Chapter one

1.1 Student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES)

The students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is a skills training

programme designed to expose and prepare students of Universities,

Polytechnics/Colleges of Technology/Colleges of Agriculture and Colleges of

Education for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.

The scheme also affords students the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing

themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment and machinery that are

usually not available in their institutions. It is a cooperative industrial internship

program that involves institutions of higher learning, industries, the Federal

Government of Nigeria, Industrial Training Fund (ITF), and Nigerian Universities

Commission (NUC).

1.2 Objectives of SIWES

(i) Provide avenues for students to acquire industrial skills and experience during

their course of study.

(ii) Prepare students for industrial work situation they are likely to meet after

graduation.

(iii) Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machineries that may not be available in the university;

1
(iv) Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge

in real work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

(v) To make the transition from the schooling to world of work easier through

enhancing students’ contact for later job placement.

1.3 Functions of SIWES coordinating unit

By the directive of National Universities Commission (NUC) and Industrial

Training Fund (ITF), the Unit is mandated to carry out the following functions.

(i) Identify placement opportunities for students’ attachment with Employers.

(ii) Supervision of the students placed in the industries located within our ITF

zone.

(iii) Processing of students’ logbooks, ITF forms and industrial attachment reports

upon which is based on the Federal Government funding of supervision and

students’ allowances.

(iv) Fostering of close links between the university and industries participating in

SIWES programme.

(v) Provision of advisory guidance to participating students on career employment

opportunities.

(vi) Monitoring of compliance with the requirements of SIWES on the part of

students in eligible disciplines as a condition for graduation.

2
(vii) Facilitation of the disbursement of the students’ allowance to deserving

students through e-payment.

(vi) Apply job-specifications as prepared for all the accredited courses and award

appropriate credit units in accordance with Federal Government minimum

academic standard guidelines.

(viii) Organize orientation courses in collaboration with the ITF for their students.

3
 Chapter two

2.1 About the place

Zion Diagnostic services were conceptualized out of the exigency to provide

excellent Diagnostics in Nigeria by resorting to the use of most advanced

technology and innovative options. They are a group of world class, well trained

and licensed professionals with experience in effective patient follow up, team

work and exceptional patient care. They utilise state of the art equipments while

maintaining a worldwide standard practice in a cool, neat and conclusive

environment. Zion Diagnostic services offers the most extensive range of test

available in Nigeria today, including but not limited to routine, specialized and

advanced testing for clinical, research, screening, industrial, environment and

occupational health. Quality of testing and excellence in service are what we strive

for in order to assist in delivering the best patient care.

4
2.2 Oganogram of the Lab

5
 Chapter three

3.1 Introduction to the Laboratory

A laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which

scientific researches, experiments, and measurements, may be performed. Hence

the medical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are carried out on clinical

specimens in other to get information about a patient’s health.

There are three sections in the laboratory, they are; Clinical Microbiology

section, Hematology/Serology section, and Clinical Biochemistry section. The

overall significance of the laboratory diagnosis is that they guide towards the

administration most effective therapy so as to restore a proper health on the patient.

Laboratory safety precautions and ethics

3.2 Safety rules in the laboratory

Every laboratory is expected to adopt a code of bio-safety principles and

work practice which should be enforced and adhere to strictly by workers and

visitors. All specimens coming into and from the laboratory are being assumed to

be potentially infectious and harmful and that is why the below precautions are

ensured to be taken to avoid contamination and laboratory hazard.

Avoid disrupting laboratory activities you must TURN OFF all cell phones and

pagers: their use is prohibited.

6
All persons in laboratories, including students, staff, and visitors, shall wear safety

glasses, goggles, or face shields at all times where potential eye hazards exist

Eating, drinking, chewing gum, and applying cosmetics are prohibited laboratory.

Do not store food or beverages in the same refrigerators or freezers with chemicals,

biohazards, or radioactive materials.

Never conduct unauthorized experiments or engage in horseplay in a laboratory.

Please immediately report any unsafe behaviour to the instructor.

Wear appropriate clothing. In particular, you must wear closed-toed shoes (i.e., NO

sandals or flip-flops!) in the laboratory. If you have a long hair, tie it back. Avoid

wearing dangling jewellery.

Wearing an iPod, Bluetooth, or any other device that interferes with hearing is not

allowed.

