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International Conference on Energy and Electrical Power Systems (ICEEPS 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503 (2023) 012101 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012101

A Temperature Control Method of Electric Heating Furnace

Based on Fuzzy PID

Dawei Hu1a, Hengyu Liu1b, Yidong Zhu1c, Qingxin Li2d*, Jun Wang2e, Zhongrui
Zhang3f, Jiazheng Sun1g, Luyu Yang1h, Zhe Zhang1i, Jingwei Yuan3j
1
Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Co., Ltd;
2
College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University;
3
State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Supply Co., Ltd
a
hudaw@126.com, blhyat@126.com, czhu_yidong@sina.com,d*lqx991219@163.com,
e
wddream2016@syau.edu.cn, fcg@ln.sgcc.com.cn, gsunjz_ldk@163.com,
h
yangluyu_k@163.com, irzs_zz@126.com, jyjw@ln.sgcc.com.cn

Abstract—The traditional PID control method has a series of problems such as overshoot or
static error. This paper takes the electric heating furnace temperature control system as the
background, combines the fuzzy algorithm to design the fuzzy PID system, and uses the
MATLAB fuzzy control box to set up the fuzzy reasoning system and the fuzzy rule table. ,
and use the Simulink platform to build the temperature control system simulation model of
ordinary PID and fuzzy PID, and verify the influence of parameters on the system.

1. Introduction
At present, China's total carbon emissions from buildings are 1.96 billion tons, and the northern region
accounts for 25 percent of the carbon emissions from heating.The primary method of heating in
northern China is coal-burning, particularly in rural regions where the majority of households still rely
on tiny coal-fired boilers and honeycomb coal furnaces throughout the winter. Poor coal quality, low
thermal effectiveness, and severe environmental pollutants are all present.
In recent years, the "coal to electricity" has achieved remarkable achievement, but the development
still lags in winter to keep warm. In rural northern winter, heating only gets rid of the bondage of coal.
The "coal to electricity" will be truly accomplished. Based on this, a multi-energy integrated heating
system combining photothermal, photoelectric, and electric heating is proposed. However, the process
which realizes the heating temperature is the main parameter that we have to consider, but due to the
temperature characteristics, It is challenging to create a precise mathematical model. Numerous
academics have utilized various research methodologies to address this collection of temperature
control system issues. To examine and analyze the temperature control system of the capacitor hot
press, Zhang Feng[1] et al. Suggested a novel model that makes use of a fuzzy particle swarm PID
algorithm. They demonstrated that the algorithm may, to a certain extent, reduce the system's hysteria.
For study and analysis, Liu Bingyan[2] et al. Developed a novel model relying on BP neural network
self-adjusting PID for the thermostatic control system of thermal conductivity sensors. They
demonstrated that this method can increase the stability and reliability of the device. In order to
research and assess the self-tuning fuzzy algorithm, Min Jun[3] et al. Presented a novel model. They
demonstrated that the auto fuzzy algorithm can manage temperature precision to within 0.005℃.

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
International Conference on Energy and Electrical Power Systems (ICEEPS 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503 (2023) 012101 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012101

Wang Chunxia[4] proposed to use the fuzzy PID algorithm to study and analyze the temperature control
system of an electric oven and proved that the fuzzy PID algorithm has strong adaptability to the
first-order inertia lag model, and can achieve the ideal effect of the corresponding fast speed, zero
overshoot, and small steady-state error.
At present, there are many methods to solve the problem of a temperature control system, but most
of them are used in precision temperature control systems[5]. The multi-energy integrated heating
system, which combines photothermal, photoelectric, and electric heating, usually contains an electric
heating furnace and other large heating elements[6]. On the basis of this, this work employs MATLAB
modeling software and uses the temperature control system about an electric heating furnace as the
research object. To test the constant temperature management system, traditional PID and fuzzy PID
algorithms are respectively employed. The simulation results are used to assess how the two
algorithms' effects on the overshoot and operating time of an electric heating furnace's temperature
management system.

