2 Ind Data Co MMs

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Unit 2
A. Julsereewong
 ISO/OSI Reference Model

o OSI Network Reference Model
o Encapsulation/De-encapsulation
o Examples of Using OSI Reference Model for Analyzing
Frameworks of Industrial Network Technologies
 FF H1 Technology
 HART Technology
01066561 Industrial Data Communications

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Learning Outcomes of Study Unit 2

A. Julsereewong
After completing this study unit, students will be able to

1. Explain ‘Why is the OSI model important?’.
2. List seven layers of the OSI model.
3. Explain the conceptual framework of each layer of the
OSI model.
4. List examples of protocols related to each layer of the
OSI model.
5. Differentiate between ‘service’ and ‘protocol’.
6. Use the OSI model to analyze frameworks of major
industrial network technologies (FF and HART).
3
OSI Network Reference Model

A. Julsereewong
ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994
Information Technology– Open
Systems Interconnection – Basic
Reference model
• Useful in providing a common basis

for the coordination of standards
development for the purpose of
systems interconnection.
• The model identifies areas for
developing or improving standards.
• This model does not intend to serve
as an implementation specification.

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ISO/OSI Model
A. Julsereewong
Sender Receiver
Transmission Medium
Source: B. A. Forouzan Data Communications and Networking, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill. 01066561 Industrial Data Communications
5
ISO/OSI Model - Physical

A. Julsereewong
Physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits

from one hop (node) to the next.
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ISO/OSI Model - Physical

A. Julsereewong
The physical layer is also known as Layer 1.

 Physical layer is responsible for the establishment, maintenance,
and termination of physical connections between communication
devices (all hardware specification data).
 The physical layer transmits and receives a stream of bits.
 There is no data recognition at the physical layer.
 The physical layer operation is controlled by protocols that define
the electrical, mechanical, and procedural specifications for data
transmission.
 The RS232-C specification for serial transmission is an example of
a physical layer protocol.

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ISO/OSI Model – Physical (RS232)

A. Julsereewong
Source: J. Park and S. Mackay, Practical Data Acquisition for Instrumentation and Control Systems, IDC Technologies, 2003. 01066561 Industrial Data Communications
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ISO/OSI Model – Data Link

A. Julsereewong
Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one

hop (node) to the next.
9

A. Julsereewong
The data link layer is also known as Layer 2.

 Data link layer provides reliability to the physical layer
transmission by organizing the bit stream into structured
frames which add addressing and error checking information.
 Additional information added to the front of data is called
a header, while information added to the back of data is
called a trailer.
 Data link layer protocols provide error detection, notification,
and recovery.
 Media access management: determines when the node "has
the right" to use the physical medium.
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A. Julsereewong
Hop-to-hop delivery
 Data link layer is responsible for providing protocols that deliver

reliable point-to-point (hop-to-hop) connections.
11

A. Julsereewong
12

A. Julsereewong
Error Detection
Media Access Control
Source: https://www.felser.ch/profibus-manual/mediums-zugriff.html 01066561 Industrial Data Communications

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ISO/OSI Model - Network

A. Julsereewong
Network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual

packets from the source host to the destination host.
14

A. Julsereewong
The network layer is also known as Layer 3.

 Network layer protocols are responsible for establishment,
maintenance, and termination of end-to-end network links.
 Network layer protocols are required when computers that
are not physically connected to the same LAN must
communicate.
 Routing: routes frames among networks.
 Network layer protocols are responsible for providing end-
to-end addressing schemes and for enabling inter-network
routing of network layer data packets.
Note: the term “packets” is usually associated with network layer protocols, while the term
“frames” is usually associated with data link layer protocols.
15
A. Julsereewong
Source-to-destination delivery
16
A. Julsereewong
Example: Internet Routing Protocol
Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/.
Source: https://www.javatpoint.com/rip-protocol 01066561 Industrial Data Communications

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ISO/OSI Model - Transport

A. Julsereewong
Transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message

from one process to another.
18
A. Julsereewong
Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
19
A. Julsereewong
The transport layer is also known as Layer 4.

 Transport layer protocols are responsible for providing reliability
for the end-to-end network layer connections.
 Transport layer protocols provide end-to-end error recovery and
flow control.
 Transport layer protocols also provide mechanisms for
sequentially organizing multiple network layer packets into a
coherent message.
 Transport layer protocols are supplied by a given network
operating system and most often closely with a particular
network layer protocol.
Transport/Network duo is TCP/IP in which TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
is the transport layer protocol that provides reliability services for IP (Internet
Protocol, the network layer protocol.
20
A. Julsereewong
Example: TCP and UDP Protocols
o Slower but reliable transfers o Fast but non-guarantee transfers

o Typical Applications o Typical Applications
- Email - VoIP
- Web Browsing - Music Streaming

ISO/OSI Model - Session
21
A. Julsereewong
Session layer is responsible for dialog control and

synchronization.
22
A. Julsereewong
The session layer is also known as Layer 5.