Never pipette anything by mouth.

The work area must be kept clean and uncluttered. All chemicals should be

labelled and stored properly.

The hazards of chemicals used should be known (e.g., corrosiveness, flammability,

reactivity, stability, and toxicity).

Always pay attention to your surroundings and be aware of what others are doing.

Always be courteous.

7
Remove contaminated gloves before touching common use devices (door knobs,

faucets, equipment); discard gloves before leaving the laboratory.

Always wash hands and arms with antibacterial soap and water before leaving the

laboratory.

In conclusion, maintaining safety in the laboratory largely rest on the

shoulder of the laboratory workers. Adequate safety and good laboratory practice

can be avoided irrespective of the location, staff strength and availability of

sophisticated safety cabinets in the laboratory. What are required are highly

standards of hygiene by the laboratory workers to achieve good results in their

daily occupational practice.

3.3 Emergency in the laboratory

Know where to find the nearest exit in case of fire or other emergency.

Know the whereabouts of the nearest fire extinguisher, fire blanket, first aid kit,

eye wash equipment, shower and telephone.

In case of fire, clear out of the laboratory first, and then call an emergency number.

3.4 Laboratory equipments and their uses

Microscope: Is used to examine samples and to analyze their contents that are not

visible to the naked eye. It is used to count pathogen and other cells and to view

under x10, x40, and x100 objectives.

Autoclave: For Sterilization

8
Centrifuge: Is used for spinning specimen e.g. urine to enable separation into

constituents or components e.g. blood into serum and plasma.

Refrigerator: Provides suitable temperature for storage and preservation of

reagents, unused media, blood samples etc.

Bunsen burner: Serves as the source of heat for sterilizing wire loop, surgical

forceps and other metal instruments to be used for analysis.

Weighing Balance: Use for measurement.

Wire loop: It is used for streaking specimen on culture plates and it can also be

used for making smear of samples on slides.

Lancet: It is a sterile needle used to prick the thumb for the collection of blood

samples.

Capillary tube: It is used for the collection of blood samples to determine the

packed cell volume.

Universal bottle: used for sample collection e.g. urine, stool, semen

Glass slide: It is used for the preparation of samples to be viewed directly under

the microscope.

Sterile swab stick: Is used for the collection of samples to directly from the sight

of infection e.g. Ear, nose, vagina, cervix, etc.

9
Sampling bottles: They are bottles used for the collection of blood samples e.g.

universal bottle, fluoride oxalate bottle, Ethylene-Di-amine-Tetra acetic Acid

bottle (EDTA), Lithium Heparin bottle, plain bottle.

Incubator: used for culturing or drying of microorganism.

Micro heamatocrit centrifuge machine: it is used to spin sample for the analysis

of packed cell volume of blood sample.

Water bath: Use as heating apparatus

Micro haematocrit reader: used to read the packed cell volume in percentage.

Tourniquet: it is tightened on patient hand in the collection of blood sample in

order to get a prominent vein before incision.

Needle and Syringe: It is used for the collection of blood samples.

Macro centrifuge machine: It is used for the separation of blood samples in order

to get the plasma and also used for the separation of urine sample so as to get the

supernatant and the specimen

Glucometer: used to check for the sugar level in the body with the aid of its strip.

Hematology analyzer: Is used for the analysis of Full Blood Count (FBC).

10
 Chapter four

4.1 Standard operation procedure (S.O.P) for blood collection

The frequent point of blood collection is usually from the vein (venipuncture). The

materials for the patient’s identity must be checked before attempting

venepuncture. This must be carried out by asking the patient their Full Name and

Date of Birth.

Check that this information corresponds with that on the Request form.

Any amendment to these details or any others on the Request form must be in

accordance with the Directorate Policy.

Where patient details lack legibility, staff may write the correct details clearly next

to those on the form without crossing out the original details.

If tests are requested that are unfamiliar and staff are unsure of the appropriate

blood tubes for specimens check the list ‘What tube guide’ available at each

workstation or, when necessary contact a qualified Biomedical Scientist in the

appropriate department within the Pathology Laboratory.

Examine both arms of the patient and select the one that appears appropriate

Ensure that the patient is comfortable and that the arm is well supported and

examine potential venepuncture.