2. The Theory of Control

2.1 The PID Control Theory

Due to its simplicity, ease of implementation, and ability to generally match the performance criteria,
the PID algorithm is frequently employed in conventional controllers[7]. So far, PID control still
accounts for more than 80% and can eliminate steady-state error. Setting of parameters affects how
well PID control works, and it has great limitations for those control systems whose object model is
complex and whose model is difficult to determine[8]. Because of the contradiction between rapidity
and overshoot,Short adjustment times and little overshoot may be technical criteria that PID control is
unable to satisfy.
PID controller is a kind of proportion, differential, and integral controller[9], and its mathematical
model is as follows:
1 de(t)
u(t) = K [e(t) + ∫ e(t)dt + T ]
T dt
Among them: u(t)--The output of the controller;
e(t) --The deviation signal is the difference between the input value and the
controlled object's output value that the controller receives as input;
𝐾 --The scaling coefficient of the controller;
𝐾 --The integration time of the controller;
𝐾 --The differential time of the controller;

2.2. The Fuzzy PID Control Theory

Fuzzy PID is a control system that is based on the conventional PID,implementing the fuzzy reasoning
principle, the error e, and the rate of change of the controlled object 𝑒 as the input of the fuzzy
controller, through the module input variable fuzzy, fuzzy relationship operation, fuzzy synthesis
operation, the synthesis of different rule results, defuzzy[10]. Finally, three correction quantities ∆𝐾 ,
∆𝐾 , and ∆𝐾 are output. Additionally, the proportional, integral, and differential coefficients are
adjusted in real time utilizing the typical PID controller's correction values. Here is its mathematical
representation[11]:
u(k) = 𝑘 + ∆𝑘 𝑒(𝑘) + (𝑘 + ∆𝑘 )∑𝑒(𝑗) + (𝑘 + ∆𝑘 )[𝑒(𝑘) − 𝑒(𝑘 − 1)]
Among them: u(k)--The output of the controller;
e(k)--The deviation signal is the difference between the input value and the
controlled object's output value that the controller receives as input;
𝐾 --The scaling coefficient of the controller;
𝐾 --The integration time of the controller;
𝐾 --The differential time of the controller;

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International Conference on Energy and Electrical Power Systems (ICEEPS 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503 (2023) 012101 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012101

3. Fuzzy Controller Design

Fuzzy control method can not be limited by the control object model and has good nonlinear
characteristics. The establishment of a system model by fuzzy PID control algorithm has the
characteristics of fast and good stability[12]. The fuzzy rule method chosen in this paper is the
MAX-MIN method. This paper adopts the center of gravity method among many defuzzification
methods. The fuzzy controller is the most important part of fuzzy control. It contains fuzzy control
rules based on the operator's control experience. These rules are the key to imitating manual control.[13]
The control law of the fuzzy controller is realized by the computer program. The realization of its
function is to convert the precise quantity obtained by the computer observation control process into
fuzzy input information and perform fuzzy reasoning according to the language control rules obtained
by summarizing human control experience and strategies. And fuzzy decision-making, obtain the
fuzzy set of the output control quantity, then get the precise quantity of output control through
defuzzification processing, and finally act on the controlled object.

3.1. Fuzzy inference system settings

The fuzzy logic toolbox (Fuzzy Logic Controller) of MATLAB includes the fuzzy controller shown
below. We access the fuzzy toolbox by typing fuzzy into the MATLAB dialog box. In this design, the
actual temperature in the electric heating furnace's temperature management system is mostly utilised.
Using the fuzzy logic toolbox, the difference e and the change rate 𝑒 of the difference from the
system temperature set point are utilized as the two input variables of the Mamdani fuzzy controller,
and𝐾 ,𝐾 ,𝐾 , and are chosen as the three output variables. The setup diagram for a FIS-type file is
given in Fig. 1 below.