 Session layer protocols are responsible for establishing,
maintaining, and terminating a connection, called
session, between application processes running on
different devices.
 Sessions are interactive dialogues between networked
computers and are of particular importance to
distributed computing applications in a client/server
environment.
 Sessions perform security, name recognition, logging,
and so on.
23
A. Julsereewong
(2) “OK, how can you prove it?”
(3) “What can I do?”
(1) “Who are you?”
Source: http://www.zseries.in/electronics%20lab/connectors/db9/#.XUbCa-gzbIU 01066561 Industrial Data Communications

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ISO/OSI Model - Presentation

A. Julsereewong
Presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression,

and encryption.
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ISO/OSI Model - Presentation

A. Julsereewong
The presentation layer is also known as Layer 6.

 Presentation layer protocols provide an interface between
user applications and various presentation-related services
required by those applications.
 For example, data encryption/decryption protocols are
considered presentation layer protocols as are protocols that
translate between encoding schemes such as ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information Interchange) to EBCDIC
(Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code).
 Data compression: reduces the number of bits that need to be
transmitted on the network.
 Data encryption: encrypt data for security purposes. For
example, password encryption.
ISO/OSI Model - Application
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A. Julsereewong
Application layer is responsible for providing services

to the user.
ISO/OSI Model - Application
27
A. Julsereewong
The application layer is also known as Layer 7.

 Application layer serves as the window for users and
application processes to access network services.
 This layer contains a variety of commonly needed functions:
o Resource sharing and device redirection
o Remote file access
o Remote printer access
o Inter-process communication
o Network management
o Directory services
o Electronic messaging (such as mail)
o Network virtual terminals
Source: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/103884 01066561 Industrial Data Communications
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ISO/OSI Model
A. Julsereewong
Layer Description
Application 7 Network services to applications, message format
Presentation 6 Coding into 1s and 0s, encryption, compression
Session 5 Authentication, permissions, session restoration
Transport 4 Flow control across a network, end-to-end error control
Network 3 Network addressing, routing or switching

Media access procedures, flow control on physical link, error
Data Link 2
detection
Physical 1 Bit stream: physical medium, method of representing bits
Source: http://nhprice.com/what-is-ios-model-the-overall-explanation-of-ios-7-layers.html 01066561 Industrial Data Communications

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ISO/OSI Model
A. Julsereewong
Each layer covers different network activities, protocols, or

equipment.
7
Application
6 Oriented Layers
5
Intermediate
4
Layer
2 Network dependent
Layers
1

30
ISO/OSI Model
A. Julsereewong
• The lowest three layers are network dependent. They

provide support for data communication between
linking of two systems.
• The upper three layers are application oriented. They
allow the end-user application processes to interact
with each other.
• The intermediate layer (transport layer) isolates the
application-oriented layers from the communication
details at the lower layers.

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Vertical and Horizontal Communication

A. Julsereewong
Vertical Communication Horizontal (logical) Communication

(services) (protocols)
 Service provides information flows vertically between successive
layers in the same device.
 Protocol provides a logical, or virtual, communication between peer
layers on different devices.
32
ISO/OSI Model
A. Julsereewong
• The layers communicate using a logical connection

(horizontal communications) or the different layer
protocols (e.g., application protocol or session protocol),
respectively.
• Information flows vertically (vertical communications)
through the layers, which offer services to higher layers.
• A service is an operation or facility provided by protocol
layer N to the layer N+1 above it.
• A protocol is an algorithm operating at protocol layer N
that uses services provided by layer N-1 to implement a
style of communication.
33
ISO/OSI Model
A. Julsereewong
Layer Build Up as Blocks
Application-
End-to-end oriented
protocols protocols
Transport-
Point-to-point oriented
protocols protocols
Transport-oriented protocols do not process payload data, while

application-oriented protocols depend on the according application.

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Point-to-Point vs. End-to-End

A. Julsereewong
• Point to Point - One direct connection
• End to End - A connection with something in

the middle

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Point-to-Point vs. End-to-End

A. Julsereewong
• A point-to-point connection is a dedicated communication

link between two systems or processes. Think of a wire that
directly connects two systems. The systems use that wire
exclusively to communicate.
• An end-to-end connection refers to a connection between
two systems across a switched network. For example, the
Internet is made up of a mesh of routers. Packets follow a
hop-by-hop path from one router to the next to reach their
destinations. Each hop consists of a physical point-to-point
link between routers. Therefore, a routed path consists of
multiple point-to-point links.