11
Ask the patient to bare an arm, ensure that the arm is well supported and apply the

tourniquet to the patient’s arm, just above the elbow and tight enough to allow two

fingers behind the strap.

Tighten the tourniquet a little more, taking care not to pinch the skin

Ask the patient to straighten their arm and clench their fist. This will make the vein

more prominent.

If necessary rub the bend of the elbow to make the vein more visible.

Feel with a fingertip for the ‘best’ vein at the bend of the elbow rather than plunge

the needle into a poor vein that looks ‘alright’.

12
If this fails a suitable vein can often be found at the side of the arm on the elbow

side.

It may be necessary, on occasion to take blood from the back of hand.

Apply the tourniquet above the elbow. The tourniquet is closed around the arm by

inserting the plastic clip into the holder and then tightened appropriately by pulling

the strap.

Ask the patient to straighten their arm and to make a fist in order to make the veins

more prominent.

Feel with the fingertip if necessary to locate a suitable vein to puncture.

Ensure that equipment and blood tubes required are immediately within easy reach.

Remove the top plastic section of a Vacutainer multi-sample needle and screw

thread into a Vacutainer needle holder.

Disinfect site with a 70% Isopropyl alcohol swab.

Leave for 30 seconds for the alcohol to evaporate and during this period assemble

the blood tubes required.

Remove the cover from the multi-sample needle and discard into a clinical waste

bin.

Keeping the needle holder and attached multi-sample needle in one hand use the

thumb on the other hand to press on the vein just above the chosen entry point and

13
pull the skin back slightly towards you to hold the vein firmly and stretch the skin

over the chosen site.

With the needle holder and multi-sample needle almost parallel to the patient’s arm

and the needle bevel uppermost, gently push the needle into the chosen

venepuncture site.

Once in the vein hold the needle-holder steady and gently push the cap of the

appropriate blood sample tube onto the covered sample needle at the base of the

inside of the needle-holder.

Blood should enter the sample tube and fill to the appropriate level indicated.

Remove the sample tube from the sample needle when full and attach another

sample tube in required.

Blood samples must be gently mixed at the earliest opportunity to ensure

anticoagulation effectiveness

As the last blood sample tube is filling slacken the tourniquet by pressing down on

the release clip that is on the side away from the arm.

Withdraw the needle from the vein and quickly apply a clean pad of cotton wool.

Ask the patient to keep pressure on the cotton wool to stop further bleeding.

Discard the needle and holder into a Sharps bin.

Gently mix the sample tube(s).

14
If the patient is unable to maintain sufficient pressure on the vene-puncture site

apply this pressure for them.

Remove the tourniquet from the patient’s arm.

When bleeding from the venepuncture site has stopped apply Micropore tape

tightly over the cotton wool.

The procedure is now complete and the patient can leave.

4.2 Hematology and immunohematolgy (blood bank) section

In hematology section, the analysis is carried out using the whole blood

sample of patient for diagnosis of hematological diseases and abnormalities. Blood

samples are collected in EDTA bottle for analysis.

Immunohematology Section Also known as the blood bank performs tests to

provide blood and blood products to patients for transfusion purposes. The blood

bank technologist relies on the phlebotomist to perform identification of the patient

without error, since patients will die if given the wrong blood type. The analyses

carried out in these sections include: Packed cell volume, Full blood count,

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Blood film for microfilaria and ABO/D

(Rh) typing, Antigen typing, Blood grouping, Cross matching, respectively.

4.2.1 Materials used in haematology and immunohematology section

Pipette, Haematocrit centrifuge machine for PCV, Haematocrit centrifuge reader

for PCV, Micro Haematocrit analyzer for Full Blood Count, Macro, Microscope,

15
Microscopy slide, Electrophoresis machine, Cover slip, Bunsen burner, Plasticine,

Sterile capillary tube, Wash bottle, Westergren tubes, Stop watch, Test tubes,

Refrigerator, Racks, Various disposable waste bins, Tiles, Scissors, Ethylene

diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), Leishman stain, Normal saline, Water, Antisera

for blood group, Buffer solution, Oil immersion.

4.3Complete blood count (CBC) TEST

Introduction: The complete blood count of a blood sample helps to know the total

cell in the whole blood. It determines the total haematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin

(HGB), red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count,

mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin

16
concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), differential (DIFF)-

done on a blood smear

Aim: To deduce the total counts of all blood components

Equipments/Apparatus: Hematology analyzer, whole blood sample in an EDTA

bottle.

