ECW437 LABORATORY MANUAL 2021

COURSE NAME

COURSE CODE

OPEN-ENDED LAB SEMESTER

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: IMPACT OF JET

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 25/10/2021

NAME : 1. ENGKU AHMAD IDRIS BIN ENGKU MD AZMI (2020878612)

2. FADHLIN SYUHADA BINTI BAHARIN (2020828226)

3. FARAH IZATI BINTI MOHD POUDZI (2020897146)

4. AQIL ISKANDAR SUJAK BIN MUHAMMAD FARID (2020834792)

5. AINNUR ZULHUSNI AKHTAR BIN ABDUL HALIM (2020878822)

CLASS GROUP : EC2203A1B

LECTURER : DR SHARIFAH BINTI ABDULLAH

LEVEL OF OPENNESS :0
MARKS COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION

BASIC CONCEPTS

METHODOLOGY

RESULTS & ANALYSIS 1 2 3 4 5

DISCUSSION 1 2 3 4 5

CONCLUSION 1 2 3 4 5

ORGANIZATION 1 2 3 4 5

TOTAL MARKS

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ECW437 LABORATORY MANUAL 2021

COURSE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECW 437
LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0
CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN
DEGREE OF OPEN ENDED (%) 0
PERIODOF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK
EXPERIMENT CENTRE OF PRESSURE

Introduction

The need for an open-ended laboratory activity is emphasized in enhancing

independent learning activities and inculcating creativity and innovation of
students. It is now a required element in an accreditation exercise as stipulated in
the EAC Manual 2012.

Objectives

To determine the position of the centre of pressure on the rectangular face of the
torroid.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:

1. Identify the positions of the centre of pressure of different submerged
vertical plane surfaces.
PREAMBLE 2. Determine the experimental depth, hpe and calculate the theoretical depth,
hpt of the centre of pressure.
3. Understand the concept of magnitude, direction and actual location of the
hydrostatic force acting on the immersed vertical surface.

Theoretical Background

The centre of pressure may be defined as:

“The point in the plane at which the total liquid thrust can be said to be acting
normal to the plane”.

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ECW437 LABORATORY MANUAL 2021

Figure 1: Centre of Pressure Apparatus

Where:

b = Width of the vertical rectangular face of the torroid (m)

d= Depth of the vertical rectangular face of the torroid (m)
L= Length measured from the pivot to the load hanger (m)
hg = Depth from the water free surface to the centre of gravity (cg) of the
vertical rectangular face of the torroid submerged in water (m)
hp = Depth from the free water surface to the centre of pressure (cp) of the
vertical rectangular face of the torroid submerged in water (m).
y= Depth from the pivot to the centre of pressure (cp) (m)
y1 = Depth measured from the pivot to the free water surface (m)
y2 = Depth measured from the free water surface pivot to the base of the
torroid (m).
y1 + y2 = 0.200 m (20 cm)
F = Hydrostatic thrust on the vertical rectangular face of the torroid (N)
W= Weight recorded on the load hanger (N)

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 ECW437 LABORATORY MANUAL 2021

ental location of the centre of pressure (cp) on the vertical rectangular

rroid from the pivot can be determined by taking moments about the

𝐹×𝑦=𝑊×𝐿
The experim face of the to pivot:
𝑊𝐿 (i)
𝑦=
𝐹

n the vertical rectangular face of the torroid is given by:

The forces o
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝑔𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑔𝐴 (ii)

Where
Specific weight of water (N/m3)
𝛾=
Mass density of water (kg/m3)
𝜌= g=
Acceleration due to earth’s gravity (m/s2)
A= Area of vertical rectangular face of torroid (m2)
𝑑
ℎ𝑔 = 𝑦2 − 2 (iii)

The experimental depth of the centre of pressure can be derived from:

ℎ𝑝𝑒 = 𝑦 − 𝑦1 (iv)

The theoretical depth of the centre of pressure can be derived by the equation below:
𝐼
𝑔 (v)
ℎ𝑝𝑡 = ℎ𝑔 +
𝐴ℎ𝑔
Where

𝐼𝑔 = second moment of area about an axis through the centroid of the vertical rectangular face of
torroid (m4) = bd3/12

Students are required to conduct an experiment on the Centre of Pressure Apparatus to determine the centre
of pressure on a vertical rectangular plane surface. You are required to investigate the percentage of errors
between the experimental depth, ℎ𝑝𝑒 and the theoretical depth, ℎ𝑝𝑡 of the centre of pressure for fully
PROBLEM
submerged and partially submerged vertical rectangular face of the torroid. All readings and data from the
STATEME
experiment should be tabulated accordingly. You should briefly discuss the factors that contribute to the
NT
differences between ℎ𝑝𝑒 and ℎ𝑝𝑡for fully submerged and partially submerged.

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 ECW437 LABORATORY MANUAL 2021

Apparatus:
i. Centre of Pressure Apparatus (See Figure 1)
ii. Measuring Cylinder of beaker
iii. Steel Rule

Procedures:
i. Measured the width (b) and depth (d) of the rectangular face of toroid.
ii. Measured the length, L from the pivot to the load hanger.
iii. Adjusted the three (3) foot screws until the apparatus is balanced. This was indicated by
WAYS the spirit level situated at the left base of the apparatus.
AND iv. Using the rider, the balance arm was adjusted until it is level.
MEANS iv. Using the measuring cylinder or beaker, filled the tank with water to the zeroscale
datum (just touch the base of the vertical rectangular face of toroid and can be adjusted
by opening or closing the outlet valve situated at the bottom of the tank)
v. Again filled the tank with water to a certain level about 1 cm from the top line of the
tank.
vi. Placed weights on the load hanger to restore the balance arm to the horizontal position.
vii. Recorded the weights, W on the load hanger and measured y2.
viii. Repeated for at least nine (9) using other values of weights, W and depths, y2.