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Encapsulation/De-encapsulation
A. Julsereewong
 The process of moving data

between layers of the OSI
Model
o Encapsulation:
Data > segment > packet >
frame > bits
o De-encapsulation:
Bits > frame > packet >
segment > data

37
Encapsulation/De-encapsulation
A. Julsereewong
• Data are encapsulated with protocol information at each

layer when it is transmitted across a network.
• Data de-encapsulation takes place at receiver side. The
receiver host receives the data in encapsulated form
(data is including different headers from each layer of the
sender).

38
ISO/OSI Model
A. Julsereewong
39
Review Questions?
A. Julsereewong
Match the items on the right with the items on the left.
____ Physical a. Physical medium options can be used
____ Data Link b. Routing: routes frames among networks
c. Media access management: determines
____ Network when the node "has the right" to use the
____ Transport physical medium
____ Session d. Message segmentation
e. The window for users and application
____ Presentation
processes to access network services
____ Application f. Data encryption
g. Allowing two application processes on
different machines to establish, use and
terminate a connection
40
Foundation Fieldbus (FF) Technology

A. Julsereewong

41
Foundation Fieldbus (FF) Technology

A. Julsereewong
FF HSE uses the same application and user layers as FF

H1 and so completely interoperates with it.
H1 HSE
Source: https://fieldcommgroup.org/ 01066561 Industrial Data Communications
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FF H1 Model vs. ISO/OSI Model

A. Julsereewong
Source: Foundation Fieldbus, Guide to Implementing Foundation H1 Field Devices, 2014. 01066561 Industrial Data Communications
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H1 Frame Construction
A. Julsereewong
Approximate number of
eight bit “octets” used for
each layer to transfer the
User data.
* Protocol Control Information

** Protocol Data Unit
*** There may be more than one octet of preamble of preamble if repeaters are used
Source: Fieldbus Foundation, Technical Overview, 2003. 01066561 Industrial Data Communications
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H1 Physical Layer
A. Julsereewong
A fieldbus communication controller (IEC-61158-2
chip) performs the signal encoding and decoding, as
well as many other functions.
Clock
Data
Mancherter
Biphase-L
Encoding
45
H1 Data Link Layer

A. Julsereewong
Located in
Located in
Valve
Flow Transmitter
o To control the bus access

 Scheduled Data Transfer (foreground traffic)
 Unscheduled Data Transfer (background traffic)
o To maintain the List of devices that need access to the bus.
o To keep the network (segment) time.
46
H1 Application Layer-FAS
A. Julsereewong
H1 Fieldbus Communication Relationships

o The FAS uses the scheduled and
unscheduled features of the Data Link
Layer to provide a service for the
Fieldbus Message Specification (FMS).
o Types of FAS services are described by
Virtual Communication Relationships
(VCRs).
47
Three Types of VCRs

A. Julsereewong
Send Transmitter PV to PID

control block on another
device
Unconfirmed/Unscheduled
Confirmed/Unscheduled Unconfirmed/Scheduled
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Example of VCR Types for Fieldbus Device

A. Julsereewong

49
H1 Application Layer-FMS
A. Julsereewong
o FMS describes the communication services, message

formats, and protocol behavior needed to build messages
for the User Application.
50
FMS – Communication Services

A. Julsereewong
Context Management Services

• The following FMS services are used to establish and release VCRs
with, and determine the status of a VFD.
51
H1 User Layer
A. Julsereewong
User Application VFD
o Fieldbus Foundation has defined a standard User Application

based on “Blocks.”
o Blocks are representations of different types of application
functions.
52
H1 User Layer
A. Julsereewong
Source: Foundation Fieldbus, Guide to Implementing Foundation H1 Field Devices, 2014. 01066561 Industrial Data Communications
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HART Technology
A. Julsereewong

54
HART Technology
A. Julsereewong
OSI Model Previous HART Revisions HART Revision 7

55
HART Physical Layer

A. Julsereewong
• HART Physical Layer is based

on the Bell 202 standard, using
frequency shift keying (FSK) to
communicate at 1200 bps.
• The signal frequencies
representing bit values of 0
and 1 are 2,200 and 1,200 Hz
respectively. This signal is
superimposed at a low level
on the 4-to-20mA analog
Note: Drawing not to scale
measurement signal without
causing any interference with
the analog signal.
56
HART Data Link Layer

A. Julsereewong
• The HART Data Link Layer defines a master-slave protocol - in

normal use, a field device only replies when it is spoken to.
• There can be two masters, for example, a control system as a
primary master and a handheld HART communicator as a
secondary master.
• Timing rules define when each master may initiate a
communication transaction. Up to 15 or more slave devices
can be connected to a single multidrop cable pair.
57
HART Data Link Layer

A. Julsereewong
• The Hart message frame is made up of nine parts.

• The response from the slave includes command response
code and field device status information that is not included
in a request message.
• Usually, there is a shot idle period between the transmission
of each character.