17
Procedure: Blood sample was collected into an EDTA bottle (Lavender Stoppered

Tube) through venipuncture and was mixed with anticoagulant by inverting the

bottle gently 8 times. The blood sample was placed under the hematology analyzer

sensitive probe. The probe button was pressed so that the probe can pick the

sample into the machine for analysis. The result was displayed on the screen of the

machine and then printed out.

Conclusion: The count of platelet, white blood cell and differentials, haemoglobin,

granulocyte and all other cells in the blood samples was determined

4.4 Packed cell volume (PCV) TEST

Introduction: The packed cell volume is the volume occupied by the packed red

cell after a volume of anti-coagulated venous blood is fully centrifuged into plasma

and red blood cell. The volume of packed cell is expressed as a percentage of the

original volume of the blood.

Aim: To estimate the relative mass of red blood cells present in a blood sample in

percentage volume.

Equipments/Materials: Haematocrit reader, Bunsen burner, Micro haematocrit

centrifuge, Heparinised capillary tube, whole blood in an anticoagulant bottle

(EDTA), Micro haematocrit reader, an absorbent cotton wool.

18
Procedures: The blood sample was collected into an EDTA bottle. The heparinized

capillary tube was filled to 2/3 length of the tube from the blood sample and One

end of the tube was sealed with flame using the Bunsen burner, then absorbent

19
cotton wool was used in cleaning the tube before placing in the centrifuge. The

sealed tube was placed in the micro- haematocrit centrifuge machine, thereby

placing the sealed end outward to touch the base of the spinner. The sealed tube

was spun in the haematocrit centrifuge at 12,000/13,000rpm for 5 minutes. The

spun tube was placed on the micro haematocrit reader to read the result in

percentage, positioned in slot so that the base line intersects the base of red cells

and tube holder was moved so that the top line intersects the top of plasma, then

knob was adjusted so that the middle line intersects the top of red cell.

The percentage packed cell volume on the scale was read.

Result: Adult: Normal range for male 37-50%

Normal range for female 35-45%

Children: Normal Range 29-41%

Conclusion:

Factors affecting the accuracy of PCV are; Unsteady power supply, Poor blood

sample collection, Parallax error while reading the result on the haematocrit reader,

Incorrect blood to anticoagulant ratio, Over spinning of the blood in the centrifuge,

Lysing of the blood by flame or delay in spinning

Bio- medical significance: Low PCV value indicate shortage of blood

20
4.4 Blood grouping and genotyping test

Introduction: Blood grouping of the A B O system is determined with Anti-A,

Anti-B, and Anti-D sera, which form agglutination complex with antibodies found

in the blood sample.

Aim: To determine the group and the rhesus of a patient’s blood

Equipments/Materials: Clean free grease tile, Pasteur pipette, Whole blood sample

in an EDTA bottle, distilled water, applicator stick, test tube rack, electrophoresis

machine and tank, clean white tile, cotton wool, applicator stick, cellulose filter

paper, gloves.

Reagents: Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-D sera, Buffer for balancing, normal saline

21
Procedure:

For blood grouping: The blood sample was collected into an EDTA bottle through

venipuncture. 10ul of blood was placed 3 spots on the tile with the aid of Pasteur

pipette. The antisera A, B and D were placed carefully on each spots, ABO of the

grouping system on the tile respectively and an applicator stick was used to

thoroughly mix the drop of blood with the anti-sera one after the other without

contamination. The tile was gently rocked from side to side for 3 minutes to allow

agglutination occurrence, then result was observed.

For Genotyping: Cells were washed two to three times in a test tube containing

normal saline after which, a drop of washed cells were placed on a tile. This is

followed by the hemolysis of blood on the tile and the placement of AS and AA

control using applicator stick, after making sure that the buffer inside the

electrophoresis tank covered the electrode, the cellulose paper was placed on the

tank, which is then covered and mains (current) switched on. Reading was

recorded after 5-10mins

Result: The result for blood genotype was taken by studying the movement and

separation of hemoglobin molecule.

22
23
Conclusion: The result was observed according to the agglutination that occurred

in each spots on the tile. Anti D determines the present of the rhesus ‘D’ factor in

blood group.

