ma1n square
and conducted running battles in the surrounding streets
throughout the day Nico Smith reports
NS: There are confhct1ng reports about the deaths. A pol1Ce
spokesman assured reporters that the men died when a car
exploded after being set alight by a petrol bomb that had
been thrown by noters. Meanwhile. demonstrators cla1m
they were crushed when poi ice fired tear gas to disperse
the crowd 1n the square, forC1ng people down narrow
side streets. As the news of the deaths spread. protesters
rampaged though the surrounding area. smash1ng things
176 OUTCOMES
1n anger. The oolmg !asted mosl of the day u11L1I drt uneasy
calm fell 1iron the c1ty this eventng Addressing the country on
television, the pres1dent blamed the rioting on subversive groups
trying to destab1hse the country and reJeCted demands for the
government to change tack. He .irged wh.~t he termed a silent
ma1ority to make the11 voices heard. However, there are no signs
that that call w1ll be heeded NJCo Srn1th, Manova
N lnterest rates are set to rise half a percent, taking the base rate
to a tcn-year h1gh of 4%. The central IJank rcfused to rule out
further increases th1s ye:Jr as ,t b1ds to contro1 1nflation
Sport. and the nat1onal tootball team have been dealt a further
blow 1n lhe run up to thc,1 uuudl World Cup 4ualify1r1g match
against Russia The goalkeeper and team captain lerma1ne
Johnson ras been ruled out with a th1gh strain. The team have
struggled and rnust win if they are to go through t o the fina Is
next year. The manager. Fran~o1s Houllier. expressed confidence in
Johnson's rcplatcrncnl. Paul Hamson.
FH· Obviously ,t 1s not the ideal preparatron, but Paul is a great
keeper and has been on good form. so 1 am nct so worried.
N 1he Hollywood tuuple ~1rno11 Crouc.h <ind Jcnrníer Pontmg have
won their libe! act1on aga1nst the paper News Enq1Jirer, followmg
allegations that the1rs was a sham marriage. Anita Karaji reports.
AK: During the compell1ng three dJy hearing. the court heard cla1m
and counter-claim about the state of Crouch and Ponting's
mamage. IJul 111 the end U1c 1udge found in the1r favour,
awarding f560.000 damages Outs1de the court. m a statement
read by ttieír lawyer, the couple thanked supporters and vowed
to donate the rnoncy lo thar 1ty.
l· Simon and Jen would like to thank all those fans who sent well
wishes and never doubted the outcome of this case. They would
also like to make clear that ali the proceeds from th1s dec1s1on
wil be given to good causes, because this case was never about
personal ga1n, only about personal lruth.
AK' News Enquirer said it disagreed w1th the dec1sion and was
considering an appeal
N: And that's the news from SBC. lt's fivc past s1x.
UNIT14
~H.l
Conversation 1
M = Maria, D = Delphlne
M HeLo. lnTech Corporation. Maria speaking. How can 1 he·p you'
D: Oh helio there. Maria. lt's me, Delphinc.
M· Oh, hi How're you>
D: Not too bad, thanks. listen. l'm just calling to check whether the
del111ery we sent out on Monday has reached you yeL
M: lt has, yeah. t ca me in th1s morning, 1 believe
D: Oh, that's good. I was just pan1Ck111g over nothtng, the11.
M· Wel.. better safe that sorry, 1sn't iP
D: Exactly. Anyway. how're you' How're th1ngs your endl
M: Oh. you know. We're hanging m there. Sales have actually p1cked
upa bit th s quarter, so that's good. and we'11e actually taken on a
couple of new people, so carft cornplain you know. How's lite wrtr
you? How's the 1ttle one?
D: Oh, she's good. She's just comíng up to one now and she's craw rig
around everywhere and babbl1ng away to herself ali the time.
M·Ohl
D: Yeah.1'11 send you pictures lf you want.