58
HART Network and Transport Layers

A. Julsereewong
o Network Layer provides routing, end-to-end security,

and transport services. It manages "sessions" for end-to-
end communication with correspondent devices.
o Transport Layer can be used to ensure end-end
communication is successful.

59
HART Application Layer

A. Julsereewong
• Application Layer defines the commands, responses, data

types and status reporting supported by the Protocol.
 Read Transmitter Variables
 Write Damping Value
 Write Range Value
 Set Lower Range Value
 Set Upper Range Value
 Loop Test
 Perform Self-Test
 Reset
 Input Zero Trim (Calibration)
 Write PV Units
 Current Zero Trim (Calibration)
 Current Span Trim (Calibration)
 Write Transfer Function
 Write Sensor Serial Number
Source: Emerson Automation Solutions 01066561 Industrial Data Communications

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Review Questions
A. Julsereewong
Match the items on the right with the items on the left.
____ Physical a. Data Format: Bits
____ Data Link b. Data Format: Packets
____ Network c. Reliability of point-to-point network
____ Transport connections
____ Session d. Reliability of end-to-end network
____ Presentation connections
____ Application e. Services to user applications
f. Code translation (ASCII to EBCDIC)
g. Interactive dialogue between 2 user
nodes
61
Homework (Unit 2)
A. Julsereewong
Answer the following questions to the best of your knowledge

1. Explain ‘Why is the OSI model important?’.
2. List seven layers of the OSI model.
3. Explain the conceptual framework of each layer of the
OSI model.
4. List examples of protocols related to each layer of the
OSI model.
5. Differentiate between ‘service’ and ‘protocol’.
6. Use the OSI model to analyze frameworks of major
industrial network technologies (FF and HART).

2 Ind Data Co MMs

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1

 ISO/OSI Reference Model

01066561 Industrial Data Communications

Learning Outcomes of Study Unit 2

After completing this study unit, students will be able to

OSI Network Reference Model

• Useful in providing a common basis

01066561 Industrial Data Communications

ISO/OSI Model - Physical

Physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits

ISO/OSI Model - Physical

The physical layer is also known as Layer 1.

01066561 Industrial Data Communications

ISO/OSI Model – Physical (RS232)

ISO/OSI Model – Data Link

Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one

ISO/OSI Model – Data Link

The data link layer is also known as Layer 2.

ISO/OSI Model – Data Link

 Data link layer is responsible for providing protocols that deliver

ISO/OSI Model – Data Link

ISO/OSI Model – Data Link

Media Access Control

Source: https://www.felser.ch/profibus-manual/mediums-zugriff.html 01066561 Industrial Data Communications

ISO/OSI Model - Network

Network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual

ISO/OSI Model - Network

The network layer is also known as Layer 3.

Example: Internet Routing Protocol

Source: https://www.javatpoint.com/rip-protocol 01066561 Industrial Data Communications

ISO/OSI Model - Transport

Transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message

Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

The transport layer is also known as Layer 4.

Example: TCP and UDP Protocols

o Slower but reliable transfers o Fast but non-guarantee transfers

01066561 Industrial Data Communications

Session layer is responsible for dialog control and

The session layer is also known as Layer 5.

Source: http://www.zseries.in/electronics%20lab/connectors/db9/#.XUbCa-gzbIU 01066561 Industrial Data Communications

ISO/OSI Model - Presentation

Presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression,

ISO/OSI Model - Presentation

The presentation layer is also known as Layer 6.

Application layer is responsible for providing services

The application layer is also known as Layer 7.

Presentation 6 Coding into 1s and 0s, encryption, compression

Session 5 Authentication, permissions, session restoration

Transport 4 Flow control across a network, end-to-end error control

Network 3 Network addressing, routing or switching

Source: http://nhprice.com/what-is-ios-model-the-overall-explanation-of-ios-7-layers.html 01066561 Industrial Data Communications

Each layer covers different network activities, protocols, or

01066561 Industrial Data Communications

• The lowest three layers are network dependent. They

01066561 Industrial Data Communications

Vertical and Horizontal Communication

Vertical Communication Horizontal (logical) Communication

• The layers communicate using a logical connection

Transport-oriented protocols do not process payload data, while

01066561 Industrial Data Communications

Point-to-Point vs. End-to-End

• Point to Point - One direct connection