File_1

SA-Testing
 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, inductance (L) = 1 H
Test Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kA)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
MOVvolts
35.0M
30.0M
25.0M
20.0M
y (kV)

15.0M
10.0M
5.0M
0.0
-5.0M

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, inductance (L) = 5 H.
Test Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kA)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
MOVvolts
35.0M
30.0M
25.0M
20.0M
y (kV)

15.0M
10.0M
5.0M
0.0
-5.0M
 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, inductance (L) = 10 H.
Test Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kA)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
MOVvolts
35.0M
30.0M
25.0M
20.0M
y (kV)

15.0M
10.0M
5.0M
0.0
-5.0M

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, inductance (L) = 20 H.
Test Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kA)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
MOVvolts
35.0M
30.0M
25.0M
20.0M
y (kV)

15.0M
10.0M
5.0M
0.0
-5.0M
 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, inductance (L) = 50 H.
Test Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kA)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
MOVvolts
1.8G
1.6G
1.4G
1.2G
1.0G
y (kV)

0.8G
0.6G
0.4G
0.2G
0.0
-0.2G

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, inductance (L) = 100 H.
MOVvolts
3.5G
3.0G
2.5G
2.0G
y (kV)

1.5G
1.0G
0.5G
0.0
-0.5G
Test Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kA)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
 Inductance(µH 0.0001 0.00005 0.00002 0.00001 0.000005 0.000001
)
Impulse 38589432.8 2178354.45 1170001.15 833883.381 665824.497 537593.222
Voltage(V)

It can be noticed that by increasing the circuit inductance the impulse voltage increases by the equation :

V=32.07131L+505.468
 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 50A.
Test Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kA)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
MOVvolts
4.0k
3.5k
3.0k
2.5k
y (kV)

2.0k
1.5k
1.0k
0.5k
0.0

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 70A
Test Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kA)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
MOVvolts
4.0k
3.5k
3.0k
2.5k
y (kV)

2.0k
1.5k
1.0k
0.5k
0.0
 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 90A
Test Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kA)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
MOVvolts
4.0k
3.5k
3.0k
2.5k
y (kV)

2.0k
1.5k
1.0k
0.5k
0.0

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 100A.
Test Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kA)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

MOVvolts
4.0k
3.5k
3.0k
2.5k
y (kV)

2.0k
1.5k
1.0k
0.5k
0.0
 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 300A.
Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 700A.
Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0
 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 800A.
Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 900A.
 Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs,
circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 1 KA.
Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 2 KA.
 Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0
 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 4 KA.
Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 6 KA.
 Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs,
circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 7 KA.
Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 9 KA.
 Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0
 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 10 KA.
Test Current
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
y (kA)

10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
MOVvolts
8.0k
7.0k
6.0k
5.0k
y (kV)

4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 12 KA.
Test Current
100
90
80
70
60
y (kA)

50
40
30
20
10
0
MOVvolts
40.0k
35.0k
30.0k
25.0k
y (kV)

20.0k
15.0k
10.0k
5.0k
0.0

.
 impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 18 KA.
Test Current
100
90
80
70
60
y (kA)

50
40
30
20
10
0
MOVvolts
40.0k
35.0k
30.0k
25.0k
y (kV)

20.0k
15.0k
10.0k
5.0k
0.0

impulse currents of 1.2/50 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 20 KA.
Test Current
100
90
80
70
60
y (kA)

50
40
30
20
10
0
MOVvolts
40.0k
35.0k
30.0k
25.0k
y (kV)

20.0k
15.0k
10.0k
5.0k
0.0
 I(KA) 19.5992 14.6994 9.7996 4.8998
Impulse 557.1822 531.5945 503.1239 446.1148
Voltage(KV)

It can be noticed that by increasing the input current the impulse voltage Increases by the equation
I=KV^α

I: the peak input current

V: the impulse voltage

K,α: constants

From data on the graph by using mathematics the result equation will be

I=1.223*10^(-16)V^6.2637
 impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, circuit inductance (L) 1 H.
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k

impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, circuit inductance (L) 5 H.
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
600.000k
500.000k
400.000k
y (kV)