M: That'd be lovely,yeah. And how's Markl
D: He's OK He's been away a lot w1th work recently, actua'ly. wh1cr
has been a bit of a pain. but hopefully that'll ease off a bit soo1
M: And how was your holiday? D1dn't you go away so111ewhe•e
recently'

D. Yeah, that's nght. we d1d Two weeks in Crete. lt was lovely Over far
too quickly. of course. but much needed.
M. Oh. that's good though
D: Yeah
Conversation 2
M = Matt, D =Diebnar
M '-lello.CNC
D: H1. IS that Matt'
M Ye ah. Diet mar. Hi 1 was just th.nking of you. art1,ally 1saw the
draw for the European Championships.
D Oh yeah. l'm sorry. but England have to lose to someone
M Don't count your ch1ckens yet! Let's wait and see
D: 1 adrn11e your opt11rnsm.
M Well, you have to look on the bright side, don"t you - espec1a lly in
our l1ne of work.
D: Tell me about 1t! How're th1ngs. anyway?
M Oh. not too bad. ali things considered.
D. And what's happening with the relocat1on?
M Well.1t's st11 on the cards. apparently We've to1d them ifs abad
idea. but they JUst won't listen!
D: Well.Jusl lh1nk of ali thc savings you'll make on your overheads.
M And on wages 1f half the staff who're threatenlng to walk actually
dol
D: A lot of that's iust talk. l'd 1mag1ne. They 11 soon come round.
M 1hope you re right Anyway. what can 1do for you today'
D: Well, I was jusl wondering ifwe could maybe sort out a time for
a meet ng dur1ng the trade falr next week. t'd be good to talk
through Mexico with you.
M Ycah. of wurse.... Is Thursdoy ¡¡ny use lo you?
D· 1could squeezeyou 1n in the morning. if you want Say 10~ 10.15'
M. Yeah. 10.15 should be fine. l''I pencil t In.
~14.2
K =Katl:in, P =Peter, H = Heiuy, R = Rachel, A = Alex
K: l've also been .. ppr0ached by tr e un1ons. but :ierhaps that can
wait till the end of the meeting.
P R1ght Lel's rnove on lo the ncxt 1tern on tre agenda.
H· OK Well l've handed out the spreadsheet of current figures and,
as you can see. we're set to make a substantial loss this year.
R: We exc.eeded our sales targets 1n Eastern Europe.
A: Yeah, this is a prototype of what we're calling the Shoe Saver
" 14 3
K = Katrin, P = Peter, H = Heiuy, R = Rachel, A= Alex
K. l've also beer approached by the unions. bul perhaps thal c.an
w¡¡it t ill Any Other Business. ilt the end of the meet'ng
P Right. Let's move en to the next ;tem on the agenda. then. We've
alrcady loud1cd on thc bac.kground to th1s. but perb¡¡ps. Henry. 1f
you couid Just restate the situation
H. OK. Well, l've handed out the spreadsheet of current figures and,
as you can see. we're set to make a substant1al loss th 1s ye¡¡1.
Obviously, 1t's been a volatile year for everyone In the industry.
but we can t s1mply blame econom1c problems. We've also
underperforl'led.
R. Not entirely1 We exceeded our sales targets in Eastern Europe.
H: Yes, that offe•s sorne hope Rachcl. bul that was start1ng frorn
quite a low base.! know Alex sees great possibilities with his new
product. but 1really feel the way forwa rd 1s to cut back on costs
K: Cutt1ng costs? 1would've thought we were at the l1m1t. to be
honest People are already overstretched.
H: lt doesn't have to mean more work. We could renegotiate deals
w1th suppliers and then scale back operations
K· You mean layoffs?