Factors that affect blood grouping are; wrong labeling of spot and confusion of

anti-sera with spots, Contamination of test card or tiles with detergents, Expired

anti-sera

Bio-medical significance; Blood transfusion, Blood compatibility, Antenatal

screening#

4.5 Serology section

Tests done in this department are designed to detect the body's response to the

presence of bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic and other conditions which stimulate

detectable antigen-antibody reactions in a test system to aid in the diagnosis of the

patient. Most tests performed in this section are carried out under the principles of

Immunoassay, some of them are; Cold agglutinins (CAG) - specimen must be kept

warm, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), VDRL, to 4.5.1 HBs.Ag Test for hepatitis,

vdrl (veneral diseases research laboratory) test for syphilis using strips

Introduction: HBsAG is a rapid immunochromatographic test for the qualitative

detection of Hepatitis B surface Antigen in human serum/plasma, it can be used for

prenatal or transfusion screening, and during acute infection or chronic carriage of

24
the Hepatitis B virus. Early detection of infection is essential for rapid initiation of

adequate treatment.

VDRL test is a screening test for syphilis. It measures substances called antibodies

that body may produce if it comes in contact with the causative agent of syphilis,

which is called Treponema pallidium

Aim: To determine the presence or absence of hepatitis and syphilis in the body

system.

Materials: HBsAG Test strips, VDRL test strip EDTA bottle, Centrifuge, clean

test tube

Specimen: Serum.

Procedure: The patient blood sample was collected into a plain bottle through

venipuncture. The blood sample was spun in a centrifuge for 5 minutes, after

spinning the serum was separated carefully into a clean test tube by the use of

Pasteur pipette and then test strip was immersed vertically into the serum for 10

minutes. The observation was taken after 10mins.

Result: Appearance of a line at the Control region and another at the Test indicates

positive result, while an appearance of a line at the Control region only, indicates

negative result. When there is no appearance of any line, means the test in invalid

and as to be redone using new kits

25
4.6 Culturing of specimen

This is process is aimed at the identification and isolation of microorganism

causing different infections and diseases. The media which is the nutrient for this

26
growth to take place in this section is Blood agar, Chocolate agar, Cysteine lysine

electrolyte deficiency (CLED), MacConkey agar and Deoxychocolate agar.

They give room for favorable environment for the organism to grow if

inoculate and incubated.

4.6.1 General procedure for culturing

1. Wire loop is sterilized by heating in the Bunsen burner flame till it is red hot.

Wave in the air to cool.

2. A loop full of the specimen is inoculated unto an already prepared media in

a culture plate.

3. The culture plate is incubated aerobically at 37OC for 24 hours.

4. Culture plate is ready for bacterial growth

5. If growth occurs, sensitivity test is done to determine which antibiotic would

be effective in the treatment of the infection.

4.7 Urine culture M/C/S

Urine culture test involves the inoculations of urine samples into a culture

media so as to isolate or identify pathogenic microbes. Urine culture is requiring if

the urine contain bacterial cell. This is usually done to identify and isolate the

presence of organism causing Urinary Tract Infection (UTI).

NB: early morning urine is the best suited for microscopy, culture with

biochemical analysis and sensitivity that is because it is the most concentrated.

27
Possible bacteria to grow in urine culture include Streptococcus spp.,

Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli.

4.7.1 Materials required

 Sterile universal container

 Urine sample

 Wire loop

 Culture media (CLED or chocolate agar)

 Bunsen burner

 Incubator

4.7.2 Procedure

1. Close all open doors and windows so as to avoid contaminating the

environment.

28
2. Do not talk or eat while carrying out these procedure

3. Light the bunsen burner and sterilize the wire loop till red hot, wave in the

air to cool. Note: very hot wire loop immersed into the urine sample will kill

the bacteria and alter the result

4. Harmonize the urine sample by inverting severally to remix the settled

sediments with the supernatant.

5. Dip the sterilized wire loop into the urine sample container so as to collect a

portion of the urine sample.

6. Inoculate the urine sample collected with the wire loop into the culture

media by streaking. The media used is CLED or chocolate agar

7. Reflame the wire loop till red hot for sterilization

8. Place the Petri dish in the incubator to incubate aerobically for 24 hours at

37OC. Make sure to invert the Petri dish.

