ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
A Learner Material for BSED Science
John Rafael O. Diaz
BSED SC3-3
Anatomy and Physiology
Module 4
Mr. Jefferson Flores
September 17, 2021
 THE DIFFERENT
HISTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
• The study of the microscopic
TISSUES OF THE BODY
anatomy of cells and tissues in
plants and animals is known as
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue
histology.
forms the secretory binds organs together
parts of glands and
and provides protection
covers the body's
surfaces, lines bodily and support for organs
cavities, and covers and the entire body.
organs.

Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

contracts to provide detects changes,
force for the movement process information,
TISSUE
of the whole body and and coordinates body
• A collection of fully specialized
many internal organs. functions via the
cells with comparable functions. transmission of nerve
• The structure of its cells, its impulses.

extracellular material, and the

function it performs identify
each type of tissue.
 EPITHELIAL TISSUES 5. Epithelial tissues regenerate rapidly by mitotic cell

• Epithelia = plural; Epithelium = singular division of the cells. Large numbers of epithelial cells are

• May be composed of one or more layers of cells. destroyed and replaced each day.

• Number of cell layers and shape of cells provide basis for

classify epithelial tissue. CLASSES OF EPITHELIUM BASED ON CELL SHAPE

5 CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES

1. Epithelial cells are packed closely together with very little

extracellular material between them.
2. The sheet like tissue is firmly attached to the deeper
connective tissue by a thin layer of proteins and
carbohydrates called the basement membrane.
3. The surface of the tissue (free surface) opposite the
basement membrane is not attached to any other type of
tissue and is located on a surface or next to an opening.
4. Blood vessels are absent, so epithelial cells must rely on
diffusion to receive nourishment from blood vessels in the
deeper connective tissue. Because these tissues are on
surfaces, they are prone to damage. The lack of blood
vessels prevents unnecessary bleeding.
 The functions of epithelial tissues vary with the specific
location and type of tissue, but generally they include
protection, diffusion, osmosis, absorption, filtration, and
secretion.

TWO BASIC TYPES OF GLANDS ARE CONTAINED IN THE BODY:

1. Exocrine glands have ducts (small tubes) that carry

their secretions to specific areas, sweat glands and

salivary glands are examples.
2. Endocrine glands lack ducts are carried by the blood

supply to organs within the body to regulate their

function. The thyroid gland and adrenal glands are
examples of endocrine glands.

Simple epithelium

• Consists of a single layer of cells that may be flat

(squamous), cube-like (cuboidal), and column-like
(columnar) in shape.
Simple Squamous Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Stratified squamous Epithelium Transitional Epithelium
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE • large fibers resembling cords of a rope

• most widely distributed and abundant tissues in the body. • provide strength and flexibility not elasticity

Connective tissues support and binds together other b. Reticular Fibers

tissues so they are never exposed on the surfaces and • also made of collagen

reproduces by mitotic cell division. • very thin and form highly branched, delicate,

• consists of a diverse group of tissues subdivided into 3 supporting frameworks for tissues

categories:(1) Loose connective tissues, (2) dense c. Elastic fibers

connective tissues, (3) connective tissues with specialized ▪ made of elastin protein

functions. ▪ possess great elasticity (can stretch up to

• Loose and dense tissues are sometimes referred to as 150%)

"connective tissue proper" LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• All connective tissues consist of relatively few, loosely, ▪ Helps bind together other tissues and form basic
arranged cells and a large amount of extracellular supporting framework for organs.
substance called matrix. ▪ Their matrix consists of a semi fluid or jelly like ground
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX substance in which fibers and cells are embedded.

1. Ground Substance - water and both inorganic and ▪ The word “loose” describes how the fibers are widely

organic compounds. Can be fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous, spaced and interwind between the cells.

or calcified. ▪ Fibers are loose and widely spaced and intertwined

2. 3 types of protein Fibers between cells.

▪ Most common cells are responsible for producing the
a. Collagen fibers
ground substance and protein fibers are called
• composed of collagen protein
"Fibroblasts"
 THREE TYPES OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Adipose Tissue

Areolar Tissue
Reticular Tissue DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

▪ aids in binding tissues together and providing support for

organs.
▪ has far fewer cells and ground substance, however is
numerous on thicker and "denser" protein fibers.
▪ also contains fewer blood vessels than loose connective
tissue.

THREE TYPES OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Elastic Connective Tissue
 CARTILAGE THREE TYPES OF CARTILAGE

• consists of chondrocytes or cartilage cells which is a firm, Hyaline Cartilage

gelatinous matrix.
• Lacunae is fluid filled matrix that contains chondrocytes.
Lacunae means little lakes.
• lacks blood vessels, meaning these tissues rely on
diffusion to obtain substances.
• diffusion in a cartilage is slow, prompting slower rates of
cellular processes.
• functions in support and protection, cushion to absorb
shock, and their toughness allows them to be deformed by
pressure and return to their original shape when the
pressure is removed.
Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage

BONES

• also called bone tissue or osseous tissue

• the hardest and most rigid
• this results from minerals, mostly calcium salts, that compose
the matrix along with some collagen fibers
• provides rigidity and strength for the skeletal system to support
and protect the body

THE TWO TYPES OF BONES

1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
 BLOOD
Compact bone & Spongy bone • specialized type of connective tissue called fluid
connective tissue. consists of numerous formed
elements that are suspended in the plasma, the
liquid matrix of the blood. plays vital role in carrying
materials gases throughout the body and other
crucial functions.

THREE BASIC TYPES OF FORMED ELEMENTS

 MUSCLE TISSUES THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

• consists of muscle cells Skeletal muscle tissue

• muscle cells lost the ability to divide, so destroyed muscles
cannot be replaced
• muscle cells in skeletal muscle tissue are called muscle
fibers due to their long cylindrical appearance
• muscle cells in smooth and cardiac muscle tissue are
called muscle cells not muscle fibers
• cells in all three types are specialized for contraction
• Contraction enables movement of the whole body and
many internal organs, in addition to producing heat
energy
• the types of muscle tissue are classified based on location
in the body, structural features and functional
characteristics.
Cardiac muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue
 NERVOUS TISSUES
• The brain, spinal cord, and nerves, compose the nervous
tissue, consists of numerous neurons or nerve cells, and
numerous supporting cells called neuroglia. Neurons are
the functional units of nervous tissue. Neurons are
specialized to detect and respond to environmental
changes which then generates and transmits nerve
impulses. Neuroglia nourishes, insulate, and protect the
neurons.
BODY MEMBRANES
• Membranes of the body are the thin sheets of tissue that
line cavities, cover surfaces, or separate tissues or organs.
Some are composed of both epithelial and connective
tissues, some connective tissue only
1. Epithelial Membranes. Overlies a thin supporting
framework of areolar connective tissue forms this
membrane. Blood vessels in the connective tissue
serve both connective and epithelial tissues.
2. Connective Tissue Membranes. Specialized

membranes formed only of connective tissue,

•usually dense irregular, connective tissue.

a) Meninges three connective tissue

membranes enveloping the brain and spinal

cord.
b) Perichondrium covers the surfaces of

cartilage. Contains blood vessels, which

supply cartilage through diffusion'.
c) Periosteum covers surfaces of bones.

Contains blood vessels that enter and supply

the bone.

d) Synovial line the cavities of freely movable

joints. Secretes watery synovial fluid,

reducing friction in the joint