AUDIOSCRIPT
H: Sorne redundancies. maybe. but hopefulfy they'd be voluntary
K: Realfy? 1
P: .. OK. Katnn, 1 think we're getting ahead of ourselves here Let's see
what Alex has to say first and we'll take 1t from there Alex
A Yeah, this is a prototype of what we're calllng the Shoe Saver. As
you see.1t's basic¡¡lly ¡¡ compac.l box. lh1s 1s ¡¡ b¡¡s1c des1gn. but
we're planning others. Essentially. you pop your shoes inside and
give ita blast to remove ail the smeifs l've brought along a pa1r of
my son's trainers to demoPstrate
R: Oh, they smell dreadful
A· Yeah. Thcy've been left damp 1n a bag to show you just how
effective the box is So 1put them in .. and switch i~ on. lt takes a
minute. Yes. Rache!?
R: How does 1l workl
A lt uses tíny particles of silver, which have ;int1 bacteria! properties
once ionised. They essentiallv kili the microbes that cause the
odours.
R: Right. OK. l'm not sure what 1on1sed' mea ns, but isn't the silver
expens1ve?
A· Yeah. but we're talking tiny amounts ·- OK ... 'here Done Have a
sn1tf
R: Wowl lh¡¡t's amazmg.
K: Very 1mpressive
1~. Very. So what margins are we look.ng at w1th thisl
A: Well. un1t costs are between 35 and 45 euros and we're looking fo1
it to retail at between 100 and 120 euros
R: That'd cerla1nly improve our botlom l1ne.
H: Why such uncerta1nty about product1on costs? That's quite a b1g
range you've given.
A: Well. we're look1ng ata deal to outsourte producl1on, wh1ch could
bring sign fic¡¡nt s¡¡vings The higher figure would be 1f we used
our own factories and that's also very much erring on the side of
caut1on
H: Su re And what kind of sales projections do you have>
A. We've esl1mated someth ng m lhc region of 10,000 un1ts in the
first year, followed by 30.000 in year two. 100.000 in year three
and quarter of a million by year four
R: Gosh
P· 1know 1t's ambitious, but we really a•e exc1ted about this product.
l~enry.you don't look conv,nced
H: Yeah.1 don't want to be the bad guy. but have you really thought
this through? You know, there's already a range of products that
c.an solve thís problem. Will people really wanl to pay 120 euros
for th1s?
A Fair question 1 think the first point is that this is far more effective
lhan the sprays and insoles cur rently on lre market. We estimate
it could extend a shoe's life by up to 50%, so it'd pay for itself
Secondly, our initia l market is not actually homes. but health
c1ubs ¡¡nd gyms. Longer term. growth would come from high end
consumers and we've already had sorne pos1tive feedback from
focus groups.
P: 1think Katrin wants to come in.
A Sure.
K: Yes. What aboul p¡¡tents? Is th1s 011g1nal technology?
A· Well, no. In fact. the terhnology's been around for a while, so that's
not something we control. but we have patented a couple of
the manufactur ng processes that we think will give usan edge
over any competítors. Plus. of course. we'JI have a head start in
establisring the bra'ld.
AUOIOSCRIPT in
AUDIOSCRIPT

UNIT15 We live in an age of unpreccdcnled visual saturation. We are

bombardeó w1th more images th.1n ever before, images transmitted
~ 15 by an E'Vt'r-growing range of technologies, and beca use of the
Conversation 1 explosion of such tcc.hnolog1cs. thc phenomenon is no longer unique
G =Gail, T =Tatiana to developed countries, but is penetrating every comer of the world.
G. Hey, Tatiana 1shall be arguing that this Is nota neutral occurrcncc and shall uc
I· Ga11l Goshl 1hardly recogn1sed you lt's a bit rad ical, isn't it' attcrnpling to g1vc you an ove1v1ew of sorne of 1ts results
G. You don't like t? There are two slightly different ways we can conceptualise the
T· No. no, you look fantast1c. lt's JUSt that 1t's so different What growth In visual representat1on. 011 the onc hand are those who
brought that on' drgue that what 1s going on 1s simply an attempt to represent reality,
G: Oh, just tancied a change. I was getting s1ck of 1t, espec1ally to depict or show the world - or at least portion~. of 1t - as 1t really is.
w1lh lhe summe1. and i've taken up running again 1 m!"an,you However, it can also be argucd thdl thcse ímage~; shape our reality
can have it tn a ponytail or t ie it up but ... 1don't know ... 1hey stand in for us in the way th:it our political representat1ves
T. No, 1know what you mean. 1w1sh f could get away w1th it short do, .1nd so become symbolic of sorne kind of 1dealísed or pcrfcclcd
l1ke that - 1t'd be so much easiE'r parallcl world.