9. Check for growth after 24 hours of incubation.

10.Identify the microbial growth on the plate. After 24 hours of incubation,

there may be growth of Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus aureus or Enterococcus sp.

11.If any is identified, biochemical test is carried out as a confirmatory result

29
4.8 Urine microscopy

Urine microscopy involves the use of microscope to evaluate compositions

of sample which cannot be seen with the naked eye.

4.8.1 Procedure

1. Pour 5ml of the urine sample into a test tube making sure to harmonize it.

2. Centrifuge the urine by spinning for about 5 minutes

3. Pour off the supernatant leaving the sediment

4. Using a clean sterile pipette, place a drop or two of the urine sample on a

clean grease free slide, cover with a cover slip and place on the microscope

stage for viewing using X10 and X40 objective lens.

4.9 Stool M/C/S

This is done to identify some pathogenic microorganism in the stool. They

include the enteropathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and

Shigella sp.

4.9.1 Materials required

 Microscope

 Stool sample

 Normal saline

 Glass slide and cover slip

 Bunsen burner

30
  Wire loop

 Applicator

 Culture media

 Incubator

 Pipette

4.9.2 Procedure

1. Using a pastuer pipette, drop 1-2 drops of normal saline on a clean grease

free slide.

2. Using an applicator, collect a tiny portion of the stool and drop on the

normal saline.

31
 3. Rub till it becomes homogenous making a stool smear.

4. Place a cover slip on the stool smear, place on the microscope and view.

Observation may be hook worm egg, Chilomastic masnti, cyst, Curdis lamblia.

4.10 Urethral swab M/C/S

The aim of urethral swab test is to detect pathogenic organisms like T. vaginalis

and Neisseria gonorrhea that possibly lines the urethral of males.

4.10 .1 Materials required

 Swab stick

 Urethral sample

 Microscope

 Normal saline

 Nutrient agar

 Wire loop

 Bunsen burner

 Culture media (CLED or Chocolate agar)

 Slide

 Cover slip

4.10.2 Procedure

4.10.2.1Collection of sample

1. Wearing a glove, massage patients penis till it becomes erect.

32
 2. Support patient’s genital organ by holding it straight to ensure better

insertion of swab stick.

3. Using a labeled swab stick, insert same through the opening in the penis

head using a rotator pattern till the swab stick cotton is wet.

4. Place swab stick back in the container.

4.10.2.2 Culturing

1. Using either CLED or Chocolate agar, streak the swab stick containing the

specimen on the culture media.

2. Invent the Petri dish and incubate aerobically for CLED and anaerobically

for Chocolate agar for 24 hours.

4.10.2.3 Sensitivity

After 24 hours of incubation and growth identified, sensitivity test is done.

1. Using a nutrient agar

2. Using a sterilized wire loop, pick a colony of the bacterial growth

3. Streak it on nutrient agar.

4. Place either gram negative or positive on the nutrient agar and incubate,

inverted for 24 hours at 37OC.

4.11 High vaginal swab M/C/S

The aim of this test is to detect pathogenic microorganisms like Trichomonas

vaginalis and Candida albican

33
4.11.1Materials required

 Swab stick

 Speculum

 Patient’s vaginal sample

 Microscope

 Bunsen burner

 Culture media

4.11.2Procedure

COLLECTION OF SAMPLE

1. Let patient lie down on a raised plat form with knees raised above ground

level.

2. Insert the speculum into the vagina vertically, then turn sideways, using the

thumb hinges, open wider for easier collection of specimen.

34
Speculum

3. Passing through the upper and lower blade, insert the swab stick in a rotator

pattern till swab stick cotton is wet all the while not talking to avoid been

contaminated or to contaminate the swab stick.

4. Put the swab stick containing specimen into the swab stick tube.

CULTURING

1. Using either chocolate agar or CLED agar, streaks the swab stick containing

the specimen.

2. Incubate anaerobically and aerobically respectively for 24 hours in an

incubator.

35
MICROSCOPY

1. Dip the already collected swab into a sterile test tube containing about 3mls

of normal saline.

2. All swab to absorb the normal saline for few minutes.

3. Place a few drops of the absorbed normal saline of a glass slide and cover

with a cover slip.

4. Examine under X10 and X40 objective lenses.

NB: wet mounts

SENSITIVITY

Sensitivity test is carried out when bacterial growth is identified.

