Professional Documents
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SGM221 T10 2022
SGM221 T10 2022
2
© WJvdMS
Pavement design methods
DCP
Mechanistic design (TRH4)
CBR
Concrete
3 ©WJvdMS
Structural Design: Pavement Behaviour
Balanced pavements
Gradual decrease in material quality with increasing depth
Avoid strength concentrations
Deep and shallow pavements
Excellent performance from deep, well balanced granular
pavements
4 ©WJvdMS
Structural Design: Pavement Behaviour
Balanced pavements
Inverted pavements
Unbound, granular base on lightly cemented subbase
Confinement of unbound base
Prevent moisture ingress
5 ©WJvdMS
Factors
Pavement structure
Combination of layers and materials
Environment
Wet/dry, hot/cold etc
Traffic
Magnitude of loads, number of loads, changes over time
Construction quality
High density, good riding quality – longer life
Maintenance / management
Keep in good condition – longer life
Pavement category
N1 vs S702
6 ©WJvdMS
Calculating expected pavement life from information
7 ©WJvdMS
Functional and structural lives
Functional life
The life as experienced by the user
Riding quality, skid resistance
Structural life
The life as perceived by the engineer – can it carry the loads
Structural failure of layers
Causes for potential structural failures
8 ©WJvdMS
Pavement and Materials design models
9 ©WJvdMS
Perpetual pavements
10 ©WJvdMS
Perpetual pavements
Much less costly to maintain surfacing than base and subbase layers
Shorter maintenance periods – less traffic congestion
11 ©WJvdMS
Mechanistic design
Mechanistic analysis
Calculates σ and ε
Based on Boussinesq theory
Typically ignore dynamic effects
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Flexible pavements
FEM analysis
Break model into smaller elements and calculate for each element
More complicated, can add more detailed loads etc
14 ©WJvdMS
Flexible pavements
Assumptions
Available software
15 ©WJvdMS
Applications in SA
SARDS
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18
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Examples of approach
Input information
Design data and response analysis
Analysis of behaviour
Structural capacity
20 ©WJvdMS
Input
Load characterization
88 kN legal axle load (1996)
80 kN design axle load
40 kN dual wheel design load
520 kPa uniform contact pressure
Pavement characterization
System geometry (layer thickness
Material input parameters (resilient and strength)
21 ©WJvdMS
Response Analysis
Structural analysis
Static, linear elastic multi-layer analysis
Pavement response, σ and ε
Critical parameters depend on
Material type
Failure mechanism
22 ©WJvdMS
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Critical Parameters and Failure Mechanisms
Asphalt, εh at
bottom of layer
Fatigue
cracking
24 ©WJvdMS
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Critical Parameters and Failure Mechanisms
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Critical Parameters and Failure Mechanisms
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Critical Parameters and Failure Mechanisms
Subgrade, εv at top of
layer
Permanent
deformation
30 ©WJvdMS
Sensitivity
Effect of changes in
Material parameters
Seasonal, over time (rutting), etc
Environmental parameters
Seasonal, diurnal
Maintenance capacity
Changes in capacity over time
Traffic loading
New developments, changes in land-use, changes in traffic
types, etc
31 ©WJvdMS
Effect of overloading
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Maintenance philosophy