G: You don't th1nk you couldl Obviously. a large number of the lmages that confront us on an
T: No - my face 1s too round. l'd look like a loll;popl hourly basis are produced and dbscm111dled by t11e fash1or mdustry
G: That's a bit of an exaggeratlon! You could have ita bit shorter - and ovcr rec.cnt years what this has me1nt is that a particular kind
a wavy bob like j ust above shouldcrs. Thcit'd work. of 1mage of beauty has dominated our consciou~.ness. that bcéluty 1s
T: You th1nk7 predominantly young, wh1tc. dnd almost 1mposs 1bly th1nl Driven by
G· Ye;ih, definitely Not that you need to change. the b1g fash1on houses' need to sell clothes in a cut-throat market.
models become little more than human hangcrs - somclh1ng st1c:k-
Conversation 2 thin and lovcly that products are 'hung' from . l'm sure we're ali
C =Colette, D =Diana familiar w1th the kind of th ng 1 mean he re.
C Diana. how do lookl Now obviously cause and effect are nigh-on 1mposs1llle to prove
D· rlmm conclus1vcly. but 1t seems to me to be no coíncid1ence that th1s has
C. You don't like it. I have to say l'm riot sure about the sleeves co1noded with a huge rise in the incidence of eating d1sorders- and
They're a bit fnlly what we've seen in particular 1s anorexia and bul1m1a among teenage
D No, 1 think they're OK.1 just think you need someth1ng else.... g1rls. the main consumers of fashion magazines However. as images
1 don't kriow -sorne beads or something to set 1t off. Here. try of men have also multiplied. and in particular s1nce thc rnove towards
these .. And maybe these bangles. thinncr dnd th1nner models, as opposed to the more muscle·bound
C. OK. images of a previous generatíon, we've also start:ed seeing a rise in
O: Lets see Yeah. that's better. Wh;it do you thmk? what's being termed 'manorexía'.
C· Veah, they work well together. On top of ali that. both sexes are increas1ngly turning to cosmet1c
D: lt's great. lt realfy shows off your curves. surgery and we're see1ng younger and younger people opting for
procedures such as Botox that wcre once the preserve of mucl' older
Conversation 3 pat1ents. As 1fthis wasn't d1sturbing enough, the·re's growing ev1dence
E =Ella, F =Fiona that young black and Asían girls are so deprived of role models 11 the
E: Oh. my gosh, F ! Look at hE'r outfjt world of high fashion that they are undergoing extreme procedures
F. You don't like rt? such as skin bleaching and eyelid reshaping operations in an attempt
E: A ílowery dress w 1th checked shirt? And the ribbon in her ha ir - to simulate what they see as Western standards of beauty. lt's a ktnd
and then those army boots! of derac1alisat1on process and verges on the obscene.
F. Hey, it wouldn't work forme, tiut 1think she pul Is 1t off lt s The degree to which images of the body beautiful have becorne
quite a funky look. I might lose the ribbon. but those kind of the norm can perhaps bcsl be demonstrated by the fact that token
clashing patterns are really in at the moment. alternative representations can now be used as a selling point Brands
E: Well. 1t's not a trend 1 like. And the bootsl such as Dove had huge success with their'real beauty' campa1g11,
F: Well. they kind of show off her legs in a funny way. which uses a far broader range of woman in its advertising. :ind wh1cr
E: 1thínk they make them look likc st1c.ks. She'd be better off In seems to have struck a chord with women fed up with the pressure
sorne strappy heels or sorne wedges on them to be young and slim. Sirnilarly, singer Beth D1tto, who
we1ghs in at around a hundred kilos. has attracted mass1ve amounts
Conversation 4 of publicity as she has Jaunched her fashion range for S•Zes 14 to 32.