300.000k
200.000k
100.000k
0.000
-100.000k
 impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, circuit inductance (L) 10 H
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
1.2M
1.0M
0.8M
0.6M
y (kV)

0.4M
0.2M
0.0
-0.2M
 impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, circuit inductance (L) 20 H.
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
2.3M
2.0M
1.8M
1.5M
1.3M
y (kV)

1.0M
0.8M
0.5M
0.3M
0.0
-0.3M

impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, circuit inductance (L) 50 H
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
6.0M
5.0M
4.0M
y (kV)

3.0M
2.0M
1.0M
0.0
-1.0M
 impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, input current constant at 10 kA, circuit inductance (L) 100 H.
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
12.0M
10.0M
8.0M
y (kV)

6.0M
4.0M
2.0M
0.0
-2.0M
 L(µH) 0.0001 0.00005 0.00002 0.00001 0.000005 0.000001
V(KV) 402.882 400.9851 399.8829 399.5155 399.33178 399.18482

It can be noticed that by increasing the circuit inductance the impulse voltage increases by the equation :

V=0.036L+399.1848
 impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 10 A

Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k

impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 40 A
 Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k

impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 90 A
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k

impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 400 A
 Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k

impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 700 A
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k

impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 1KA.
 Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k

impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 3 kA
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k

impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 8 kA
 Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k

impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 10 kA
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k
 impulse currents of 300/1000 µs, circuit inductance (L) from 1 H, input current 20 kA
Test Current
2.50

2.00

1.50
y (kA)

1.00

0.50

0.00
MOVvolts
120.00k
100.00k
80.00k
y (kV)

60.00k
40.00k
20.00k
0.00
-20.00k

I(KA) 11.2035 8.4026 5.6018 2.8008

Impulse 456.4482 443.2888 423.7582 402.7774
Voltage(KV)
It can be noticed that by increasing the input current the impulse voltage increases by the equation:

I=KV^α

I:The peak input current

V:the impulse voltage

K,α: constants

From data on the graph by using mathematics the result equation will be:

I=8.9725*10^(-29)V^10.9466

File_2
SA-Location
the value of the termination resistance of the far-end of the overhead
line for all phases to be 350 ohm
At position (A):
At length of the station bus as 10m
 TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

At length of the station bus as 12m

 TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
 At length of the station bus as 14m
TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0

At length of the station bus as 16m

 TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0

At length of the station bus as 18m

 TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0

At length of the station bus as 20m

 TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0

Conclusion for the relation between the voltage at the end of

transformer and the length of station
 Length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station in
(m)
TFR 833.6813 847.4878 855.218 859.3587 862.1019 864.7453
Volts in (KV)

By increasing the length of station, the maximum voltage at the end of

transformer increases and that from the equation:
VTRF= Vp + 2δv *( x/u) + LSi
Vp: the protection level of surge arrester (KV).
δv: the front steepness of overvoltage (KV/µs).
x: the distance between the surge arrester and the station (m).
u: the speed of light (300m/µs).
L: the inductance of surge arrester.
Si: the steepness of surge current impulse.
So the above equation shows that (VTRF α x).
 the value of the termination resistance of the far-end of the overhead
line for all phases to be 35  instead of 350 .
At length of the station bus as 10m
TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 12m
TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 14m
TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
At length of the station bus as 16m
TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 18m
TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 20m
TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
Conclusion for the relation between the maximum current of arrester
and the length of station:
length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station (m)
Arrester 15.0234 14.9014 14.7462 14.4371 14.0783 13.8458
current(KA

The above graph show that the maximum arrester current is inversely
proportional to the length of the station due to the reflection of wave.
 the value of the termination resistance of the far-end of the overhead
line for all phases to be 1  instead of 350 .
At length of the station bus as 10m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 12m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 14m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 16m
Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 18m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 20m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

900
800
y (kV,kV )

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
12.0

10.0

8.0
y (kA)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0
Conclusion for the relation between the maximum bus voltage and
the length of station:
length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station (m)
Bus volts 623.768 635.0834 632.2618 628.6248 623.9909 617.9894

The above graph shows that the maximum bus voltage increases from station
length = 10m to 12m after that the voltage bus decreases.
So therefore, it can be said that there are two regions:
The first region from 10m to 12m
The length of station directly proportional to the bus voltage.
The first region from 12m to 20m
The length of station inversely proportional to the bus voltage.

