II and Ill

estions

The American Society for

Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
ii

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ISBN-13: 978-1-57117-198-6

Printed in the United States of America.

Second Edition
12/09 first printing
 m

Contents

Acknowledgments iv

Recommended References V

Reference Usage vi

level I Questions 1
Level 11 Questions 21
Level 11 B Questions 41
vi

eference Usage
Ultrasonic esting ethod

Reference A: Total = 8 Reference G: Total = 5

Level I 6 Level I 4
Level II 2 Level II 1
Level Ill 0 Level Ill 0

Reference B: Total = 14 Reference H: Total = 42

Level I 5 Level I 23
Level II 8 Level II 10
Level Ill 1 Level Ill 9

Reference C: Total =166 Reference I: Total = 92

Level I 70 Level I 27
Level II 68 Level II 61
Level Ill 28 Level Ill 4

Reference D: Total =205 Reference J: Total = 24

Level I 101 Level I 16
Level II 95 Level II 8
Level Ill 9 Level Ill 0

Reference E: Total = 1 Reference K: Total = 3

Level I 0 Level I 0
Level II 1 Level II 3
Level Ill 0 Level Ill 0

Reference F: Total = 24
Level I 8
Level II 8
Level Ill 8
 Level I Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 1

Level I uestions
Ultrasonic Testing ethod

1. The indication on the instrument display 5. Another name for a compressional wave
that represents the far boundary of the is:
material being tested is called:
a. lamb wave
a. hash b. shear wave
b. the initial pause C. longitudinal wave
c. the main bang d. transverse wave
d. the back surface reflection C.557; D.10
C.205; D.26
6. Another name for rayleigh waves is:
2. In immersion testing, the position of the
transducer is often varied to transmit a. shear waves
sound into the test part at various angles b. longitudinal waves
to the front surface. Such a procedure is c. transverse waves
referred to as: d. surface waves
C.43; D.10
a. angulation
b. dispersion 7. A material used between the face of a
c. reflection testing transducer and the test surface to permit
d. refraction or improve the transmission of ultrasonic
C.268 vibrations from the transducer to the
material being tested is called:
3. The cable that connects the ultrasonic
instrument to the transducer is specially a. a wetting agent
designed so that one conductor is b. a couplant
centered inside another. The technical c. an acoustic transmitter
name for such a cable is: d. a lubricant
C.221; D.61
a. BXcable
b. conduit 8. The piezoelectric material in a transducer
c. coaxial cable that vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves
d. ultrasonic conductor cable-grade 20 is called a:
D.45
a. backing material
4. The process of standardizing an b. Lucite"' wedge
instrument or device by using a reference c. crystal
a standard is called: d. couplant
C.60; D.46
a. angulation
b. calibration
C. attenuation
d. correlation
C.557; D.37

og QL pg 09 qp PT
2 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

9. Ultrasonic testing of material where the 12. The transducer that contains the thinnest
probe is in direct contact with the piezoelectric crystal is a:
material being tested may be:
a. 1 MHz transducer
a. straight beam testing b. 5 MHz transducer
b. surface wave testing c. 15 MHz transducer
c. angle beam testing d. 25 MHz transducer
d. all of the above D.47
C.202; D.63
13. A 25 MHz transducer would most likely
10. An advantage of using lithium sulfate in be used during:
transducers is that it:
a. straight beam contact testing
a. is one of the most efficient generators b. immersion testing
of ultrasonic energy C. angle beam contact testing
b. is one of the most efficient receivers of d. surface wave contact testing
ultrasonic energy D.47
c. is insoluble
d. can withstand temperatures as high as 14. The amount of beam divergence from a
700 °C (1 260 °F) crystal is primarily dependent on the:
D.46
a. type of test
b. tightness of crystal backing in the
Figure 1 transducer
c. frequency and crystal size
d. pulse length
C.211; D.49

15. When an ultrasonic beam passes through

the interface between two dissimilar
materials at an angle, a new angle of
sound travel takes place in the second
material due to:

a. attenuation
b. rarefaction
c. compression
d. refraction
11. The transducer shown in Figure 1 is used C.38; D.18
for:

a. surface wave testing

b. angle beam testing
c. immersion testing
d. straight beam testing
D.55

P~H PH qoi; P6
 Level I Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 3

NOTE: Using Figure 2, answer questions 16 through 20.

Figure 2
(No Sweep Delay is Being Used)
0 1 2 3 4 5

203mm 152mm
(8 in.) (6 in.)

-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B C D E

16. Figure 2 illustrates a contact test on an 19. In Figure 2, indication D represents the:
203 mm (8 in.) aluminum block.A
discontinuity is located 152 mm (6 in.) a. first discontinuity indication
from the front surface. The display b. second indication of the discontinuity
representation for this is shown to the c. first back surface reflection
right. What does indication A represent? d. second back surface reflection
C.204; D.26
a. the initial pulse or front surface
indication 20. In Figure 2, indication E represents the:
b. the first discontinuity indication
c. the first back surface reflection a. first discontinuity indication
d. none of the above b. second discontinuity indication
C.204; D.26 c. first back surface reflection
d. second back surface reflection
17. In Figure 2, indication B represents: C.205; D.26

a. the initial pulse or front surface 21. The velocity of longitudinal waves is
indication approximately ___ the velocity of
b. the first discontinuity indication shear waves in the same material.
c. the first back surface reflection
d. none of the above a. two times
C.204; D.26 b. four times
c. l!z
18. In Figure 2, indication C represents the: d. 9/Jo
D.12
a. second back surface reflection
b. first discontinuity indication
c. second discontinuity indication
d. first back surface reflection
C.205; D.26

POZ: q5i; pgi;

4 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

NOTE: Using Figure 3, answer questions 22 through 26. 25. In Figure 3, indication D represents the:
I

Figure 3 a. first discontinuity indication

b. first back surface reflection
c. second front surface indication
d. second discontinuity indication
D.17; 1.245
25 mm (1 in.)
76mm
(3 in.)
Aluminum
.... I 51mm
(2 in.)
Water
26. In Figure 3, the distance between
indications A and B represents:

a. the distance from the front surface of

A B C D
22. Figure 3 illustrates an immersion test of a
76 mm (3 in.) block of aluminum with a
discontinuity located 51 mm (2 in.)
below the surface. The display pattern is
shown also. What does indication A
represent? Assume no sweep delay is
used.
the aluminum block to the
discontinuity
b. the distance from the front surface of
the aluminum block to the back
surface of the aluminum block
c. the water distance from the
transducer to the aluminum block
d. none of the above
D.17; 1.245
27. Under most circumstances, which of the
following frequencies would result in the
best resolving power?

a. the first front surface indication a. 1MHz

b. the initial pulse b. 5MHz
c. the first discontinuity indication c. 10MHz
d. the first back surface reflection d. 25MHz
D.17; 1.245 D.47; H.3-20

23. In Figure 3, indication B represents the: 28. Which of the following materials of the
same alloy is most likely to produce the
a. first front surface indication greatest amount of sound attenuation
b. initial pulse over a given distance?
c. first back surface reflection
d. first discontinuity reflection a. a hand forging
D.17; 1.245 b. a coarse-grained casting
c. an extrusion
24. In Figure 3, indication C represents the: d. the attenuation is equal in all
materials
a. first front surface indication B.377; D.164; 1.238; J.221
b. first discontinuity indication
c. first back surface reflection 29. In contact testing, the entry surface
d. second front surface indication indication is sometimes referred to as:
D.17; 1.245
a. the initial pulse
b. the back reflection
c. the skip distance
d. the scan path
D.80; H.2-8
 Level I Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method S

30. An ultrasonic instrument display pattern 35. When the motion of the particles of a
containing a large number oflow-level medium is transverse to the direction of
indications (often referred to as "hash'') propagation, the wave being transmitted
could be caused by: is called a:

a. a crack a. longitudinal wave

b. a large inclusion b. shear wave
c. coarse-grained material c. surface wave
d. a gas pocket d. lamb wave
D.47, 195; 1.238; J.221 J.210

31. A test method employing two separate 36. The number "25 million cycles per
transducers on opposite surfaces of the second" can also be stated as:
material being tested is called:
a. 25kHz
a. contact testing b. 2500kHz
b. surface wave testing c. 25MHz
c. through-transmission testing d. 25 µHz
d. lamb wave testing D.3; H.2-5
D.64-65; H.4-9
37. Moving a transducer over a test surface
32. The number of complete waves that pass either manually or automatically is
a given point in a given period of time referred to as:
(usually 1 s) is referred to as the:
a. scanning
a. amplitude of a wave motion b. attenuating
b. pulse length of a wave motion c. angulating
C. frequency of a wave motion d. resonating
d. wavelength of a wave motion J.250
D.4-5, 195; H.2-5
38. A term used in ultrasonics to express the
33. The boundary between two different rate at which sound waves pass through
materials that are in contact with each various substances is:
other is called:
a. frequency
a. a rarefactor b. velocity
b. a refractor c. wavelength
C. an interface d. pulse length
d. a marker C.36-37
J.216
39. When an indication has reached the
34. When the motion of the particles of a maximum signal height which can be
medium is parallel to the direction of displayed or viewed on the display of an
propagation, the wave being transmitted ultrasonic instrument, the indication is
is called a: said to have reached its:

a. longitudinal wave a. distance amplitude height

b. shear wave b. absorption level
C. surface wave C. vertical level
d. lamb wave d. limit of resolution
J.210 A.E-500
6 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

40. An ultrasonic testing technique in which 44. Most commercial ultrasonic testing is
the transducer element is not parallel to accomplished using frequencies between:
the test surface is called:
a. I and 25 kHz
a. angle beam testing b. I and 1000 kHz
b. immersion testing c. 0.2 and 25 MHz
c. contact testing d. 15 and 100 MHz
d. through-transmission testing D.47; H.185
D.52; H.4-9
45. In an A scan presentation, the horizontal
base line represents:
NOTE: Using Figure 4, answer questions 41 through 43.
a. the amount of reflected ultrasonic
Figure 4 sound energy
b. the distance traveled by the
transducer
c. the elapsed time or distance
d. none of the above
C.179; D.26

46. In an A scan presentation, the amplitude

of vertical indications on the display
represents the:

a. amount of ultrasonic sound energy

Metal returning to the transducer
b. distance traveled by the transducer
c. thickness of material being tested
d. elapsed time since the ultrasonic pulse
41. In Figure 4, angle I (8 1) is called: was generated
C.179; D.26
a. the angle of incidence
b. the angle of reflection 47. Which of the following test frequencies
c. the angle of refraction would generally provide the best
d. none of the above penetration in a 30 cm (12 in.) thick
D.18-20; H.38, 54, 55 specimen of coarse-grained steel?