G = Gunilla, H = Harry Nevertheless. as refreshmg as rt rnay be to see such 1mages reach the
G /Ir" y•1u going 1 ke that. Harry? ma,nstream.1t should not be forgotten that they only have lmpact
H Whyl What's wrong w1th 1tl dueto the fact they swim so strongly agairist the dominanl tlde.
G· Nothing Vou look very smart lt's ;ust that 1don't think 1t's
going to be that kind of do. UNIT16
H: Oh , nght. Shall 1 lose the t1e. thenl
G· veah, 1mean. l'm just go1ng to wear these jea ns and that green ~16.1
top. Conversation 1
H: Right, so you want me to change then> A = Annabel, B =Belinda
G Well _ 1just don't want you to feel awkward, beca use you're A: Well played 1thought 1m1ght stand a chanci• after you blew that
stiding out. So, .. second set, but you thrashed mel
H: OK. B; Oh, you prayed OK -· you just need to work on your serve!
A· And my backhand and my footwork and everything elsel
~15..2

178 OUTCOM ES
 AUDIOSCRIPT

B: Yeah, well .. m.iybe a b ti By the way, 1hope you don't m nd me 2 Fffl Ouchl
asking, but what l'appened to your leg? That's one hell of a scar' 3 Yulcl
A: What? °Tt'1s? 4 Goshl
B. Yeah? 5 Phewl
A: Oh, 1t's a long story. 6 Mmml
B: Go on, then. l've gct time' 7 Ahem!
A: Oh, 1t's stuprd, really lt happened w~en 1was In my final year at 8 Mmm
un1vers1ty. You know 1d1d archíteclure. ríght? 9 Umm
B: Yeah 10 01!
A: Well, we had to make a lot of models and present them and one 11 Sshhh~
time 1 was up half the night trymg to fin1sh off this one particular 12 Oops!
model and it was about four in the morning and 1was more dead
than altvc and rny hand slípped and 1somehow managed to cut ~16.3
a hu ge great big si ice out of my thrgh w1th the scalpel l'd been 1 A: She speaks six d1fferent languages.
using. B Wow! That's 1mpress1ve.
B: Ohl Nasty 2 A: 1was running and ' heard something in my knee JUSt snap!
A Yeah, but 1was so out of 1t that 1was just starmg at th1s gapmg B Hfl Ouchl Painfull
grcat holc, half in shock, half in complete exhaustíon, and in the 3 A· His false teeth fell out onto the floor and he iusl pickcd them
end 1JUSt w1ped the blood off w1th a tissue, trred to super·glue up and put them straight back into hls mouth again
ít ali together and crasht'd out. Next morning.1 woke up early. B: Yukl That's d1sgust1ngl
went along to A and E to get it cleaned up and stitched - and still 4 A: !'ve still gota scar. Look.
managed to present rny model 1n the afternoon . B. Goshl That's awfully bigl
B. And who sa1d students are lazy. eh! 5 A: The doctor 1went to fer a second op1mon said l'd bccn g111cn
the wrong diagnosis and it wasn't as serious as they'd thought.
Conversation 2 B: Phcwl That"s a relief. then.
C = Chloe, D = Doug 6 A Mmm1 This is delicious! Wh<it's yours hke?