Conclusions for the current through the arrester and the incident
current:
The maximum current at the surge Arrester =15.0234KA
And the maximum lighitining current = 9.9958KA
This naturally occurs due to the presence of the doubling effect; the
surge wave is doubled because the end of line will be open circuit and
the surge Arrester current is higher than the lightning current.
The maximum voltage at the end of transformer = 833.681KV, and the
maximum voltage of the bus =632.7680KV .
So the voltage at the end of transformer is higher than the voltage of
bus because of the reflection wave.
There are charges on the line that lead to an increase in the current of
surge arrester.
 the value of the termination resistance of the far-end of the overhead
line for all phases to be 350 ohm.
At position (B):
At length of the station bus as 10m
TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
1.4k

1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k

0.8k

0.6k

0.4k

0.2k

0.0
 Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0

At length of the station bus as 12m

TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
1.4k

1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k

0.8k

0.6k

0.4k

0.2k

0.0
 Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0

At length of the station bus as 14m

TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
 Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
1.4k

1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k

0.8k

0.6k

0.4k

0.2k

0.0

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0

At length of the station bus as 16m

 TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
1.4k
y (kV,kV )

1.2k

1.0k

0.8k

0.6k

0.4k

0.2k

0.0

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 18m
TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k
y (kV,kV )

1.2k

1.0k

0.8k

0.6k

0.4k

0.2k

0.0

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 20m
TL End
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
y (kV)

0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k

1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k

0.8k

0.6k

0.4k

0.2k

0.0

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
Conclusions for the current through the arrester and the incident
current:
The maximum current at the surge Arrester =11.7449877KA
And the maximum lighitining current = 9.9958KA
This naturally occurs due to the presence of the doubling effect; the
surge wave is doubled because the end of line will be open circuit and
the surge Arrester current is higher than the lightning current.

Conclusion for the relation between the voltage at the end of

transformer and the length of station:
Length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station in
(m)

TFR Volts 65617.6 65657.9 663443 666345.5 668986.5 671261.4

in (KV)
By increasing the length of station, the maximum voltage at the end of
transformer increases and that from the equation:
VTRF= Vp + 2δv *( x/u) + LSi
Vp: the protection level of surge arrester (KV).
δv: the front steepness of overvoltage (KV/µs).
x: the distance between the surge arrester and the station (m).
u: the speed of light (300m/µs).
L: the inductance of surge arrester.
Si: the steepness of surge current impulse.
So the above equation shows that (VTRF α x)
Conclusion for the relation between the maximum current of arrester
and the length of station:
length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station (m)
Arrester 11744.9 11829.8 11864.6 11892.6 11925.3 11958.8
current(KA
)

the above graph shows that the maximum arrester current direct
proportional to the station length, In contrast to the current at position
(A), which was inversely proportional to the station length.
Conclusion for the relation between the maximum bus voltage and
the length of station:
length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station (m)

Bus volts 799.1544 812.7383 821.9127 831.8709 831.8709 862.073

the above graph shows that the maximum bus voltage is direct
proportional to the station length
In contrast to point( A), there were two reigons in which the proportion
of maximum bus voltage to length differed.
 the value of the termination resistance of the far-end of the overhead
line for all phases to be 35  instead of 350 .
At length of the station bus as 10m
TL End
250

200
y (kV)

150

100

50

0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 12m
TL End
250

200
y (kV)

150

100

50

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 14m
TL End
250

200
y (kV)

150

100

50

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 16m
TL End
250

200
y (kV)

150

100

50

0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 18m
TL End
250

200
y (kV)

150

100

50

0
Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts
1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
 At length of the station bus as 20m
TL End
250

200
y (kV)

150

100

50

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
Conclusions for the current through the arrester and the incident
current:
The maximum current at the surge Arrester =11.7449877KA
And the maximum lighitining current = 9.9958KA
This naturally occurs due to the presence of the doubling effect; the
surge wave is doubled because the end of line will be open circuit and
the surge Arrester current is higher than the lightning current.