42. In Figure 4, angle 2 (8) is called: a. I MHz

b. 2.25MHz
a. the angle of incidence c. 5MHz
b. the angle of reflection d. 10MHz
c. the angle of refraction D.47
d. none of the above
C.56; H.38

43. In Figure 4, angle 3 (8) is called:

a. the angle of incidence

b. the angle of reflection
c. the angle of refraction
d. none of the above
D.18-20

89"[? eov

48. In a basic ultrasonic test pattern (A scan)
for contact testing (assuming no sweep
delay is used), the initial pulse:
a. is the high indication on the extreme
left side of the display that represents
the entry surface of the inspected part
b. is the first pulse that occurs near the
right side of the display and
represents the opposite boundary of
the inspected part
C. is an indication that appears and
disappears during screening
d. is always the second pulse from the
left on the viewing display
D.26; 1.242
49. An ultrasonic test using a straight beam
contact transducer is being conducted
through the thickness of a flat part such
as a plate. This test should detect:
a. laminar-type flaws with major
dimensions parallel to the rolled
surface
b. transverse-type flaws with major
dimensions at right angles to the
rolled surface
c. radial flaws with major dimensions
along length but radially oriented to
the rolled surface
d. none of the above
D.120-121; F.380
50. In ultrasonic testing, a liquid coupling
medium between the crystal surface and
the part surface is necessary because:
a. lubricant is required to minimize wear
on the crystal surface
b. an air interface between the crystal
surface and the part surface would
almost completely reflect the
ultrasonic vibrations
c. the crystal will not vibrate if placed
directly in contact with the surface of
the part being inspected
d. the liquid is necessary to complete the
electrical circuit in the transducer
A.E-214; C.222-223
PSS pi;s QOS
Level I Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 7
51. Entry surface resolution is a
characteristic of an ultrasonic testing
system which defines its ability to:
a. detect discontinuities oriented in a
direction parallel to the ultrasonic
beam
b. detect discontinuities located in the
center of a forging containing a fine
metallurgic structure
c. detect minute surface scratches
d. detect discontinuities located just
beneath the entry surface in the part
being tested
A.E-317; D.56
52. During ultrasonic testing by the
immersion method, it is frequently
necessary to angulate the transducer
when a discontinuity is located in order
to:
a. avoid a large number of back
reflections that could interfere with a
normal test pattern
b. obtain a maximum response if the
discontinuity is not originally
oriented perpendicular to the
ultrasonic beam
c. obtain the maximum number of entry
surface reflections
d. obtain a discontinuity indication of
the same height as the indication from
the flat bottom hole in a reference
block
A.E-214; C.289-292; D.67
53. All other factors being equal, the mode of
vibration that has the greatest velocity is
the:
a. shear wave
b. transverse wave
c. surface wave
d. longitudinal wave
D.11-13; F.37
Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

54. On the area amplitude ultrasonic 58. The velocity of sound waves is primarily
standard test blocks, the flat bottom holes dependent on:
in the blocks are:
a. the pulse length
a. all of the same diameter b. the angle of incidence
b. different in diameter, increasing by 0.4 c. the material, material thickness, and
mm (0.016 in.) increments from the UT frequency (time between signals
No. "l"block to the No. "8"block on the display)
c. largest in the No. "1" block and d. none of the above
smallest in the No. "8" block B.367; C.36-37; F.38
d. drilled to different depths from the
front surface of the test block 59. A disadvantage of using natural quartz in
A.E-217; D.104 a transducer is that it:

55. In immersion testing, verification that the a. will dissolve in water

transducer is normal to a flat entry b. is the least effective generator of
surface is indicated by: ultrasonic energy of all commonly
used materials
a. maximum reflection from the entry c. is mechanically and electrically
surface unstable
b. elimination of water multiples d. easily loses it operating characteristics
C. proper wavelength as it ages
d. maximum amplitude of the initial D.46; H.26
pulse
C.279; H.159, 178 60. An advantage of using a ceramic
transducer in transducers is that it:
56. A piezoelectric material can:
a. is one of the most efficient generators
a. convert a longitudinal beam to a shear of ultrasonic energy
wave b. is one of the most efficient receivers of
b. convert an mechanical energy to ultrasonic energy
electrical energy c. has a very low mechanical impedance
C. create ionization in a test specimen d. can withstand temperatures as high as
d. produce sound waves in a coaxial 700 °C ( 1260 °F)
cable D.46; H.60
C.60; D.76
61. The primary purpose of reference blocks
57. Sound waves of a frequency beyond the is to:
hearing range of the human ear are
referred to as ultrasonic waves or a. aid the operator in obtaining
vibrations, and the term embraces all maximum back reflections
vibrational waves of frequency greater b. obtain the greatest sensitivity possible
than approximately: from an instrument
c. obtain a common reproducible signal
a. 2kHz d. none of the above
b. 200kHz D.37; H.3-22
C. 20 000 Hz
d. 2MHz
D.3; F.1

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 Level I Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 9

62. When testing by the surface wave 67. On many ultrasonic testing instruments,
method, patches of oil or dirt on the an operator conducting an immersion
surface may: test can remove that portion of the
display presentation that represents water
a. block the progress of all sound distance by adjusting a:
b. attenuate the sound
c. have no effect on the test a. pulse length control
d. cause both an attenuation of sound b. reject control
and indications on the screen c. sweep delay control
F.34 d. sweep length control
C.262;
63. In immersion testing, the most
commonly used couplant is: 68. What is another way to express" 100 000
cycles per second"?
a. water
b. oil a. 0.1 kHz
C. glycerine b. lOkHz
d. alcohol c. 100 kHz
D.62; J.222 d. 100MHz
C.31-32; D.3
64. The piezoelectric material in the
transducer:

a. converts electrical energy into sound Figure 5

b. converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy and mechanical
energy into electrical energy
c. eliminates the signal-to-noise energy
d. produces high speed electrons in
metals
C.60; D.76

65. The shortest wavelength pulse is

produced by a frequency of:

a. 1 MHz
b. 5MHz 69. Figure 5 is an illustration of a typical:
c. 10MHz
d. 25MHz a. A scan presentation
D.5; H.2-16 b. B scan presentation
c. C scan presentation
66. The angle of incidence is: d. D scan presentation
C.264; D.26-27
a. greater than the angle of reflection
b. less than the angle of reflection
c. equal to the angle of reflection
d. not related to the angle of reflection
C.38; H.A-1

869 089 OL9 P99 qp9 8£9

10 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

73. The reference holes in standard

figure 6 aluminum area amplitude ultrasonic test
blocks contain:

a. flat bottom holes

b. concave-surface holes
c. convex-surface holes
d. conical-shaped holes
A.E-127; D.104

74. The gradual loss of sonic energy as the

ultrasonic vibrations travel through the
material is referred to as:
70. Figure 6 is an illustration of a typical:
a. reflection
a. A scan presentation b. refraction
b. B scan presentation C. reproducibility
c. C scan presentation d. attenuation
d. D scan presentation C.39; D.15; 1.238
D.83; 1.242; J.251
75. A term used to describe numerous small
indications on the instrument display
figure 7
resulting from test part structure,
numerous small discontinuities, or both
is often referred to as:

a. multiple back reflections

/ b. multiple front reflections
c. hash
d. resonance
D.195; 1.246

76. When testing a plate, increasing the

frequency of an ultrasonic longitudinal
71. Figure 7 is an illustration of a typical: wave results in:

a. A scan presentation a. an increase in its velocity

b. B scan presentation b. a decrease in its velocity
c. C scan presentation c. no change in its velocity
d. D scan presentation d. a reversal in its velocity
D.82; 1.242; J.251 J.214

72. A transducer with a frequency greater 77. Ultrasonic waves transmitted into and
than 10 MHz will most likely be used received from the test material in the
during: form of repetitive bursts of acoustic
energy is called:
a. a straight beam contact test of
aluminum ingot a. pulse echo testing
b. an angle beam contact test of a steel b. continuous wave testing
pipe c. resonance testing
c. a surface wave contact test of a d. none of the above
metallic plate C.202; D.64; 1.241
d. an immersion test
D.47; H.2-14

BLL PvL Pc:L ::JQL

 Level I Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 11

78. Metal blocks, which contain one or more 83. The thickest crystal is contained in:
drilled holes or notches to simulate
discontinuities, are called: a. a 1 MHz transducer
b. a 5 MHz transducer
a. scrubbers c. a 15 MHz transducer
b. crystal collimators d. a 25 MHz transducer
c. single plane angulators D.47; H.3-20
d. reference blocks
1.262; J.273
84. When performing a surface wave test,
79. If the major dimensions of a indications may result from:
discontinuity in a 152 mm (6 in.) thick
aluminum plate lie parallel to the entry a. improper frequency
surface at a depth of 76 mm (3 in.), it will b. oil on the surface
be best detected by: c. a surface discontinuity
d. the acoustical velocity of aluminum
a. a straight beam test D.12-13
b. an angle beam test
c. a surface wave test 85. Which of the following discontinuities
d. a lamb wave test located 152 mm (6 in.) from the entry
D.91-92 surface results in the largest display
indication if all factors except
80. The presence of a discontinuity will not discontinuity surface condition and
produce a specific discontinuity orientation are the same?
indication on the ultrasonic instrument
display when using the: a. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter
flat-surfaced discontinuity whose
a. straight beam testing method major face is at an angle of 75 degrees
b. surface wave testing method from the direction of sound beam
c. angle beam testing method propagation.
d. through-transmission testing method b. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter
D.64-65; 1.249; J.232 rough-surfaced discontinuity whose
major face is at an angle of 75 degrees
81. The depth of a discontinuity cannot be from the direction of sound beam
determined when using the: propagation
c. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter
a. straight beam testing method flat-surfaced discontinuity whose
b. through-transmission testing method major face is perpendicular to the
c. angle beam testing method direction of sound beam propagation
d. immersion testing method d. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter
1.249; J.249 rough-surfaced discontinuity whose
major face is parallel to the direction
82. When inspecting coarse-grained of sound beam propagation
material, a sound wave is most easily D.148-149
scattered at the grain structure by a
frequency of:

a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10MHz
C.409; D.47

P08 86L P8L

12 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

86. Transducers constructed with a plastic 91. A term used to describe the ability of an
wedge or standoff between the transducer ultrasonic testing system to distinguish
element and the test piece are commonly between the entry surface response and
used: the response of discontinuities near the
entry surface is:
a. for angle beam contact testing
b. for immersion testing a. sensitivity
c. to eliminate the need for a couplant b. penetration
d. to reduce the speed of electrons c. segregation
D.81-88, 92 d. resolution
D.56; H.3-13
87. A transducer containing three or more
individual transducer elements is often 92. The phenomenon whereby an ultrasonic
referred to as: wave changes direction when the wave
crosses a boundary between materials
a. a dual transducer with different velocities is called:
b. a sandwich transducer
c. a mosaic transducer a. refraction
d. none of the above b. reflection
D.481 c. penetration
d. rarefaction
88. Sound can be focused by means of J.217
special curved adapters located in front
or the transducer element. These adapters 93. In a test where the transducer is not
are referred to as: perpendicular to the inspection surface,
the angle of incidence is equal to:
a. scrubbers
b. acoustic lenses a. the angle of refraction
c. angle beam adapters b. the angle of reflection
d. single plane adapters c. the shear wave angle
C.95, 296-298; H.3-17 d. half the shear wave angle
J.217
89. A test method in which the parts to be
inspected are placed in a water bath or 94. The product of the acoustic velocity of
some other liquid couplant is called: sound in a material and the density of the
material is the factor that determines the
a. contact testing amount of reflection or transmission of
b. immersion testing ultrasonic energy when it reaches an
c. surface wave testing interface. This term is called:
d. through-transmission testing
C.262-263; D.66-68 a. acoustic impedance
b. velocity
90. A separate time base line imposed on the c. wavelength
viewing display of some ultrasonic d. penetration
testing instruments that permits J.215
measurement of distances is often
referred to as:

a. an initial pulse
b. a time/ distance line
c. amarker
d. a sweep line
C.180; 1.242

QE:6 PT6 :)06 Q68 qgg egg

 Level I Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 13

98. When the incident angle is chosen to be

Figure 8 between the first and second critical
angles, the ultrasonic wave mode within
Immersed the part will be a:
Transducer
a. longitudinal wave
b. shear wave
c. surface wave
d. lamb wave
D.12, 21

99. The formula used to calculate the angle of

refraction within a material is called:

95. In transmitting energy into the part a. Fresnel's law

shown in Figure 8, the ultrasonic beam b. Fraunhofer's law
will: c. Snell's law
d. Lamb's law
a. diverge (spread out) through the part D.21-22
b. converge (focus in to a point) through
the part 100. In a material with a given velocity, when
c. transmit straight through the part frequency is increased, the wavelength
d. not enter the part will:
C.222; H.2-38
a. not be affected
96. Ultrasonic waves that travel along the b. increase
surface of a material and whose particle c. decrease
motion is elliptical are called: d. double
D.5
a. shear waves
b. transverse waves 101. Circuits that electronically amplify return
c. longitudinal waves signals from the receiving transducer and
d. rayleigh waves often modify the signals into a form
C.39-40; D.12-13 suitable for display are called:

97. The interference field near the face of a a. pulser circuits

transducer is often referred to as the: b. marker circuits
c. timer circuits
a. Fresnel zone d. receiver-amplifier circuits
b. acoustic impedance 1.242
c. exponential field
d. phasing zone 102. The most common type of data display
D.23, 47-48 used for ultrasonic examination of welds
is:

a. an A scan display
b. a B scan display
c. a C scan display
d. anX-Yplot
C.225, 264

3QQ""[: Q86 BL6 P96

14 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

103. The display that plots signal amplitude 108. Ultrasonic data, which is presented in a
versus time is called: form representative of the cross section of
the test specimen, is called:
a. an A scan display
b. a B scan display a. an A scan presentation
c. a C scan display b. a B scan presentation
d. none of the above c. a C scan presentation
C.264; 1.241 d. an X-Yplot
C.264
104. A circuit that modifies the return signal
from the receiving transducer into a form 109. What type of ultrasonic examination uses
suitable for display on an oscilloscope or wheel-type transducers that eliminate the
other output device is called a: use of a tank?

a. pulser a. through-transmission testing

b. receiver-amplifier b. contact testing
c. clock c. resonance testing
d. sweep d. immersion testing
C.69, 104; 1.242 C.109

105. A circuit that generates a burst of llO. In addition to other functions, a

alternating voltage that is applied to the transducer manipulator in a mechanical
sending transducer is called a: immersion-scanning unit permits:

a. pulser a. use of the through-transmission

b. receiver-amplifier technique
c. damping b. use of high scanning speeds
d. clock c. detection of obliquely oriented
C.69; 1.242 discontinuities
d. utilization of less skilled operators
106. A circuit that coordinates electronic C.267, 413
operation of the entire ultrasonic
instrument system is called: 111. A type of data presentation most likely to
be used with a high speed automatic
a. damping scanning system is:
b. a receiver-amplifier
c. a clock a. an A scan presentation
d. a power supply b. a velocity versus amplitude plot
C.244; 1.242 c. a C scan presentation
d. a plot of echo height versus depth
107. A plan view display or recording of a part C.264
under examination is called:
112. The component in a conventional
a. a C scan display immersion system that spans the width of
b. an A scan display the immersion tank is called:
c. an X-axis plot
d. a strip chart recording a. an articulator
C.264 b. a bridge
c. a manipulator
d. a search tube
C.193

P60T Q80T BLOT 890T Q170T BEQT

 Level I Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 15

113. The component in an ultrasonic 118. In straight beam pulse echo testing, a
immersion system that is used to adjust discontinuity with a rough reflecting
and maintain a known transducer angle surface perpendicular to the incident
is called: wave has what effect on the detected
signal in comparison to a smooth flat
a. a carriage bottom hole of the same size?
b. a manipulator
c. a search tube a. it increases the detected signal
d. an index system b. it decreases the detected signal
C.267, 413 c. it has no effect on the detected signal
d. it decreases the width of the pulse of
114. An amplitude type gate is necessary for the detected signal
all: C.195, 208

a. shear wave examinations 119. Ultrasonic vibrations can be propagated

b. longitudinal wave examinations only in the longitudinal mode in:
c. automatic examinations
d. manual examinations a. machine oil
C.205 b. aluminum
C. ice

115. When a C scan recording is used to d. beryllium

produce a permanent record of an C.39
ultrasonic test, the information displayed
is typically the discontinuity's: 120. If the velocity of a longitudinal mode
wave in a given homogeneous material is
a. depth and size 0.625 cm/ns at 13 mm (0.5 in.) below the
b. depth, orientation, and size surface, what is the velocity at 51 mm
c. location and depth (2 in.) below the surface?
d. location and size (plan view)
C.264 a. 1/4 the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.)
b. 1/z the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.)
116. Rough entry surface conditions can result c. the same as the velocity at 13 mm
in: (0.5 in.)
d. none of the above
a. a loss of echo amplitude from C.43
discontinuities
b. an increase in the width of the front 121. If a 5 MHz transducer is substituted for a
surface echo 2.25 MHz transducer, the effect on the
c. both a and b wavelength of a longitudinal mode wave
d. none of the above produced in the test specimen is that:
C.204
a. the wavelength would be longer
117. As the grain size increases in a material, b. the wavelength would remain
its principal effect in ultrasonic testing is constant
on the: c. the wavelength would be shorter
d. the wavelength would vary directly
a. velocity of sound with the acoustic impedance
b. attenuation C.37
c. acoustic impedance
d. angle of refraction
C.211

86H qgn QLH PSH

16 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

122. What can cause nonrelevant indications 127. To evaluate discontinuities that are
on the screen? oriented at an angle to the entry surface
so that the sound beam strikes the plane
a. contoured surfaces of the discontinuity at right angles, the
b. edge effects operator must:
c. surface conditions
d. all of the above a. change the frequency
C.292 b. grind the surface
c. angulate the transducer
123. The proper interpretation and evaluation d. increase the gain
of the presented defect signals are D.52
essential to any nondestructive test. A
common method for the estimation of 128. The pulser circuit in an ultrasonic
defect size is the use of: instrument is used to:

a. a double transducer test a. control the horizontal and vertical

b. a piezoelectric standard sweep
c. mode conversion b. activate the transducer
d. a reference standard c. control transducer timing between
C.86, 206 transmit and sweep
d. generate markers that appear on
124. Another name for fresnel zone is: horizontal sweep
C.182; D.79
a. fraunhofer zone
b. near field 129. An A scan display, which shows a signal
C. far field both above and below the sweep line, is
d. torrid zone called:
D.23, 47
a. a video display
125. Attenuation is a: b. a RF display
c. an audio display
a. test display characteristic d. a frequency modulated display
b. test material parameter 8.857; C.87; F.178
C. transducer characteristic
d. form of testing 130. A B scan display shows the relative:
D.15, 164
a. distance a discontinuity is from the
126. For discontinuity geometries other than transducer and its through-dimension
flat, the echo amplitude is usually thickness
from that observed for a b. distance a discontinuity is from the
flat defect, of similar orientation transducer and its length in the
perpendicular to the sound beams. direction of transducer travel depth
below the surface
a. identical c. cross sectional area of a discontinuity
b. increased above a predetermined amplitude
c. decreased d. none of the above
d. elongated C.180-181; D.27-28
C.309-310

QOH Q6C:i; qgc;i; Q9GT

 Level I Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 17

131. Surface (rayleigh) waves traveling on the 136. Which of the following has the longest
top face of a block: Fresnel zone?

a. are not reflected from a sharp edge a. 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 1 MHz
corner b. 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 2.25 MHz
b. are reflected from a sharp edge corner c. 28.5 mm (1.125 in.) diameter 1 MHz
c. travel through the sharp edge corner d. 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter 2 MHz
and are reflected from the lower edge 8.197; C.210; D.47-48
d. are absorbed by a sharp edge corner
D.12-13; H.2-32 13 7. When contact testing, if the ultrasonic
instrument is set with an excessively high
132. Surface (rayleigh) waves are more highly pulse repetition frequency:
attenuated by:
a. the screen trace becomes too light to
a. a curved surface see
b. a heavy couplant b. the time-base line becomes distorted
c. a thin couplant c. the initial pulse disappears
d. both a and b d. interference of UT signals and
D.12-13, 63 undesirable fluctuations in signal
amplitude result
133. The velocity of sound in a material is 8.106; C.187
dependent upon the:
138. The advantages of immersion testing
a. frequency of the wave include:
b. wavelength
c. material properties a. increased inspection speed
d. vibration cycle b. the ability to control and direct sound
D.13, 22 beams
c. adaptability for automated scanning
134. To vary or change the wavelength of d. all of the above
sound being used to test a part, change 1.258
the:
139. Longitudinal wave velocity in water is
a. sound wave frequency approximately 1/4 the velocity in
b. diameter of the transducer aluminum or steel. Therefore, the
c. electrical pulse voltage minimum water path should be:
d. pulse repetition rate
F.12 a. four times the test piece thickness
b. 1h the test piece thickness
135. Ultrasonic vibrations are commonly used c. 1/4 the test piece thickness plus 6 mm
to: (0.25 in.)
d. none of the above
a. examine materials for discontinuities C.262; 1.258
b. examine materials for thickness
c. examine materials for mechanical 140. In immersion testing, a wetting agent is
properties added to the water to:
d. all of the above
F.2 a. adjust the viscosity
b. help eliminate the formation of air
bubbles
c. prevent cloudiness
d. none of the above
D.62

Q0171 P8H PLH pgsi;

18 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

141. The formula used to determine the 146. The product of the material density and
fundamental resonant frequency is: the velocity of sound within that material
is referred to as:
a. F=VIT
b. F= V/2T a. acoustic impedance
c. F=T/V b. near field
d. F=VT c. acoustic attenuation
C.478 d. ultrasonic beam distribution
e. vibrational index
142. If frequency is increased, wavelength: D.15; H.2-35

a. decreases (becomes shorter) 147. A straight beam contact transducer

b. increases (becomes longer) consists of:
c. remain the same but velocity
mcreases a. a case, a crystal, a mount, and backing
d. remains the same but velocity b. a case, a crystal, backing, and a plastic
decreases wedge
D.5 c. a case, a crystal, backing, and acoustic
lenses
143. The variable in distance amplitude d. a case, a crystal, a mount, backing, a
calibration block construction is the: plastic wedge, and acoustic lenses
C.202-203
a. drilled hole size
b. drilled hole point angle 148. In immersion testing, to remove the
c. metal distance above the drilled hole second water reflection from between the
d. angle of the drilled hole to block entry surface signal and the first back
longitudinal axis reflection, you should:
D.39-40, 105-106; 1.264
a. increase the repetition rate
144. When setting up a distance amplitude b. decrease the frequency
correction curve using 3 flat bottom c. decrease the sweep length
holes, sometimes the hole closest to the d. increase the water path
transducer gives less of a response than D.68
one or both of the other two. This could
be caused by: 149. For a given incident angle, as the
frequency of the transducer increases, the
a. a hole that is too large refracted angle:
b. near field effects
c. impedance mismatch a. increases
d. the acoustic velocity b. decreases
1.239, 263 c. stays the same
d. cannot be determined
145. Ferrous and nonferrous welds may be D.18-20
ultrasonically tested using a frequency
range of:

a. 25-100 kHz
b. 200-500 kHz
c. 2-5MHz
d. 3-6MHz
e. 10-20MHz
C.226

::J617T P817T
 Level I Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 19

150. Both longitudinal and shear waves may 154. In selecting a suitable couplant, which of
be simultaneously generated in a second the following characteristics would not
medium when the angle of incidence is: affect the selection?

a. between normal and the first critical a. mode of propagation desire

angle b. material surface finish and
b. between the first and second critical temperature
angles c. operating frequency of the transducer
c. past the second critical angle d. chemical properties of the couplant
d. only at the second critical angle 1.179
D.21; H.2-25
155. Excessive surface roughness of the
151. Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material being tested can cause:
material is normally the function of test
frequency used. The greatest depth of a. a loss of echo amplitude from
penetration is provided by a frequency discontinuities within the material
of: b. reduced acoustic velocity
c. increased acoustic velocity
a. 1 MHz d. increased back surface response
b. 2.25MHz D.54
c. 5MHz
d. 10MHz 156. Reference or calibration standards are
D.47 used for:

152. Refracted energy assumes a new a. determining phase shift analysis

direction of propagation when the b. providing a method for standardizing
______ is changed. the test system
c. determining tensile strength
a. principle angle d. measuring vibrations
b. reflected angle D.37, 101
c. critical angle
d. incident angle 157. The change in direction of an ultrasonic
D.21 beam when it passes from one material to
another material in which elasticity and
153. The loss of energy as it propagates density differ is called:
through material is the result of beam:
a. refraction
a. interference b. rarefaction
b. attenuation c. angulation
c. absorption d. reflection
d. reflection D.18
C.39; D.15
158. If a discontinuity is oriented at an angle
other than 90 degrees to the sound beam,
the results may be a:

a. loss of signal linearity

b. loss or lack of signal reflected from
the discontinuity
c. focusing of the sound beam
d. loss of interference phenomena
D.148-149