C How did you get that scar.1f you don't mind me asking? B. Yeah, not bad
D: Wh1ch one? The one on my chin? 7 A Aheml
C No. I n1eant thc onc on your forehead. lt's pretty nasty. B· What? . Oh, sorry
D· Oh, that Yeah. well, I was smart enough to somehow walk straighl 8 A. And then she said. like,you know. that she thought 1t was a bit
into a head·helght shelf wht"n 1was 18. 1was workíng at this too reveal1ng. but 1wasn't surc so ... are you listcning to me?
summer c;amp 1n thc Statcs and l'd been out to a partywith sorne B: Mmm. Yeah Course
friends one night. stumbled home and whacked myself when 1 got 9 A. 5o how come you dec1ded to do that. then?
back to my cabin. 1 decided that. while it hurta bit, it'd probably B: Umm. That's a good quest1on, actually. J'd llave to tl11nk c1bout
be OK and that what 1real1y necded was my bed. i woke up in the that.
morning to find tht>re was blood everywhere - ali aver the bed. the 10 A: 01 What do you think you'rc doing?
floor - and most shockingly, when 1looked In the mirror, I reallsed B: Quickl Runl
my face was covered In dried blood. wh1Ch 1really hadn't bcen 11 Sshhhl The baby's sleeping.
expecting! The doctor said he could've stitched it if l'd seen h1m 12 A: And then 11ealtsed J'd cop1cd my boss 111 on thc crna1I by
nght away. but that 1t was unstitchable the following dayl Just my mistake!
luck 8: Oopsl That wasn t very clever.
C. Oh, that's awful.
D: Yeah. well, 1t's my own stup1d fault. reaily. ~16.4
C And . um J'm scared to ask now. really. but what about that 1 = Interviewer, EC =Eva Chalaabati
other onel I· So l'm here in a school in C'iipp1ng Sodbury where l'm talkmg to
D: You won't believe me when 1tell you. Honestly. Eva Chakrabati, who"s a health and safety offlcer. Now 1have to
C. Um . OK. s lt gruesomel say. Eva. I was a bit surp1ised to see what you wcrc do1ng therc.
D: Not really. Just odd. I don't know if you remember, but a couple ot You were holding bubbles of methane and sett1ng them alight.
years ago, there were all these reports of people gett1ng blown off Exploding gases in front of children isn't what we expect from
therr feet by '11gh winds, and even someone getting ki led by belng people like you
blown head first into a door EC:No? Well. that's very much the kind of m 1sconception we're
C No' That mustJuSt have completely passed me by somehow. trying to combat here. Health and safety is not about removing
0 ; Yeah? Well, •t was pretty crazy. What happened with me was that all risk from life Personally, l'm into rock climbing and l'm ali for
one night 1Jl.ISt got totaily blown down the dr1ve at the side of my people having fun and excitement. Society relies on p!'ople doing
house,completery out of control 1somehow managed to go head hazardous JObs, whether 1t be working in qua mes, on oil rigs or in
f rst between two parked cars. whacking my head on both of them farming, but there's a difference between nsks and recklessness.
and land1ng on my chin in the middle of the road. We analyse nsk and set legal guidelines to reduce 1t.
C. Ouch' 1: OK, but that's the 1ssue -those gu1del1nes. We constantly hear
D: Yeah - and when 1ca me to. I found my chrn completely split open stories of the reams of paper.vork lnvolved in setting up, say. a
. and my w1sdom teeth weren't too happy eitherl school tri p. Doesn't it tum basrc pleasures and education into a
C: Woanr You·re fa1rly accident-prone. really. aren·t you? bureaucratic nightmarel
D: l've got another one. actually. 1f you want to hear about 1t ... EC.I wouldn't deny sorne forms are excessive, but 1would query
~ 16.2 whether that's really down to us. Wc've produced tcmplates for
1 Wowl rlsk assessment for school trips that are just three pages long.
However, sorne bod1es in charge of implementation produce

AUDIOSCllPT 179
AUDIOSCR IPT
one form covering every type of assessment, with the result
th¡¡t lhey'rc ovcrlong and conta1n much that's írrclevant to
individual events
lo Why don't you force the use of your forms, then?
