Adama Science and Technology University

School of Applied Natural Science

Department of Applied Geology
Course Name: Structural Geology

Course Code: Geol2202

Exit Exam for Applied Geology Students

Prepared by Dr.Pradeep Kamaraj

September 2022, ASTU

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Choose the correct answer and mention it in the appropriate box
1. Pi diagrams and beta diagrams are used for analysing
a. Folds b. Faults c. Folds and Faults d. Joints
2. Hydrocarbon reserves present in geological structures. What is the name of the rock
which contains hydrocarbon?
a. Cap rock b. Source rock c. Reservoir rock d. Traps
3. Which of the following is not a secondary sedimentary structure?
a. Shear fractures b. Foliation c. Shear zones d. Ripple marks
4. In which of the following state that the older beds are lying under the younger bed in the
sedimentary sequence?
a. Isostacy b. Law of superposition c. Pumpelly’s rule d. None of the above
5. If you see displaced similar rock sequences, it could be interpreted as it is due to
___________________
a. Deformation b. Unconformity c. Pinch out d. Barrier
6. Find out the structure from the below figure.

a. Ripple marks b. Mud cracks c. Cross bedding d. Graded bedding

7. What is the approximate pressure of core-mantle boundary?
a. ∼ 350 GPa b. ∼ 300 GPa c. ∼ 135 GPa d. ∼ 235 GPa
8. Gleitbrett folds result from
a. Shear folding b. Flow folding c. Flexure folding d. All of the above
9. Which of the following is not a mechanism of loading according to Supee (1985)?
a. Gravitational loading b. Thermal loading c. Displacement loading d. Bulk loading
10. What kind of force represented in the below figure?

a. Differential force b. Couple force c. Tensional force d. Compressional force

11. Contour lines cannot cross or touch each other except in the case of
a. Escarpment b. Scarp slope c. Waterfall d. Plateau

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12. Which of the following fundamental quantity is not applicable with respect stress and
force?
a. Mass b. Time c. Charge d. Length
13. What is the formula to calculate volumetric strain?
a. ev = ∆V + V0 b. ev = ∆V - V0 c. ev = ∆V/V0 d. ev = V0/∆V
14. Which of the following component of deformation is not belongs to kinematic analysis?
a. Dissolution b. Dilation c. Distortion d. Translation
15. What is the formula to calculate elongation?
a. e = (l0-lf)/lf b. e = (l0+lf)/lf c. e = (lf-l0)/l0 d. e = (lf+l0)/l0
16. In general strain, the condition should be____________________
a. (X > Y > Z) b. (X > Y = Z) c. (X = Y > Z) d. (X > 1 > Z)
17. In Axially symmetric extension, the condition should be____________________
a. (X > Y > Z) b. (X > Y = Z) c. (X = Y > Z) d. (X > 1 > Z)
18. In plane strain, the condition should be____________________
a. (X > Y > Z) b. (X > Y = Z) c. (X = Y > Z) d. (X > 1 > Z)
19. Structural geology deals with materials in the
a. Solid state b. Liquid state c. Gaseous state d. All of the above
20. The ‘true dip’ of the bed is consider to be a
a. Vector quantity b. Scalar quantity c. Either vector or scalar quantity d. Neihter vector
nor scalar quantity
21. The dip of a horizontal bed striking E-W is measured in the
a. Horizontal plane b. Vertical plane c. Axial plane d. Inclined plane
22. The amount of dip measured along the strike direction of a vertical bed is always
a. 90˚ b. 60˚ c. 45˚ d. zero
23. The maximum amount of dip of a bed is measured along N40˚E. The strike direction of
the bed is
a. N-S b. E-W c. N50˚W d. S50˚W
24. Isogons are defined as the points joining beds of
a. Equal thickess b. Equal dip amount c. Same age d. Same strike direction
25. In a strata composed of horizontal beds, one outcropping at higher contours is
a. Less resistant than the lower ones b. More resistant than the lower one c. Older than
lower ones d. Younger than lower ones
26. In the case of dipping beds, progressively younger beds occur along the direction of dip if
a. Dip > Slope b. Dip < Slope c. Dip = Slope d. None of the above