Fig.1 Fuzzy inference system diagram

3.2. Variable obfuscation

After determining the kinds of fuzzy controller, it also needs to fuzzy controller input variables, the
fuzzy controller input signal, namely the temperature set value e and the actual electrical heating
furnace temperature feedback value of difference and the difference between the rate of change of
valuese is an accurate number, and the fuzzy controller input fuzzy numerical value is processed, so
you need to input the accurate values into fuzzy values, this process is called the blur. First, an
accurate variable multiplied by the scale factor can be converted to E , E . And after the
transformation respectively toE, E , draw a "zero" area (Z), in the "zero" on the left, can be divided
into three zones, from left to right "negative" NB), respectively, in the "negative" (NM) and "negative"
(NS), in the "zero" on the right can be divided into three zones, from left to right, respectively is
"small" (PS), "the middle" (PM) and the "board" (PB), in the internal interval and the related
regulations of membership function, then respectively according to membership function and various

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International Conference on Energy and Electrical Power Systems (ICEEPS 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503 (2023) 012101 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012101

membership degree in fuzzy set E and E the corresponding numerical, this completes the blur of
work, namely, the fuzzy variables into fuzzy variables. Through consulting a large amount of literature,
the shape of the fuzzy set membership function, no matter adopts what kind of shape controls the final
effect, to a greater impact on performance is the range of the membership function of the size, per the
size of the coverage of a fuzzy set. So when choosing the shape of the membership function as far as
possible to use small memory space, the operation is a relatively simple mathematical expression. It is
found that the triangular membership functions are verified through the comparison with other
membership functions, reflect has faster speed and higher sensitivity because of the triangular shape
and linear slope directly connected, so it is suitable for the input variable of fuzzy PID controller. Set
membership function diagram as shown in Fig.2.

Fig.2 Membership Functions

3.3.Fuzzy rule setting

Fuzzy control rules are mainly determined by two factors: database and rule base. Input parameters,
output parameters, and their corresponding membership function are stored in the database, expressed
in the form of a table, which contains all the fuzzy control information, including all the knowledge of
fuzzy inference and fuzzy solution, such as the transformation method of the theory domain, inference
algorithm, fuzzy algorithm, etc. It is expressed in a form of linguistic expression according to human
perceptual reasoning and is connected by linguistic connective words, such as "if-then", "else", "also",
etc. The rule base of the fuzzy controller is generally represented by a set of "conditional-action" rules,
that is, the rule of the preceding inference "if-then": it is the condition, and then is the result. Generally,
the input is taken as the condition and the output as the result. The rule table is shown in Fig.3,Fig.4.

Fig.3 Fuzzy rule establishment

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International Conference on Energy and Electrical Power Systems (ICEEPS 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503 (2023) 012101 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012101

Fig.4 Fuzzy regular geometric display diagram

3.4.Geometric representation of fuzzy controller rules

The geometric representation of the fuzzy inference rules in Simulink software is shown in Fig. 6. It
can be seen that under this rule set, as the two input variables 𝑒, 𝑒 change, the output variable tends
to a stable state. At the same time, you can observe the changes in other output variables through the
adjustment options, as shown in Fig.5, Fig.6, and Fig.7.

Fig. 5 K surface observations

Fig. 6 K surface observations

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International Conference on Energy and Electrical Power Systems (ICEEPS 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503 (2023) 012101 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012101

Fig. 7 K surface observations

4. System modeling and simulation

This work focuses on the temperature control of an electric heating furnace using a conventional PID
and fuzzy PID control two types of control scheme, the development of two types of control schemes
under the model, the use of MATLAB simulation, and further analysis of the using the findings of the
simulation, pick a better control strategy.

4.1. Normal PID simulation

A conventional PID algorithm is used to establish a corresponding system model, and the PID
algorithm is a typical, practical control algorithm in the control field, which is mainly a linear
controller. The main idea of the algorithm is the deviation of the actual output values obtained by the
initial setting value and the feedback link, and the proportional coefficient 𝐾 , the integral coefficient
𝐾 , and the differential coefficient 𝐾 make the actual output value equal to the set value. The electric
heating furnace's temperature control mechanism is a first-order inertial system with a significant
latency, and the expression of its transmission function is G(s) = . After determining the
transmission function of the constant temperature control system, the temperature and time
relationship of the electric heating furnace are recorded, and the data is archived. Using it, one may
determine the electric heater's first-order response control curve and determine the transmission
function-related parameters' values, K=1.25, T=0.45, τ=0.05, This is determined that the transmission
. .
function of the constant temperature control system is G(s) = . Based on the
.
MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform, the conventional PID system model diagram is shown in
Fig.8.

