Dynamics

Energy, momentum and impulse

Before, during and after impact

1 2 3 4

1 Initial
1-2 Energy conservation
2 Before impact
2-3 Momentum
3 After impact
3-4 Energy
4 Final
During impact

𝐹 =𝑚𝑎

𝑑 𝑚𝑣
𝐹=
𝑑𝑡

𝑝=𝑚𝑣 Momentum

∆ 𝑝=∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑡
Change in momentum
∆ 𝑝=∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑡
F

t
Change in momentum
∆ 𝑝=∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑡
F

∆𝑝
t
Example

Trolley has mass 70 kg

Mass of wheels is negligible
Rolling resistance is 35 N

Starts rolling at 3 m/s

Rolls a distance of 4 m
Strikes an identical trolley
Trolleys couple together and roll on together exentually coming to rest

Impulse approximately triangular with duration 100ms

Calculate:
maximum force during impact
distance pair rolls before coming to rest
Figure

1 2 3 4

1 Initial
1-2 Energy conservation
2 Before impact
2-3 Momentum
3 After impact
3-4 Energy
4 Final
1-2 Before impact
Initial
1 2 1 2
𝐸1 = 𝑚 𝑣 1= 70 ∙ 3 =315 𝐽 +=+
2 2
=0

At impact
1 2 2
𝐸 2= 𝑚 𝑣 2=35 𝑣 2
2 𝑣 2= √ 5=2.236 𝑚/ 𝑠
=0

Work
1−2
𝑊 =𝐹𝑠=− 35 × 4=−140 J
2-3 During impact
Initial 𝑝 2= 𝑝3
𝑝 2=𝑚 𝑣 2 =70 ×2.236=156.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 / 𝑠
1 56.5=140 𝑣 3
Final

𝑝 3= ( 𝑚+𝑚 ) 𝑣 3=140 𝑣 3 𝑣 3 =1.118 𝑚 / 𝑠

- )=78.25 kg m/s
 Maximum force
F

Fmax
∆ 𝑝=∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑡
1
∆ 𝑝= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎= 𝐹 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∆ 𝑡
2

1
78.25= 𝐹 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.1
2
0.1s t =1565 N
After impact
Initial
1 2 1 2
𝐸 3= 𝑚 𝑣 3 = (70 +70)∙ 1.118 =87.89 𝐽 +=+
2 2
=0

At rest
𝐸 4 =0
𝑠=1.256 𝑚
=0

Work
3 −4
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠=− (35 +35) × s=− 70 × s