Name : Restia Ningsih
NPM : 2110013121001
APPLIED LINGUISTICS
No. Teori Fokus
1. Behaviorism The main focus of behaviorism Here are some examples of how
is on observable behavior and behaviorism can be applied in
the external stimuli that cause the classroom:
it. Behaviorism is a learning
theory that emphasizes the role
of the environment in shaping
behavior. It is based on the idea
that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning, which is
a process of reinforcement and
punishment.
Penerapan dalam Pembelajaran
1. Reinforcement:
Teachers can use
positive reinforcement to
encourage desired
behaviors in students.
For example, praising a
student for answering a
question correctly can
reinforce that behavior
and encourage the
student to participate
more in class.
2. Punishment: Teachers
can use punishment to
discourage undesired
behaviors in students.
For example, giving a
student detention for
being disruptive in class
can discourage that
behavior and encourage
the student to behave
better in the future.
3. Practice and repetition:
Behaviorist teaching
methods tend to rely on
so-called “skill and drill”
exercises to provide the
consistent repetition
necessary for effective
reinforcement of
response patterns. This
can include things like

2. Cognitivism cognitive learning theory
focuses on the internal mental
processes involved in learning
and emphasizes the importance
of metacognition, attention,
memory, perception, and
problem-solving activities. By
understanding these factors,
educators can create effective
teaching strategies and foster
flashcards, drills, and
practice exercises.
4. Guided practice:
Teachers can use guided
practice to help students
learn new skills. This
involves breaking down
complex tasks into
smaller, more
manageable steps and
providing guidance and
feedback along the way.
5. Structured learning
environmen : Creating a
structured learning
environment can help
students focus on
learning and reduce
distractions. This can
include things like
setting clear
expectations,
establishing routines,
and providing a
consistent schedule.
Overall, behaviorism can be a
useful tool for teachers to help
students learn new skills and
behaviors. By understanding
how environmental stimuli and
consequences shape behavior,
teachers can create effective
learning environments that
encourage positive behaviors
and discourage negative ones.
Cognitive learning theory can be
applied in the classroom in
various ways. Here are some
examples:
1. Metacognition :
Teachers can encourage
metacognition by
helping students become
positive learning environments aware of their own
that enhance student thinking processes. This
engagement and learning. can involve asking
students to reflect on
their learning and
identify areas where they
need to improve.
2. Problem-solving :
Cognitive learning
theory emphasizes the
importance of problem-
solving activities in
learning. Teachers can
create opportunities for
students to engage in
problem-solving
activities that require
them to use their critical
thinking skills.
3. Active learning:
Cognitive learning
theory suggests that
students learn better
when they are actively
engaged in the learning
process. Teachers can
create opportunities for
students to participate in
hands-on activities,
group discussions, and
other interactive learning
experiences.
4. Memory strategies :
Teachers can help
students develop
memory strategies that
can help them retain
information more
effectively. This can
involve teaching
 students how to use
mnemonic devices,
visualization techniques,
and other memory aids.
5. Individualized
instruction : Cognitive
learning theory
recognizes that students
have different learning
styles and abilities.
Teachers can use this
knowledge to provide
individualized
instruction that meets the
needs of each student.
6. Overall, cognitive
learning theory can be a
useful tool for teachers to
create effective teaching
strategies and foster
positive learning
environments that
enhance student
engagement and
learning. By
understanding the
internal mental
processes involved in
learning, teachers can
help students develop
their critical thinking
skills, problem-solving
abilities, and memory
capacity.

3. Humanism Teori humanism in learning Teori humanism in learning can

focuses on the individual's be applied in the classroom in
internal experiences, emotions, various ways. Here are some
and thoughts. that focuses on
examples:
the needs and interests of each
student.
1. Student-centered
approach : Humanism
emphasizes the
importance of the
individual and their
unique experiences.
Teachers can apply this
by adopting a student-
centered approach that
focuses on the needs and
interests of each student.
2. Positive learning
environment :
Humanism emphasizes
the importance of
creating a positive
learning environment
that fosters growth and
development. Teachers
can create such an
environment by
providing positive
feedback, encouraging
creativity, and
promoting a sense of
community in the
classroom.
3. Self-directed learning :
Humanism encourages
self-directed learning,
where students take
responsibility for their
own learning. Teachers
can facilitate this by
providing opportunities
for students to explore
their interests and
passions and by
encouraging them to set
their own learning goals.
 4. Collaborative learning :
Humanism recognizes
the importance of social
interactions in learning.
Teachers can promote
collaborative learning by
providing opportunities
for students to work
together on projects and
assignments.
5. Holistic approach :
Humanism emphasizes
the importance of the
whole person, including
their emotional, social,
and intellectual
development. Teachers
can apply this by
providing opportunities
for students to develop
their emotional
intelligence, social
skills, and critical
thinking abilities.

4. Constructivism Constructivism is a learning Teori constructivism in learning

theory that suggests learners emphasizes the importance of
actively construct their own active learning and the
understanding of information construction of knowledge by
and ideas based on their the learner. Here are some
experiences and prior examples of how constructivism
knowledge. It emphasizes the can be applied in the classroom:
role of the learner in actively
engaging with new information 1. Active learning:
rather than passively receiving Constructivism
it. emphasizes the
importance of active
learning, where students
are actively engaged in
the learning process.
Teachers can create
opportunities for
students to participate in
 hands-on activities,
group discussions, and
other interactive learning
experiences.
2. Collaborative learning :
Constructivism
recognizes the
importance of social
interactions in learning.
Teachers can promote
collaborative learning by
providing opportunities
for students to work
together on projects and
assignments.
3. Real-world connections:
Constructivism
emphasizes the
importance of
connecting learning to
real-world experiences.
Teachers can create
opportunities for
students to apply their
learning to real-world
situations and problems.
4. Student-centered
approach:
Constructivism
emphasizes the
importance of the
individual and their
unique experiences.
Teachers can apply this
by adopting a student-
centered approach that
focuses on the needs and
interests of each student.
5. Reflection :
Constructivism
emphasizes the
importance of reflection
in the learning process.
Teachers can provide
opportunities for
students to reflect on

5. Second Language Second Language Acquisition
Acquisition (SLA) is a field of study that
explores how individuals
acquire a language other than
their native language. It focuses
on understanding the processes
and factors that influence the
development of proficiency in a
second language. The field
encompasses a wide range of
topics, including linguistic,
psychological, social, and
cultural aspects of language
acquisition.
their learning and
identify areas where they
need to improve.
Second language acquisition
(SLA) is the process of learning
a new language after acquiring
one's first language. Here are
some ways in which SLA can be
focused on in the classroom:
1. Language input : SLA
research suggests that
the primary factor
driving SLA is the
language input that
learners receive.
Teachers can provide
students with ample
opportunities to listen to
and interact with the
target language.
2. Interaction : SLA
research also emphasizes
the importance of social
interactions in learning.
Teachers can promote
interaction by providing
opportunities for
students to work together
on projects and
assignments, and by
encouraging them to
practice speaking the
target language with
their peers.
3. Error correction :
Teachers can provide
feedback to students on
their language use,
helping them to correct
errors and improve their
language skills.
4. Cultural competence :
SLA involves not only
learning a new language
but also learning about
 the culture associated
with that language.
Teachers can provide
opportunities for
students to learn about
the culture of the target
language, including its
customs, traditions, and
values.
5. Motivation : SLA
research suggests that
motivation is a key factor
in language learning.
Teachers can help
motivate students by
providing engaging and
relevant learning
materials, and by
creating a positive and
supportive learning
environment.