Q89T Q99T Q£9T PC:9T 809T

20 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method
159. A device that transforms electrical pulses
into mechanical and vice versa utilizes:
a. Snell's law
b. piezoelectric principles
c. mode conversion principles
d. none of the above
D.45
160. Whenever an ultrasonic incident angle is
set at 5 degrees from normal:
a. the refracted wave is mode converted
b. the refracted wave is the same mode
as the incident wave
c. the refracted wave has two
components, one of which will be the
same mode as the incident wave
d. it is impossible to determine mode(s)
of refracted wave without more
information
G.3-28
161. If a discontinuity is located in the Fresnel
or near field region of a sound beam:
a. the larger the discontinuity, the larger
the amplitude of the reflected signal
b. the closer to the surface the
discontinuity is located, the larger will
be the amplitude of reflected signal
c. in immersion testing, the amplitude of
signal increases as the water path
decreases
d. in immersion testing, the amplitude of
reflected signal may increase or
decrease as water path decreases
G.2-12
162. If a transducer is vibrating at a frequency
and injecting ultrasonic energy through
water into a steel specimen:
a. the sound wavelength is the same in
both the water and the steel
b. the sound frequency in the water is
less than the sound frequency in steel
c. the sound wavelength is not the same
in both the water and the steel
d. the sound frequency in the water is
greater than the sound frequency in
steel
C.43; G.1-53
Figure 9
15°
~
163. When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a
water-steel interface at an angle of
incidence of 15° (see Figure 9):
a. all the sound energy is reflected back
into the water at an angle of 15°
b. part of the sound energy is reflected
at 15° and part is refracted into the
steel at an angle ofless than 15°.
part of the sound energy is reflected
at 15° and part is refracted along the
water-steel interface
d. part of the sound energy is reflected
at 15° and part is refracted into the
steel at an angle greater than 15°
G.3-30
PS9T PT9T OQ9T Q69T
 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 21

Level 11 uestions
Ultrasonic Testing ethod

1. The wave mode that has multiple or 5. When angle beam contact testing a test
varying wave velocities is: piece, increasing the incident angle until
the second critical angle is reached results
a. longitudinal waves m:
b. shear waves
c. transverse waves a. total reflection of a surface wave
d. lamb waves b. 45 degree refraction of the shear wave
D.13 c. production of a surface wave
d. none of the above
2. Which of the following would be D.21
considered application( s) of ultrasonic
techniques? 6. Acoustic energy propagates in different
modes. Which of the following represent
a. determination of a material's elastic a mode?
modulus
b. study of a material's metallurgical a. a longitudinal wave
structure b. a shear wave
C. measurement of a material's thickness c. a surface wave
d. all of the above d. all of the above
C.13 D.10

3. The only significant sound wave mode 7. The simple experiment where a stick in a
that travels through a liquid is a: glass of water appears disjointed at the
water surface illustrates the phenomenon
a. shear wave of:
b. longitudinal wave
C. surface wave a. reflection
d. rayleigh wave b. magnification
D.11 c. refraction
d. diffraction
4. The acoustic impedance of a material is 1.232
used to determine the:
8. The crystal thickness and transducer
a. angle of refraction at an interface frequency are related. The thinner the
b. attenuation within the material crystal:
c. relative amounts of sound energy
coupled through and reflected at an a. the lower the frequency
interface b. the higher the frequency
d. beam spread within the material c. there is no appreciable affect
D.16 d. none of the above
D.47

qg PL pg qs PC: PT
22 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

9. The random distribution of 12. It is possible for a discontinuity smaller

crystallographic direction in alloys with than the transducer to produce
large crystalline structures is a factor in indications of fluctuating amplitude as
determining: the transducer is moved laterally if testing
is being performed in the:
a. acoustic noise levels
b. selection of test frequency a. fraunhofer zone
c. scattering of sound b. near field
d. all of the above c. snell field
D.164 d. shadow zone
C.210; D.48
10. The length of the zone adjacent to a
transducer in which fluctuations in sound 13. In immersion testing, the near field
pressure occur is mostly affected by: effects of a transducer may be eliminated
by:
a. the frequency of the transducer
b. the diameter of the transducer a. increasing transducer frequency
c. the length of transducer cable b. using a larger diameter transducer
d. both a and b c. using an appropriate water path
D.48 d. using a focused transducer
D.68
11. The differences in signals received from
identical reflectors at different material 14. In Figure l, assuming a uniform beam
distances from a transducer may be pattern, what relationship would you
caused by: expect to exist between the amplitudes of
the reflected laminar signals at positions
a. material attenuation AandB?
b. beam divergence
c. near field effects a. 12 dB difference
d. all of the above b. equal amplitudes
C.210-211 c. 2 to 1
d. 3 to 1
C.206; D.99

Figure 1

A B
\,,,
,' ' I '\
'

Laminar Reflector

PH POT P6
 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 23

15. In the far field of a uniform ultrasonic 19. As the radius of curvature of a curved
beam, sound intensity is _ _ _ _ __ lens is increased, the focal length of the
the beam centerline. lens:

a. minimum at a. mcreases
b. maximum at b. decreases
c. maximum throughout twice the angle c. remains the same
d. cannot be determined unless the
frequency is known
C.96-97
where C is acoustic velocity, D is
crystal diameter, and f is frequency at 20. When examining materials for planar
d. not related to orientation of flaws oriented parallel to the part surface,
D.56 what testing method is most often used?

16. Which of the following may result in a a. angle beam

long narrow rod if the beam divergence b. through-transmission
results in a reflection from a side of the c. straight beam
test piece before the sound wave reaches d. dual crystal
the back surface? D.149

a. multiple indications before the first 21. If a contact angle beam transducer
back reflection produces a 45 degrees shear wave in steel,
b. indications from multiple surface the angle produced by the same
reflections transducer in an aluminum specimen
c. conversion from the longitudinal would be: (VS,,,e1 = 0.323 cm/µs;
mode to shear mode VsAr = 0.310 cm/µs)
d. loss of front surface indications
D.143 a. less than 45 degrees
b. greater than 45 degrees
17. Where does beam divergence occur? c. 45 degrees
d. unknown: more information is
a. near field required
b. far field C.53; D.19
c. at the crystal
d. none of the above 22. Rayleigh waves are influenced most by
C.211; D.49 defects located:

18. As frequency increases in ultrasonic a. close to or on the surface

testing, the angle of beam divergence of a b. 1 wavelength below the surface
given diameter crystal: c. 3 wavelengths below the surface
d. 6 wavelengths below the surface
a. decreases C.39
b. remains unchanged
c. increases 23. The ultrasonic testing technique in which
d. varies uniformly through each finger damping is most effective in
wavelength locating a discontinuity is the:
C.211; D.49
a. shear wave technique
b. longitudinal wave technique
c. surface wave technique
d. compressional wave technique
D.143

qn;
24 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

24. Lamb waves can be used to detect:
a. laminar-type defects near the surface
of a thin material
b. lack of fusion in the center of a thick
weldment
c. internal voids in diffusion bonds
d. thickness changes in heavy plate
material
C.100
28. Using the immersion method, a distance
amplitude curve (DAC) for a 19 mm
(0.75 in.) diameter, 5 MHz transducer
shows the high point of the DAC at the
B/51 mm (2 in.) block. One day later, the
high point of the DAC for the same
transducer is at the J/102 mm (4 in.)
block. Assuming that calibration has not
changed, this would indicate that the
transducer:

25. The ratio of the velocity of sound in a. is improving in resolution

water compared to that for aluminum or b. is becoming defective
steel is approximately: c. has the beam of a smaller transducer
d. both b and c
a. 1:8 C.196-197; D.105
b. 1:4
c. 1:3 29. What law can be used to calculate the
d. 1:2 angle of refraction within a metal for
C.43 both longitudinal and shear waves?

26. Which of the following scanning a. Poisson's ratio law

methods could be classified as an b. Snell's law
immersion type test? c. Fresnel's field law
d. Charles' law
a. tank in which the transducer and test C.52-53; D.19-20
piece are immersed
b. squirter bubbler method in which the 30. At an interface between two different
sound is transmitted in a column of materials, an impedance difference results
flowing water m:
c. scanning with a wheel-type
transducer with the transducer inside a. reflection of the entire incident energy
a liquid filled tire at the interface
d. all of the above b. absorption of sound
C.267-269; D.67 c. division of sound energy into
transmitted and reflected modes
27. In an immersion test of a piece of steel or d. none of the above
aluminum, the water distance appears on C.52
the display as a fairly wide space between
the initial pulse and the front surface 31. When using focused transducers,
reflection because of: nonsymmetry in a propagated sound
beam may be caused by:
a. reduced velocity of sound in water as
compared to test specimen a. backing material variations
b. increased velocity of sound in water b. lens centering or misalignment
as compared to test specimen c. porosity in lenses
c. temperature of the water d. all of the above
d. all of the above D.175
D.66; 1.245

PTS oos Q6Z: P8Z: P9Z:

 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 25

32. Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for 36. Which circuit triggers the pulser and
which of the following types of sweep circuits in an A scan display?
examination?
a. receiver-amplifier
a. straight or longitudinal examination b. power supply
b. angle beam or shear wave c. clock
examination d. damping
c. surface wave or rayleigh wave 1.242
examination
d. all of the above 37. On an A scan display, the "dead zone:'
D.69 refers to:

33. During straight beam testing, test
specimens with non-parallel front and
back surfaces can cause:
a. partial or total loss of back reflection
b. no loss in back reflection
c. a widened (broad) back reflection
indication
d. a focused (narrow) back reflection
indication
C.205
a. the distance contained within the near
field
b. the area outside the beam spread
c. the distance covered by the front
surface pulse width and recovery time
d. the area between the near field and
the far field
1.267
38. On ah A scan display, what represents the
intensity of a reflected beam?

34. In the immersion technique, the distance a. echo pulse width

between the face of the transducer and b. horizontal screen location
the test surface (water path) is usually c. signal brightness
adjusted so that the time required to send d. signal amplitude
the sound beam through the water: C.179

a. is equal to the time required for the 39. Of the following scan types, which one
sound to travel through the test piece can be used to produce a recording of
b. is greater than the time required for flaw areas superimposed over a plan view
the sound to travel through the test of the test piece?
piece
c. is less than the time required for the a. A scan
sound to travel through the test piece b. B scan
d. none of the above c. C scan
C.262 d. D scan
1.242
35. In a B scan display, the length of a screen
indication from a discontinuity is related 40. In immersion testing in a small tank, a
to: manually operated manipulator is used
to:
a. a discontinuity's thickness as
measured parallel to the ultrasonic a. set the proper water path
beam b. set the proper transducer angle
b. the discontinuity's length in the c. set the proper index function
direction of the transducer travel d. complete both a and b
c. both a and b C.413-414
d. none of the above
B.201; E.358

POt P8£ Q9£

26 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

41. In straight (normal) beam contact 43. In an automatic scanning immersion

testing, a reduction in the back surface
reflection amplitude could indicate:
a. inadequate coupling
b. a flaw which is not normal to the
beam
c. a near surface defect that cannot be
resolved from the main bang (initial
pulse)
d. all of the above
C.205
unit, the bridge or carriage serves to:
a. support the manipulator and scanner
tube and to move it about transversely
and longitudinally
b. control the angular and transverse
positioning of the scanner tube
c. control the vertical and angular
positioning of the scanner tube
d. raise and lower the transducer
C.413-414

44. When adjusting the flaw locating rule for

Figure 2 a shear wave weld inspection, the zero
point on the rule must coincide with the:
0 1 2 3 4
a. sound beam exit point of the wedge
b. point directly over the flaw
c. wheel transducer
d. circular scanner
D.98