Fig. 8 Conventional PID system model

4.2. PID parameter effect on system performance

(1) The influence of the K parameter on the system: When only proportional control is allowed in
the temperature control system, as the proportional coefficient K increases gradually, the response
speed of the entire temperature control system continues to accelerate, and the error of the entire
system decreases gradually. But it will increase the overshoot of the temperature control system,
resulting in system instability.As shown in Fig.9.

6
International Conference on Energy and Electrical Power Systems (ICEEPS 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503 (2023) 012101 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012101

Fig. 9 K parameter system response diagram

(2) The influence of the K parameter on the system: When the proportional coefficient value is
fixed in the temperature control system, increasing the differential control coefficient reduces system
overshoot, shortens the adjustment time of the entire control system, and improves system reaction
speed. As seen in Fig.10.

Fig.10 K parameter system response diagram

(3) The influence of the K parameter on the system: When the proportional coefficient value is
fixed in the temperature control system, increasing the integral control coefficient increases the
integral control strength of the entire system and improves system stability. As seen in Fig.11.

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International Conference on Energy and Electrical Power Systems (ICEEPS 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503 (2023) 012101 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012101

Fig. 11 K parameter system response diagram

4.3.Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy PID System

Simulink is used to build a simulation model for the fuzzy PID system as shown in Fig.12. Import the
FIS file set in 2 into the FLC control box, set the temperature to 100℃, set the simulation time to
1000s, set the quantization factor 𝐾 to 0.6, 𝐾 to 1.2, and the initial value of the PID parameters to
be obtained from 3.2. The parameters 𝐾 , 𝐾 𝐾 obtained by different errors and error change rates,
and the weighted values in different states, adopt the three-parameter unified reasoning method to
obtain the adjusted PID controller parameters suitable for this system, 𝐾 =3, 𝐾 =0.02, 𝐾 =2, the
response curves of the system after the operation are shown in Fig.13 and Fig.14.

Fig. 12 Fuzzy PID system model diagram

The traditional PID control curve is depicted in Fig.13 whereas the fuzzy PID control curve is
depicted in Fig.14, as indicated in the simulation results. When compared to the traditional PID control
curve, the fuzzy PID control's overshoot is substantially smaller. The fuzzy PID control takes 280
seconds to achieve steady state, whereas the conventional PID control takes roughly 300 seconds. It is
clear that fuzzy PID control has superior control results than traditional PID control.

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International Conference on Energy and Electrical Power Systems (ICEEPS 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503 (2023) 012101 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012101

Fig. 13 Conventional PID simulation results

Fig. 14 Fuzzy PID simulation results

5. Conclusion
Based on the conventional PID, the fuzzy PID controller determines the difference between the
electric heating furnace's temperature setting value and the actual temperature feedback value as well
as the rate at which the difference changes, and it also performs fuzzy reasoning system queries on
other corresponding parameters in the fuzzy rule table. It implements the dynamic adjustment
mechanism. The traditional PID algorithm and fuzzy PID algorithm are used to model and analyze on
the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform in this paper for the temperature control system model
that includes the electric heating furnace so that the impact of each parameter on the system
performance can be known. The overshoot will be reduced, the action speed will be quicker, and the
temperature can be maintained using the fuzzy PID control approach.

Acknowledgments
Thanks to State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Supply Co., Ltd for its financial support for the project
"Research on Household Heating Technology in Non-municipal Central Heating Areas".

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International Conference on Energy and Electrical Power Systems (ICEEPS 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503 (2023) 012101 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012101

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