MAINTENANCE:
Preventative / Routine
GOOD
IDEAL SCENE
REHABILITATION UNACCEPTABLE
POOR
T0 (NEW ROAD) T1 T3
TIME
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Worked example of TRH4 catalogue design
34 ©WJvdMS
Information
35 ©WJvdMS
Process
Final structure
S / 125 C3 / 125 C4 / 150 G7 / 150 G9 / G10
36 ©WJvdMS
TRH4 catalogue for Cemented base pavements
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CBR design method
38 ©WJvdMS
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Concrete pavement
Currently – cncPave
Cement and Concrete Institute
40 ©WJvdMS
CnCPave design
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CnCPave design
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CnCPave design
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CnCPave design
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DCP design method
Introduction
Description
Operation
Data inputs
Automated analysis and outputs
45 ©WJvdMS
Introduction
46 ©WJvdMS
Operation
3 man operation
Dropping load forces cone to penetrate pavement layers
Record penetration depth after x amount of blows (5)
Data recording to a depth of 800mm
47 ©WJvdMS
Number of blows
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100
300
400
500
600
700
800
©WJvdMS
Number of blows
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100
300
400
500
600
700
800
©WJvdMS
Number of blows
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100
300
400
500
600
700
800
Penetration continues
until 800 mm total
penetration
Penetration measured after
each 5 blows
Animation accelerated 10:1
©WJvdMS
Data inputs
Location data
Visual condition data
Pavement condition
Estimation of the granular moisture content
Base type
Design traffic & Road category
Design layer thicknesses
Penetration depth vs number of blows
51 ©WJvdMS
Data analysis
52 ©WJvdMS
DCP Field Curve
DCP curve
Pavement strength
DSN800 = Number of blows to penetrate
800mm
Layer strength
DN number (mm/blow) = Slope of DCP
curve
53 ©WJvdMS
DCP Analysis: Pavement strength
54 ©WJvdMS
DCP analysis: Pavement Strength
Remaining Life =
f(DSN800) for
various moisture
regimes
through an
empirical equation
55 ©WJvdMS
Layer Strength
56 ©WJvdMS
DCP Layer strength (DN number)
Number of Blows
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0
L1: DN=2.0 mm/blow
Depth of Penetration (mm)
100
200
300
L2: DN = 5.3 mm/blow
400
500
600
L3: DN = 25.0 mm/blow
700
800
DSN800= 155
900
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© WJvdMS
Layer Strength Diagram (LSD)
Layer 1: DN=2mm/blow
Redefined layers 100
200
400 Layer 2: DN =
5.3mm/blow
500
600
Layer 3:
DN = 25mm/blow
700
800
58 ©WJvdMS
Layer Strength Diagram
59 ©WJvdMS
MATERIAL DCP: DNDCP
MATERIAL DCP DERIVED E-
ACCORDING TO (mm/blow)
SPECIFICATIONS VALUES* (MPa)
TRH 14 [25]
G1: Crushed stone 86 - 88 % SD 1,4 - 1,1 780 - 1 000
G2: Crusher run 100 - 102 % 1,8 - 1,4 600 - 780
G3: Crusher run 98 % MOD.AASHTO < 2,0 >535
G4: Natural gravel CBR > 80 < 3,7 > 278
G5: Natural gravel CBR > 45 < 5,7 > 176
G6: Natural gravel CBR > 25 < 9,1 > 107
G7: Natural gravel CBR > 15 < 14 > 68
G8: Natural gravel CBR > 10 < 19 > 50
G9: Natural gravel CBR > 7 < 25 > 37
G10: Natural gravel CBR > 3 < 48 > 18
C3: Cemented
1,5 - 3,0 MPa 1,8 - 0,6 600 - 2000
(stabilised) ravel
C4: Cemented
0,75 - 1,5 MPa 3,4 - 1,8 300 - 600
(stabilised) gravel
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© WJvdMS
Design Master Curves
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© WJvdMS
Master curve vs true DN values