Conclusion for the relation between the voltage at the end of

transformer and the length of station:

Length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station in
(m)
TFR Volts 656171.6 656957.9 663443 666345.5 668986.5 671261.4
in (KV)
By increasing the length of station, the maximum voltage at the end of
transformer increases and that from the equation:
VTRF= Vp + 2δv *( x/u) + LSi
Vp: the protection level of surge arrester (KV).
δv: the front steepness of overvoltage (KV/µs).
x: the distance between the surge arrester and the station (m).
u: the speed of light (300m/µs).
L: the inductance of surge arrester.
Si: the steepness of surge current impulse.
So the above equation shows that (VTRF αL)
Conclusion for the relation between the maximum current of arrester
and the length of station:
length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station (m)

Arrester 11744.9 11829.8 11864.6 11892.6 11925.3 11958.8

current(KA
)

the above graph shows that the maximum arrester current direct
proportional to the station length, In contrast to the current at position(
A), which was inversely proportional to the station length.
Conclusion for the relation between the maximum bus voltage and
the length of station:
length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station
(m)

Bus volts 799.1544 812.7383 821.9127 831.8709 831.8709 862.073

the above graph shows that the maximum bus voltage is direct
proportional to the station length
In contrast to point( A), there were two reigons in which the proportion
of maximum bus voltage to length differed.
 the value of the termination resistance of the far-end of the overhead
line for all phases to be 1  instead of 350 .
At length of the station bus as 10m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k
-0.4k

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
 At length of the station bus as 12m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k
-0.4k

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
 At length of the station bus as 14m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k
-0.4k

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
 At length of the station bus as 16m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k
-0.4k

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
 At length of the station bus as 18m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k
-0.4k

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
 At length of the station bus as 20m
TL End
8.0
7.0
6.0
y (kV)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Bus Volts @ 10m TFR Volts

1.4k
1.2k
y (kV,kV )

1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k
-0.4k

Arr Current
14.0
12.0
10.0
y (kA)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0

Lightning Current
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
y (kA)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Conclusions for the current through the arrester and the incident
current:
The maximum current at the surge Arrester =11.7449877KA
And the maximum lighitining current = 9.9958KA
This naturally occurs due to the presence of the doubling effect; the
surge wave is doubled because the end of line will be open circuit and
the surge Arrester current is higher than the lightning current.

Conclusion for the relation between the voltage at the end of

transformer and the length of station:
Length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station in
(m)
TFR Volts 656171.6 656957.9 663443 666345.5 668986.5 671261.4
in (KV)
By increasing the length of station, the maximum voltage at the end of
transformer increases and that from the equation:
VTRF= Vp + 2δv *( x/u) + LSi
Vp: the protection level of surge arrester (KV).
δv: the front steepness of overvoltage (KV/µs).
x: the distance between the surge arrester and the station (m).
u: the speed of light (300m/µs).
L: the inductance of surge arrester.
Si: the steepness of surge current impulse.
So the above equation shows that (VTRF α x).
Conclusion for the relation between the maximum current of arrester
and the length of station:
length of 10 12 14 16 18 20
station
(m)

Arrester 11744.9 11829.8 11864.6 11892.6 11925.3 11958.8

current(KA

the above graph shows that the maximum arrester current direct
proportional to the station length, In contrast to the current at position
(A), which was inversely proportional to the station length.