45. A special scanning device with the

transducer mounted in a tire-like
container filled with couplant is
commonly called:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a. a rotating scanner
A B C D E b. an axial scanner
c. a wheel transducer
d. a circular scanner
D.69
42. A 152 mm (6 in.) diameter rod is being
inspected for centerline cracks. The A 46. Which best describes a typical display of
scan presentation for one complete path a crack whose major surface is
through the rod is as shown in Figure 2. perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam?
The alarm gate should:
a. a broad indication
a. be used between points A and E b. a sharp indication
b. be used at point D only c. the indication will not show due to
c. be used between points B and D improper orientation
d. not be used for this application d. a broad indication with high
D.36-37 amplitude
D.136-137

Q9v PTv
 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 27

47. A primary purpose of a reference
standard is:
a. to provide a guide for adjusting
instrument controls to reveal
discontinuities that are considered
harmful to the end use of the product
b. to give the technician a tool for
determining exact discontinuity size
c. to provide assurance that all
discontinuities smaller than a certain
specified reference reflector are
capable of being detected by the test
d. to provide a standard reflector which
exactly simulates natural
discontinuities of a critical size
1.262
48. Compensation for the variation in echo
height related to variations in
discontinuity depth in the test material is
known as:
a. transfer
b. attenuation
c. distance amplitude correction
d. interpretation
1.265
50. During a straight beam ultrasonic test, a
discontinuity indication is detected that is
small in amplitude compared to the loss
in amplitude of back reflection. The
orientation of this discontinuity is
probably:
a. parallel to the test surface
b. perpendicular to the sound beam
c. parallel to the sound beam
d. at an angle to the test surface
C.204-205
51. A discontinuity is located having an
orientation such that its long axis is
parallel to the sound beam. The
indication from such a discontinuity will
be:
a. large in proportion to the length of
the discontinuity
b. small in proportion to the length of
the discontinuity
c. representative of the length of the
discontinuity
d. such that complete loss of back
reflection will result
D.157

49. Which of the following is a reference 52. Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat
reflector that is not dependent on beam discs or other shapes parallel to the
angle? surface by:

a. a flat bottom hole a. rolling

b. a vee notch b. machining
c. a side drilled hole which is parallel to c. casting
the plate surface and perpendicular to d. welding
the sound path D.120
d. a disc-shaped laminar reflector
A.E-164 53. In which zone does the amplitude of an
indication from a given discontinuity
diminish exponentially as the distance
increases?

a. far field zone

b. near field zone
c. deadzone
d. Fresnel zone
D.49

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28 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

54. A smooth flat discontinuity whose major 58. The angle at which 90 degrees refraction
plane is not perpendicular to the of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is
direction of sound propagation may be called:
indicated by:
a. the angle of incidence
a. an echo amplitude comparable in b. the first critical angle
magnitude to the back surface C. the angle of maximum reflection
reflection d. the second critical angle
b. a complete loss of back surface D.21
reflection
C. an echo amplitude larger in 59. The control of voltage supplied to the
magnitude than the back surface vertical deflection plates of the
reflection instrument display in an A scan UT setup
d. all of the above is performed by the:
D.149-157
a. sweep generator
55. Using a pulse echo technique, if the major b. pulser
plane of a flat discontinuity is oriented at c. amplifier circuit
some angle other than perpendicular to d. clock timer
the direction of sound propagation, the J.238
result may be:
60. Attenuation is a difficult quantity to
a. loss of signal linearity measure accurately; particularly in solid
b. loss or lack of a received discontinuity materials, at the test frequencies normally
echo used. The overall result usually observed
c. focusing of the sound beam includes other loss mechanisms which
d. loss of interference phenomena can include:
D.64, 157-158
a. beam spread
56. As transducer diameter decreases, the b. couplant mismatch
beam spread: C. test piece geometry
d. all of the above
a. decreases D.15, 132, 164
b. remains the same
c. increases 61. The vertical linear range of a test
d. becomes conical in shape instrument may be determined by
D.49 obtaining ultrasonic responses from:

57. A set of standard reference blocks with a. a set of distance amplitude reference
the same geometrical configuration and blocks
dimensions other than the size of the b. steel balls located at several different
calibration reflectors, e.g., flat bottom water path distances
holes, is called a set of: C. a set of area amplitude reference
blocks
a. distance amplitude standards d. all of the above
b. area amplitude standards D.38, 104-105
C. variable frequency blocks
d. beam spread measuring blocks
D.38, 104-105

P09 Q89 QL9 099 q99 P179

 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 29

62. Large grains in a metallic test specimen

usually result in: Figure 3

a. a decrease or loss of back surface

reflection
b. large "hash'' or noise indications
c. a decrease in penetration
d. all of the above
D.129, 164

63. The total energy losses occurring in all

materials is called:

a. attenuation
b. scatter
c. beam spread 67. In Figure 3, transducer C is being used to
d. interface check:
B.377; D.15
a. distance calibration
64. Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact b. resolution
transducers are primarily used for: c. sensitivity calibration
d. verification of wedge angle
a. defect detection 1.267
b. sound wave characterization
c. thickness measurement or flaw 68. In Figure 3, transducer D is being used to
detection in thin materials check:
d. attenuation measurements
D.152-153; 1.258; a. sensitivity calibration
b. distance calibration
65. Acoustical lenses are commonly used for c. resolution
contour correction. When scanning the d. verification of wedge angle
inside of a pipe section by the immersion 1.266
method, use a:
69. When the incident angle is chosen to be
a. focused cup lens between the first and second critical
b. convex lens angles, the ultrasonic wave generated
c. concave lens within the part will be:
d. variable pitch lens
H.296, 297 a. longitudinal
b. shear
66. In Figure 3, transducer A is being used to C. surface
establish: d. lamb
D.21
a. verification of wedge angle
b. sensitivity calibration
c. resolution
d. an index point
1.266

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30 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

73. If you were requested to design a plastic

Figure 4 shoe to generate a rayleigh wave in
aluminum, what would be the incident
B angle of the ultrasonic energy?

VA= 3.1 x 105 emfs

VP= 2.6 x 10 5 emfs
I
I
B1I (Trigonometry Tables Required)
I
I
I

a. 37 degrees
b. 57 degrees
C. 75 degrees
d. 48 degrees
D.21-22
70. In Figure 4, transducer B is being used to
check: 74. Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic
energy in lead at 1 MHz.
a. the verification of wedge angle
b. resolution
c. sensitivity calibration Vi= 2.1 x 105 emfs
d. distance calibration V=i\xF
1.266

71. The angle at which 90 degrees refraction a. 0.21 cm

of the shear wave mode occurs is called b. 21 cm
the: c. 0.48cm
d. 4.8 X 10 5 cm
a. first critical angle D.5
b. second critical angle
c. third critical angle 75. For aluminum and steel, the longitudinal
d. angle of reflection velocity is approximately _ _ the shear
D.21 velocity.

72. In a water immersion test, ultrasonic a. equal to

energy is transmitted into steel at an b. twice
incident angle of 14 degrees. What is the c. half of
angle of the refracted shear wave within d. four times
the material? D.22

V5 = 3.2 x 105 emfs 76. Water travel distance for immersion

Vw = 1.5 x 10 5 emfs inspections should be:
(Trigonometry Tables Required)
a. such that the second front reflection
does not appear between the first
a. 45 degrees front and back reflections
b. 23 degrees b. exactly 76 mm (3 in.)
C. 31 degrees c. less than 76 mm (3 in.)
d. 13 degrees d. always equal to the thickness of the
D.21-22 material being inspected
D.149-150

89L PvL
 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 31

77. The electronic circuitry that allows 81. The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave
selection and processing of only those as it enters a medium of different velocity
signals relating to discontinuities that than the one from which it came and a
occur in specific zones of a part is called: line drawn perpendicular to the interface
between the two media is called the angle
a. an electronic gate of:
b. an electronic attenuator
c. a distance amplitude correction a. incidence
circuit b. refraction
d. a fixed marker c. rarefaction
D.151-152 d. reflection
K.18
78. When conducting a contact ultrasonic
test, the "hash" or irregular signals that 82. The process of adjusting an instrument
appear in the screen display of the area or device to a reference standard is
being inspected could be caused by: referred to as:

a. fine grains in the structure a. angulation

b. dirt in the water couplant b. scanning
c. coarse grains in the structure c. correcting for distance amplitude
d. a thick but tapered back surface variations
C.211-212 d. calibration
D.37
79. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter
threaded steel cylinder for radial cracks 83. An electron tube in which a beam of
extending from the root of the threads, it electrons from the cathode is used to
would be preferable to transmit: reproduce an image on a display at the
end of the tube is referred to as:
a. shear waves at an angle to the threads
b. longitudinal waves from the end of a. an amplifier tube
the cylinder and perpendicular to the b. a pulser tube
direction of the thread roots c. a screen (cathode ray tube)
c. surface waves perpendicular to the d. a sweep tube
thread roots D.30
d. shear waves around the circumference
of the cylinder 84. A grouping of a number of crystals in
F.347 one transducer, with all contact surfaces
in the same plane, and vibrating in phase
80. In an immersion inspection of raw steel with each other to act as a single
material, the water travel distance should transducer is called a:
be:
a. focusing crystal
a. exactly 76 mm (3 in.) b. crystal mosaic
b. equal to 76 mm (3 in.) ±13 mm c. scrubber
(±0.5 in.) d. single plane manipulator
c. greater than re the thickness of the D.51
part
d. equal to the thickness of a material
C.262

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32 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

85. The angle of reflection is: 90. The change in direction of an ultrasonic
beam when it passes from one medium
a. equal to the angle of incidence to another whose velocity differs from
b. dependent on the couplant used that of the first medium is called:
c. dependent on the frequency used
d. equal to the angle of refraction a. refraction
J.215 b. rarefaction
C. angulation
86. The angular position of the reflecting d. reflection
surface of a planar discontinuity with F.23
respect to the entry surface is referred to
as: 91. The coated inside surface of the large end
of a screen that becomes luminous when
a. the angle of incidence struck by an electron beam is called:
b. the angle of refraction
c. the orientation of the discontinuity a. an electron gun
d. none of the above b. an electron amplifier
D.149 c. an ultrasonic instrument display
d. an electron counter
87. A short burst of alternating electrical C.182; D.26
energy is called:
92. Which of the following modes of
a. a continuous wave vibration exhibits the shortest wavelength
b. a peaked DC voltage at a given frequency and in a given
c. an ultrasonic wave material?
d. a pulse
C.182 a. a longitudinal wave
b. a compression wave
88. In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of c. a shear wave
the transmitted pulse is referred to as: d. a surface wave
J.210, 214
a. the pulse length or pulse width
b. the pulse amplitude 93. In general, shear waves are more sensitive
c. the pulse shape to small discontinuities than longitudinal
d. none of the above waves for a given frequency and in a
C.183; D.81-82, 197 given material because:

89. The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a. the wavelength of shear waves is
a boundary and changes the direction of shorter than the wavelength of
its propagation within the same medium longitudinal waves
is referred to as: b. shear waves are not as easily dispersed
in the material
a. divergence c. the direction of particle vibration for
b. impedance shear waves is more sensitive to
C. angulation discontinuities
d. reflection d. the wavelength of shear waves is
J.215 longer than the wavelength of
longitudinal waves
F.296-304