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27. The behaviour of perfectly elastic bodies is governed by
a. Hook’s law b. Hilt’s law c. Lambert’s law d. Bode’s law
28. Hook’s law is applicable in the case of
a. Stretching b. Bending c. Twisting d. All of the above
29. Liquids and gases possess
a. Bulk modulus of elasticity b. Young’s modulus of elasticity c. Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ d.
Rigitity modulus of elasticity
30. Compressibility can be described as the reciprocal of
a. Bulk modulus b. Young’s modulus c. Rigidity modulus d. None of the above
31. Poisson’s ratio is the ratio between
a. Tangential stress and shearing stress b. Transverse pressure and axial plane c.
Hydrostatic pressure and volume strain d. None of the above
32. The average value of Poisson’s ratio for rocks is
a. 0.25 b. 0.50 c. 1.00 d. 1.50
33. Substances that undergo a large plastic deformation before rupture are called
a. Brittle b. Ductile c. Amorphous d. Malleable
34. When the strain is recoverable but is also time dependent, the deformation is known as
a. Elastic b. Anelastic c. Plastic d. Ductile
35. Direct stress acts ________________to the surface of the body
a. Parallel b. Inclined c. Normal d. None of the above
36. In the common geological practice a comprehensive stress is considered to be
a. Positive b. Negative c. Either positive or negative d. Neither positive nor negative
37. If the orientations of the principle stress axes X, Y and Z have changed during
deformation, the process is known as
a. Pure shear c. Simple shear c. Axial strain d. Triaxial stress
38. In a general stress (Triaxial stress) system
a. The three principle stresses are equal
b. The three principle stresses are unequal
c. The three principle stresses are unequal and have non-zero values
d. None of the above
39. The inter limb angles of folds give an indication of the
a. Genesis of folds b. Morphology of folds c. Intensity of the fold d. Type of
deformation

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40. Which of the following are the folds with parallel arrangement of limbs?
a. Isoclinals fold b. Inverted folds c. Reclined folds d. Symmetrical folds
41. In ‘flexures’ the inter limb angle lies between
a. 180˚ - 120˚ b. 120˚ - 70˚ c. 70˚ - 30˚ d. 30˚ - 0˚
42. Fold axis lies in the direction
a. Parallel to hinges b. Normal to hinges c. Inclined to hinges d. None of the above
43. A fold profile is taken in the direction
a. Parallel to the fold axis b. Perpendicular to fold axis c. 45˚ to fold axis d. 60˚ to fold
axis
44. A fold which is convex upwards and having younger rocks in its core may be described as
a/an
a. Anticline b. Antiform c. Anticlinorium d. Synform
45. A synform may be described as a/an
a. Downward facing syncline b. Downward facing anticline c. Upward facing syncline
d. Upward facing anticline
46. Folds having sharp hinges and smooth sides are termed as
a. Concertina folds b. Concentric folds c. Cuspate folds d. Chevron folds
47. Folds which exhibit a constant profile are termed as
a. Curvilinear folds b. Concentric folds c. Concertina folds d. Cylindrical folds
48. When drilling is employed to infer the structure of the beds the following cannot be
determined
a. Strike b. Dip c. Both strike and dip d. None of the above
49. Choose the correct statement among the following
a. Parallel folds maintain their shapes both upward and downwards
b. Parallel folds maintain their shape upwards only
c. Parallel folds maintain their shape downwards only
d. Parallel folds do not maintain their shape either upwards or downwards
50. In the parallel folds
a. Anticlines and synclines become sharper with depth
b. Anticlines and synclines become broader with depth
c. Syncline become sharper with depth
d. Anticline become sharper with depth
51. Thickening and thinning of beds at crest and troughs is found in
a. Open folds b. Similar folds c. Parallel folds d. Concentric folds