4.12 Sensitivity test

This test is aimed at distinguishing the particular antibiotic (drug) that is best suited

to cure a particular bacterial infection. This test is usually carried out after

36
culturing or subculturing. The growth or colony is inoculated unto another media

usually nutrient agar. There are two disc used for the sensitivity test. They are;

gram negative and Gram positive disc. This test is aimed at identifying which

antimicrobial drug the organism will be sufficiently sensitive or resistant to before

applying its actual treatment on the patient. Here are some antibiotics drugs

embedded in the multiple and single sensitivity disc.

 Nitrofuration (NIT)

 Clotrimazole (COT)

 Oflo-OD (Ofloxacin)

 Erythromycin (ERY)

 Chloramphenicol (CHL)

 Augumentin (AUG)

 Ciprofloxacin (CPX)

 Tetracycline (TET)

 Amoxicillin (AMX)

 Gentamycin (GEN)

 Nalidixic acid (NAL)

 Septrin (SEP)

 Ceftriaxone (CPX)

 Cloxacillin (CXC)

37
4.12.1 Materials required

 Wire loop

 Bunsen burner

 Sensitivity disc

 Forceps

 Nutrient agar

 Bacterial growth

 Incubator

4.12.2 Procedure

1. Using a sterilized wire loop by passing through the Bunsen burner flame till

red hot, collect a colony of the bacterial growth.

2. Streak it unto the nutrient agar medium.

3. Using the sterile wire loop, spread the colony in the medium.

4. Place the particular sensitivity (Gram –ve ot +ve) disc inside the medium.

5. Incubate for 24 hours at 37OC.

6. Observe the plate after 24 hours to note sensitivity disc plate.

4.12.3 Result

Clear zone of inhibition----------------------sensitive

No clear zone of inhibition------------------resistant

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An organism is said to be sensitive to a particular antibiotics if it has a clear zone

of inhibition, that is to say that antibiotics is capable of inhibiting the growth of

that organism. But if resistant, that means that the organism can survive under such

antibiotics.

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 Chapter five

5.1 Laboratory rules and regulation

 Always wear protective such as laboratory coat, hand gloves when carrying

out any work and safety goggles when carrying hazardous tests.

 Always label samples brought into the laboratory by writing of the patient’s

name, test to be run and the laboratory reference number on the sticker on

the specimen container. Register it with the receptionist and also into the

laboratory registration book before processing.

 Do not eat, drink, smoke, nor chew gum in the laboratory

 Do not store any edible in the same refrigerator where blood bag specimens

and reagents are preserved.

 Always wash hand with soap and water before and after work each day.

 Do not wear long hair, nails and eye lashes in the laboratory so as not to dip

the hair in chemicals accidently, carry and handle specimen properly and to

be able to view the microscope properly.

 Do not wear loose ornaments in the laboratory like necklaces, ring, bracelet

e.t.c

 Do not mouth pipette any chemical or specimen, always use a pipette.

 Do not inhale any chemical or substances.

 Always keep work area clean and free of any hazardous substances.

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 Identify with each and every chemical, reagent and specimen in the

laboratory to avoid hazards.

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 Chapter six

6.1 Relevance of SIWES program

1. Preparing students for the working situation they are to meet after graduation

2. The program provides an avenue for students in the institution of higher

learning to acquire industrial skills and experience in their courses of study

3. It exposes students to working methods and techniques in handling

equipment and machinery that may not be available in educational

institutions

4. The program provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge

in real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theoretical school

work and actual practice

5. It makes for smooth transition of students for school to industrial world, and

thus enhances student’s contacts for job placement after graduation.

6.2 Problems encountered

1. Finding a place for the program

2. Distance from house to place of work

3. Lack of transportation.

6.3 Recommendations

In the course of this report, i will like to recommend the following;

 Adequate facilities should be improved to ensure proper training of students.

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  Industries and companies should be enlightened on the need for SIWES

program for easy absorption of students

 Students should be paid by establishment where thry undergo their industrial

training.

 The university based supervisors should ensure they visit their students in

their place of attachment to supervise and ensure they are learning.

On this note, I would say the program have helped expose me to my course of

study and also to the working environment. I advocate that the industrial training

program should be encouraged.

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