806 p5g egg PLg ::igg egg

 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 33

94. In general, which of the following modes 99. The ultrasonic transducers most
of vibration would have the greatest commonly used for discontinuity testing
penetrating power in a coarse-grained utilize:
material if the frequency of the waves is
the same? a. magnetostriction principles
b. piezoelectric principles
a. longitudinal waves c. mode conversion principles
b. shear waves d. none of the above
c. transverse waves B.66-68; C.60; F.117
d. all of the above modes would have the
same penetrating power 100. Mechanical and electrical stability,
K.3, 23 insolubility in liquids, and resistance to
aging are three advantages of transducers
95. A testing technique in which the crystal made of:
or transducer is parallel to the test surface
and ultrasonic waves enter the material a. lithium sulfate
being testing in a direction perpendicular b. barium titanate
to the test surface is: c. quartz
d. Rochelle salts
a. straight beam testing 1.254
b. angle beam testing sin el sin e2
c. surface wave testing 101. The formula ~ = -V- is referred
I 2
d. none of the above to as:
D.91; 1.233
a. the acoustical impedance ratio
96. The distance from a given point on an formula
ultrasonic wave to the next b. the phase conversion formula
corresponding point is referred to as: c. the Fresnel zone formula
d. Snell's law
a. frequency C.52-53; D.19-20; 1.166
b. wavelength sin el sin e2
C. velocity 102. The formula ~ = -V- is used to
1 2
d. pulse length determine:
D.4-5; 1.233
a. angular relationships
97. The speed with which ultrasonic waves b. phase velocities
travel through a material is known as its: c. amount of reflected sound energy
d. acoustic impedance
a. velocity D.15-16; 1.236
b. pulse repetition rate
c. pulse recovery rate 103. The amount of energy reflected from a
d. ultrasonic response discontinuity is dependent on:
D.5
a. the size of the discontinuity
98. A substance that reduces the surface b. the orientation of the discontinuity
tension of a liquid is referred to as: c. the type of discontinuity
d. all of the above
a. a couplant K.23
b. an ultrasonic dampener
c. a wetting agent
d. none of the above
D.62

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34 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

104. If an ultrasonic wave is transmitted 108. What kind of waves travel at a velocity
through an interface of two materials in slightly less than shear waves and their
which the first material has a higher mode of propagation is both longitudinal
acoustic impedance value but the same and transverse with respect to the
velocity value as the second material, the surface?
angle of refraction will be:
a. rayleigh waves
a. greater than the angle of incidence b. transverse waves
b. less than the angle of incidence c. L-waves
c. the same as the angle of incidence d. longitudinal waves
d. beyond the critical angle C.43-45; D.12-13; 1.234
C.38-39; D.21-22; 1.236
109. Which ultrasonic test frequency would
105. Which of the following frequencies probably provide the best penetration in
would probably result in the greatest a 30 cm (12 in.) thick specimen of
ultrasonic attenuation losses? coarse-grained steel?

a. 1 MHz a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25MHz b. 2.25MHz
c. 10 MHz c. 5 MHz
d. 25 MHz d. 10MHz
D.47 D.47

106. The product of the sound velocity and 110. During immersion testing of an ASTM
the density of a material is known as the: Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block, a
B scan presentation system will show a:
a. refraction value of the material
b. acoustic impedance of the material a. "plan'' view of the block, showing the
c. elastic constant of the material area and position of the hole bottom
d. Poisson's ratio of the material as seen from the entry surface
D.15-16; 1.235 b. basic test pattern showing the height
of indication from the hold bottom
107. The amplifier range over which the and its location in depth from the
unsaturated signal response increases in entry surface
amplitude in proportion to the c. cross section of the reference block,
discontinuity surface area is the: showing the top and bottom surfaces
of the block and the location of the
a. sensitivity range hole bottom in the block
b. vertical linearity range d. none of the above
c. selectivity range C.180-181; D.27-28
d. horizontal linearity range
H.5-5

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 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 35

111. Properties of shear or transverse waves
used for ultrasonic testing include:
a. particle motion normal to
propagation direction, and a
propagation velocity that is about 1/2
the longitudinal wave velocity in the
same material
b. exceptionally high sensitivity due to
low attenuation resulting from longer
wavelengths when propagating
through water
C. high coupling efficiency because shear
waves are less sensitive to surface
variables when traveling from a
coupling liquid to the part
d. none of the above statements apply to
shear waves
D.12; 1.233
114. Generally, the best ultrasonic testing
method for detecting discontinuities
oriented along the fusion zone in a
welded plate is:
a. an angle beam contact method using
surface waves
b. a contact test using a straight
longitudinal wave
c. an immersion test using surface waves
d. an angle beam method using shear
waves
1.270
115. An ultrasonic testing instrument that
displays pulses representing the
magnitude of reflected ultrasound as a
function of time or depth of metal is said
to contain:

112. One of the most common applications of a. a continuous wave display

ultrasonic tests employing shear waves is b. an A scan presentation
for the: c. a B scan presentation
d. a C scan presentation
a. detection of discontinuities in welds, C.179-180; D.26-27, 80-81; 1.241
tube, and pipe
b. determination of elastic properties of 116. At a water-steel interface the angle of
metallic products incidence in water is 7 degrees. The
c. detection of laminar discontinuities in principal mode of vibration that exists in
heavy plate the steel is:
d. measurement of thickness of thin
plate a. longitudinal
A.E-164; D.65; 1.270 b. shear
C. both a and b
113. Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness d. surface
measurement can occur if: H.2-26

a. the test frequency is varying at a 117. In a liquid medium, the only mode of
constant rate vibration that can exist is:
b. the velocity of propagation deviates
substantially from an assumed a. longitudinal
constant value for a given material b. shear
c. water is employed as a couplant c. both a and b
between the transducer and the part d. surface
being measured D.11; 1.233
d. none of the above should cause errors
C.496

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36 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

118. In an ultrasonic instrument, the number 123. Most basic pulse echo ultrasonic
of pulses produced by an instrument in a instruments use:
given period of time is known as the:
a. automatic read-out equipment
a. pulse length of the instrument b. an A scan presentation
b. pulse recovery time c. a B scan presentation
c. frequency d. a C scan presentation
d. pulse repetition rate C.179; 1.240
C.187; 1.252
124. The instrument displays a plan view of
119. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic the part outline and defects when using:
instrument, the component that
coordinates the action and timing of a. automatic read-out equipment
other components is called a: b. an A scan presentation
C. a B scan presentation
a. display unit d. a C scan presentation
b. receiver C.181; 1.243
C. marker circuit or range marker circuit
d. synchronizer, clock, or timer 125. The incident angles at which 90 degrees
C.186-187 refraction of longitudinal and shear
waves occurs are called:
120. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic
instrument, the component that produces a. the normal angles of incidence
the voltage that activates the transducer is b. the critical angles
called: C. the angles of maximum reflection
d. none of the above
a. an amplifier 1.236; J.217
b. a receiver
c. a pulser 126. Compression waves whose particle
d. a synchronizer displacement is parallel to the direction
C.182; D.30; H.3-3 of propagation are called:

121. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic a. longitudinal waves

instrument, the component that produces b. shear waves
the time base line is called a: C. lamb waves
d. rayleigh waves
a. sweep circuit D.10; 1.233
b. receiver
C. pulser 127. The mode of vibration that is quickly
d. synchronizer damped out when testing by the
C.187; H.2-11 immersion method is:

122. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic a. longitudinal waves

instrument, the component that produces b. shear waves
visible signals on the screen which are c. transverse waves
used to measure distance is called a: d. surface waves
C.46
a. sweep circuit
b. marker circuit
C. receiver circuit
d. synchronizer
C.180, 182

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 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 37

128. The motion of particles in a shear wave
1s:
a. parallel to the direction of
propagation of the ultrasonic beam
b. transverse to the direction of beam
propagation
c. limited to the material surface and
elliptical in motion
d. polarized in a plane at 45 degrees to
the direction of beam propagation
C.36, 39; 1.233
129. An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in
aluminum with a velocity of 635 000
cm/sand has a frequency of 1 MHz. The
wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is:
a. 6.35 mm (0.25 in.)
b. 78 mm (3.1 in.)
c. 1.9 m (6.35 ft)
d. 30 ooo A
C.37; 1.233
132. As frequency increases in ultrasonic
testing, the angle of beam divergence of a
given diameter crystal:
a. decreases
b. remains unchanged
c. increases
d. varies uniformly through each
wavelength
C.96; 1.240
133. Which of the following is not an
advantage of contact ultrasonic
transducers (probes) adapted with lucite
shoes?
a. most of the crystal wear is eliminated
b. adaptation to curved surfaces is
permitted
c. sensitivity is increased
d. ultrasound is allowed to enter a part's
surface at oblique angles
C.74-75

130. The refraction angle of longitudinal 134. The velocity of sound is the lowest in:
ultrasonic waves passing from water into
a metallic material at angles other than a. air
normal to the interface is primarily a b. water
function of: C. aluminum
d. plastic
a. the impedance ratio ( r = Z1iZ) of C.43; 1.235
water to metal
b. the relative velocities of sound in 135. A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is
water and metal transmitted from water into steel at an
c. the frequency of the ultrasonic beam angle of 5 degrees from the normal. In
d. the density ratio of water to metal such a case, the refracted angle of the
C.46, 52-53; 1.236 transverse wave is:

131. In contact testing, shear waves can be a. less than the refracted angle of the
induced in the test material by: longitudinal wave
b. equal to the refracted angle of the
a. placing an X-cut crystal directly on longitudinal wave
the surface of the materials, and c. greater than the refracted angle of the
coupling through a film of oil longitudinal wave
b. using two transducers on opposite d. not present at all
sides of the test specimen C.46, 52-53; 1.236
c. placing a spherical acoustic lens on
the face of the transducer
d. using a transducer mounted on a
plastic wedge so that sound enters the
part at an angle
C.217

PTET
38 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

136. The velocity of longitudinal waves is the 141. A hole produced during the solidification
highest in: of metal due to escaping gases is called:

a. water a. a burst
b. air b. a cold shut
c. aluminum c. flaking
d. plastic d. a blow hole
C.43; 1.235 C.128; 1.514

137. In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest 142. A discontinuity that occurs during the
in: casting of molten metal which may be
caused by the splashing, surging,
a. longitudinal waves interrupted pouring, or the meeting of
b. shear waves two streams of metal coming from
c. surface waves different directions is called:
d. none of the above - sound velocity is
identical in all modes, in a given a. a burst
material b. a cold shut
C.43; 1.235 c. flaking
d. a blow hole
138. The acoustic impedance is: D.128

a. used to calculate the angle of 143. The ratio between the wave speed in one
reflection material and the wave speed in a second
b. the product of the density of the material is called:
material and the velocity of sound in
the material a. the acoustic impedance of the
c. found by Snell's law interface
d. used to determine resonance values b. Young's modulus
C.96, 98, 556; 1.235 c. Poisson's ratio
d. the index of refraction
139. Thin sheet may be inspected with the C.97, 297
ultrasonic wave directed normal to the
surface by observing: 144. The expansion and contraction of a
magnetic material under the influence of
a. the amplitude of the front surface a changing magnetic field is referred to
reflection as:
b. the multiple reflection pattern
c. all front surface reflections a. piezoelectricity
d. none of the above b. refraction
D.154-155 c. magnetostriction
d. rarefaction
140. A diagram in which the entire circuit C.116
stage or sections are shown by geometric
figures and the path of the signal or 145. The ratio of stress to strain in a material
energy by lines and/ or arrows is called a: within the elastic limit is called:

a. schematic diagram a. Young's modulus

b. blueprint b. the modulus of elasticity
c. block diagram c. both a and b
d. none of the above d. the index of refraction
C.85, 157 C.319, 482

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 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 39

146. A point, line, or surface of a vibrating 151. When inspecting aluminum by the
body marked by absolute or relative immersion method using water for a
freedom from vibratory motion is couplant, the following information is
referred to as: known:
velocity of sound in water =
a. anode 1.49 x 10 5 cm/s, velocity of
b. an antinode longitudinal waves in aluminum =
c. rarefaction 6.32 x 10 5 cm/s, and angle of
d. compression incidence = 5 degrees.
B.856; F.9 The angle of refraction for longitudinal
waves is approximately:
147. The factor that determines the amount of
reflection at the interface of two a. 22 degrees
dissimilar materials is: b. 18 degrees
c. 26 degrees
a. the index of rarefaction d. 16 degrees
b. the frequency of the ultrasonic wave C.46, 52-53
c. Young's modulus
d. the acoustic impedance 152. Of the piezoelectric materials listed
C.556 below, the most efficient sound
transmitter is:
148. A quartz crystal cut so that its major
faces are parallel to the Zand Y axes and a. lithium sulfate
perpendicular to the X axis is called: b. quartz
c. barium titanate
a. a Y-cut crystal d. silver oxide
b. an X-cut crystal 1.255
c. a Z-cut crystal
d. a ZY-cut crystal 153. Of the piezoelectric materials listed
C.558 below, the most efficient sound receiver
1s:
149. The equation describing wavelength in
terms of velocity and frequency is: a. lithium sulfate
b. quartz
a. wavelength = velocity x frequency c. barium titanate
b. wavelength= z (frequency x velocity) d. silver oxide
c. wavelength = velocity+ frequency 1.255
d. wavelength = frequency+ velocity
C.36 154. The most commonly used method of
producing shear waves in a test part when
150. When an ultrasonic beam reaches the inspecting by the immersion method is:
interface of two dissimilar materials it is:
a. by transmitting longitudinal waves
a. reflected into a part in a direction
b. refracted perpendicular to its front surface
c. mode converted b. by using two crystals vibrating at
d. all of the above different frequencies
C.54, 221 c. by using a Y-cut quartz crystal
d. by angulating the search tube to the
proper angle
1.258