DN Num ber (m m /blow )
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0
Required pen rate
(Master curve)
100
Recorded
pen rate
200
Required DN <
Recorded :
400
700
800
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© WJvdMS
Strength-balance curves
shallow vs deep structures
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© WJvdMS
Standard Pavement Balance Curves
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© WJvdMS
Worked example of DCP design
65 ©WJvdMS
Basic DCP data
66 ©WJvdMS
DCP Analysis: Pavement strength
67 ©WJvdMS
DCP analysis: Pavement Strength
68 ©WJvdMS
DCP analysis: Example calculation
Data
DSN800 = 230 – refer to total number of blows from DCP field curve in
example
Wet environment – therefore Cm = 14
69 ©WJvdMS
Layer Strength
70 ©WJvdMS
DCP Layer strength (DN number)
Number of Blows
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0
Depth of Penetration (mm) L1: DN=2.0 mm/blow
100
200
300
L2: DN = 5.3 mm/blow
400
500
600
L3: DN = 25.0 mm/blow
700
800
DSN800= 155
900
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Layer Strength Diagram (LSD)
DN Num ber (m m /blow )
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Identification of material thickness of 0
500
600
Layer 3:
DN = 25mm/blow
700
800
72 ©WJvdMS
Table indicating the required DN values for the
different TRH14 material categories
MATERIAL DCP: DNDCP
MATERIAL DCP DERIVED E-
ACCORDING TO (mm/blow)
SPECIFICATIONS VALUES* (MPa)
TRH 14 [25]
G1: Crushed stone 86 - 88 % SD 1,4 - 1,1 780 - 1 000
G2: Crusher run 100 - 102 % 1,8 - 1,4 600 - 780
G3: Crusher run 98 % MOD.AASHTO < 2,0 >535
G4: Natural gravel CBR > 80 < 3,7 > 278
G5: Natural gravel CBR > 45 < 5,7 > 176
G6: Natural gravel CBR > 25 < 9,1 > 107
G7: Natural gravel CBR > 15 < 14 > 68
G8: Natural gravel CBR > 10 < 19 > 50
G9: Natural gravel CBR > 7 < 25 > 37
G10: Natural gravel CBR > 3 < 48 > 18
C3: Cemented
1,5 - 3,0 MPa 1,8 - 0,6 600 - 2000
(stabilised) ravel
C4: Cemented
0,75 - 1,5 MPa 3,4 - 1,8 300 - 600
(stabilised) gravel
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1st Pavement design example
Data provided
3 layer pavement
200 mm x G3; 150 mm x G5; 450 mm x G7
Wet environment
Calculate life
Calculation
Determine DSN800
From previous table
200 mm / 2.0 mm/blow = 100 blows
150 mm / 5.7 mm/blow = 26 blows
450 mm / 14 mm/blow = 32 blows
Therefore DSN800 = 100 + 26 + 32 = 158 blows
74 ©WJvdMS
1st Pavement design example
Calculation
From previous slide
DSN800 = 100 + 26 + 32 = 158 blows
75 ©WJvdMS
2nd Pavement design example
Data provided
3 layer pavement
Three layers (200 mm; 150 mm; 450 mm)
Wet environment
Design pavement B = 40
Traffic 0.7 MISA
76 ©WJvdMS
DCP analysis: Pavement Strength
77
Standard Pavement Balance Curves
78
© WJvdMS
Table indicating the required DN values for the
different TRH14 material categories
MATERIAL DCP: DNDCP
MATERIAL DCP DERIVED E-
ACCORDING TO (mm/blow)
SPECIFICATIONS VALUES* (MPa)
TRH 14 [25]
G1: Crushed stone 86 - 88 % SD 1,4 - 1,1 780 - 1 000
G2: Crusher run 100 - 102 % 1,8 - 1,4 600 - 780
G3: Crusher run 98 % MOD.AASHTO < 2,0 >535
G4: Natural gravel CBR > 80 < 3,7 > 278
G5: Natural gravel CBR > 45 < 5,7 > 176
G6: Natural gravel CBR > 25 < 9,1 > 107
G7: Natural gravel CBR > 15 < 14 > 68
G8: Natural gravel CBR > 10 < 19 > 50
G9: Natural gravel CBR > 7 < 25 > 37
G10: Natural gravel CBR > 3 < 48 > 18
C3: Cemented
1,5 - 3,0 MPa 1,8 - 0,6 600 - 2000
(stabilised) ravel
C4: Cemented
0,75 - 1,5 MPa 3,4 - 1,8 300 - 600
(stabilised) gravel
79