“Happiness is a matter of choice”

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CLASS: IX
SECTION: ALL
SUBJECT: SCIENCE (BIOLOGY)
SESSION: 2023-24
CHAPTER 6: TISSUES
NOTES (PART 2)
ANIMAL TISSUES

ANIMAL TISSUES

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
✓ Characteristics: Tightly packed without intercellular spaces and form a continuous sheet.
The cells are generally flat or cuboidal or columnar cells.
The tissueus have a small amount of cementing material between them
✓ Location: Covers the whole body surface and most organs and cavities within the body.
✓ Function: Protection, absorption, secretion, mechanical support etc

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Type Characteristics Location Function
Simple squamous Cells are large, extremely Lining of blood vessels, Exchange and transport
thin and flat on a basement lung alveoli, of substances through a
mebrane oesophagus, the lining of selectively permeable
the mouth and cheek membrane
Stratified squamous Cells are arranged in a Outer protective Provides protection to
pattern of layers covering all over the underlying tissues
body surface
Columnar Cells are tall and cylindrical Inner lining of the Absorption of nutrients
epithelium (pillar-like) stomach and intestines from the digested food
Ciliated columnar Cells possess fine hair-like Inner lining of the In the respiratory tract,
cilia trachea, lungs, the movement of cilia
(respiratory system) and pushes the mucus
buccal chambers forward to clear it
Cuboidal epithelium Cells are cube-shaped and Lining of the kidney Gives mechanical
are placed on a basement tubules as well as in the support and helps in the
membrane ducts of the salivary absorption of useful
glands

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 “Happiness is a matter of choice”
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material from urine
before it is passed out
Glandular Epithelial tissue which folds Present in the stomach, Secretion of substances
epithelium inwards to form a intestine, pancreas and at the epithelial surface
multicellular gland other glands

Fig: Simple Squamous epithelium

Fig: Types of Epithelial tissues

Fig: Ciliated Columnar epithelium

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
✓ Characteristics: Consists of a matrix and the cells are embedded in it.
✓ Location: Found in the deeper parts of the body, between the skin and muscles.
✓ Function: Connects various organs and keeps them in place.

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Type Characteristics Location Function

Blood Red-coloured fluid matrix
which consists of plasma
and cells such as RBCs,
WBCs and platelets.
The plasma contains
proteins, salts and
hormones.
Bone Hard, strong and non-
flexible tissue.
Bone cells (osteocytes)
are embedded in a hard
matrix that is composed
of calcium and
phosphorus compounds.
Tendons Great strength but
(Fibrous tissue- Mainly limited flexibility
formed of fibre-forming
cells)
Present throughout the Connects different parts of
body and flows through the body and establishes
blood vessels. continuity within the body.
Blood flows and transports
gases, digested food,
hormones and waste
materials to different parts
of the body.
Forms a part of the Forms the supporting
skeletal system framework of the body .
It also anchors the muscles
and supports the main
organs of the body. Gives
shape and rigidity to the
body
Found in the spaces Tendons help to attach
between the bones and muscles to the bones.
muscles

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 “Happiness is a matter of choice”
Ligaments Elastic and has
(Fibrous tissue- Mainly considerable strength.
formed of fibre-forming They contain very little
cells) matrix.
Cartilage Elastic tissue with widely
spaced cells.
Cells (Chondrocytes) are
embedded in the solid
matrix composed of
proteins and sugars.
Areolar tissue Made of gelatinous
matrix containing cells
and irregularly arranged
fibres
Adipose tissue Cells are filled with fat
globules
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Between bones Ligaments connect bones
with bones and serve to
hold the structures
together and keep them
strong and stable.
Present in the nose, Smoothens the bone
external ear, trachea, surface at joints, allowing
larynx, ends of the long smooth movement of these
bones and between the joints
vertebrae
Found between the skin Fills the space inside the
and muscles, around the organs,
blood vessels, nerves Helps in repair of tissues.
and in the bone marrow Supports and strengthens
the internal organs
Found beneath the skin, Stores fat.
around the kidneys and Act as an insulator and
other internal organs prevents the loss of heat.
such as intestines

MUSCLE TISSUE
✓ Characteristics : Consists of elongated, narrow, muscle cells called muscle fibres;
✓ contain special proteins called contractile proteins, which contract and relax to cause movement.
✓ Location: Mostly attached to the bones; found in heart as the cardiac muscles.
✓ Function : Contract and relax to cause the movement of the body.

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

Type Characteristics Location Function
Striated/skeletal/ Muscle fibres are long, Found attached to the Help in voluntary
striped/voluntary muscles cylindrical, unbranched bones movement and
and multinucleate locomotion.

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Non-striated/
smooth/non-striped/
involuntary muscles
Cardiac/heart muscles
“Happiness is a matter of choice”
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Muscle fibres are smooth Found in the uterus, Helps to carry out
and without striations digestive tract, urinary involuntary movements
bladder, iris of the eye, (which cannot be carried
bronchi of the lungs and out by our conscious will)
other internal organs
Muscle cells are short, Found only in the walls Rhythmic contraction
cylindrical and have a of the heart and relaxation of cardiac
single, centrally placed muscles help to pump
nucleus and distribute the blood
to various parts of the
body

Differences between the Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles

Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
1. Striated 1. Unstriated 1. Striated
2. Cylindrical 2. Spindle-shape 2. Cylindrical
3. Not branched 3. Not branched 3. Branched
4. Nuclei - peripheral 4. Nucleus - central 4. Nuclei - central
5. Voluntary 5. Involuntary 5. Involuntary

NERVOUS TISSUE
Characteristics : Made up of elongated cells called neurons.
Each neuron consists of the following parts—
1. Dendrites 2.Cell Body 3. Axon and 4.Nerve endings.
Many nerve fibres bound together by connective tissue make
up a nerve.
The signals that passes along the nerve fibre is called a nerve
impulse. Nerve impulses allow us to move our muscles
Location : Component of the nervous system and
encompasses the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Function: Nerve cells help in the transmission of messages
from the brain to different parts of the body and vice versa.

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