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40 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

155. Beam divergence is a function of the 159. Inspection of castings is often impractical
dimensions of the crystal and the because of:
wavelength of the beam transmitted
through a medium, and it: a. extremely small grain structure
b. coarse grain structure
a. increases if the frequency or crystal c. uniform flow lines
diameter decreases d. uniform velocity of sound
b. decreases if the frequency or crystal D.129; 1.190
diameter decreases
C. increases if the frequency increases 160. Lamb waves may be used to inspect:
and crystal diameter decreases
d. decreases if the frequency is increases a. forgings
and crystal diameter decreases b. bar stock
D.47, 49 C. ingots
d. thin sheet
156. The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is: D.14

a. directly proportional to velocity and
frequency
b. directly proportional to velocity and
inversely proportional to frequency
C. inversely proportional to velocity and
directly proportional to frequency
d. equal to the product of velocity and
frequency
G.233
161. The formula used to determine the angle
of beam divergence of a quartz crystal is:
a. sin 8 = diameter 1/2 x wavelength
b. sin 8 diameter = frequency x
wavelength
c. sin 8 = frequency x wavelength
d. sin 8/2 = 1.22 x wavelength/diameter
D.49

157. The fundamental frequency of a 162. The resolving power of a transducer is

piezoelectric crystal is primarily a directly proportional to its:
function of:
a. diameter
a. the length of the applied voltage pulse b. bandwidth
b. the amplifying characteristics of the c. pulse repetition
pulse amplifier in the instrument d. none of the above
C. the thickness of the crystal 1.266
d. none of the above
D.47; J.223 163. Acoustic lens elements with which of the
following permit focusing the sound
158. Acoustic velocities of materials are energy to enter cylindrical surfaces
primarily due to the material's: normally or along a line focus?

fl. density a. cylindrical curvatures

b. elasticity b. spherical lens curvatures
C. both a and b C. convex shapes
d. acoustic impedance d. concave shapes
H.2-17 1.259

pi;gi; P09T q5gi; oggi; qggi; egg,;

 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 41

164. In the basic pulse echo instrument, the 168. When testing a part with a rough surface,
synchronizer, clock, or timer circuit it is generally advisable to use:
determines the:
a. a lower frequency transducer and a
a. pulse length more viscous couplant than is used on
b. gain parts with a smooth surface
c. pulse repetition rate b. a higher frequency transducer and a
d. sweep length more viscous couplant than is used on
1.170 parts with a smooth surface
c. a higher frequency transducer and a
165. The primary requirement of a paintbrush less viscous couplant than is used on
transducer is that: parts with a smooth surface
d. a lower frequency transducer and a
a. all crystals be mounted equidistant less viscous couplant than is used on
from each other parts with a smooth surface
b. the intensity of the beam pattern not D.62
vary greatly over the entire length of
the transducer 169. Reflection indications from a weld area
c. the fundamental frequency of the being inspected by the angle beam
crystals not vary more than 0.01 % technique may represent:
d. the overall length not exceed 76 mm
(3 in.) a. porosity
1.258 b. cracks
c. weld bead
166. Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic d. all of the above
hysteresis, and scattering are four D.134-142
different mechanisms which lead to:
170. During a test using A scan equipment,
a. attenuation strong indications that move at varying
b. refraction rates across the screen in the horizontal
c. beam spreading direction appear. It is impossible to repeat
d. saturation a particular screen pattern by scanning
1.238 the same area. A possible cause of these
indications is:
167. Because the velocity of sound in
aluminum is approximately 245 000 in.ls, a. porosity in the test part
for sound to travel through 25 mm ( 1 in.) b. an irregularly shaped crack
of aluminum, it takes: c. a blow hole
d. electrical interference
a. 1/s s 1.246
b. 4 µs
c. 4ms 171. In an A scan presentation, the horizontal
d. 1/4 xl0 4 s line formed by the uniform and repeated
1.163, 233 movement of an electron beam across the
fluorescent screen of a screen is called:

a. a square wave pattern

b. a sweep line
c. a marker pattern
d. none of the above
C.180, 187; H.2-11

qi;n: POD P69T eggi; QL91 eggi; qggi;

42 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

172. The greatest amount of attenuation losses 176. As the impedance ratio of two dissimilar
take place at: materials increases, the percentage of
sound coupled through an interface of
a. 1 MHz such materials:
b. 2.25MHz
c. 5 MHz a. decreases
d. 10MHz b. increases
D.15 c. is not changed
d. may increase or decrease
173. Waves that travel around gradual curves 1.234
with little or no reflection from the curve
are called: 177. Lower frequency sound waves are not
generally used for pulse-echo testing of
a. transverse waves thinner materials because of:
b. surface waves
c. shear waves a. the rapid attenuation of low frequency
d. longitudinal waves sound
D.12-13 b. incompatible wavelengths
c. poor near-surface resolution
174. To evaluate and accurately locate d. none of the above will actually limit
discontinuities after scanning a part with such a test
a paintbrush transducer, it is generally 1.234
necessary to use a:
178. In immersion testing, the accessory
a. transducer with a smaller crystal equipment to which the search cable and
b. scrubber the transducer are attached is called a:
c. gridmap
d. crystal collimator a. crystal collimator
D.51 b. scrubber
c. jet-stream unit
175. An ultrasonic instrument has been d. search tube or scanning tube
calibrated to obtain a 51 mm (2 in.) D.123
indication from a 2 mm (0.08 in.)
diameter flat bottom hole located 76 mm 179. In general, discontinuities in wrought
(3 in.) from the front surface of an products tend to be oriented:
aluminum reference block. When testing
an aluminum forging, a 51 mm (2 in.) a. randomly
indication is obtained from a b. in the direction of grain flow
discontinuity located 76 mm (3 in.) from c. at right angles to the entry surface
the entry surface. The cross sectional area d. at right angles to the grain flow
of this discontinuity is probably: D.126

a. the same as the area of the 2 mm
(0.08 in.) flat bottom hole
b. greater than the area of the 2 mm
(0.08 in.) flat bottom hole
c. slightly less than the area of the 2 mm
(0.08 in.) flat bottom hole
d. about one-half the area of the 2 mm
(0.08 in.) flat bottom hole
1.262
180. In immersion testing of round bars, the
back surface contour may result in:
a. loss of back reflection
b. additional indications following the
direct back surface reflection
c. inability to distinguish the actual
distance to the back surface reflection
d. false indications of discontinuities
near the back surface
H.4-24

808T Q6LT P8LT OLLT 89LT Q9LT QELT PUT

 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 43

181. In contact testing, defects near the entry 186. To prevent the appearance of the second
surface cannot always be detected front surface indication before the first
because of: back reflection when inspecting
aluminum by the immersion method
a. the far-field effect (water is used as a couplant), it is
b. attenuation necessary to have a minimum of at least
c. the dead zone 25 mm (1 in.) of water for every:
d. refraction
C.204; D.58 a. 51 mm (2 in.) of aluminum
b. 102 mm (4 in.) of aluminum
182. In cases where the diameter of tubing c. 152 mm (6 in.) of aluminum
being inspected is smaller than the d. 203 mm (8 in.) of aluminum
diameter of the transducer, what can be H.4-5, 1.258
used to confine the sound beam to the
proper range of angles? 187. Increasing the length of the pulse used to
activate the transducer will:
a. a scrubber
b. a collimator a. increase the strength of the
c. an angle plane angulator ultrasound but decrease the resolving
d. a jet-stream unit power of the instrument
C.290-291 b. increase the resolving power of the
instrument
183. Which of the following is more likely to c. have no effect on the test
limit the maximum scanning speed in d. decrease the penetration of the sound
immersion testing? wave
D.36
a. the frequency of the transducer
b. viscous drag problems 188. The lack of parallelism between the entry
c. the pulse repetition rate of the test surface and the back surface:
instrument
d. the persistency of the ultrasonic a. may result in a screen pattern that
instrument display does not contain back reflection
C.403 indications
b. makes it difficult to locate
184. The property of certain materials to discontinuities that lie parallel to the
transform electrical energy to mechanical entry surface
energy and vice versa is called: c. usually indicates that a porous
condition exists in the metal
a. mode conversion d. decreases the penetrating power of the
b. piezoelectric effect test
c. refraction D.184
d. impedance matching
B.66-69; C.60; D.45; F.117-124

185. Surface waves are reduced to an energy

level of approximately 1/zs of the original
power at a depth of:

a. 25 mm (1 in.)
b. 102 mm (4 in.)
C. 1 wavelength
d. 4 wavelengths
H.2-32, 1.234

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44 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method
189. A discontinuity with a concave surface
will:
a. diffuse the sound energy throughout
the part
b. cause the reflected beam to focus at a
point determined by the curvature of
the discontinuity
c. cause mode reinforcement of the
ultrasonic wave
d. cause none of the above
D.141
190. Rayleigh waves:
a. are generated at the first critical angle
b. are generated at the second critical
angle
c. are generated at either critical angle
d. travel only in a liquid
1.233-234
191. Angle beam testing of plate will often
miss:
a. cracks that are perpendicular to the
sound wave
b. inclusions that are randomly oriented
c. laminations that are parallel to the
front surface
d. a series of small discontinuities
J.262
192. Reducing the extent of the dead zone of a
transducer by using a delay tip results in:
a. improved distance amplitude
correction in the near field
b. reduced frequency of the primary
ultrasonic beam
c. reduced ability to detect flaws in the
near field
d. improved accuracy in thickness
measurement of thin plate and sheet
1.258
P96I
193. In a plate, skip distance can be calculated
from which of the following formulas
e
where (t = plate thickness, = angle of
sound beam refraction, and V = sound
velocity):
a. S = (2 X t)/tan 9
b. 5 = 2 X t X sin 9
C. 5 = 2 X t X tan 9
d. S = 2 x V x sin 9
1.266
194. The technique of examining an ultrasonic
reflector from different directions might
be used to enable the technician to:
a. distinguish between different types of
flaws
b. predict the useful service life of the
test specimen
c. distinguish between flaw indications
and spurious or false indications
d. accept an indication that appeared to
be rejectable from the first test
direction
1.247
195. Attenuation is the loss of the ultrasonic
wave energy during the course of
propagation in the material due to:
a. reflection and refraction
b. dispersion and diffraction
c. absorption and scattering
d. composition and shape
F.108
196. In immersion shear wave testing, waves
are normally generated by angulating the
transducer beyond the first critical angle.
What is the direction of the material's
particle motion?
a. the same as the wave propagation
b. normal to the material surface
c. parallel to the direction of wave
propagation
d. perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation
1.233
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 Level II Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 45

197. Which of the following modes of 199. When setting up for an ultrasonic
vibration are quickly dampened out inspection the high pulse repetition rate
when testing by the immersion method? of the instrument must be:

a. longitudinal waves a. slow enough to allow the instrument

b. shear waves display to refresh with each pulse
c. transverse waves b. fast enough to ensure that the small
d. surface waves rejectable discontinuity will be
D.157 detected
c. low enough so that transmitted waves
198. The most commonly used method of will not interfere with refected signals
producing shear waves in a flat test part d. fast enough for the operator to be able
when inspecting by the immersion to rely on the flaw alarm instead of
method is: constantly watching the screen
C.187
a. by transmitting longitudinal waves
into a part in a direction
perpendicular to its front surface
b. by using two crystals vibrating at
different frequencies
c. by using Y-cut quartz crystal
d. by angulating the search tube or
manipulator to the proper angle
D.67