EC:Well, llley are w1dely available and wc're running a carnpaígn
on health and safety myths. but really we're caught between
a rock anda hard place. On the one hand. we have these
hyster1cal stor1es in the media thal we're 1mposing a nanny
state, but then here you're saying we should override local
people on the ground. Actually. I think we should stick to our
policy. which 1s prov1d1ng standards that generally have the
caveat that common sense should apply and changes only
rnade where the cost is appropriate to the benefits
1 So you're saying that many of the stories we hear - banníng
snowballs. stopping clowns blowing bubbles. punishing staff
for movmg cha11s round a room all those are cssent1ally
non sen se
EC. Well, yes! They may have a graln ot truth. but they're usual1y
over general1sed or wrongly blamed on us. lt's poss1ble sorne
schools have banned snowballs, but 1think that's likely to have
bcen a response lo a particular 1ncident and maybe fears of
litigation lt's certainly not the result of anything we've said .
The clown story is something similar. He was using a bubble-
mak1ng rnach111e and lle couldn t get 1nsurance -we d1dn't
stop h1m. Actually, there IS a nsk there beca use the machines
create lots of soapy liquid and on smooth surfaces they're a
hazard. but we'd say used on grass, gravel or sorne other non-
slip surface they're great fun - go aheadl As for the furniture In
our office, we have cha1rs and desks fitted w1th lodable wheels
:hat can be moved by anyone, but yes we do have porters to
shift other, heavier furniture.
l. And you don't thmk that's excess1ve?
EC No, as 1say, we're ra sing aw;ireness and g1ving workers
opt1ons. literally thousands of people are injured at work
beca use of disregard for safety standards. Help1ng avoid that
saves heartache and millions In lost revenue
1: Eva Chakrabat1. thank you very much.
~165
M = =
Michael, 1 Joyce, N =Nigel
M W1th the news that the 1nternet penetration rate is set to
reach 80% sometirne In the next month coming hot on the
heels of revelations that chíldren as young as e1ght are now
rece1ving treatment for Internet addiction today we're turning
our atlention lo th1s most rnodern of phenomena and asking
whether the Internet has become more of a curse than a
blessing. As ever, if the show 1s to work. we need you to call up
and tell us what's on your mind
And 1think we have our first caller, on 1ne one lt's Joyce in
Crawley. Joyce, hel lo.
Jo Oh hello. Michael. Thank you. Yes. Well, l've been a secondary
school teacher for sorne 40 years now and l'm on the verge of
retim1g. l'm dueto stop work in the summer, and 1must say l'm
awfully glad about it
M Why's that, then. Joyce?
J. Well, to be frank, I think the Internet has ru1ned ch1ldhood and
created a generat1on of idiots and 1honestly don't th1nk th1ngs
are likely to get any better in the foreseeable future.
M · Well. that's a fairly bleak appra1sal. What 1s 1t about the web
that partícularly concerns you?
Well, the first thing is sírnply the ease of access it provides. l'm
obviously not opposed to people being able to access useful
1nformat1on, but most students nowadays have lost the ability
to construct their own essays or thmk the1r own way through a
question They simply cut and paste and hand things in, which
180 OUTI:OMES
appalls me.
M: So. plaglarism, ,n short?
J: Exactly And 1n additíon to that. the •nternet bas1cally dangles
ali manner of temptat1on 1n front of young peo ple, often very
vulnerable young people, and that's bound to cause problems
M: l'm guess1ng you're talk1ng about pornography and the like here,
Joyce?
J: Well of course that's a worry. bul lherc's so much more to 1t
than that l've heard tales of students gett•ng sucked 1nto wh.te
supremac1st s1tes and religíous extremist sites. Then there are sites
offering ass1stance w1th weapon-making and l've had students of
my own get involved 1n online gambling. They run up huge debts
and end up having to be bailed out by their pa rents. And to put it
mildly. none ofthis exactly helps them perform academically.
M. The chances of 1t helplng are pretty slim, l'd Imagine. Anyway, Joyce,
thanks for that. Next up 1s N1gel, 1ri Manchester, Helio.
N· Helio there, Michael. N 1ce to be w1th you LDng time listener here.