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52. In which of the following folds the limbs dip towards each other?
a. Anticlines b. Antiforms c. Anticlinal fan folds d. Synclinal fan folds
53. Choose the non tectonic folds(s) from the following
(i) Decollement (ii) Supratenuous fold (iii) Generative fold (iv) Brachymorphic fold
a. (i) only b. (i) and (ii) only c. (ii) and (iii) only d. (i), (ii) and (iv) only
54. In suoratenuous folds the beds are
a. Thin at the limbs but thickened at the crests
b. Thin at the crests but thickened at the limbs
c. Uniformly thick at the crests and the troughs
d. None of the above
55. A complex fold is one in which
a. Similar folds are superimposed on larger folds
b. Hinges are numerous and curved
c. Axis is folded
d. The structure is too complex to be identified
56. The difference between folds and faults is that
a. Folds are two dimensional while faults are three dimensional
b. Folds are three dimensional while faults are two dimensional
c. Folds are three dimensional structures while faults are planar discontinuities
d. Folds are associated with sedimentary rocks while faults are found in igneous rocks
57. Faults are generated by
(i) Extension (ii) Shear (iii) Compression (iv) Torsion
a. (i) only b. (i) and (iiI) only c. (i), (ii) and (iii) only d. (iii) and (iv) only
58. Faults are divided into parallel faults, enechelon faults, peripheral faults and radial faults
based on
a. Fault pattern b. Rake of the net slip c. Dip amount d. Apparent movement of the
blocks
59. If the rake of the net slip of a fault is 90˚ the fault may be a
a. Strike-slip fault b. Dip-slip fault c. Diagonal-slip fault d. Tear fault
60. Hade of a fault is
a. 90˚ + dip b. 90˚ - dip c. Plunge + rake d. Plunge + dip
61. Tear faults are a variety of
a. Strike fault b. Dip fault c. Strike-slip fault d. Dip-slip fault

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62. In which type of fault the stratigraphic throw is measurable in many thousands of feet
a. Overthrust faults b. Underthrust faults c. Gravity faults d. Step fault
63. Which of the following are not low-angle faults?
a. Overthrust faults b. Underthrust faults b. Cylindrical faults d. Detachment faults
64. In the case of normal faults, the hade is towards
a. Downthrown side b. Upthrown side c. Either downthrown or upthrown side d. None
of the above
65. The main feature of thrust faults is
a. The footwall has moved down in relation to the hanging wall
b. The footwall has moved up in relation to the hanging wall
c. Shortening of the crustal rocks involved in the faulting
d. Very large stratigraphic throw
66. Lag faults are
a. Low angle faults with normal displacement
b. Low angle faults with reverse displacement
c. High angle normal faults
d. High angle reverse faults
67. Gravity faults are formed under
a. Comprehensive stress regime b. Tensile stress regime c. Shear stress regime d.
Effects of torsional forces
68. Schuppen structures are associated with
a. Normal faulting b. Reverse faulting c. Thrust faulting d. Recumbent faulting
69. Thrust faults differ from reverse faults in
a. The relative position of hanging wall and foot wall
b. The amounts of dips involved in the two faults
c. The nature of tectonic forces responsible for faulting
d. All of the above
70. Over thrusts can be describes as
a. Low angle thrust faults
b. High angle reverse faults
c. High angle reverse faults with large net slip
d. Low angle thrust faults with large net slip

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71. The greatest principle stress axis is vertical in
a. Normal faults b. Reverse faults c. Thrust faults d. Strike-slip faults
72. The stress characteristic of Wrench faults is that
a. σ1 is vertical and σ2 is horizontal
b. σ1 is horizontal and σ2 is vertical
c. Both σ1 and σ2 are horizontal
d. Both σ1 and σ2 are vertical
73. Splay faults are
a. Faults which display are like outcrop on level surface
b. Short faults that overlap each other
c. Normal or reverse faults with more or less parallel strikes
d. A complex arrangement of branching faults
74. In geologic map domes and basins are represented by
a. Concentric ellipse b. Concentric circles c. Parabolas d. Hyperbolas
75. Which of the following pairs are incorrect?
a. Triangular facets-normal faults
b. Offset streams-Strike slip faults
c. Plumose markings-thrust faults
d. Palaentological break-discontinuity
76. Fluccan or Pug consists of
a. Large blocks caught along faults
b. Broken fragments in a dark matrix of ultramicroscopic grains
c. Minute glassy spherulites
d. Fine powder found along fault surfaces
77. Joints are encountered in
a. Sedimentary rocks only b. Igneous rocks only c. Metamorphic rocks only d. All of
the above
78. The distance between any two joints may be described as
a. Slip cleavage b. Crenulation cleavage c. Fracture cleavage d. Bedding fissility
79. In a slope between any two points when one point is visible from the other it is described
as a
a. Convex slope b. Concave slope c. Scarp slope d. Uniform slope
80. Joints which are developed perpendicular to the fold axes are called
a. Extension joints b. Released joints c. Tension joints d. Shear joints

