Power Screws Jay, 08 September 2020 Disclaimer: The following notes are abbreviated and are not to be treated as a substitute for reading the prescribed sections in the textbook. The prescribed textbook is Fundamentals of Machine Component Design by Robert C. Juvinall and Kurt M. Marshek. The textbook is available at the EG Malherbe Library on the Howard College Campus. Any version of the book is suitable for this course. Parts of the book are available at hittps://books.google.com/. All art work from internet sources have been used under the Creative Commons, free to use and share license. Nomenclature major diameter d,= root diameter dm = mean diameter mean collar diameter coefficient of friction between the screw and nut efficient of friction between the screw and collar wut height or length ead, is the liner distance moved by the nut per revolution of the screw My = torque required to turn the screw P = Pitch, is the spacing between threads on a single thread helix W= Applied Load d= Lead Angle d. f fe h L Terminology Power screws are sometimes called linear actuators, when coupled with an electric motor. Single start screw - a screw that has a sit screw. gle thread helix.p = L., fora single start Double start screw - a screw that has a double thread hel 7 3, fora double 5 pitch J pitch lead C: lead [- one start two starts Source: ttps://engineerng stackexchange com /questons/2015/why-are-most standaré-botthreads-single-start start screw. The orientation of the helix determines if the screw is a left-hand or right-hand screw.— — = — st z Leftthand g Source: https://upload wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/tt/Screw_thread_ handedness Power Screw - Thread Types d e f g 1g IL g: i 2 Z La sill beed 2 Ieee pal |e ‘| (source: https: //eommans wikimesia or/wik/ilestrew, thread forms png} As per the image, thread forms (a) - (c) are typical of fastening applications and are generally not used in power screw applications. Therad forms that are used in power screw applications include (d) Square Thread (e) Acme Thread (f) Buttress Thread, and (g) Knuckle thread. ‘Square thread - has a zero thread angle, provides the greatest strength and lowest friction characteristic, as compared to the other thread forms. Square thread is difficult and expensive to manufacture. ‘ACME thread - has a 29° thread angle. It has a higher friction characteristic compared to square thread, but is easier and cheaper to manufacture. Buttress thread - suitable for applications that have a high load in a single direction. With a zero thread angle in the load bearing direction, it has a low friction characteristic. Knuckle thread - has rounded thread to prevent damage. It has a high friction characteristic and low load bearing capacity. It is easy to manufacture. HOMEWORK: Research and develop your own notes on the topic of Modified Square Thread and the applications of the various thread types. Torque and load relationships ‘The torque required to lift a load against the force of gravity: Wap [ftdm + Loosa,] , Wade 6 "2 [idm Cos a, — fl 2‘The same equation is used to determine the torque required to move the nut or screw forward, in a direction that opposite to that of an applied load. in other words, the applied load resists the forward movement of the nut or screw body. ‘The torque required to lower a load with the assistance of gravity: Wap [ftdm — Lcosan] , Wade 6 "20 [itdm Cos a, + fl 2 ‘The same equation is used to determine the torque required to move the nut or screw forward, in the same direction to that of an applied load. In other words, the applied load helps the nut or screw body move forward. Collar Fri AY i MM) AAT i ia ta o cy ‘Weight supported by three screw jacks. In each jack, only the shaded member rotates Adapted from Fig10.5 of “Fundamentals of Machine Component Design” by Juvinall and Marshek, 4th ed. Power screw applications normally require a thrust collar to support the rotating in screw or collar. The figure illustrates three types of collar configurations. In iguration (a), the screw rotates and the nut is stationary. The screw turns against a thrust collar at the top. In configurations (b) and (c), the screw is stationary and the nut rotates by turning the handle. The nut turns against a thrust collar as illustrated. The collar profile is normally a simple disc or annulus shape in most applications. The torque required to overcome friction is defined as: Whede Mecotiar frition = 7 This friction model is only applicable to simple trust collars. A more detailed analysis can be developed by applying the procedures used with disc clutches. If the screw or nut turns on anti-friction bearings then collar friction can beeliminated from the power screw torque relationship as follows: Wan [ftdy + Leosaty 2) |rd,,cosa, — fl HOMEWORK: Research and develop your own notes on the derivation of the power screw torque relationship. Self-locking and Overhauling Screws ‘An overhauling screw is a screw that is able to lower the load without an input torque. Overhauling occurs when the gravitational force is sufficient to overcome friction in the screw assembly. Overhauling is undesirable in power screw applications such as motor vehicle jacks, where a spontaneously lowering load is dangerous. Aself-locking screw is a screw that requires an input torque to lower the load. A screw assembly is self-locking when the following condition is met: = He05(an) dm Work, Power and Efficiency The work input required to turn a power screw one revolution, against a resisting torque: Woy = 2M, ‘The work that is done by causing a liner displacement of the load, in one revolution: Woue = WL Note that the symbol W is used for work and the applied load, which can be confusing. The subscript "out" is used to distinguish work output from the load on the screw, ‘The work done against friction is: Wr = Win — Woue Friction causes a transformation of mechanical work to heat. Some of the heat is transferred to the screw and nut material. Eventually, all heat dissipates to the surrounding environment. ‘The power required to drive the screw is: W = Mo Where w is defined in radians/second. ‘The efficiency of a power screw is defined as the ratio of the work done on the load to the work required to drive the screw:WL "= aM, Static Screw Stresses ‘The torque applied to a power screw causes a torsional stress in the screw body: 16M, x(a,)> ‘Axial loads that are applied to the screw case axial stresses in the screw body: 4w a= ona, Applied loads will cause a shear force to threads. If the shear force exceeds the shear strength of the material, it will cause the threads to be stripped off the screw body. The thread shear (stripping) stress is for square and ACME threads is: 2w md, The nut height can be calculated from the pitch and the number of threads. h=pxn ‘A normal force exists between the threads of the screw and nut during normal operation, As the screw turns, the threads of the screw slide over the threads of the nut. If the normal force is too high, it causes a high bearing stress between the surfaces, which causes the surfaces to wear prematurely. The bearing stress must be checked against allowable limits to avoid premature wear and tear on the screw and nut. The bearing stress on the threads is: 4 pw nid? — @) Thread bearing and shear stresses are controlled by specifying a nut design of appropriate length. o=