What 1wanted to say was it's time we got tough and cracked
down mo1e on lhe web.
M : And how do you propase we do that, then?
N: Well. if 1t were up to me, l'd arrest anyone caught looking at
banned webs1tes. I mean. they must know who these people are.
mustn't they. the government.
M: That's a huge online policing presence you're suggesting there,
Nigel. and 1n all likelihood. most offenders are actually pretty
harmless when it comes down to it.
N: Veah, OK, but maybe we should make an example of one or two
people, then. you know Hit them with the toughest sentences we
can. Like spammers and online fraudsters and what have you. Do
that and the odds are you'll put others off.
M: Or, do that and there's a dlstlnct poss1bllity you'll end up embro1led
in a lengthy legal dispute about proportíonate punishments, I
would've thought. to be honest.
~16.6
1 The Internet penetration rate is set to reach 80% somet1me in the
next month
2 lf the show 1s to work. we need YOU to call up and tell us what's on
your mlnd
3 l'm dueto stop work in the summer.
4 1 honestly don't think thíngs are likely to get any better .n the
foreseeable future.
5 The Internet dangles ali manner of temptation in front of young
people, and that's bound to cause problems.
6 l'm on the verge ot retiring
7 The chances of 1t helping are pretty shm, l'd Imagine.
8 In all llkelihood, most offenders are actually pretty harm 'ess.
9 Hit them w1th the toughest sentences we can. Do ':hat ano the
odds are you'll put others off
10 Do that and there's a distinct possibl lity you'll end up embroiled 1r
a lengthy legal dispute.
REVIEW04
R4..l
C =Clive, V =Victoria
C· We1I, 1t's that time of year again when gl1tter and glamour take
over and our woman on the ground, Victoria Cohen, has ali the
latest from the film 1ndustry's big annua l award night. Victoria.
what's your assessment of th1ngs from your ríngsíde seat?
V; Thanks, Clive Well,yes, here 1am on Main Street and what a night
1t's been. Obviously, these events are a real mora le-booster for the
lndustry in times of econom1c hardship, and that des1re for escape
and fantasy has perhaps been reftected in sorne of the outfits
we've seen on the red carpet. Justa few moments ago. Lady Za·l.a
 AL Ull))L K¡ ,J 1
1

carne past in a remarkable pinstr1pe sult, the l:ind of thing that

was once the preserve of the c1ty gentleman, but very tailored t o
show off her magn1fJcent curves and -you're gonna lave this-
sprayed completely goldl lnterestingly, her fan1ous siiver bob that
we've ali bccome so familiar w1th 1s no more ¡ind in lts place 1s a
spiky blande look that stunned the crowds gathered here
C. Perhaps she decided the silver and gold woulcl clash, Victoria.
V: Who knows. Clive1 lt was brave. that's for su re, and 1t's hard to
think of many other celebrities who could pu ll off such a look.
Anyway, befare that we'd scen Kyleen McClose mak1ng her first
pubhc appearance slnce her former PA accuse•:J her of bullying ...
C: Accusations, we should add, that Ms McClose categorically denies.
V: lndced. Kylcc11 tomghl wcnl for a sir11ple, slightly faded l1nen
outfit. wh 1ch many observers felt left her looking worn down by
her recent troubles, but which 1felt was a refresh1ng change from
the norrn. g1ven the predom1nant styles on display.
C· And 1 understand there was sorne drama earller on in the evenlng
V: That's right The modcl Noella Cartwright appeared around sevcn,
towering over most of us ín the most íncredibly h igh tieels
and then managed to fall head first as she stepped onto the red
carpet Shc p1tkcd hcrsclf up OK, but for a sernnd or two there
looked to be in absolute agony
C And 1hear there's talk of a possible lawsuit. Vi ctoria .
V: lncredibly, thafs tri.e. yes Noella's agent has informed us that she
may well be seek1ng damages from the designn for endangering
her career.
C: Fantast1c. You couldn't make 1t up.

AUDIOSClllPT 181
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