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81. Cross joints are
a. Columnar joints produced due to the intersection of two or more sets of vertical axis
b. Cracks are formed due to prolonged exposure of clayey sediments to the atmosphere
c. Joints formed perpendicular to column axes due to contraction
d. Joints formed parallel to the fold axes
82. Higher contours always enclose the lower ones in the case of a
a. Hill b. Valley c. Basin d. Spur
83. Very small ridges and depressions on the surface of joints are described as
a. Slikensides b. Feather joints c. Plumose markings d. Piedmont scarps
84. When the two sets of beds separated by an unconformity are not parallel to each other, it
is described as a/an
a. Angular unconformity b. Disconfirmity c. Non-confirmity d. Heterolithic
unconfirmity
85. Which of the following statement is true about unconformities?
a. Unconformities are 3-dimensional, non-directional features
b. Unconformities are 2-dimensional, directional features
c. Unconformities are 3-dimensional, directional features
d. Unconformities are 2-dimensional, non-directional features
86. An unconformity which marks an abrupt change in the velocity of seismic waves is
termed
a. Angular unconformity b. First order unconformity c. Second order unconformity d.
Zero order unconformity
87. Short breaks in sedimentation associated with slow vertical movements of the earth’s
crust is known as
a. Blended unconformities b. Heterolithic unconformities c. Pinch outs d. Diastems
88. Intrusive igneous contracts are indicative of a/an
a. Angular unconformity b. Disconfirmity c. Non-confirmity d. Blended unconfirmity
89. Discontinuities are most easily distinguished with the help of
a. Erosional and non-depositional surfaces
b. Variation in the dip amounts between two sets of beds
c. A significant break in paleontological record
d. Intrusive relationship of loder igneous rocks with younger sedimentary formation

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90. An unconformity contact can be distinguished from faulted contact by means of one or
more of the following criteria
(1) In an UC contact older rocks always strike into the younger rocks
(2) A faulted contact shows features such as breccia, gouge, etc, whereas UCs show
conglomerates at their contacts
(3) Contacts between older and younger rocks show divergence of dip in the case of a fault
(4) Unconformities are three dimensional whereas faults are two dimensional
a. 1 and 2 only b. 1, 2 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2 and 4 only
91. A limited area of an exposure in which older rocks are surrounded by younger rocks is
known as an
a. Overlap b. Offlap c. Outlier d. Inlier
92. Synclinal hill is an example of
a. Outlier b. Inlier c. Overstep d. Overlap
93. When the lower beds of older series extend further than the younger ones it is described
as an
a. Overlap b. Offlap c. Onlap d. Overstep
94. Which of the following statements are true of a ‘Geologic window’ structure or ‘Fenster’?
(1) In it older rocks are surrounded by younger rocks
(2) These are erosional depressions in large thrust sheets or nappes
(3) The older rocks crop cut through the windows
(4) Windows occur in normal stratigraphic sequences
a. 1 and 3 only b. 2 and 4 only c. 1, 2 and 3 only d. 2, 3 and 4 only
95. Pitch and plunge of a fold coincides when the folds are
a. Symmetrical b. Asymmetrical c. Disharmonic d. Isoclinal
96. An anticlinal bend is a fold in which the dip of the bed
a. Increases suddenly b. Decreases suddenly c. First increase and then decreases d.
Ramins more or less constant
97. A fold which increases in size as it is traced upwards along the axial plane is termed
a. Growth fold b. Reclined fold c. Ptygmatic fold d. Generative fold
98. Folds having multiple hinges are called
a. Polyclinal fold b. Box fold c. Concentric fold d. Curvilinear fold

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99. A pericline is a fold in which
a. The axial plane is curved
b. Crests are thick while limbs are thin
c. The diameter increases along its axial plane
d. The amplitude decreases regularly to zero in both the directions
100. A set of folds with smaller wavelengths occurring superimposed on those with larger
wavelength are described as
a. Disharmonic folds b. Enechelon folds c. Parasitic folds d. Digitations

All the very best

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