RESULTS CALCULATION
b= 0.0745 m; d= 0.098 m; L = 0.273 m
Area = 0.0745 m * 0.098 m = 0.0073 m2
L = 0.273 m
y1 + y2 = 0.2 m2
Set W (N)
kg y1 y2

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ECW437 LABORATORY MANUAL 2021

1 0.02 0.148 0.052 0.1962

2 0.04 0.142 0.058 0.3924
Partially
3 0.06 0.135 0.065 0.5886
submerged
4 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.7848
5 0.1 0.11 0.09 0.981
Group kg y1 y2 W (N)
3
6 0.25 0.041 0.159 2.4525
fully 7 0.35 0.032 0.168 3.4335
submerged 8 0.45 0.025 0.175 4.4145
9 0.55 0.021 0.179 5.3955

y1 y2 hg A (m2) F= y=𝑊𝐿/𝐹 Ig= hpe=𝑦−𝑦1 hpt=ℎ𝑔+𝐼𝑔𝐴 Percentag

𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑔𝐴( (m) bd3/12 (m) ℎ𝑔 (m) e error
N) (m4) (%)
0.14 0.05 0.00 0.007 0.21483 0.2493150 5.84323 0.1013150 0.26981432 62.45
8 2 3 3 9 68 E-06 68 3
0.14 0.05 0.00 0.007 0.64451 0.1662100 5.84323 0.0242100 0.00900720 168.78
2 8 9 3 7 46 E-06 46 4
0.13 0.06 0.01 0.007 1.14580 0.1402397 5.84323 0.0052397 0.01601280 67.28
5 5 6 3 8 26 E-06 26 7
0.12 0.08 0.03 0.007 2.22000 0.0965090 5.84323 - 0.03102481 175.72
1 3 3 59 E-06 0.0234909 4
41
0.11 0.09 0.04 0.007 2.93613 0.0912128 5.84323 - 0.04103281 145.79
1 3 3 3 E-06 0.0187871 8
7
0.04 0.15 0.11 0.007 7.87743 0.0849937 5.84323 0.0439937 0.11008804 60.04
1 9 3 73 E-06 73 9
0.03 0.16 0.11 0.007 8.52194 0.1099919 5.84323 0.0779919 0.11909525 34.51
2 8 9 3 7 42 E-06 42 3
0.02 0.17 0.12 0.007 9.02323 0.1335616 5.84323 0.1085616 0.12610085 13.91
5 5 6 3 8 44 E-06 44 6
0.02 0.17 0.13 0.007 9.30969 0.1582191 5.84323 0.1372191 0.13010405 5.47
1 9 3 78 E-06 78 8

For 0.02 kg

Weight, W = kg*9.81
= 0.02*9.81
= 0.192 N
ℎ𝑔= 𝑦2−𝑑/2
= 0.052-(0.098/2)
= 0.003
𝐹=𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑔𝐴

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 ECW437 LABORATORY MANUAL 2021

= 1000×9.81×0.003×0.0073
= 0.214839 N

Ig = bd3/12
= (0.0745*0.0983)/12
= 5.84×10-6 m4

y= 𝑊𝐿/𝐹
= (0.192*0.273)/0.214839
= 0.249315068 m

hpe=𝑦−𝑦1
= 0.249315068-0.148
= 0.101315068 m

hpt=ℎ𝑔+𝐼𝑔/𝐴ℎ𝑔
= 0.003+5.84×10-6 / (0.0073*0.003)
= 0.269814323 m

From the experiment we can see that there are difference value in hp of
experiment and hp of theoretical. This may occur due to human error in reading of
balance bridge arm level. This would lead to an inaccurate water height reading,
which would consequently affect everything height was used to calculate other than
that, there might be human error in reading the height of the water in the chamber.
This also would cause the height measurement and all subsequent calculations.
DISCUSSIO
Next, the error during splashing the water into the balance bridge arm might
N
occur too. When we poured the water and of course this would cause an artificial
increase in weight due to the applied masses. The applied masses were not weight
prior to their application onto the balance bridge arm. Thus, the applied mass may
weight more due to accumulation of oils from being handled. However, all those
errors that might be occurred are so minor that is likely that even if they were present
in the experiment, they would have little to no effect on the result

The experiment is carried out in accordance with established procedures that have been formed.
Data from the experiment have been obtained and are being measured to determine the value of
experimental depth, hpe, the theoretical depth, hpt of the centre of pressure and the percentage of
errors between the experimental depth, h pe and the theoretical depth, h pt of the centre of pressure.
For the result for 0.02 kg, the value of experimental depth, h pe is 0.10 m and the theoretical depth,
hpt of the centre of pressure is 0.27 m The percentage of errors between the experimental depth, h pe
CONCLUSI
ON
and the theoretical depth, hpt of the centre of pressure for this weight is 62.45 %. Based on the
objective of this experiment, we are able to determine the position of the centre of pressure on the
rectangular face of the torroid from the data that we achieved. The centre of pressure is always
lower than the centre of gravity because pressure is greater at lower points on a vertical surface. As
a result, the position of the centre of pressure is not the same as the point of the centre of gravity on
a vertical surface.

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