066"]: P861 PL61

46 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

Level 111 uestions
Ultrasonic Testing ethod
1. In an ultrasonic test system where signal
amplitudes are displayed, an advantage of
a frequency-independent attenuator over
a continuously variable gain control is
that:
a. the pulse shape distortion is less
b. the signal amplitude measured using
the attenuator is independent of
frequency
C. the dynamic range of the system is
decreased
d. the effect of amplification threshold is
avoided
C.86
2. An amplifier in which received echo
pulses must exceed a certain threshold
voltage before they can be indicated
might be used to:
a. suppress amplifier noise, unimportant
scatter echoes, or small flaw echoes
that are of no consequence
b. provide a display with nearly ideal
vertical linearity characteristics
c. compensate for the unavoidable
effects of material attenuation losses
d. provide distance amplitude correction
automatically
F.176
3. The output voltage from a saturated
amplifier is:
a. 180 degrees out of phase from the
input voltage
b. lower than the input voltage
c. nonlinear with respect to the input
voltage
d. below saturation
F.176, 182
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Level Ill Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 47
4. The transmitted pulse at the output of the
pulser usually has a voltage of 100 to
1000 V, whereas the voltages of the echoes
at the input of the amplifier are on the
order of:
a. 0.001-1 V
b. 1-SV
c. lOV
d. sov
F.174-176
5. The intended purpose of the adjustable
calibrated attenuator of an ultrasonic
instrument is to:
a. control transducer damping
b. increase the dynamic range of the
instrument
c. broaden the frequency range
d. attenuate the voltage applied to the
transducer
C.86, 159, 183
6. Which of the following might result in
increased transmission of ultrasound
within a coarse-grained material?
a. perform the examination with a
smaller diameter transducer
b. perform the examination after a grain
refining heat treatment
C. change from a contact examination to
an immersion examination
d. change from a longitudinal to a
transverse wave
D.129
48 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method
7. When wavelength is smaller than
_____ of the diameter of the grain
size, excessive scattering of the ultrasonic
beam may affect test results.
a. 1
b. 1/3
c. 1/lo
d. 1/loo
D.15; 1.238
8. In a forging, flaws associated with
nonmetallic inclusions can most
accurately be described as being:
a. oriented parallel to the major axis
b. parallel to the minor axis
c. aligned with forging flow lines
d. oriented at approximately 45 degrees
to the forging direction
F.340
9. The preferred method of ultrasonically
inspecting a complex-shaped forging:
a. is an automated immersion test of the
finished forging using an instrument
containing a calibrated attenuator in
conjunction with a C scan recorder
b. combines thorough inspection of the
billet prior to forging with a careful
inspection of the finished part in all
areas where the shape permits
c. is a manual contact test of the finished
part
d. is an automated immersion test of the
billet prior to forging
1.504
10. When maximum sensitivity is required
from a transducer:
a. a straight-beam unit should be used
b. large diameter crystals are required
c. the piezoelectric element should be
driven at its fundamental resonant
frequency
d. the band width of the transducer
should be as large as possible
C.61-62
11. The sensitivity of an ultrasonic test
system:
a. depends on the transducer, pulser,
and amplifier used
b. decreases as the frequency is
increased
c. increases as the resolution increases
d. is not related to mechanical damping
or the transducer
D.46-47, 56
12. The ability of a test system to separate the
front-surface echo and the echo from a
small discontinuity just below the
surface:
a. depends primarily upon the pulse
length generated from the instrument
b. is not related to the surface roughness
of the part under inspection
c. is primarily related to the thickness of
the part under inspection
d. is usually improved by using a larger
diameter transducer
C.183; H.3-13
13. Transducer sensitivity is most often
determined by:
a. calculations based on frequency and
thickness of piezoelectric element
b. the amplitude of the response from an
artificial discontinuity
c. comparing it to a similar transducer
made by the same manufacturer
d. determining the ringing time of
transducer
D.102-104, 106
14. Notches are frequently used as reference
reflectors for:
a. distance amplitude calibration for
shear waves
b. area amplitude calibration
c. thickness calibration of plate
d. determining near-surface solutions
C.194-198; H.3-19, 3·22
Q6 08
 Level Ill Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 49

15. Notches provide good reference 20. In A scan equipment, the RF pulser
discontinuities when UT examination is output voltage is normally in the range
conducted to primarily detect defects of:
such as:
a. 1-10 V
a. porosity in rolled plate b. 10-lOOV
b. inadequate penetration at the root of c. 100-1000 V
a weld d. 1000-3000 V
c. weld porosity C.182
d. internal inclusions
C.197-198 21. When contact testing, an increase in
tightness of a shrink fit to a hollow shaft
16. The difference between a compression will cause the ratio of the back reflection
and shear wave is: to the metal-to-metal interface reflection
to:
a. quantitative measure
b. particle direction a. increase
c. qualitative measure b. decrease
d. amplitude c. remain unchanged
D.10-12; F.7 d. cannot be predicted as the response is
material-dependent
17. The particle motion for rayleigh waves is F.475
usually described as:
22. The frequency that can best distinguish
a. sinusoidal the difference between a large planar
b. circular defect and 4 stacked (multiple-layered)
C. elliptical laminations in rolled plate is:
d. shear
C.45; D.66 a. 0.5 MHz
b. 1 MHz
18. Based upon wave theory and ignoring c. 2.25MHz
attenuation losses, the echo amplitude is: d. 5MHz
H.3-20
a. directly proportional to the distance
to the reflector 23. During immersion examination, when
b. inversely proportional to the distance evaluating the response from a contoured
to the reflector surface of a part, irrelevant indications
c. directly proportional to the square of due to the contour are most likely to
the distance to the reflector appear as:
d. inversely proportional to the square of
the distance from the reflector a. sharp spiked signal indications
H.310 b. irregular signal indications
c. broad-based signal indications
19. The rate generator in B scan equipment d. hash
will invariably be directly connected to C.278; H.4-32
the:

a. display intensity circuit

b. pulser circuit
c. RF amplifier circuit
d. horizontal sweep circuit
D.30

P8T
SO Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

24. The pulse applied to the electrodes of the 29. Rough surfaces cause the echo amplitude
ultrasonic transducer is: from discontinuities within the part to:

a. electrical a. increase
b. mechanical b. decrease
c. electro-mechanical c. not change
d. piezoelectrical d. change frequency
C.78 C.202

25. In calibrating an ultrasonic test 30. The resonant frequency of a 2 cm

instrument utilizing the responses from (0.79 in.) thick plate of Naval brass
each of the area amplitude type reference (V = 4.43 x 10 5 cm/s) is:
blocks, the determination of the:
a. 0.903 MHz
a. vertical range is obtained b. 0.443MHz
b. pulse range is obtained c. 0.222MHz
c. resolving range is obtained d. 0.111 MHz
d. horizontal range is obtained F.128,233
C.195-196; H.5-7
31. Resonance testing equipment generally
26. Test sensitivity corrections for metal utilizes:
distance and discontinuity area responses
are accomplished by using: a. pulsed longitudinal waves
b. continuous longitudinal waves
a. an area amplitude set of blocks c. pulsed shear waves
b. an area amplitude and a distance d. continuous shear waves
amplitude set of blocks C.478, 505
c. a distance amplitude set of blocks
d. steel balls of varying diameter 32. To eliminate the decrease of sensitivity
C.195-196; H.5-6 close to a wall which is parallel to the
beam direction, the transducer used
should be:
27. The time from the start of the ultrasonic
pulse until the reverberations completely a. as small as possible
decay limits the maximum usable: b. of as low frequency as possible
c. both a and b
a. pulse time-flaw rate d. large and with a frequency as high as
b. pulser/receiver rate possible
c. pulse repetition rate C.15
d. modified pulse-time rate
C.76 33. Some information on the shape of a flaw
may be given by:
28. Rough surfaces can cause undesirable
effects which are noticeable when parts a. the shape of the echo
are tested ultrasonically, including: b. the amplitude of the echo
c. both a and b
a. annular maxima rings d. neither a nor b
b. an increase in the width of front face C.127, 207-208; 1.245
echo and consequent loss of resolving
power
c. acoustical mismatch
d. asymmetrical modes
C.224

oss PC:S POS q5c; qgz: qgc; egc;

 Level Ill Questions - Ultrasonic Testing Method 51

34. Which of the following transducer 39. The thickness range of UT resonance
materials makes the best transmitter: thickness gages can be increased by:

a. quartz a. using large transducers

b. lithium sulfate b. operating at the fundamental
C, barium titanate frequency
d. none of the above c. operating at a harmonic frequency
D.46; 1.255 d. increasing the voltage
C.185-186
35. Of the transducer materials listed below,
the most efficient receiver is: 40. The ability of transducers to detect
echoes from small defects is a definition
a. quartz for:
b. lithium sulfate
C. barium titanate a. resolution
d. lead metaniobate b. sensitivity
D.46; 1.255 c. definition
d. gain
36. The concentration of energy in the far C.564
field of a transducer beam is:
41. The length of the near field for a 2.5 cm
a. greatest at the outer edges of the beam (1 in.) diameter, 5 MHz transducer
b. greatest at the center of the beam placed in oil ( V = 1.4 X 10 5 cm/s) is
c. the same at the outer edges as in the approximately:
center of the beam
d. directly proportional to beam width a. 0.028 cm (0.01 in.)
C.99, 211 b. 6.25 cm (2.5 in.)
c. 22.3 cm (8.8 in.)
37. A typical application of shear waves in d. 55.8 cm (22 in.)
ultrasonic testing is the inspection of: B.197; C.210

a. welds 42. From the equation for the length of the

b. plate near field, it can be determined that the
c. pipe and tubing near field can be minimized by:
d. all of the above
C.411 a. decreasing water travel distance
b. increasing transducer diameter
38. In angle beam shear wave testing, skip c. decreasing the size of reference targets
distance will as the d. decreasing test frequency
thickness of the test specimen is C.210
increased.
43. In a water (Vi= 1.5 X 105 cm/s)
a. decrease immersion test, ultrasonic energy is
b. not change transmitted into steel (Vr = 3.2 x
c. increase 10 5 cm/ s) at an incident angle of
d. decrease by half with double thickness 14 degrees. What is the refracted shear
F.299-303 wave within the material?

a. 13 degrees
b. 35 degrees
c. 31 degrees
d. 53 degrees
C.52-53

PC:17 Q017 PLS qgs QSS

52 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method

44. The acoustic impedance for brass 47. What is the transducer half-angle beam
(V = 4.43 X 10 5 emfs, p = 8.42 gm/cm 3) is: spread of a 1.25 cm diameter, 2.25 MHz
transducer in water (V = 1.5 x 10 5 cm/s)?
a. 0.53 X 10 5 gm/cm2s
b. 1.9 X 105 gm/cm2s a. 2.5 degrees
c. 9.4 X 105 gm/cm2s b. 3.75 degrees
d. 37 X 10 5 gm/cm2s c. 37.5 degrees
C.262 d. 40.5 degrees
C.211; H.2-30
45. The principal attributes that determine
the differences in ultrasonic velocities 48. The term that is used to determine the
among materials are: relative transmittance and reflectance of
ultrasonic energy at an interface is called:
a. frequency and wavelength
b. thickness and travel time a. acoustic attenuation
c. elasticity and density b. interface refraction
d. chemistry and permeability c. acoustic impedance ratio
H.2-17 d. acoustic frequency
D.16
46. What would be the wavelength of the
energy in lead (V = 2.1 X 105 emfs) if it is
tested with a 25 MHz transducer?

a. 119 cm (47 in.)

b. 0.525 cm (0.21 in.)
c. 0.0119 cm (0.005 in.)
d. 0.0084 cm (0.003 in.)
C.37

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