Conclusion for the relation between the maximum bus voltage

and the length of station:
length 10 12 14 16 18 20
of
statio
n (m)
Bus 799.154 812.738 821.912 831.870 831.870 862.07
volts 4 3 7 9 9 3

the above graph shows that the maximum bus voltage is direct
proportional to the station length
In contrast to point( A), there were two reigons in which the proportion
of maximum bus voltage to length differed

File_3
Reflection
At R=1 M.Ohm Const

permeability=1 const

permittivity=0.01 const

At L Varying

At L=1
At L=1.5
At L=2

At L=2.5
At L=3
At L=3.5

At L=4
At L=4.5

At L=5
L(KM) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

E2(MV 4439166.25 2941466.4 2189648.34 1766203.48 1467929.29 1255205.44 1118987.22 966658.64 875963.937
)
T 0.000559 0.000531 0.000547 0.000672 0.00077 0.0008986 0.0009594 0.000993 0.0009587

Const permeability=1 , const permittivity =0.01

Ia=9930.02694181 Always constant

Ia Still the constant and Ea2 changed decreasing and transit time increasing.

R=1 M.Ohm

Length=3 const
permeability=1 const

permittivity Varying

Permittivity=1
Permittivity=1.5

Permittivity=2
Permittivity=2.5

Permittivity=3
Permittivity=3.5
Permittivity=4

Permittivity=4.5
Permittivity=5
Pv 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
E2(V 14332.10 1436095.1 1442764.5 1443517.1 1441343.8 1447054.0 1439725.57 1435008.3 1444918.4
) 8 3 8 4 7 5 8 2 8
T 0.000733 0.0006711 0.000711 0.00070 0.000727 0.000879 0.000774 0.000758 0.0007769
6
Const L=3 , Pl=1
 Ia Still the constant and Ea2, transit time changed

R=1 M.Ohm

Length=3 const

permeability=1 to 10 step 1

permittivity=0.01 const

permeability=2
permeability=3
permeability=4

permeability=5
permeability=6
permeability=7

permeability=8
permeability=9
 permeability=10

X-AXIS PERMEABILITY Y-AXIS E2 &T

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1467929. 1436635.4 1452100.51 1450516.3 1445169.97 1442339.45 1469580.08 1435936 1438340.8 1432105.7
3
0.000769 0.00075 0.00075 0.000680 0.0006911 0.0008101 0.0008101 0.000672 0.000846 0.000647

Constant L=3m , permittivity=0.01

-Ea2 the value range with an increase until reached the middle of the value range

-transit time changes slight until teaches its maximum height then returns to its previous condition
state .
R=1 Ohm const

Length=1 to 5 step 0.5

permeability=1 const

permittivity=0.01 const

Length=1.5
Length=2
Length=2.5

Length=3
Length=3.5
Length=4

Length=4.5
Length=5
lengt 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
h
E_2 217112 217112. 217112 217112. 217112.4 217112 217112 217112 217112.
.476 47637 .476 47637 76372 .476 .476 .476 47632
Trans 9.982 9.788 9.8986 9.5392 9.429 9.9263 9.37 9.9816 9.871
ient
time
 Ea2 Max is not change and transient time changed

R=1 Ohm const

Length=3 const

permeability=1 const

permittivity=1 to 5 step 0.5

permittivity=1.5

permittivity=2
permittivity=2.5
Permittivity=3

Permittivity=3.5
Permittivity=4
Permittivity=4.5
Permittivity=5

permitti 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

vity
E_2 217174 217296 217425. 217411 217395. 217377 217360 217252. 217239
.98 .78 957 .83 185 .85 .88 309 .45
Transien 9.677 9.867 9.207 8.7926 9.2074 8.876 8.903 9.0968 9.6774
t time 1
.Current still const and Ea2 decrease with increase permittivity

R is const at 1 ohm

Length=3 const

permeability=1 to 10 step 1

permittivity=0.01const
permeability=2

permeability=4
permeability=5
permeability=6
permeability=7
permeability=8

permeability=9
permeability=10
perem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ability
E_2 21726 21726 217280.1 21716 21718 21720 21721 21722 21722 21723
8.038 2.957 63331 3.99 9.08 4.54 4.623 1.85 7.614 2.649
Transie 9.1244 9.484 9.515 9.566 9.566 9.677 9.6774 9.096 9.4009 9.453
nt time 8 8 8
Current still const and Ea2 decrese with the permeability increase.